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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Experiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Experiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analýza_experimentu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analýza_experimentu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Analýza experimentu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analýza_experimentu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Analýza experimentu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analýza_experimentu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rutherfordův_rozptyl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rutherfordův_rozptyl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rutherfordův rozptyl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rutherfordův_rozptyl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koincidence_úspěchu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koincidence_úspěchu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Koincidence úspěchu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koincidence_úspěchu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nevýhody_modelu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nevýhody_modelu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nevýhody modelu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nevýhody_modelu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Související_články" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Související_články"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Související články</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Související_články-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rutherfordův model atomu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 43 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_atomico_de_Rutherford" title="Modelo atomico de Rutherford – aragonština" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Modelo atomico de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%B1%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="نموذج رذرفورد للذرة – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نموذج رذرفورد للذرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelu_at%C3%B3micu_de_Rutherford" title="Modelu atómicu de Rutherford – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Modelu atómicu de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruterford_atom_modeli" title="Ruterford atom modeli – ázerbájdžánština" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruterford atom modeli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ázerbájdžánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Планетарная мадэль атама – běloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Планетарная мадэль атама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="běloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Модел на Ръдърфорд – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Модел на Ръдърфорд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="রাদারফোর্ড পরমাণু মডেল – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাদারফোর্ড পরমাণু মডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_at%C3%B2mic_de_Rutherford" title="Model atòmic de Rutherford – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Model atòmic de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordsches_Atommodell" title="Rutherfordsches Atommodell – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rutherfordsches Atommodell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Ατομικό πρότυπο του Ράδερφορντ – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατομικό πρότυπο του Ράδερφορντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_model" title="Rutherford model – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rutherford model" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_at%C3%B3mico_de_Rutherford" title="Modelo atómico de Rutherford – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modelo atómico de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherforden_eredu_atomikoa" title="Rutherforden eredu atomikoa – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rutherforden eredu atomikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مدل اتمی رادرفورد – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل اتمی رادرفورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordin_atomimalli" title="Rutherfordin atomimalli – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rutherfordin atomimalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_atomique_de_Rutherford" title="Modèle atomique de Rutherford – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modèle atomique de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99" title="המודל הפלנטרי – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המודל הפלנטרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="रदरफोर्ड का परमाणु मॉडल – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रदरफोर्ड का परमाणु मॉडल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordov_model_atoma" title="Rutherfordov model atoma – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rutherfordov model atoma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford-f%C3%A9le_atommodell" title="Rutherford-féle atommodell – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rutherford-féle atommodell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Ատոմի մոլորակային մոդել – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատոմի մոլորակային մոդել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Rutherford" title="Model Rutherford – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Model Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modello_atomico_di_Rutherford" title="Modello atomico di Rutherford – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modello atomico di Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="ラザフォードの原子模型 – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラザフォードの原子模型" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%94%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="러더퍼드 원자 모형 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러더퍼드 원자 모형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Радерфордов модел на атомот – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радерфордов модел на атомот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95" title="റൂഥർഫോർഡ് മാതൃക – malajálamština" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൂഥർഫോർഡ് മാതൃക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoommodel_van_Rutherford" title="Atoommodel van Rutherford – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atoommodel van Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfords_atommodell" title="Rutherfords atommodell – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rutherfords atommodell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_atomu_Rutherforda" title="Model atomu Rutherforda – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Model atomu Rutherforda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84" title="ردرفورڈ ماڈل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ردرفورڈ ماڈل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_at%C3%B4mico_de_Rutherford" title="Modelo atômico de Rutherford – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelo atômico de Rutherford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelul_atomic_Rutherford" title="Modelul atomic 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg/330px-Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg/440px-Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Rutherfordův model atomu.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rutherfordův model atomu</b> (též <b>planetární model atomu</b>) je model <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomu</a>, který navrhl <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> v roce <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a> na základě analýzy experimentů <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wilhelm_Geiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Wilhelm Geiger">Geigera</a> a <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Marsden" title="Ernest Marsden">Marsdena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V tomto modelu je atom složen z velmi malého hmotného jádra, kolem nějž obíhají elektrony ve vzdálenosti cca 10000krát větší než je poloměr jádra atomu. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experiment">Experiment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Experiment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Experiment"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V letech <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a>–<a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a> prováděli <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wilhelm_Geiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Wilhelm Geiger">Hans Geiger</a> a <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Marsden" title="Ernest Marsden">Ernest Marsden</a> rozptylové experimenty <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%A1stice_alfa" title="Částice alfa">částic alfa</a> a <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD_beta" title="Záření beta">beta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mimo jiné ozařovali alfa částicemi zlatou a platinovou fólii, jejichž tloušťka byla v řádu 10<sup>−6</sup> metrů (cca 10000 atomových vrstev). V těchto experimentech zjistili, že většina alfa částic není atomy fólie příliš ovlivněna a že střední odchylka od původního směru pohybu alfa částic způsobená fólií je přibližně 1°. Nicméně si Geiger a Marsden všimli, že určité množství alfa částic (cca 1 z 20000 pro zlatou fólii) neprošlo fólií a byly rozptýleny o úhel větší než 90°. Tento poznatek byl rozhodující pro pozdější Rutherfordovu interpretaci experimentu a vytvoření planetárního modelu atomu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analýza_experimentu"><span id="Anal.C3.BDza_experimentu"></span>Analýza experimentu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Analýza experimentu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Analýza experimentu"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rutherfordův_rozptyl"><span id="Rutherford.C5.AFv_rozptyl"></span>Rutherfordův rozptyl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Rutherfordův rozptyl" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Rutherfordův rozptyl"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rutherford předpokládal, že alfa částice mající náboj +2e interagují s atomy fólie pouze elektricky, tedy v souladu s <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%C5%AFv_z%C3%A1kon" title="Coulombův zákon">Coulombovým zákonem</a>. Na základě tohoto předpokladu odvodil vzorec, který z celkového počtu nalétávajících alfa částic určí počet alfa částic, které atom fólie odchýlí o úhel <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }"></span>. Dnes se používá spíše diferenciální tvar tohoto vzorce<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a určuje veličinu, která se nazývá <a href="/wiki/Diferenci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C3%BA%C4%8Dinn%C3%BD_pr%C5%AF%C5%99ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Diferenciální účinný průřez">diferenciální srážkový průřez</a> Rutherfordova rozptylu </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d\sigma =\left({\frac {Z\alpha m}{2p^{2}}}\right)^{2}\cdot {\frac {d\Omega }{\sin ^{4}\left({\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>α</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>θ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d\sigma =\left({\frac {Z\alpha m}{2p^{2}}}\right)^{2}\cdot {\frac {d\Omega }{\sin ^{4}\left({\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffcbe9ef4deeba0b972b5359ada45b249e5daa51" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:27.67ex; height:8.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d\sigma =\left({\frac {Z\alpha m}{2p^{2}}}\right)^{2}\cdot {\frac {d\Omega }{\sin ^{4}\left({\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)}},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>kde <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(r)=Z\alpha /r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(r)=Z\alpha /r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ced86b2f8253cb9fa151d9f115bd48bdfbcdf5d8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.118ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(r)=Z\alpha /r}"></span> je coulombovský potenciál, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span> je hmotnost nalétávající částice alfa, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> je hybnost částice alfa, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }"></span> je úhel rozptylu a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }"></span> je <a href="/wiki/Prostorov%C3%BD_%C3%BAhel" title="Prostorový úhel">prostorový úhel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koincidence_úspěchu"><span id="Koincidence_.C3.BAsp.C4.9Bchu"></span>Koincidence úspěchu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Koincidence úspěchu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Koincidence úspěchu"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>K objevení malého hmotného atomového jádra a správné interpretaci rozptylových experimentů, přispěly mimo jiné následující skutečnosti:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Rutherford předpokládal, že <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%C5%AFv_z%C3%A1kon" title="Coulombův zákon">Coulombův zákon</a>, který byl ověřen pro vzdálenosti větší než 10<sup>−3</sup> m, je platný i v případě atomárních vzdáleností.</li> <li>Účinný průřez elektricky nabitých částic odvozený v rámci <a href="/wiki/Kvantov%C3%A1_mechanika" title="Kvantová mechanika">kvantové mechaniky</a> dává stejný vzorec jako Rutherfordův vzorec odvozený v rámci <a href="/wiki/Klasick%C3%A1_fyzika" title="Klasická fyzika">klasické fyziky</a>.</li></ul> <p>Kdyby některá z těchto skutečností neplatila, pak by interpretace Geigerových a Marsdenových experimentů byla významně obtížnější. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nevýhody_modelu"><span id="Nev.C3.BDhody_modelu"></span>Nevýhody modelu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Nevýhody modelu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Nevýhody modelu"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hlavním problémem Rutherfordova modelu je stabilita atomu. Pokud by se elektrony pohybovaly kolem hmotného jádra, podobně jako planety kolem centra soustavy, pak by byly dostředivě urychlovány a podle <a href="/wiki/Teorie_elektromagnetick%C3%A9ho_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Teorie elektromagnetického pole">klasické elektromagnetické teorie</a> by měly vyzařovat energii ve formě elektromagnetických vln. Vyzařování by mělo snižovat energii elektronu a tedy by se <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> měl postupně přibližovat k jádru atomu až by měl na jádro spadnout. V případě atomu vodíku by stačilo pouhých 10<sup>−16</sup> sekundy,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aby elektron na jádro spadl. Z experimentu ale vyplývá, že atomy vodíku jsou <i>stabilní</i>. Tento problém vyřešil až <a href="/wiki/Bohr%C5%AFv_model_atomu" title="Bohrův model atomu">Bohrův model atomu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Rutherford, The Scattering of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }"></span> Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom, Philos. Mag, <b>6</b> (1911) 21, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://mrmackenzie.co.uk/podpress_trac/feed/3110/0/Rutherford-paper.pdf">http://mrmackenzie.co.uk/podpress_trac/feed/3110/0/Rutherford-paper.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Geiger, E. Marsden, Proc. Roy. Soc., <b>82</b> (1909) 495; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://plato.if.usp.br/~fnc0404d/Geiger-1909.pdf">http://plato.if.usp.br/~fnc0404d/Geiger-1909.pdf</a><sup>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Ov%C4%9B%C5%99itelnost" title="Wikipedie:Ověřitelnost"><span class="doplnte-zdroj" title="Je potřeba vyhledat jiný zdroj namísto současného nedostupného zdroje">nedostupný zdroj</span></a>]</sup>; H. Geiger, Proc. Roy. Soc. <b>83</b> (1910) 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Štoll, Mechanika, skriptum FJFI, Vydavatelství ČVUT, Praha (1998) 148-152; I. Štoll, Teoretická fyzika, skriptum FJFI, Vydavatelství ČVUT, Praha (1999) 64-72; J. Žáček, Úvod do fyziky elementárních částic, Nakladatelství Karolinum, Praha (2005) 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Kvasnica, A. Havránek, P. Lukáč, B. Sprušil, Mechanika, Academia, Praha (2004) 175-177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Beiser, Úvod do moderní fyziky, Academia, Praha (1978) 131-132</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Související_články"><span id="Souvisej.C3.ADc.C3.AD_.C4.8Dl.C3.A1nky"></span>Související články</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Související články" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Související články"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%C5%AFv_model_atomu" title="Thomsonův model atomu">Thomsonův model atomu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_rozptyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutherfordův rozptyl (stránka neexistuje)">Rutherfordův rozptyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr%C5%AFv_model_atomu" title="Bohrův model atomu">Bohrův model atomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvantov%C4%9B-mechanick%C3%BD_model_atomu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvantově-mechanický model atomu">Kvantově-mechanický model atomu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutherford%C5%AFv_model_atomu&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rutherford_model" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Rutherford model">Rutherfordův model atomu</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span><i> </i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox2,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 th,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title{background-color:#e0e0e0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-title{background-color:#e7e7e7}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-title{font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-abovebelow{background-color:#f0f0f0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}</style>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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