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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_droughts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_droughts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Recent droughts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_droughts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010_drought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_drought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>2010 drought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_drought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desertification_and_soil_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desertification_and_soil_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Desertification and soil loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desertification_and_soil_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sahelian_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sahelian_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sahelian kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sahelian_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instability_and_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instability_and_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Instability and violence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instability_and_violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instability and violence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instability_and_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_issues_and_political_instability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_issues_and_political_instability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Human rights issues and political instability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_issues_and_political_instability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sahel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_(%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="الساحل (إفريقيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الساحل (إفريقيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sah%C3%A8l_afriquen" title="Sahèl afriquen – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sahèl afriquen" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="সাহিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Сәхил – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәхил" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сахель – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сахель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Сахел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сахел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saheru" title="Saheru – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Saheru" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelzone" title="Sahelzone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sahelzone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%ADb%C4%85%C4%85h_Hatsoh" title="Séíbąąh Hatsoh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séíbąąh Hatsoh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%BB" title="Σαχέλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαχέλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelo" title="Sahelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sahelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ساحل صحرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساحل صحرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSaiheil" title="An tSaiheil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSaiheil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%97%AC" title="사헬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사헬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Սահել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սահել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="सहेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahil" title="Sahil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sahil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%94%D7%9C" title="סאהל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאהל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="საჰელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საჰელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сахель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сахель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81hela" title="Sāhela – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sāhela" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelis" title="Sahelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sahelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1hil_%C3%B6v" title="Száhil öv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Száhil öv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Сахел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сахел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahely" title="Sahely – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sahely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD" title="സാഹേൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാഹേൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="साहेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साहेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="საჰელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საჰელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84" title="الساحل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الساحل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahil" title="Sahil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sahil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel_(landstreek)" title="Sahel (landstreek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sahel (landstreek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB" title="サヘル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サヘル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sah%C3%A8l" title="Sahèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sahèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7)" title="ساحل (افریقا) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساحل (افریقا)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Сахел – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сахел" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сахель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сахель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Сахел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сахел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சாகேல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாகேல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Сәхил – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сәхил" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5" title="ซาเฮล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาเฮล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сахель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сахель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84" title="ساحل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساحل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92" title="萨赫勒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨赫勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE" title="沙希爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙希爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92" title="萨赫勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨赫勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q66065#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="View the content page [c]" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biogeographical region in Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sahel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sahel (disambiguation)">Sahel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Sahel</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_Mosque_-_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mud_Mosque_-_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso_-_02.jpg/288px-Mud_Mosque_-_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mud_Mosque_-_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso_-_02.jpg/432px-Mud_Mosque_-_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mud_Mosque_-_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso_-_02.jpg/576px-Mud_Mosque_-_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div>Throughout the Sahel, <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> construction is widespread, as exemplified by this <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa#Construction_in_Mali" title="Mansa Musa">medieval mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahel_Scene_-_Dori_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sahel_Scene_-_Dori_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg/288px-Sahel_Scene_-_Dori_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sahel_Scene_-_Dori_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg/432px-Sahel_Scene_-_Dori_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sahel_Scene_-_Dori_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg/576px-Sahel_Scene_-_Dori_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div>Sahel <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> and its namesake <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacias</a> at the beginning of the short <a href="#Climate">summer rainy season</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:228px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecoregion_AT0713.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ecoregion_AT0713.svg/288px-Ecoregion_AT0713.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ecoregion_AT0713.svg/432px-Ecoregion_AT0713.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ecoregion_AT0713.svg/576px-Ecoregion_AT0713.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2414" data-file-height="1917" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:288px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sahel.svg/288px-Sahel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sahel.svg/432px-Sahel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sahel.svg/576px-Sahel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">The Sahel region in Africa: a belt up to 1,000 km (620 mi) wide that spans 5,400 km (3,360 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Realm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/East_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands" title="East Saharan montane xeric woodlands">East Saharan montane xeric woodlands</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_montane_forests" title="Ethiopian montane forests">Ethiopian montane forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad_flooded_savanna" title="Lake Chad flooded savanna">Lake Chad flooded savanna</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/South_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands" title="South Saharan steppe and woodlands">South Saharan steppe and woodlands</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sudd_flooded_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudd flooded grasslands">Sudd flooded grasslands</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/West_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands" title="West Saharan montane xeric woodlands">West Saharan montane xeric woodlands</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Animals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird species</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Migratory birds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mammal species</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">3,053,200 km<sup>2</sup> (1,178,800 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">200 and 400 meters (660 and 1,310 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rivers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">Tropical savanna climates (Aw)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">Hot Semi-arid (BSh)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">Hot Desert (BWh)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sahel region</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <i> </i>ساحل<i> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">sāḥil</i></span> </i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈsaːħil]</a></span><i>)</i> 'coast, shore'), or <b>Sahelian acacia savanna</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeographical</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">transition zone</a> between the more humid <a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">Sudanian savannas</a> to its south and the drier <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> to the north. The Sahel has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> and stretches across the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">southernmost latitudes</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Although geographically located in the tropics, the Sahel does not have a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a>. </p><p>Especially in the western Sahel, there are <a href="/wiki/Droughts_in_the_Sahel" title="Droughts in the Sahel">frequent</a> shortages of food and water due to its very high <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">government corruption</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a>. This is exacerbated by very high <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_birth_rate" title="List of countries by birth rate">birthrates</a> across the region, resulting in a rapid increase in population. In recent times,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> various <a href="/wiki/Coup_Belt" title="Coup Belt">coups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_internal_defense#Preemptive_counterinsurgency_in_Africa" title="Foreign internal defense">insurgencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">foreign interventions</a> have taken place in many Sahel countries, especially across former <i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahel_forest_near_Kayes_Mali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sahel_forest_near_Kayes_Mali.jpg/220px-Sahel_forest_near_Kayes_Mali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sahel_forest_near_Kayes_Mali.jpg/330px-Sahel_forest_near_Kayes_Mali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sahel_forest_near_Kayes_Mali.jpg/440px-Sahel_forest_near_Kayes_Mali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The lush green of the Sahelian acacia savanna during the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">rainy summer season</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>. Note the large <a href="/wiki/Adansonia_digitata" title="Adansonia digitata">baobab</a> amongst the acacia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azawakh_52_jd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Azawakh_52_jd.jpg/220px-Azawakh_52_jd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Azawakh_52_jd.jpg/330px-Azawakh_52_jd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Azawakh_52_jd.jpg/440px-Azawakh_52_jd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Herders with livestock and <a href="/wiki/Azawakh" title="Azawakh">azawakh</a> dogs in the Sahel</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sahel spans 5,900 km (3,670 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in the east, in a belt several hundred to a thousand kilometers (c. 600 miles) wide. It covers an area of 3,053,200 square kilometers (1,178,850 sq mi). </p><p>Representing a climatic and ecological <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">transition zone</a> with <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">hot semi-desert and steppe conditions</a>, the Sahel region borders the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">more humid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">Sudanian savannas</a> to its south and the <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">dry</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert to the north. This <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion#Terrestrial" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> is also called the <b>Sahelian <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a></b> in honour of its most prominent and very drought tolerant genus of tree.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The topography of the Sahel is mainly flat; most of the region lies between 200 and 400 meters (660 and 1,310 ft) in elevation. Several isolated plateaus and mountain ranges rise from the Sahel (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Marrah_Mountains" title="Marrah Mountains">Marrah Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a>), but are designated as separate ecoregions because their flora and fauna are distinct from the surrounding lowlands (e.g. <a href="/wiki/East_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands" title="East Saharan montane xeric woodlands">East Saharan woodlands</a>). Annual rainfall varies from around 100–200 mm (4–8 in) in the north of the Sahel to around 700–1,000 mm (28–39 in) in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sahel is mostly covered in grassland and savanna, with areas of woodland and shrubland. Grass cover is fairly continuous across the region, dominated by annual grass species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cenchrus_biflorus" title="Cenchrus biflorus">Cenchrus biflorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schoenefeldia_gracilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoenefeldia gracilis">Schoenefeldia gracilis</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristida_stipoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristida stipoides (page does not exist)">Aristida stipoides</a></i>. Species of <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a> are the dominant trees, with <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_tortilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia tortilis">Acacia tortilis</a></i> the most common, along with <i><a href="/wiki/Senegalia_senegal" title="Senegalia senegal">Senegalia senegal</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Senegalia_laeta" title="Senegalia laeta">Senegalia laeta</a></i>. Other tree species include <i><a href="/wiki/Adansonia_digitata" title="Adansonia digitata">Adansonia digitata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Commiphora_africana" title="Commiphora africana">Commiphora africana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Balanites_aegyptiaca" title="Balanites aegyptiaca">Balanites aegyptiaca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Faidherbia_albida" class="mw-redirect" title="Faidherbia albida">Faidherbia albida</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Borassus_aethiopum" title="Borassus aethiopum">Borassus aethiopum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vitellaria_paradoxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitellaria paradoxa">Vitellaria paradoxa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Olea_europaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Olea europaea">Olea europaea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arbutus_unedo" title="Arbutus unedo">Arbutus unedo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_canariensis" title="Phoenix canariensis">Phoenix canariensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyphaene_compressa" title="Hyphaene compressa">Hyphaene compressa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens" title="Cupressus sempervirens">Cupressus sempervirens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Quercus coccifera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_suber" title="Quercus suber">Quercus suber</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_nigra" title="Pinus nigra">Pinus nigra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Populus_nigra" title="Populus nigra">Populus nigra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratonia_siliqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratonia siliqua">Ceratonia siliqua</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">Salix alba</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Afzelia_africana" title="Afzelia africana">Afzelia africana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kigelia_africana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kigelia africana">Kigelia africana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sclerocarya_birrea" title="Sclerocarya birrea">Sclerocarya birrea</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Boscia_senegalensis" title="Boscia senegalensis">Boscia senegalensis</a></i>. In the northern part of the Sahel, areas of desert shrub, including <i><a href="/wiki/Panicum_turgidum" title="Panicum turgidum">Panicum turgidum</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristida_sieberiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristida sieberiana (page does not exist)">Aristida sieberiana</a></i>, alternate with areas of grassland and savanna. During the long dry season, many trees lose their leaves and the predominantly annual grasses die. </p><p>The Sahel was formerly home to large populations of grazing mammals, including the <a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">scimitar-horned oryx</a> <i>(Oryx dammah)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">dama gazelle</a> <i>(Gazella dama)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle</a> <i>(Gazella dorcas)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">red-fronted gazelle</a> <i>(Gazella rufifrons)</i>, the giant prehistoric buffalo <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pelorovis" title="Pelorovis">Pelorovis</a>)</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Bubal_hartebeest" title="Bubal hartebeest">Bubal hartebeest</a> <i>(Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus)</i>, along with large predators, such as the <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a> <i>(Lycaon pictus)</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_African_cheetah" title="Northwest African cheetah">Northwest African cheetah</a> <i>(Acinonyx jubatus hecki)</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_African_cheetah" title="Northeast African cheetah">Northeast African cheetah</a> <i>(Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii)</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> <i>(Panthera leo)</i>. The larger species have been greatly reduced in number by over-hunting and competition with livestock, and several species are <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> (Dorcas gazelle, cheetah, lion and red-fronted gazelle), <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> (the Scimitar-horned oryx is probably <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinct in the wild</a>, and both <i><a href="/wiki/Pelorovis" title="Pelorovis">Pelorovis</a></i> and the Bubal hartebeest are now extinct). </p><p>The seasonal wetlands of the Sahel are important for <a href="/wiki/Migratory_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory bird">migratory birds</a> moving within Africa and on the <a href="/wiki/African-Eurasian_flyways" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Eurasian flyways">African-Eurasian flyways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acacia_Trees_(24227057806).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Acacia_Trees_%2824227057806%29.jpg/220px-Acacia_Trees_%2824227057806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Acacia_Trees_%2824227057806%29.jpg/330px-Acacia_Trees_%2824227057806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Acacia_Trees_%2824227057806%29.jpg/440px-Acacia_Trees_%2824227057806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a> is located at the border of the Sahara and the Sahel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seasonal_westafrica_rainfall_mean_20070501_20070930.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Seasonal_westafrica_rainfall_mean_20070501_20070930.gif/220px-Seasonal_westafrica_rainfall_mean_20070501_20070930.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Seasonal_westafrica_rainfall_mean_20070501_20070930.gif/330px-Seasonal_westafrica_rainfall_mean_20070501_20070930.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Seasonal_westafrica_rainfall_mean_20070501_20070930.gif/440px-Seasonal_westafrica_rainfall_mean_20070501_20070930.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>10 year average precipitation during the summer rainy season (May - September) in the Sahel and adjacent regions</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sahel has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>BSh</i>). The climate is typically hot, sunny, dry and somewhat windy all year long. The Sahel's climate is similar to, but less extreme than, the climate of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara desert">Sahara desert</a> located just to the north. </p><p>The Sahel mainly receives a low to very low amount of precipitation annually. The steppe has a very long, prevailing dry season and a short rainy season. The precipitation is also extremely irregular, and varies considerably from season to season. Most of the rain usually falls during four to six months in the middle of the year, while the other months may remain absolutely dry. The interior of the Sahel region generally receives between 200 mm and 700 mm of rain yearly. A system of subdivisions often adopted for the Sahelian climate based on annual rainfall is as follows: the Saharan-Sahelian climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 100 and 200 mm (such as <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, Sudan), the strict Sahelian climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 200 and 700 mm (such as <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>, Niger) and the Sahelian-Sudanese climate, with mean annual precipitation between around 700 and 900 mm (such as <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, Burkina Faso). The <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> in the steppe is low to very low, often between 10% and 25% during the dry season and between 25% and 75% during the rainy season. The least humid places have a relative humidity under 35%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Sahel is characterized by constant, intense heat, with an unvarying temperature. The Sahel rarely experiences cold temperatures. During the hottest period, the average high temperatures are generally between 36 and 42 °C (97 and 108 °F) (and even more in the hottest regions), often for more than three months, while the average low temperatures are around 25 to 31 °C (77 to 88 °F). During the "coldest period", the average high temperatures are between 27 and 33 °C (81 and 91 °F) and the average low temperatures are between 15 and 21 °C (59 and 70 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everywhere in the Sahel, the average mean temperature is over 18 °C (64 °F). </p><p>The Sahel has a high to very high <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine duration</a> year-round, between 2,400 hours (about 55% of the daylight hours) and 3,600 hours (more than 80% of the daylight hours). The sunshine duration in the Sahel approaches desert levels, and is comparable to that in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>, for example, even though the Sahel is only a steppe and not a desert. The <a href="/wiki/Cloud_cover" title="Cloud cover">cloud cover</a> is low to very low. For example, <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>, Niger has 3,082 hours of bright sunshine; <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>, Mali has near 3,385 hours of sunshine; <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, Mali has 3,409 sunny hours, and <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, Chad has 3,205 hours of sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_droughts">Recent droughts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recent droughts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sahel_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahel drought">Sahel drought</a></div> <p>For hundreds of years, the Sahel region has experienced frequent droughts and <a href="/wiki/Megadrought" title="Megadrought">megadroughts</a>. One megadrought lasted from 1450 to 1700, 250 years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a major drought in the Sahel in 1914 caused by annual rains far below average, leading to large-scale famine. From 1951 to 2004, the Sahel experienced some of the most consistent and severe droughts in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1960s saw a large increase in rainfall in the region, making the northern drier region more accessible. There was a push, supported by governments, for people to move northwards. When the long drought period from 1968 through 1974 began, grazing quickly became unsustainable and large-scale denuding of the terrain followed. Like the drought in 1914, this led to a large-scale famine, but this time somewhat tempered by international visibility and an outpouring of aid. This catastrophe led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010_drought">2010 drought</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2010 drought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2010_Sahel_famine" title="2010 Sahel famine">2010 Sahel famine</a></div> <p>Between June and August 2010, famine struck the Sahel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niger's crops failed to mature in the heat, 350,000 faced starvation, and 1,200,000 were at risk of famine.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chad the temperature reached 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) on 22 June in <a href="/wiki/Faya-Largeau" title="Faya-Largeau">Faya-Largeau</a>, breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location. Niger tied its highest temperature record set in 1998, also on 22 June, at 47.1 °C in <a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a>. That record was broken the next day, when Bilma hit 48.2 °C (118.8 °F). The hottest temperature recorded in Sudan was reached on 25 June, at 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Dongola" title="Dongola">Dongola</a>, breaking a record set in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-MastersNOAA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MastersNOAA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niger reported on 14 July that <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>, starvation, <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory diseases">respiratory diseases</a> had sickened or killed many children. The new <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> appealed for international food aid and took serious steps to call on overseas help.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 July, the heat reached near-record levels over Chad and Niger,<sup id="cite_ref-underground.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-underground.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in northern Niger about 20 people reportedly died of dehydration by 27 July.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desertification_and_soil_loss">Desertification and soil loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Desertification and soil loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camels_in_Chad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Camels_in_Chad.png/220px-Camels_in_Chad.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Camels_in_Chad.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camels</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Watering_hole" title="Watering hole">watering hole</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> Sahel in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Sahel region faces environmental issues that are contributing to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. If the change in climate in the Sahel region "is not slowed-down and <a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Africa" title="Desertification in Africa">desertification</a> possibly reversed through sustainable practices and any form of <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a>, it is only a matter of time before countries like Niger lose their entire landmass to desert due to unchecked unsustainable human practices.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Over-farming</a>, over-grazing, <a href="/wiki/Over-population" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-population">over-population</a> of marginal lands, and natural <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, have caused serious <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has affected shelter construction, making it necessary to change the used materials. The Woodless Construction project was introduced in Sahel in 1980 by the Development Workshop, achieving since then a high social impact in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major initiative to combat desertification in the Sahel region via reforestation and other interventions is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall</a>. </p><p>Major <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a> are a frequent occurrence as well. During November 2004, a number of major dust storms hit <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, originating in the <a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Depression" title="Bodélé Depression">Bodélé Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a common area for dust storms, occurring on average on 100 days every year.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg/220px-Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg/330px-Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg/440px-Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Sahel region of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 March 2010, a major sandstorm hit Mauritania, Senegal, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, and inland <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. Another struck in southern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, inland Mauritania, Mali and northern <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the same time. </p><p>Following the drought period of the 1970s and 1980, however, the Sahel began to experience increased rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, which can cause changes that may result in changes in large-scale weather patterns, such as increased stronger monsoons, in turn caused by a warmer Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warming of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> may also be a factor.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protected areas in the Sahel include <a href="/wiki/Ferlo_Nord_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Ferlo Nord Wildlife Reserve">Ferlo Nord Wildlife Reserve</a> in Senegal, <a href="/wiki/Sylvo-Pastoral_and_Partial_Faunal_Reserve_of_the_Sahel" title="Sylvo-Pastoral and Partial Faunal Reserve of the Sahel">Sylvo-Pastoral and Partial Faunal Reserve of the Sahel</a> in Burkina Faso, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ansonga-M%C3%A9nake_Faunal_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ansonga-Ménake Faunal Reserve (page does not exist)">Ansonga-Ménake Faunal Reserve</a> in Mali, <a href="/wiki/Tadres_Reserve" title="Tadres Reserve">Tadres Reserve</a> in Niger, and <a href="/wiki/Waza_National_Park" title="Waza National Park">Waza National Park</a> in Cameroon.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danse_de_peuls_avec_les_b%C5%93ufs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Danse_de_peuls_avec_les_b%C5%93ufs.jpg/220px-Danse_de_peuls_avec_les_b%C5%93ufs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Danse_de_peuls_avec_les_b%C5%93ufs.jpg/330px-Danse_de_peuls_avec_les_b%C5%93ufs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Danse_de_peuls_avec_les_b%C5%93ufs.jpg/440px-Danse_de_peuls_avec_les_b%C5%93ufs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fulani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani people">Fulani</a> herders in Mali</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Traditionally, most of the people in the Sahel have been semi-<a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a>, farming and raising livestock in a system of <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>. The difference between the dry North with higher levels of soil nutrients and the wetter South with more vegetation, is utilized by having the herds graze on high-quality feed in the North during the wet season, and trek several hundred kilometers to the South to graze on more abundant, but less nutritious feed during the dry period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Western Sahel, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a> are common.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> is also practiced across the Sahel.<sup id="cite_ref-bixby.berkeley.edu_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bixby.berkeley.edu-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Sahel" is borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> name for the region, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الساحل</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-sāḥil</i></span></i>. <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sāḥil</i></span></i> literally means "coast, shore",<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordDict_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordDict-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been explained as a figurative reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such use is unattested in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>, and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from the Arabic word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سهل</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">sahl</i></span></i> "plain" instead.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_agriculture">Early agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 4000 BC, the climate of the Sahara and the Sahel started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace. This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>. This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and caused migrations of farming communities to the more humid climate of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sahelian_kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sahelian kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_the_Sudan_region" title="Islamization of the Sudan region">Islamization of the Sudan region</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_(1905)_(14580574910).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814580574910%29.jpg/220px-Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814580574910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814580574910%29.jpg/330px-Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814580574910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814580574910%29.jpg/440px-Geschichte_des_Kost%C3%BCms_%281905%29_%2814580574910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption>1905 depiction of ethnic groups in the Sahel</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of monarchies centered in the Sahel between the 9th and 18th centuries. The wealth of the states, like the legendary <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> at the time of <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Mansa Musa</a>, came from controlling the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> routes across the desert, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. Their power came from having large <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a> like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. All of these empires were quite decentralized with member cities having a great deal of autonomy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The larger <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a> emerged from 750 AD and erected several large cities in the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger valley</a> region, including <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Djenné</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest-savanna mosaic">wooded areas</a> to their south, the Sahelian states were hindered from expanding into the north Akan state of the <a href="/wiki/Bono_state" title="Bono state">Bonoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba peoples</a>, as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests. In addition, the horses and camels were susceptible to the humidity and diseases of the tropics.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western Sahel fell to <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> in the late 19th century as part of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> was added in 1900 as part of <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a>. The French territories in the Sahel were <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Africa">decolonized</a> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sahel's easternmost region did not fall to the European powers but to the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a> when it was <a href="/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_conquest_of_Sudan_(1820%E2%80%931824)" title="Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)">conquered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> in the 1820s. By 1899 it came under <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">British rule</a> until <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)" title="Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)">granted independence</a> at <a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_Revolution#Post-War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Egyptian Revolution">Egypt's behest</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instability_and_violence">Instability and violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Instability and violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamist_terrorist_attacks" title="List of Islamist terrorist attacks">List of Islamist terrorist attacks</a></div> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, in recent years the Sahel has become the epicenter of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist violence</a>, contributing to 35% of all global deaths from terrorism by 2021, with <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a>, an al-Qaeda-affiliated group, identified as the world's fastest-growing terrorist organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, fatalities from conflict in the central Sahel rose by 38%, according to data from the research organization Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a> beginning in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terrorist organizations operating in the Sahel, including <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> (AQIM), have greatly exacerbated the violence, extremism and instability of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Csis_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csis-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2020, the United States sent a special envoy for the Sahel region to combat the rising violence from <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic charity <a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a> has highlighted the fact that the Sahel has become one of the most dangerous regions in the world for Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2024, a wave of new military juntas in Africa, favoring Russian mercenaries over Western forces and UN peacekeepers, has intensified violence. This led Mauritania and Chad to disband the <a href="/wiki/G5_Sahel" title="G5 Sahel">G5 Sahel</a>, an anti-terrorism alliance, after the military regimes in Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_issues_and_political_instability">Human rights issues and political instability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Human rights issues and political instability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> raised concerns over growing number of allegations of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violation">human rights violations</a> and abuses by state security forces in Sahel.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US response came after <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> released documents regarding the same on 1 July.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports in March 2022 show militants are expanding and spreading out south of the Sahel.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area has also seen <a href="/wiki/Coup_Belt" title="Coup Belt">a high prevalence of coups d'état</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military juntas</a> currently ruling in Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, and Sudan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_challenges">Other challenges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravane_des_nomades_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caravane_des_nomades_10.jpg/220px-Caravane_des_nomades_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caravane_des_nomades_10.jpg/330px-Caravane_des_nomades_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Caravane_des_nomades_10.jpg/440px-Caravane_des_nomades_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption>Movement of nomads in Chad</figcaption></figure> <p>The violent <a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/March_2019_attacks_against_Fulani_herders" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2019 attacks against Fulani herders">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudan</a> and other countries in the Sahel region have been exacerbated by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>, and rapid <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Droughts and food shortages have been also linked to the <a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sahel is experiencing more severe weather due to climate change, exemplified by the extreme heatwave of March-April 2024 in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>. This event was intensified by a 1.2°C global temperature increase from human activities.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Sahel_drought" title="2012 Sahel drought">2012 Sahel drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Sahel_Initiative" title="Pan Sahel Initiative">Pan Sahel Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting_in_the_Sahel" title="Rainwater harvesting in the Sahel">Rainwater harvesting in the Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara_Conservation_Fund" title="Sahara Conservation Fund">Sahara Conservation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system#Sahel_greening" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system#Sahel greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Sahelian_Highway" title="Trans-Sahelian Highway">Trans-Sahelian Highway</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/violent-extremism-sahel">"Violent Extremism in the Sahel | Global Conflict Tracker"</a>. <i>www.cfr.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/sahel-based-militants-edging-south-toward-west-africas-most-stable-and-prosperous-states-11646221800">"Militants Are Edging South Toward West Africa's Most Stable and Prosperous States"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Militants+Are+Edging+South+Toward+West+Africa%27s+Most+Stable+and+Prosperous+States&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsahel-based-militants-edging-south-toward-west-africas-most-stable-and-prosperous-states-11646221800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Nugent, Ciara (28 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/">"How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria"</a>. <i>Time</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Climate+Change+Is+Spurring+Land+Conflict+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Ciara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5324712%2Fclimate-change-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487">"The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+battle+on+the+frontline+of+climate+change+in+Mali&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-reporters-46921487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa">"Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa"</a>. ReliefWeb. 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Farmer-Herder+Conflicts+on+the+Rise+in+Africa&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fworld%2Ffarmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/in-depth/sahel-flames-Burkina-Faso-Mali-Niger-militancy-conflict">"The Sahel in flames"</a>. <i>The New Humanitarian</i>. 31 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Humanitarian&rft.atitle=The+Sahel+in+flames&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewhumanitarian.org%2Fin-depth%2Fsahel-flames-Burkina-Faso-Mali-Niger-militancy-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenault2015" class="citation news cs1">Arsenault, Chris (27 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/04/climate-change-food-shortages-conflict-mali-150426105617725.html">"Climate change, food shortages, and conflict in Mali"</a>. <i>Al-Jazeera</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Climate+change%2C+food+shortages%2C+and+conflict+in+Mali&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2015%2F04%2Fclimate-change-food-shortages-conflict-mali-150426105617725.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-18/africa-s-sahel-can-expect-more-deadly-heat-waves-study-shows">"Africa's Sahel Can Expect More Deadly Heat Waves, Study Shows"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 18 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+Sahel+Can+Expect+More+Deadly+Heat+Waves%2C+Study+Shows&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2024-04-18%2Fafrica-s-sahel-can-expect-more-deadly-heat-waves-study-shows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Azam (ed.), <i>Conflict and Growth in Africa: The Sahel</i>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-64-17101-0" title="Special:BookSources/92-64-17101-0">92-64-17101-0</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/articles/2010/12/19/article.php?sid=110181&cid=41">Lagha CHEGROUCHE, "L'arc géopolitique de l'énergie : le croissant énergétique, in Le Soir d'Algérie, 19/12/2010</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaiLambTrenberthHulme2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dai, A.; Lamb, P.J.; Trenberth, K.E.; Hulme, M.; Jones, P.D.; Xie, P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikehulme.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/2004-dai-et-al-sahel.pdf">"The recent Sahel drought is real"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Climatology</i>. <b>24</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1323–</span>1331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004IJCli..24.1323D">2004IJCli..24.1323D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjoc.1083">10.1002/joc.1083</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6955930">6955930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Climatology&rft.atitle=The+recent+Sahel+drought+is+real&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1323-%3C%2Fspan%3E1331&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6955930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.1083&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004IJCli..24.1323D&rft.aulast=Dai&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Lamb%2C+P.J.&rft.au=Trenberth%2C+K.E.&rft.au=Hulme%2C+M.&rft.au=Jones%2C+P.D.&rft.au=Xie%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikehulme.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2007%2F04%2F2004-dai-et-al-sahel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahel" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1987" class="citation magazine cs1">Ellis, William S. (August 1987). "The Stricken Land". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 172, no. 2. pp. <span class="nowrap">140–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Stricken+Land&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=1987-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo42121">The Growing Crisis in Africa's Sahel Region: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations and the Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Trade of the Committee in Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, May 21, 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Moseley" title="William G. Moseley">Moseley, W.G.</a> 2008. "Strengthening Livelihoods in Sahelian West Africa: The Geography of Development and Underdevelopment in a Peripheral Region." Geographische Rundschau International Edition, 4(4): 44–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=william_moseley">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111024033/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=william_moseley">Archived</a> 11 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Simon, L., A. Mattelaer and A. Hadfield (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601041307/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/deve/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=73859">"A Coherent EU Strategy for the Sahel"</a>. Brussels: European Parliament (DG for External Policies).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sahel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sahel">Sahel</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0713">"Sahelian Acacia savanna"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Sahelian+Acacia+savanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat0713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Wildlife_Fund2001" class="citation web cs1">World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308064632/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0713.html">"Sahelian Acacia savanna"</a>. <i>WildWorld Ecoregion Profile</i>. National Geographic Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0713.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WildWorld+Ecoregion+Profile&rft.atitle=Sahelian+Acacia+savanna&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fwildworld%2Fprofiles%2Fterrestrial%2Fat%2Fat0713.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASahel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66065#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2527" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66065#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2527" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66065#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1242089/">FAST</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8DPmtMbg7tHcMqm7WDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sahel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076953-7">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sahel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85116502">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sahel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge838745&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sahel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451354">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sāhela"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000300388&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sahel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007551061205171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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