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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Attēlojums IPA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attēlojums_IPA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skatīt_arī" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skatīt_arī"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Skatīt arī</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skatīt_arī-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Retroflekss līdzskanis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 46 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflexer_Konsonant" title="Retroflexer Konsonant – Šveices vācu" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Retroflexer Konsonant" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Šveices vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="صوت ارتدادي – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوت ارتدادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_retroflexa" title="Consonante retroflexa – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Consonante retroflexa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex" title="Retroflex – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Retroflex" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ретрофлексна съгласна – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ретрофлексна съгласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="মূর্ধন্য ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মূর্ধন্য ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="ལྕེ་འཁྱིལ་སྒྲ་ – tibetiešu" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྕེ་འཁྱིལ་སྒྲ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensonenn_gilbleg" title="Kensonenn gilbleg – bretoņu" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kensonenn gilbleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_retroflexa" title="Consonant retroflexa – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consonant retroflexa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflexn%C3%AD_souhl%C3%A1ska" title="Retroflexní souhláska – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Retroflexní souhláska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytsain_%C3%B4l-blyg" title="Cytsain ôl-blyg – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cytsain ôl-blyg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex" title="Retroflex – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Retroflex" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Retroflex consonant" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflekso" title="Retroflekso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Retroflekso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_retrofleja" title="Consonante retrofleja – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consonante retrofleja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87" title="همخوان برگشته – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همخوان برگشته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofleksi" title="Retrofleksi – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Retrofleksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonne_r%C3%A9troflexe" title="Consonne rétroflexe – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consonne rétroflexe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corockle_cooyl-chroymmit" title="Corockle cooyl-chroymmit – meniešu" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Corockle cooyl-chroymmit" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="meniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עיצורים כפופים – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצורים כפופים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="मूर्धन्य व्यंजन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मूर्धन्य व्यंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflekse_konsonanty" title="Retroflekse konsonanty – augšsorbu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Retroflekse konsonanty" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="augšsorbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_retroflexe" title="Consonante retroflexe – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Consonante retroflexe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_tarik-belakang" title="Konsonan tarik-belakang – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan tarik-belakang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_retroflessa" title="Consonante retroflessa – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consonante retroflessa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%9D%E3%82%8A%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="そり舌音 – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="そり舌音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%8C%EC%84%A4%EC%9D%8C" title="권설음 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="권설음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex" title="Retroflex – limburgiešu" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Retroflex" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofleksiniai_priebalsiai" title="Retrofleksiniai priebalsiai – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Retrofleksiniai priebalsiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свиена согласка – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свиена согласка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_gelungan" title="Konsonan gelungan – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konsonan gelungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex" title="Retroflex – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Retroflex" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofleks" title="Retrofleks – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Retrofleks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofleks" title="Retrofleks – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Retrofleks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofleksja_(fonetyka)" title="Retrofleksja (fonetyka) – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Retrofleksja (fonetyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoante_retroflexa" title="Consoante retroflexa – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Consoante retroflexa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_retroflex%C4%83" title="Consoană retroflexă – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consoană retroflexă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Ретрофлексные согласные – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ретрофлексные согласные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Retroflex consonant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_konsonant" title="Retroflex konsonant – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Retroflex konsonant" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cstdamaks%C4%B1l_%C3%BCns%C3%BCz" title="Üstdamaksıl ünsüz – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üstdamaksıl ünsüz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Ретрофлексні приголосні – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ретрофлексні приголосні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%B5%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="ہم مخرجی حروف صحیح – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہم مخرجی حروف صحیح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_retroflesa" title="Consonante retroflesa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Consonante retroflesa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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align="right" cellpadding="1" style="width: 11em; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background-color: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; font-size: 90%; margin: 0 0 10px 10px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Artikul%C4%81cijas_vieta" title="Artikulācijas vieta">Artikulācijas vietas</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Labi%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Labiāls līdzskanis">Labiāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bilabi%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Bilabiāls līdzskanis">Bilabiāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Labi%C4%81li_vel%C4%81rs_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Labiāli velārs līdzskanis">Labiāli velāra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labi%C4%81li_alveol%C4%81rs_l%C4%ABdzskanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labiāli alveolārs līdzskanis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Labiāli alveolāra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Labiodent%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Labiodentāls līdzskanis">Labiodentāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bident%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Bidentāls līdzskanis">Bidentāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Koron%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Koronāls līdzskanis">Koronāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lingvolabi%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Lingvolabiāls līdzskanis">Lingvolabiāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Interdent%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Interdentāls līdzskanis">Interdentāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Dent%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Dentāls līdzskanis">Dentāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Alveol%C4%81rs_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Alveolārs līdzskanis">Alveolāra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Apik%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Apikāls līdzskanis">Apikāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamin%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamināls līdzskanis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Lamināla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Postalveol%C4%81rs_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Postalveolārs līdzskanis">Postalveolāra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Alveopalat%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Alveopalatāls līdzskanis">Alveopalatāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Retrofleksa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Dors%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Dorsāls līdzskanis">Dorsāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Palat%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Palatāls līdzskanis">Palatāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Labi%C4%81li_palat%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Labiāli palatāls līdzskanis">Labiāli palatāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vel%C4%81rs_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Velārs līdzskanis">Velāra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Uvul%C4%81rs_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Uvulārs līdzskanis">Uvulāra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Uvul%C4%81ri_epiglot%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Uvulāri epiglotāls līdzskanis">Uvulāri epiglotāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Radik%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Radikāls līdzskanis">Radikāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Faring%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Faringāls līdzskanis">Faringāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Epiglot%C4%81li_faring%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Epiglotāli faringāls līdzskanis">Epiglotāli faringāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Epiglot%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Epiglotāls līdzskanis">Epiglotāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Glot%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Glotāls līdzskanis">Glotāla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 115%; border-top: 1px solid #cccccc; padding-top: 0.5em;">Šī lapa, iespējams, satur informāciju <a href="/wiki/Starptautiskais_fon%C4%93tiskais_alfab%C4%93ts" title="Starptautiskais fonētiskais alfabēts">fonētiskajā alfabētā</a>, kuru dažas pārlūkprogrammas var attēlot nekorekti. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Par <b>retrofleksiem</b> sauc līdzskaņus, kuru artikulēšanai mēle pieskaras mutes dobuma velvei aiz alveolas, vai arī tiek pagriezta atpakaļ līdz cietajām aukslējām; respektīvi - tiek artikulēti no <a href="/wiki/Postalveol%C4%81rs_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Postalveolārs līdzskanis">postalveolārās</a> līdz <a href="/wiki/Palat%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Palatāls līdzskanis">palatālai</a> artikulācijas vietai. Šādus līdzskaņus, sevišķi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indolo%C4%A3ija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indoloģija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">indoloģijā</a>, sauc par <b>cerebrāliem</b> līdzskaņiem.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Retroflex.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Retroflex.png/150px-Retroflex.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Retroflex.png/225px-Retroflex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Retroflex.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Subapikāls retroflekss eksplozīvs slēdzenis</figcaption></figure> <p>Postalveolāra artikulācija ir raksturīga arī <a href="/wiki/Postalveol%C4%81rs_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Postalveolārs līdzskanis">postalveolārajiem (palatoalveolārajiem)</a> un <a href="/wiki/Alveopalat%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Alveopalatāls līdzskanis">alveopalatālajiem</a> līdzskaņiem, bet tiem ir papildus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palataliz%C4%81cija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palatalizācija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">palatalizēta</a> līdzartikulācija. Palatāla artikulācija ir arī <a href="/wiki/Palat%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Palatāls līdzskanis">palatālajiem līdzskaņiem</a>, bet tie tiek artikulēti ar mēles virspusi (<i>dorsu</i>) un pieskaitāmi <a href="/wiki/Dors%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Dorsāls līdzskanis">dorsālajiem līdzskaņiem</a>, pretēji <a href="/wiki/Koron%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Koronāls līdzskanis">koronālajiem</a> retrofleksiem. </p><p>Citiem vārdiem sakot, <b>retrofleksi</b> ir aiz smaganu alveolas artikulēti koronālie līdzskaņi (mēleņi) bez papildus palatalizācijas. </p><p>Retrofleksi, tāpat kā citi mēleņi, var tikt artikulēti ar dažādas formas mēli: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamin%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamināls līdzskanis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Lamināls</a> retroflekss - ar mēles lokanās daļas virspusi skarot mutes dobuma velvi (kā <a href="/wiki/Po%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Poļu valoda">poļu</a> <i>cz, sz, ż (rz), dż</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apik%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Apikāls līdzskanis">Apikāls</a> retroflekss - darbojas pats mēles galiņš (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">hindi</a> valoda);</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subapik%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subapikāls līdzskanis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Subapikāls</a> retroflekss - mēle tiek atliekta atpakaļ un tās apakšējā daļa skar alveolu vai prepalatālo apvidu (<a href="/wiki/Drav%C4%ABdu_valodas" title="Dravīdu valodas">Dravīdu valodas</a>).</li></ul></dd></dl> <div style="clear:left;"></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pielietojums">Pielietojums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_l%C4%ABdzskanis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Pielietojums" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_l%C4%ABdzskanis&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Pielietojums"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apmēram 20% pasaules valodu ir raksturīgi retrofleksie līdzskaņi. Apmēram pusē gadījumu ir tikai retrofleksie <a href="/wiki/Kontinuants" title="Kontinuants">kontinuanti</a>, bet pārējos ir gan slēdzeņi, gan kontinuanti. Retrofleksie līdzskaņi ir diezgan reta parādība <a href="/wiki/Eiropa" title="Eiropa">Eiropas</a> valodās un atrodami tikai <a href="/wiki/Sardu_valoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardu valoda">sardu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zviedru_valoda" title="Zviedru valoda">zviedru</a> un <a href="/wiki/Norv%C4%93%C4%A3u_valoda" title="Norvēģu valoda">norvēģu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Po%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Poļu valoda">poļu</a> un <a href="/wiki/Krievu_valoda" title="Krievu valoda">krievu</a> valodās. Reti atrodami šie līdzskaņi ir arī <a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerikas</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirmiedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirmiedzīvotāji">pirmiedzīvotāju</a> valodās, izņemot pašus <a href="/wiki/Dienvidamerika" title="Dienvidamerika">Dienvidamerikas</a> dienvidus un <a href="/wiki/Amerikas_Savienot%C4%81s_Valstis" title="Amerikas Savienotās Valstis">ASV</a> dienvidrietumus (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopi_valoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hopi valoda (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">hopi</a> un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papago_valoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papago valoda (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">papago</a>). <a href="/wiki/%C4%80frika" title="Āfrika">Āfrikā</a> retrofleksi līdzskaņi sastopami tikai dažās <a href="/wiki/Nilosah%C4%81ras_valodas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilosahāras valodas">Nilosahāras valodās</a>. </p><p>Retrofleksie līdzskaņi koncentrēti <a href="/wiki/Indijas_subkontinents" title="Indijas subkontinents">Indijas subkontinenta</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo%C4%81rie%C5%A1u_valodas" title="Indoāriešu valodas">indoāriešu</a> un valodās. Tie ir sastopami arī citās <a href="/wiki/%C4%80zija" title="Āzija">Āzijas</a> valodās - <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Ķīniešu valoda">ķīniešu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Javiešu valoda">javiešu</a> un <a href="/wiki/Vjetnamie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Vjetnamiešu valoda">vjetnamiešu</a> valodās. Otra lielākā retroflekso līdzskaņu koncentrācija ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austr%C4%81lijas_valodas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrālijas valodas (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Austrālijas aborigēnu</a> un Klusā okeāna rietumu daļas (sevišķi <a href="/wiki/Jaunkaledonija" title="Jaunkaledonija">Jaunkaledonijas</a>) valodās. Šeit lielākajā daļā valodu retrofleksi ir gan slēdzeņi, gan nazālie līdzskaņi, gan spraudzeņi.. </p><p>Apzināti ir vairāki retrofleksie līdzskaņi, kuri šobrīd vēl nav iekļauti <a href="/wiki/IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA">IPA</a>. Piemēram, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivai%C4%A3as_valoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivaiģas valoda (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">ivaiģas</a> valodā <a href="/wiki/Austr%C4%81lija" title="Austrālija">Austrālijas</a> ziemeļos ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_later%C4%81ls_flaps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retroflekss laterāls flaps (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">retroflekss laterāls flaps</a> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">[ɺ̢]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_taps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retroflekss taps (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">retroflekss taps</a> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">[ɽ]</span> un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_later%C4%81ls_spraudzenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retroflekss laterāls spraudzenis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">retroflekss laterāls spraudzenis</a> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">[ɭ]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Drav%C4%ABdu_valodas" title="Dravīdu valodas">Dravīdu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Todas_valoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Todas valoda (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">todas</a> valodā ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebals%C4%ABgs_retroflekss_later%C4%81ls_berzenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebalsīgs retroflekss laterāls berzenis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">subapikāls retroflekss laterāls berzenis</a> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">[ɬ̢]</span> un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_vibrants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retroflekss vibrants (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">retroflekss vibrants</a> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">[ɽ͡r]</span>. Šīm skaņām nav oficiāli piešķirtu simbolu, bet tos var pietiekoši vienkārši izveidot pievienojot retrofleksu "asti" analoģisko alveolāro skaņu simboliem. (Šeit simboli veidoti ar dieakritisko zīmju palīdzību.) <a href="/wiki/Floresa" title="Floresa">Floresas</a> salas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadas_valoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadas valoda (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">nadas valodā</a> ir novērots <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bals%C4%ABgs_retroflekss_imploz%C4%ABvs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balsīgs retroflekss implozīvs (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">balsīgs retroflekss implozīvs</a> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">[ᶑ]</span>, bet šajā gadījumā nepieciešamo sombolu sakritības dēļ nodrošina <a href="/wiki/Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attēlojums_IPA"><span id="Att.C4.93lojums_IPA"></span>Attēlojums IPA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_l%C4%ABdzskanis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Attēlojums IPA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_l%C4%ABdzskanis&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Attēlojums IPA"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA">IPA</a> iekļautie retrofleksie līdzskaņi ir:: </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid black; background: gray; color: white">IPA </th> <th rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid black; background: gray; color: white">Apraksts    </th> <th style="border:1px solid black; background: gray; color: white" colspan="4">Paraugs </th></tr> <tr> <th style="border:1px solid black; background: gray; color: white">Valoda     </th> <th style="border:1px solid black; background: gray; color: white">Ortogrāfija   </th> <th style="border:1px solid black; background: gray; color: white">IPA                      </th> <th style="border:1px solid black; background: gray; color: white">Tulkojums       </th></tr> <tr style="height:3em"> <th style="border:1px solid black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Xsampa-n%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Xsampa-n%27.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="22" /></a></span> </th> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Retroflekss_naz%C4%81ls_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Retroflekss nazāls līdzskanis">retroflekss nazāls līdzskanis</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Zviedru_valoda" title="Zviedru valoda">zviedru</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">Väne<span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold">rn</span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">[<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">vɛː.ne</span><span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ɳ</span></span>] </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/V%C4%93nerns" title="Vēnerns">Vēnerns</a> (ezers) </td></tr> <tr style="height:3em"> <th style="border:1px solid black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Xsampa-t%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Xsampa-t%27.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="25" /></a></span> </th> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebals%C4%ABgs_retroflekss_eksploz%C4%ABvs_sl%C4%93dzenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebalsīgs retroflekss eksplozīvs slēdzenis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">nebalsīgs retroflekss eksplozīvs slēdzenis</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Tamilu_valoda" title="Tamilu valoda">tamilu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">எட்டு </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">[e<span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ʈʈ</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ɯ</span>] </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">astoņi </td></tr> <tr style="height:3em"> <th style="border:1px solid black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Xsampa-d%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Xsampa-d%27.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="19" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> </th> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bals%C4%ABgs_retroflekss_eksploz%C4%ABvs_sl%C4%93dzenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balsīgs retroflekss eksplozīvs slēdzenis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">balsīgs retroflekss eksplozīvs slēdzenis</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">hindi</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">डेढ़ </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">[<span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ɖ</span></span>eɽʰ] </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">pusotrs </td></tr> <tr style="height:3em"> <th style="border:1px solid black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Xsampa-s%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Xsampa-s%27.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="22" /></a></span> </th> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebals%C4%ABgs_retroflekss_berzenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebalsīgs retroflekss berzenis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">nebalsīgs retroflekss berzenis</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Ķīniešu valoda">ķīniešu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">上海 (<span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold">Sh</span>ànghǎi) </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">[<span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ʂ</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ɑ̂ŋ.xàɪ</span>] </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0anhaja" title="Šanhaja">Šanhaja</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:3em"> <th style="border:1px solid black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Xsampa-z%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Xsampa-z%27.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="22" /></a></span> </th> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bals%C4%ABgs_retroflekss_berzenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balsīgs retroflekss berzenis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">balsīgs retroflekss berzenis</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Krievu_valoda" title="Krievu valoda">krievu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold">ж</span>аба </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">[<span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ʐ</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">abɐ</span>] </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Krupis" class="mw-redirect" title="Krupis">krupis</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:3em"> <th style="border:1px solid black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Xsampa-rslash%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Xsampa-rslash%27.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="22" /></a></span> </th> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_spraudzenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retroflekss spraudzenis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">retroflekss spraudzenis</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enindi%C4%BCakvas_valoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enindiļakvas valoda (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">enindiļakvas</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">angwu<span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold">r</span>a </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">[<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">aŋwu</span><font style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ɻ</span></font>a] </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Uguns" title="Uguns">uguns</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:3em"> <th style="border:1px solid black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Xsampa-l%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Xsampa-l%27.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> </th> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later%C4%81ls_retroflekss_spraudzenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laterāls retroflekss spraudzenis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">laterāls retroflekss spraudzenis</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Norv%C4%93%C4%A3u_valoda" title="Norvēģu valoda">norvēģu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">fa<span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold">rl</span>ig </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">[<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">fɑː</span><span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ɭ</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">i</span>] </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">bīstami </td></tr> <tr style="height:3em"> <th style="border:1px solid black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Xsampa-r%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Xsampa-r%27.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="22" /></a></span> </th> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_flaps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retroflekss flaps (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">retroflekss flaps</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Hausu_valoda" title="Hausu valoda">hausu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">shaa<span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold">r</span>a </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">[<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ʃáː</span><span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ɽ</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">a</span>] </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">slaucīšana </td></tr> <tr style="height:3em"> <th style="border:1px solid black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:IPA_retroflex_lateral_flap2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/a/af/IPA_retroflex_lateral_flap2.svg/11px-IPA_retroflex_lateral_flap2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/a/af/IPA_retroflex_lateral_flap2.svg/17px-IPA_retroflex_lateral_flap2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/a/af/IPA_retroflex_lateral_flap2.svg/22px-IPA_retroflex_lateral_flap2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11" data-file-height="24" /></a></span> </th> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_later%C4%81ls_flaps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retroflekss laterāls flaps (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">retroflekss laterāls flaps</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%A1tunu_valoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Puštunu valoda">puštunu</a> </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">ﻛړو </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">[k<span style="color:#700000; font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">ɺ̢</span></span>o] </td> <td style="border:1px solid black">darīt </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Piezīme:</i> <a href="/wiki/IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA">Starptautiskajā fonētiskajā alfabētā</a> retrofleksajiem līdzskaņiem pārsvarā tiek lietoti tie paši simboli, kas attiecīgaliem <a href="/wiki/Alveol%C4%81rs_l%C4%ABdzskanis" title="Alveolārs līdzskanis">alveolārajiem</a> līdzskaņiem ar apakšā pievienotu pa labi pagrieztu "asti". Daži lingvisti šos simbolus attiecina tikai uz "īstajiem" retrofleksajiem līdzskaņiem ar subapikālu palatālu artikulāciju un lieto alveolāros simbolus ar novecojušo IPA apakšējo punktu apikālajai postalveolārajai artikulācijai: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">[ṭ, ḍ, ṇ, ṣ, ẓ, ḷ, ɾ̣, ɹ̣]</span>. Cits, vairāk atbilstošs oficiālajam IPA, ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotiz%C4%93ta_ska%C5%86a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotizēta skaņa (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">rotizētās</a> diakritiskās zīmes lietošana apikālajiem retrofleksiem: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">[t˞, d˞, n˞, s˞, z˞, l˞, ɾ˞, ɹ˞]</span>. Laminālos retrofleksus (kā poļu un krievu), bieži transkribē ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atvirz%C4%ABta_ska%C5%86a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atvirzīta skaņa (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">atvirzītās</a> artikulācijas diakritisko zīmi: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">[s̱]</span> <i>utt</i>. Citos gadījumos tos nepareizi transkribē ar palatoalveolāro <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Gentium, GentiumAlt, tahoma, Code2000, 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Grande', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', Arial, sans-serif;" dir="ltr">[ʃ]</span> <i>utt</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_l%C4%ABdzskanis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_l%C4%ABdzskanis&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19814-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19814-8">ISBN 0-631-19814-8</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(angliski)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skatīt_arī"><span id="Skat.C4.ABt_ar.C4.AB"></span>Skatīt arī</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_l%C4%ABdzskanis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Skatīt arī" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_l%C4%ABdzskanis&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Skatīt arī"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artikul%C4%81cijas_vieta" title="Artikulācijas vieta">Artikulācijas vieta</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Saturs iegūts no "<a dir="ltr" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_līdzskanis&oldid=2538178">https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retroflekss_līdzskanis&oldid=2538178</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Kategorijas</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Fon%C4%93tika" title="Kategorija:Fonētika">Fonētika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:L%C4%ABdzska%C5%86i" title="Kategorija:Līdzskaņi">Līdzskaņi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:IPA" title="Kategorija:IPA">IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Šī lapa pēdējoreiz labota: 2016. gada 1. jūlijs plkst. 20.19.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teksts ir pieejams saskaņā ar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike licenci</a>; var pastāvēt papildu ierobežojumi. 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