CINXE.COM
Graphene-Based Sensors - Book - IOPscience
<!DOCTYPE html> <html xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <!-- Start cookieyes banner --> <!-- End cookieyes banner --> <title>Graphene-Based Sensors - Book - IOPscience</title> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0" /> <script> function DeferJS(src) { function downloadJSAtOnload() { var element = document.createElement("script"); element.src = src; document.body.appendChild(element); } if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load", downloadJSAtOnload, false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload", downloadJSAtOnload); else window.onload = downloadJSAtOnload; } </script> <!-- start metadata--><meta name="citation_title" content="Graphene-Based Sensors"></meta><meta name="citation_author" content="Jamballi G Manjunatha"></meta><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Chemistry, Field Marshal KM Cariappa College, Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka, India"></meta><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/11/01"></meta><meta name="citation_publisher" content="IOP Publishing"></meta><meta name="citation_isbn" content="978-0-7503-5578-0"></meta><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://iopscience.iop.org/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0.pdf"></meta><meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://iopscience.iop.org/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/xml"></meta><meta name="citation_abstract" content="<p>Discovered in 2004, graphene is a novel 2D material that has had an impact in many areas of science and technology. The world of sensors in particular has benefitted from this graphene revolution. This comprehensive book is an odyssey into the fundamentals, applications, and innovations surrounding graphene-based sensors. It navigates the diverse field of chemical, biological, and environmental sensing, showcasing the remarkable sensitivity and selectivity of graphene. As a reference text, the book unites and reviews the output from scientific researchers from the fields of electrochemistry, materials development and sensing, providing a single source for capturing the advances in both materials design and the applications of novel graphene-based materials in the development of original sensing technologies. Part of <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/bookListInfo/iop-series-in-sensors-and-sensor-systems#series">IOP Series in Sensors and Sensor Systems</a>.</p><p>Key features</p><p>• Reviews the cutting edge of sensor technology development.</p><p>• Includes the applications of a range of graphene-based materials.</p><p>• Suitable for an interdisciplinary readership.</p><p>• Includes fabrication and fundamental properties.</p><p>• Features specific case studies of applications as well as a more general overview of graphene-based sensors.</p>"></meta><meta name="asset_id" content="10__1088_978-0-7503-5578-0"></meta><meta name="asset_type" content="book"></meta><!-- end metadata--> <script type="text/javascript"> //start common.config (function () { let config = {"ENABLE_MATHJAX_BY_DEFAULT":"true","SECURED_ENVIRONMENT":"true","SHOW_REFERENCE_ENTITLEMENT":"false"} || {}; window.config = {...config, ...window.config}; })(); //end common.config </script> <script> var _urconfig = { sid: "defc3a7d-4b34-4b6f-ad1c-0716e0a05a65", aip: 0, usePageProtocol: false }; (function (d, s) { var js = d.createElement(s), sc = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; js.src = "https://hit.uptrendsdata.com/rum.min.js"; js.async = "async"; sc.parentNode.insertBefore(js, sc); } (document, "script")); </script> <!-- uptrends--> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive" /> <!--start home.baiduWebmasterTools.verification--> <!--end home.baiduWebmasterTools.verification--> <!--start home.google.verification--> <!--end home.google.verification--> <!--start common.baidu.statistics.script> --> <!--end common.baidu.statistics.script--> <!--start common.styles--> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.iopscience.com/3.72.0/css/critical-styles.min.css" type="text/css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.iopscience.com/3.72.0/css/main-styles.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"/> <!--[if lte IE 10]> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.iopscience.com/3.72.0/css/gridset-ie-lte8.css" type="text/css"/> <![endif]--> <!--end common.styles--> <!--start common.gs.head--> <!-- Google Scholar Universal Casa --> <!-- End Google Scholar Universal Casa --> <!--end common.gs.head--> <!--start common.ga.head--> <script> window.iabConfig = { allowedVendors: ['755','804', '1020'], allowedGoogleVendors: [] } </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script type="text/javascript"> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push( {'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'} ); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-M73Z4W'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!--end common.ga.head--> <script> const mathjaxVersion = 3; </script> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function () { const leaderboard = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([800, 0], [728, 90]).addSize([640, 690], [180, 150]).addSize([0, 0], [180, 150]).build(); googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/iopsc/iopsc_m_hp_ap', new Array([728, 90], [300, 250], [180, 150]), 'div-gpt-ad-1562594774007-0').defineSizeMapping(leaderboard).addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/iopsc/iopsc_x11_hp_ap', [180, 150], 'div-gpt-ad-1562595009103-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/iopsc/iopsc_pubgrade1_ap', [160, 600], 'div-gpt-ad-1665567578228-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); const googleLeaderboardMapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1000, 0], [970, 90]) .addSize([350, 0], [320, 50]) .addSize([0, 0], []) .build(); googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/iopsc/iopsc_top_hp_ap', new Array([970, 90], [320, 50]), 'div-gpt-ad-1709814088027-0') .defineSizeMapping(googleLeaderboardMapping) .addService(googletag.pubads()); const googleSkyscraperMapping = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([800, 0], [160, 600]).addSize([350, 250], [300, 250]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/iopsc/iopsc_skyscraper1_hp_ap', new Array([160, 600], [300, 250]), 'div-gpt-ad-1669279847892-0').defineSizeMapping(googleSkyscraperMapping).addService(googletag.pubads()); const tagArray = "".split(","); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads() .setTargeting("article_tag", tagArray) .setTargeting("pagetype", "book") .setTargeting("iopscience_issn", "") .setTargeting("iopscience_vol", "") .setTargeting("iopscience_issue", "") .setTargeting("iopscience_doi", "10__1088_978-0-7503-5578-0") .setTargeting("iopscience_isbn", "978-0-7503-5578-0") .setTargeting("iopscience_chapter_no", ""); // seting page level targeting googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script> DeferJS("https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"); </script> <script> DeferJS("https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js"); </script> <script>var __uzdbm_1 = "615546c2-0ecf-4123-b8ca-23a48ecca44e";var __uzdbm_2 = "MjcyYzc1MGUtY252ai00NzI5LWFlNTQtMDE0MDBiMTQ5OTkyJDguMjIyLjIwOC4xNDY=";var __uzdbm_3 = "7f6000804bcb11-20b0-46bb-9bfc-462f50a5343217323576593400-34aa33e3f878c89c10";var __uzdbm_4 = "false";var __uzdbm_5 = "uzmx";var __uzdbm_6 = "7f900040e68ee6-8b43-403a-bbc2-30bcd89ec7611-17323576593400-e93e82925b13b89810";var __uzdbm_7 = "iop.org";</script> <script> (function (w, d, e, u, c, g, a, b) { w["SSJSConnectorObj"] = w["SSJSConnectorObj"] || { ss_cid: c, domain_info: "auto", }; w[g] = function (i, j) { w["SSJSConnectorObj"][i] = j; }; a = d.createElement(e); a.async = true; if ( navigator.userAgent.indexOf('MSIE') !== -1 || navigator.appVersion.indexOf('Trident/') > -1 ) { u = u.replace("/advanced/", "/advanced/ie/"); } a.src = u; b = d.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; b.parentNode.insertBefore(a, b); })( window, document, "script", "https://new.iopscience.iop.org/18f5227b-e27b-445a-a53f-f845fbe69b40/stormcaster.js", "cnvl", "ssConf" ); ssConf("c1", "https://new.iopscience.iop.org"); ssConf("c3", "c99a4269-161c-4242-a3f0-28d44fa6ce24"); ssConf("au", "new.iopscience.iop.org"); ssConf("cu", "validate.perfdrive.com, ssc"); </script></head> <body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <a id="back-to-top-target" tabindex="-1"></a> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe title="GA" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-M73Z4W" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div class="content-grid"> <!-- Start Production toolbar --> <!-- End Production toolbar --> <!-- Start Downtime Banner --> <!-- End Downtime Banner --> <!-- Header starts --> <header class="content-grid__full-width" role="banner" data-nav-group> <a class="sr-skip sr-skip--overlay header__skip" href="#skip-to-content-link-target">Skip to content</a> <div class="accessibility" style="display: none;"> <p><strong>Accessibility Links</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="#page-content">Skip to content</a></li> <li><a href="/search#contentCol">Skip to search IOPscience</a></li> <li><a href="/journals#contentCol">Skip to Journals list</a></li> <li><a href="/page/accessibility#contentCol">Accessibility help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dgh-showgrid tgh-showgrid cf" name="contentCol"> <nav role="navigation" class="wd-main-nav" aria-label="Site"> <a href="#sidr-main" id="simple-menu" class="nav-top-link" aria-label="Menu"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--bars--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M0 96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32C14.3 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32zM448 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H416c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32z"/></svg></a> <a href="/" itemprop="url" class="header-logo wd-header-graphic"> <meta itemprop="name" content="IOPscience"> <img height="15" width="100" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt=""> <span class="offscreen-hidden">IOP Science home</span> </a> <a class="btn btn-default" id="accessibility-help" href="/page/accessibility">Accessibility Help</a> <ul id="sidr" class="nav__list"> <li class="nav-search nav-item"> <button class="nav-top-link-drop-down nav-top-link-drop-down--icon" data-nav-trigger="articlelookup"> <svg class="fa-icon fa-icon--lrg" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.6.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><title>Search</title><path d="M416 208c0 45.9-14.9 88.3-40 122.7L502.6 457.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3s-32.8 12.5-45.3 0L330.7 376c-34.4 25.2-76.8 40-122.7 40C93.1 416 0 322.9 0 208S93.1 0 208 0S416 93.1 416 208zM208 352a144 144 0 1 0 0-288 144 144 0 1 0 0 288z"/></svg> </button> <div class="nav-drop-down nav-drop-down--full-width" data-nav-item="articlelookup"> <div class="wrapper--search cf"> <div id="search" class="wd-header-search art-lookup__search"> <form accept-charset="utf-8,iso-8859-1" class="primary-search" method="get" action="/nsearch" role="search"> <div class="art-lookup__fields-wrapper"> <label for="quickSearch">Search all IOPscience content</label> <input type="search" x-webkit-speech="" name="terms" id="quickSearch" class="art-lookup__field--grow" placeholder="Search all IOPscience content" value="" escapeXml="true"/> <button type="submit" x-webkit-speech="" class="btn btn-default hdr-search-btn bd-0 art-lookup__submit">Search</button> </div> </form> </div> <div id="wd-content-finder" class="art-lookup__content-finder"> <form accept-charset="utf-8,iso-8859-1" method="get" action="/findcontent" name="contentFinderForm" id="wd-find-art-form" class="find-article-issue-display" autocomplete="OFF" aria-labelledby="article-lookup"> <fieldset> <legend id="article-lookup" class="eyebrow eyebrow--blue">Article Lookup</legend> <div class="art-lookup__fields-wrapper"> <label for="CF_JOURNAL" class="offscreen-hidden">Select journal (required)</label> <select name="CF_JOURNAL" class="find-article-select art-lookup__content-finder-field art-lookup__field--grow art-lookup__content-finder-field--first" id="CF_JOURNAL"> <option value="none" selected="selected">Select journal (required)</option><option value="2053-1583">2D Mater. (2014 - present)</option><option value="1004-423X">Acta Phys. Sin. (Overseas Edn) (1992 - 1999)</option><option value="2043-6262">Adv. Nat. Sci: Nanosci. Nanotechnol. (2010 - present)</option><option value="1882-0786">Appl. Phys. Express (2008 - present)</option><option value="1758-5090">Biofabrication (2009 - present)</option><option value="1748-3190">Bioinspir. Biomim. (2006 - present)</option><option value="1748-605X">Biomed. Mater. (2006 - present)</option><option value="2057-1976">Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express (2015 - present)</option><option value="0508-3443">Br. J. Appl. Phys. (1950 - 1967)</option><option value="1009-9271">Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. (2001 - 2008)</option><option value="1003-7713">Chin. J. Chem. Phys. (1987 - 2007)</option><option value="1674-0068">Chin. J. Chem. Phys. (2008 - 2012)</option><option value="1009-1963">Chinese Phys. (2000 - 2007)</option><option value="1674-1056">Chinese Phys. B (2008 - present)</option><option value="1674-1137">Chinese Phys. C (2008 - present)</option><option value="0256-307X">Chinese Phys. Lett. (1984 - present)</option><option value="0264-9381">Class. Quantum Grav. (1984 - present)</option><option value="0143-0815">Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas. (1980 - 1992)</option><option value="1364-7830">Combustion Theory and Modelling (1997 - 2004)</option><option value="0253-6102">Commun. Theor. Phys. (1982 - present)</option><option value="1749-4699">Comput. Sci. Discov. (2008 - 2015)</option><option value="2057-1739">Converg. Sci. Phys. Oncol. (2015 - 2018)</option><option value="0967-1846">Distrib. Syst. Engng. (1993 - 1999)</option><option value="2754-2734">ECS Adv. (2022 - present)</option><option value="2162-8734">ECS Electrochem. Lett. (2012 - 2015)</option><option value="2162-8777">ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. (2012 - present)</option><option value="2754-2726">ECS Sens. Plus (2022 - present)</option><option value="2162-8750">ECS Solid State Lett. (2012 - 2015)</option><option value="1938-5862">ECS Trans. (2005 - present)</option><option value="0295-5075">EPL (1986 - present)</option><option value="1944-8783">Electrochem. Soc. Interface (1992 - present)</option><option value="1944-8775">Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. (1998 - 2012)</option><option value="2516-1075">Electron. Struct. (2019 - present)</option><option value="2631-8695">Eng. Res. Express (2019 - present)</option><option value="2515-7620">Environ. Res. Commun. (2018 - present)</option><option value="1748-9326">Environ. Res. Lett. (2006 - present)</option><option value="2752-5295">Environ. Res.: Climate (2022 - present)</option><option value="2752-664X">Environ. Res.: Ecology (2022 - present)</option><option value="2753-3751">Environ. Res.: Energy (2024 - present)</option><option value="2976-601X">Environ. Res.: Food Syst. (2024 - present)</option><option value="2752-5309">Environ. Res.: Health (2022 - present)</option><option value="2634-4505">Environ. Res.: Infrastruct. Sustain. (2021 - present)</option><option value="3033-4942">Environ. Res.: Water (2025 - present)</option><option value="0143-0807">Eur. J. Phys. (1980 - present)</option><option value="2058-8585">Flex. Print. Electron. (2015 - present)</option><option value="1873-7005">Fluid Dyn. Res. (1986 - present)</option><option value="2631-6331">Funct. Compos. Struct. (2018 - present)</option><option value="1755-1315">IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. (2008 - present)</option><option value="1757-899X">IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. (2009 - present)</option><option value="2633-1357">IOPSciNotes (2020 - 2022)</option><option value="2631-7990">Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. (2019 - present)</option><option value="0266-5611">Inverse Problems (1985 - present)</option><option value="1064-5632">Izv. Math. (1993 - present)</option><option value="1752-7163">J. Breath Res. (2007 - present)</option><option value="1475-7516">J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. (2003 - present)</option><option value="1945-7111">J. Electrochem. Soc. (1902 - present)</option><option value="1742-2140">J. Geophys. Eng. (2004 - 2018)</option><option value="1126-6708">J. High Energy Phys. (1997 - 2009)</option><option value="1748-0221">J. Inst. (2006 - present)</option><option value="0960-1317">J. Micromech. Microeng. (1991 - present)</option><option value="1741-2552">J. Neural Eng. (2004 - present)</option><option value="0368-3281">J. Nucl. Energy, Part C Plasma Phys. (1959 - 1966)</option><option value="0150-536X">J. Opt. (1977 - 1998)</option><option value="2040-8986">J. Opt. (2010 - present)</option><option value="1464-4258">J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. (1999 - 2009)</option><option value="1464-4266">J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. (1999 - 2005)</option><option value="0022-3689">J. Phys. A: Gen. Phys. (1968 - 1972)</option><option value="0305-4470">J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. (1975 - 2006)</option><option value="0301-0015">J. Phys. A: Math. Nucl. Gen. (1973 - 1974)</option><option value="1751-8121">J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. (2007 - present)</option><option value="0953-4075">J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. (1988 - present)</option><option value="0022-3700">J. Phys. B: Atom. Mol. Phys. (1968 - 1987)</option><option value="0022-3719">J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. (1968 - 1988)</option><option value="2399-6528">J. Phys. Commun. (2017 - present)</option><option value="2632-072X">J. Phys. Complex. (2019 - present)</option><option value="0022-3727">J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. (1968 - present)</option><option value="0022-3735">J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. (1968 - 1989)</option><option value="2515-7655">J. Phys. Energy (2018 - present)</option><option value="0305-4608">J. Phys. F: Met. Phys. (1971 - 1988)</option><option value="0954-3899">J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. (1989 - present)</option><option value="0305-4616">J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. (1975 - 1988)</option><option value="2515-7639">J. Phys. Mater. (2018 - present)</option><option value="2515-7647">J. Phys. Photonics (2018 - present)</option><option value="0953-8984">J. Phys.: Condens. Matter (1989 - present)</option><option value="1742-6596">J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (2004 - present)</option><option value="0952-4746">J. Radiol. Prot. (1988 - present)</option><option value="3050-2454">J. Reliab. Sci. Eng. (2025 - present)</option><option value="0950-7671">J. Sci. Instrum. (1923 - 1967)</option><option value="1674-4926">J. Semicond. (2009 - present)</option><option value="0260-2814">J. Soc. Radiol. Prot. (1981 - 1987)</option><option value="1742-5468">J. Stat. Mech. (2004 - present)</option><option value="1468-5248">JoT (2000 - 2004)</option><option value="1347-4065">Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. (1962 - present)</option><option value="1555-6611">Laser Phys. (2013 - present)</option><option value="1612-202X">Laser Phys. Lett. (2004 - present)</option><option value="3049-4753">Mach. Learn.: Earth (2025 - present)</option><option value="3049-4761">Mach. Learn.: Eng. (2025 - present)</option><option value="3049-477X">Mach. Learn.: Health (2025 - present)</option><option value="2632-2153">Mach. Learn.: Sci. Technol. (2019 - present)</option><option value="2752-5724">Mater. Futures (2022 - present)</option><option value="2633-4356">Mater. Quantum. Technol. (2020 - present)</option><option value="2053-1591">Mater. Res. Express (2014 - present)</option><option value="0025-5726">Math. USSR Izv. (1967 - 1992)</option><option value="0025-5734">Math. USSR Sb. (1967 - 1993)</option><option value="0957-0233">Meas. Sci. Technol. (1990 - present)</option><option value="2151-2043">Meet. Abstr. (2002 - present)</option><option value="2050-6120">Methods Appl. Fluoresc. (2013 - present)</option><option value="0026-1394">Metrologia (1965 - present)</option><option value="0965-0393">Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. (1992 - present)</option><option value="2399-7532">Multifunct. Mater. (2018 - 2022)</option><option value="2632-959X">Nano Ex. (2020 - present)</option><option value="2399-1984">Nano Futures (2017 - present)</option><option value="0957-4484">Nanotechnology (1990 - present)</option><option value="0954-898X">Network (1990 - 2004)</option><option value="2634-4386">Neuromorph. Comput. Eng. (2021 - present)</option><option value="1367-2630">New J. Phys. (1998 - present)</option><option value="0951-7715">Nonlinearity (1988 - present)</option><option value="0335-7368">Nouvelle Revue d'Optique (1973 - 1976)</option><option value="0029-4780">Nouvelle Revue d'Optique Appliquée (1970 - 1972)</option><option value="0029-5515">Nucl. Fusion (1960 - present)</option><option value="1538-3873">PASP (1889 - present)</option><option value="1478-3975">Phys. Biol. (2004 - present)</option><option value="0031-9112">Phys. Bull. (1950 - 1988)</option><option value="0031-9120">Phys. Educ. (1966 - present)</option><option value="0031-9155">Phys. Med. Biol. (1956 - present)</option><option value="1402-4896">Phys. Scr. (1970 - present)</option><option value="2058-7058">Phys. World (1988 - present)</option><option value="1063-7869">Phys.-Usp. (1993 - present)</option><option value="0305-4624">Physics in Technology (1973 - 1988)</option><option value="0967-3334">Physiol. Meas. (1993 - present)</option><option value="0741-3335">Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion (1984 - present)</option><option value="0032-1028">Plasma Physics (1967 - 1983)</option><option value="2516-1067">Plasma Res. Express (2018 - 2022)</option><option value="1009-0630">Plasma Sci. Technol. (1999 - present)</option><option value="0963-0252">Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. (1992 - present)</option><option value="0959-5309">Proc. Phys. Soc. (1926 - 1948)</option><option value="0370-1328">Proc. Phys. Soc. (1958 - 1967)</option><option value="0370-1298">Proc. Phys. Soc. A (1949 - 1957)</option><option value="0370-1301">Proc. Phys. Soc. B (1949 - 1957)</option><option value="1478-7814">Proc. Phys. Soc. London (1874 - 1925)</option><option value="2576-1579">Proc. Vol. (1967 - 2005)</option><option value="2516-1091">Prog. Biomed. Eng. (2018 - present)</option><option value="2516-1083">Prog. Energy (2018 - present)</option><option value="0963-6625">Public Understand. Sci. (1992 - 2002)</option><option value="0963-9659">Pure Appl. Opt. (1992 - 1998)</option><option value="1469-7688">Quantitative Finance (2001 - 2004)</option><option value="1063-7818">Quantum Electron. (1993 - present)</option><option value="0954-8998">Quantum Opt. (1989 - 1994)</option><option value="2058-9565">Quantum Sci. Technol. (2015 - present)</option><option value="1355-5111">Quantum Semiclass. Opt. (1995 - 1998)</option><option value="0034-4885">Rep. Prog. Phys. (1934 - present)</option><option value="1674-4527">Res. Astron. Astrophys. (2009 - present)</option><option value="2515-5172">Research Notes of the AAS (2017 - present)</option><option value="0034-6683">RevPhysTech (1970 - 1972)</option><option value="0036-021X">Russ. Chem. Rev. (1960 - present)</option><option value="0036-0279">Russ. Math. Surv. (1960 - present)</option><option value="1064-5616">Sb. Math. (1993 - present)</option><option value="1468-6996">Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. (2000 - 2015)</option><option value="0268-1242">Semicond. Sci. Technol. (1986 - present)</option><option value="0964-1726">Smart Mater. Struct. (1992 - present)</option><option value="0049-1748">Sov. J. Quantum Electron. (1971 - 1992)</option><option value="0038-5670">Sov. Phys. Usp. (1958 - 1992)</option><option value="0953-2048">Supercond. Sci. Technol. (1988 - present)</option><option value="2051-672X">Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop. (2013 - present)</option><option value="2977-3504">Sustain. Sci. Technol. (2024 - present)</option><option value="1538-3881">The Astronomical Journal (1849 - present)</option><option value="0004-637X">The Astrophysical Journal (1996 - present)</option><option value="2041-8205">The Astrophysical Journal Letters (2010 - present)</option><option value="0067-0049">The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (1996 - present)</option><option value="2632-3338">The Planetary Science Journal (2020 - present)</option><option value="2156-7395">Trans. Amer: Electrochem. Soc. (1930 - 1930)</option><option value="1945-6859">Trans. Electrochem. Soc. (1931 - 1948)</option><option value="1475-4878">Trans. Opt. Soc. (1899 - 1932)</option><option value="2053-1613">Transl. Mater. Res. (2014 - 2018)</option><option value="0959-7174">Waves Random Media (1991 - 2004)</option> </select> <label for="CF_VOLUME" class="offscreen-hidden">Volume number:</label> <input type="text" name="CF_VOLUME" id="CF_VOLUME" class="art-lookup__content-finder-field" placeholder="Volume" x-webkit-speech=""> <label for="CF_ISSUE" class="offscreen-hidden">Issue number (if known):</label> <input type="text" name="CF_ISSUE" id="CF_ISSUE" class="art-lookup__content-finder-field" placeholder="Issue" x-webkit-speech=""> <label for="CF_PAGE" class="offscreen-hidden">Article or page number:</label> <input type="text" name="CF_PAGE" id="CF_PAGE" class="art-lookup__content-finder-field art-lookup__content-finder-field--last" placeholder="Article or page" x-webkit-speech=""> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default art-lookup__submit" name="submit">Lookup</button> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-journals nav-item wd-nav-journal"> <button class="nav-top-link-drop-down" data-nav-trigger="journals">Journals<svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--right fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg></button> <div class="nav-drop-down wd-nav-journal-dd" data-nav-item="journals"> <div class="nav-drop-down__grid"> <div class="nav-drop-down__item"> <a class="nav-drop-down__item-title" href="/journals">Journals list</a> <span class="nav-drop-down__item-info m-hide">Browse more than 100 science journal titles</span> </div> <div class="nav-drop-down__item"> <a class="nav-drop-down__item-title" href="/page/subjects">Subject collections</a> <span class="nav-drop-down__item-info m-hide">Read the very best research published in IOP journals</span> </div> <div class="nav-drop-down__item"> <a class="nav-drop-down__item-title" href="/journals?type=partner#js-tab-pubpart">Publishing partners</a> <span class="nav-drop-down__item-info m-hide">Partner organisations and publications</span> </div> <div class="nav-drop-down__item"> <a class="nav-drop-down__item-title" href="/info/page/openaccess">Open access</a> <span class="nav-drop-down__item-info m-hide">IOP Publishing open access policy guide</span> </div> <div class="nav-drop-down__item"> <a class="nav-drop-down__item-title" href="/conference-series">IOP Conference Series</a> <span class="nav-drop-down__item-info m-hide">Read open access proceedings from science conferences worldwide</span> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-books nav-item wd-nav-books"> <a href="/booklistinfo/home" class="nav-top-link">Books</a> </li> <li class="nav-publishing-support nav-item wd-publishing-support"> <a href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org" class="nav-top-link">Publishing Support</a> </li> <!-- Header Login starts here --> <li class="nav-login nav-item wd-nav-login"> <button class="nav-top-link-drop-down" id="login-drop-down-user" data-nav-trigger="login"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--left" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--circle-user--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M399 384.2C376.9 345.8 335.4 320 288 320H224c-47.4 0-88.9 25.8-111 64.2c35.2 39.2 86.2 63.8 143 63.8s107.8-24.7 143-63.8zM0 256a256 256 0 1 1 512 0A256 256 0 1 1 0 256zm256 16a72 72 0 1 0 0-144 72 72 0 1 0 0 144z"/></svg>Login<svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--right fa-icon--flip" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--caret-down--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M137.4 374.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c9.2-9.2 11.9-22.9 6.9-34.9s-16.6-19.8-29.6-19.8L32 192c-12.9 0-24.6 7.8-29.6 19.8s-2.2 25.7 6.9 34.9l128 128z"/></svg></button> <div class="nav-drop-down wd-nav-login-dd" data-nav-item="login"> <a href="https://myiopscience.iop.org/signin?origin=a0&return=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Fbook%2Fedit%2F978-0-7503-5578-0" id="wd-login-link">IOPscience login / Sign Up</a> </div> </li> <!-- Header Login ends here --> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="page-body" itemtype="http://schema.org/Book" id="book"> <div class="grid-3-col da-showgrid ta-showgrid cf"> <main id="skip-to-content-link-target"> <!-- Secondary header starts --> <div class="secondary-header cf" id="wd-secondary-header"> <!-- Unbranded book header starts --> <div class="unbranded"> <div class="publication-name" id="wd-pub-name"> <h1 class="publication-title" itemprop="name" itemref="book"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0" alt="Graphene-Based Sensors"> Graphene-Based Sensors </a> </h1> </div> </div> <!-- Unbranded book header ends --> </div> <!-- Secondary header ends --> <!-- Start article page --> <div class="da1-da2" id="page-content" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="da1 ta1 article-head"> <div class="media mb-0"> <!-- start bookCoverInformation --> <div class="pull-left book-page-cover-w-meta"> <div class="book-cover-and-preview"> <img width="125" class="book-cover-and-preview__cover" border="0" itemprop="image" id="wd-book-cover-img" src="https://content.cld.iop.org/books/10__1088_978-0-7503-5578-0/revision1/bk978-0-7503-5578-0cover.jpg" alt=""/> <div> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0.preview.pdf" class="btn btn-primary book-cover-and-preview__preview" title="Preview">Preview</a> </div> </div> <p> <span class="meta-line" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="editor" itemscope="" itemref="book" id="wd-book-editor"> <b>Editor</b><br/> <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Jamballi G Manjunatha</span></span> </span> <span class="meta-line" id="wd-book-pub-date"> <b>Published</b><br/> <span itemprop="datePublished">November 2023</span> </span> </p> </div> <!-- pull-left --> <!-- end bookCoverInformation --> <!-- start book.content.mediaBody --> <div class="media-body"> <!-- start book.content.binaryLinks --> <div class="btn-multi-block mt-0 mb-05"> <p class="small mb-05">Download ebook</p> <div class="hover-trigger"> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0.pdf" class="btn btn-large btn-primary content-download event_book-download" data-event-action="PDF" id="wd-book-pdf-but" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download</span> PDF<span class="offscreen-hidden"> book</span></a> </div> <div class="hover-trigger"> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0.epub" aria-describedby="epub-description" class="btn btn-large btn-primary content-download dupe-buttons event_book-download" data-event-action="ePub" id="wd-book-epub-but" rel="noopener"> <span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download</span><span></span> ePub <span></span> <span class="offscreen-hidden">book</span> </a> <div class="epub-label hover-item bd-1"> <p id="epub-description" class="small">You need an eReader or compatible software to experience <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/page/ePub3">the benefits of the ePub3 file format</a>.</p> </div> </div> </c:if> <div class="hover-trigger"> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0.mobi" aria-describedby="kindle-description" class="btn btn-large btn-primary content-download event_book-download" data-event-action="Kindle" id="wd-book-mobi-but" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-kindle"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download</span> Kindle<span class="offscreen-hidden"> book</span></a> <div class="kindle-label hover-item bd-1"> <p id="kindle-description" class="small">Download direct to your Kindle device for instant, off-line reading</p> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end book.content.binaryLinks --> <div itemprop="description" id="wd-book-page-intro"> <p>Discovered in 2004, graphene is a novel 2D material that has had an impact in many areas of science and technology. The world of sensors in particular has benefitted from this graphene revolution. This comprehensive book is an odyssey into the fundamentals, applications, and innovations surrounding graphene-based sensors. It navigates the diverse field of chemical, biological, and environmental sensing, showcasing the remarkable sensitivity and selectivity of graphene. As a reference text, the book unites and reviews the output from scientific researchers from the fields of electrochemistry, materials development and sensing, providing a single source for capturing the advances in both materials design and the applications of novel graphene-based materials in the development of original sensing technologies. Part of <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/bookListInfo/iop-series-in-sensors-and-sensor-systems#series">IOP Series in Sensors and Sensor Systems</a>.</p><p>Key features</p><p>• Reviews the cutting edge of sensor technology development.</p><p>• Includes the applications of a range of graphene-based materials.</p><p>• Suitable for an interdisciplinary readership.</p><p>• Includes fabrication and fundamental properties.</p><p>• Features specific case studies of applications as well as a more general overview of graphene-based sensors.</p> </div> <p class="small"> <span itemprop="copyrightHolder" id="wd-book-copyright">Copyright © IOP Publishing Ltd 2023</span> <br /> <span itemprop="isbn" id="wd-book-online-isbn">Online ISBN: <span id="epubisbn">978-0-7503-5578-0</span></span> • <span itemprop="isbn" id="wd-book-print-isbn">Print ISBN: 978-0-7503-5576-6</span> </p> </div> <!-- media-body --> <!-- end book.content.mediaBody --> </div> <!-- media --> </div> <div class="da2 ta2"> <div class="print-hide content-tools"> <div class="dimensions-altmetric-li"> <h2 class="replica-h5 mt-0">Book metrics</h2> <!-- Start Dimensions display --> <!-- Start Dimensions display --> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__ dimensions-embed" data-hide-zero-citations="true" data-ga-event="dimensions" data-style="small_circle" data-doi="10.1088/978-0-7503-5578-0"></span> <!-- End Dimensions display --> <!-- End Dimensions display --> <!-- Start Altmetrics display --> <div data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="donut" data-doi="10.1088/978-0-7503-5578-0" data-hide-no-mentions="true" class="altmetric-embed" data-hide-less-than="1"></div> <!-- End Altmetrics display --> <div class="clear-fl"></div> </div> <!-- Start Export citation and abstract tools --> <div> <h2 class="replica-h5 mt-0">Export citation and abstract</h2> <span class="btn-multi-block"> <a href="/exportAbstract?isbn=978-0-7503-5578-0&exportFormat=iopexport_bib&exportType=abs" class="btn btn-primary wd-btn-cit-abs-bib" aria-label="BibTeX of citation and abstract">BibTeX</a> <a href="/exportAbstract?isbn=978-0-7503-5578-0&exportFormat=iopexport_ris&exportType=abs" class="btn btn-primary wd-btn-cit-abs-ris" aria-label="RIS of citation and abstract">RIS</a> </span> </div> <!-- End Export citation and abstract tools --> <!-- Start Book Permission Link --> <div> <h2 class="replica-h5 mt-0">Permissions</h2> <p class="wd-jnl-art-get-permisssion print-hide"> <a href="https://www.plsclear.com/pages/ClearWizard.aspx?provider=IOP Publishing Limited&id=978-0-7503-5578-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Get permission to re-use this book</a> </p> </div> <!-- End Book Permission Link --> <!-- Start Share this article tools --> <div id="wd-share-icons"> <h2 class="replica-h5 mt-0">Share this book</h2> <ul class="share-icon-links"> <li id="wd-share-icon-email"> <a href="mailto:?subject=Graphene-Based Sensors&body=Graphene-Based Sensors - https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-5578-0" aria-label="Share this content via email" class="share-icon-links__link replicate-hover"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--envelope--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M64 112c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v22.1L220.5 291.7c20.7 17 50.4 17 71.1 0L464 150.1V128c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H64zM48 212.2V384c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16H448c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V212.2L322 328.8c-38.4 31.5-93.7 31.5-132 0L48 212.2zM0 128C0 92.7 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V384c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V128z"/></svg> </a> </li> <li id="wd-share-icon-facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%2F978-0-7503-5578-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="Share on Facebook (opens new window)" class="share-icon-links__link replicate-hover"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!--facebook-f--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M80 299.3V512H196V299.3h86.5l18-97.8H196V166.9c0-51.7 20.3-71.5 72.7-71.5c16.3 0 29.4 .4 37 1.2V7.9C291.4 4 256.4 0 236.2 0C129.3 0 80 50.5 80 159.4v42.1H14v97.8H80z"/></svg> </a> </li> <li id="wd-share-icon-twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%2F978-0-7503-5578-0&text=Graphene-Based+Sensors&via=ioppublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="Share on Twitter (opens new window)" class="share-icon-links__link replicate-hover"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--x-twitter--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"/></svg> </a> </li> <li id="wd-share-icon-mendeley"> <a href="https://www.mendeley.com/import/?doi=10.1088%2F978-0-7503-5578-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="Share on Mendeley (opens new window)" class="share-icon-links__link replicate-hover"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512"><!--mendeley--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M624.6 325.2c-12.3-12.4-29.7-19.2-48.4-17.2-43.3-1-49.7-34.9-37.5-98.8 22.8-57.5-14.9-131.5-87.4-130.8-77.4 .7-81.7 82-130.9 82-48.1 0-54-81.3-130.9-82-72.9-.8-110.1 73.3-87.4 130.8 12.2 63.9 5.8 97.8-37.5 98.8-21.2-2.3-37 6.5-53 22.5-19.9 19.7-19.3 94.8 42.6 102.6 47.1 5.9 81.6-42.9 61.2-87.8-47.3-103.7 185.9-106.1 146.5-8.2-.1 .1-.2 .2-.3 .4-26.8 42.8 6.8 97.4 58.8 95.2 52.1 2.1 85.4-52.6 58.8-95.2-.1-.2-.2-.3-.3-.4-39.4-97.9 193.8-95.5 146.5 8.2-4.6 10-6.7 21.3-5.7 33 4.9 53.4 68.7 74.1 104.9 35.2 17.8-14.8 23.1-65.6 0-88.3zm-303.9-19.1h-.6c-43.4 0-62.8-37.5-62.8-62.8 0-34.7 28.2-62.8 62.8-62.8h.6c34.7 0 62.8 28.1 62.8 62.8 0 25-19.2 62.8-62.8 62.8z"/></svg> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="clear-fl"></div> </div> <!-- End Share this article tools --> <!-- Start MyPrint book --> <div id="my_print"> <h2 class="replica-h5 mt-0">myPrint</h2> <img class="horizontal-logo" src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' alt="my print"> <p class="mb-0" id="wd-short-desc">In order to take advantage of this service, your institution needs to have access to this IOP ebook content.</p> <button class="overlay-launch d-b" aria-expanded="false" id="wd-read-more">Read more</button> <a href="/page/book-recommendation" title="Recommend to your Librarian" class="d-b" role="button" id="wd-librarian">Recommend to your Librarian</a> <span class="overlay-set"> <div class="tint-screen"></div> <div role="dialog" aria-label="myPrint. Brought to you by your library" aria-modal="true" class="overlay-panel"> <button class="close-icon close-overlay" aria-label="Close"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--circle-xmark--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M256 512A256 256 0 1 0 256 0a256 256 0 1 0 0 512zM175 175c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l47 47 47-47c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0s9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-47 47 47 47c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9s-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-47-47-47 47c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0s-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l47-47-47-47c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9z"/></svg></button> <div class="overlay-img"> <img class="circular-logo" alt="my print" src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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'> </div> <div class="overlay-text"> <h2 class="replica-h3">What is myPrint?</h2> <p>myPrint is a new service, offering individuals at institutions who have purchased IOP ebooks the chance to buy their own personal print-copy, direct from iopscience.org.</p> <p>The offer is available on any book that your institution has purchased electronically, and are priced at <b>£25/$30</b> (exc. Ship and VAT) per copy. The books come in a durable paperback format, with full-colour cover, black & white contents, and monochrome illustrations (where present).</p> <p>We work with our trusted distribution partners, NBN International, to supply the books and deliver them straight to your doorstep. What could be simpler!</p> <p class="mb-0">For more details on how to take advantage of this service, or to recommend the title to your librarian, please <a href="https://ioppublishing.org/about-us/contact-us/" id="wd-contact-us">Contact us</a> or <a title="Recommend to your Librarian" href="/page/book-recommendation" id="wd-librarian-popup">Recommend to your Librarian</a></p> </div> </div> </span> </div> <!-- End MyPrint book --> </div> </div> <div class="da1 ta1"> <!-- Google adverts start --> <!-- Start of google banners in the middle. --> <aside aria-label="Main column advert"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1562594774007-0' style='width: 728px; height: 90px; display: block;'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1562594774007-0'); }); </script> </div> </aside> <!-- End of google banners in the middle. --> <!-- Google adverts end --> <!-- Start Book tabs --> <div class="tabs cf mb-2 mt-1" id="book-tabs"> <div role="tablist"> <button role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="book-toc-tab" id="book-toc" class="event_book-tabs"> Table of contents </button> <button role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="book-about-tab" id="book-about" class="event_book-tabs" tabindex="-1"> About Book </button> <button role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="book-authors-tab" id="book-authors" class="event_book-tabs" tabindex="-1"> Editor </button> </div> <!-- Start tab TOC --> <div tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" id="book-toc-tab" aria-labelledby="book-toc"> <div class="tab-content-padding"> <div class="art-list mt-2" id="wd-book-toc"> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch0.pdf">Front matter</a></h2> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch0.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Front matter" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Front matter</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch0.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Front matter"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Front matter</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 1-1 to 1-21</div> <span class="eyebrow"> <span class="offscreen-hidden">The following chapter is </span><span class="red">Free to read</span> </span> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch1">An overview of graphene properties, types, and role in chemistry</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Mariana Munik da Silva</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Luccas Lossano Name</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Daniel Yaezu Tiba</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Octavio Pereira Lopes de Souza</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Aprys Cristina Travasso Sarinho dos Santos Oliveira</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Joao Henrique Astolfi Ferreira</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Laura Chaluleu Lieb</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Ana Maria Assed Batistela Medeiros</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Thiago C Canevari</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch1" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="An overview of graphene properties, types, and role in chemistry"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, An overview of graphene properties, types, and role in chemistry</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch1.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="An overview of graphene properties, types, and role in chemistry" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, An overview of graphene properties, types, and role in chemistry</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch1.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="An overview of graphene properties, types, and role in chemistry"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, An overview of graphene properties, types, and role in chemistry</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 2-1 to 2-18</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch2">Recent advances in graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Monima Sarma</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Tanmay Chatterjee</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch2" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Recent advances in graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Recent advances in graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch2.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Recent advances in graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Recent advances in graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch2.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Recent advances in graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Recent advances in graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 3-1 to 3-16</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch3">Graphene-based sensors for electrochemical detection of textile dye</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Bruna Coldibeli</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Gustavo Fix</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Elen Romão Sartori</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch3" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Graphene-based sensors for electrochemical detection of textile dye"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based sensors for electrochemical detection of textile dye</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch3.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Graphene-based sensors for electrochemical detection of textile dye" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based sensors for electrochemical detection of textile dye</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch3.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Graphene-based sensors for electrochemical detection of textile dye"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based sensors for electrochemical detection of textile dye</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 4-1 to 4-12</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch4">Graphene electrochemical sensors for nucleotides</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">R Rajkumar</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">G Kavitha</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">S Parameswari</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">P Karpagavinayagam</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">C Vedhi</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch4" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Graphene electrochemical sensors for nucleotides"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene electrochemical sensors for nucleotides</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch4.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Graphene electrochemical sensors for nucleotides" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene electrochemical sensors for nucleotides</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch4.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Graphene electrochemical sensors for nucleotides"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene electrochemical sensors for nucleotides</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 5-1 to 5-15</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch5">Graphene-modified electrochemical sensors for estimation of food contaminants</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">B Chethan</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">V Prasad</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">H G Rajprakash</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">A Sunilkumar</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">S Thomas</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch5" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Graphene-modified electrochemical sensors for estimation of food contaminants"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-modified electrochemical sensors for estimation of food contaminants</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch5.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Graphene-modified electrochemical sensors for estimation of food contaminants" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-modified electrochemical sensors for estimation of food contaminants</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch5.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Graphene-modified electrochemical sensors for estimation of food contaminants"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-modified electrochemical sensors for estimation of food contaminants</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 6-1 to 6-10</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch6">Electro-analysis of hormones in a graphene-modified electrochemical sensor</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Vinayak Adimule</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Nidhi Manhas</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Kalpana Sharma</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch6" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Electro-analysis of hormones in a graphene-modified electrochemical sensor"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Electro-analysis of hormones in a graphene-modified electrochemical sensor</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch6.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Electro-analysis of hormones in a graphene-modified electrochemical sensor" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Electro-analysis of hormones in a graphene-modified electrochemical sensor</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch6.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Electro-analysis of hormones in a graphene-modified electrochemical sensor"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Electro-analysis of hormones in a graphene-modified electrochemical sensor</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 7-1 to 7-20</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch7">Graphene composite electrodes for electrochemical determination of drugs</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Serdar Sanli</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Sevinc Kurbanoglu</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch7" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Graphene composite electrodes for electrochemical determination of drugs"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene composite electrodes for electrochemical determination of drugs</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch7.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Graphene composite electrodes for electrochemical determination of drugs" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene composite electrodes for electrochemical determination of drugs</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch7.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Graphene composite electrodes for electrochemical determination of drugs"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene composite electrodes for electrochemical determination of drugs</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 8-1 to 8-16</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch8">Graphene-based sensing platform for analysis of food flavours and additives</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Raunak Katiyar</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Yashi Dwivedi</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Titiksha Kumar Sagar</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Sandeep Chandrashekharappa</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch8" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Graphene-based sensing platform for analysis of food flavours and additives"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based sensing platform for analysis of food flavours and additives</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch8.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Graphene-based sensing platform for analysis of food flavours and additives" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based sensing platform for analysis of food flavours and additives</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch8.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Graphene-based sensing platform for analysis of food flavours and additives"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based sensing platform for analysis of food flavours and additives</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 9-1 to 9-17</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch9">Graphene-based electrodes for determination of neurotransmitters</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Sanu K Anand</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Manna Rachel Mathew</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">K Girish Kumar</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch9" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Graphene-based electrodes for determination of neurotransmitters"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based electrodes for determination of neurotransmitters</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch9.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Graphene-based electrodes for determination of neurotransmitters" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based electrodes for determination of neurotransmitters</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch9.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Graphene-based electrodes for determination of neurotransmitters"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based electrodes for determination of neurotransmitters</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 10-1 to 10-27</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch10">Graphene-modified electrodes for detection of vitamins</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Nida Aydogdu Ozdogan</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Ersin Demir</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Murat Misir</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch10" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Graphene-modified electrodes for detection of vitamins"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-modified electrodes for detection of vitamins</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch10.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Graphene-modified electrodes for detection of vitamins" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-modified electrodes for detection of vitamins</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch10.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Graphene-modified electrodes for detection of vitamins"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-modified electrodes for detection of vitamins</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 11-1 to 11-44</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch11">Graphene-based electrochemical platform for well-known phenolic compounds from natural sources</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Mohamed Brahmi</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Nurgul K Bakirhan</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Merve Yuzbasioglu Baran</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Sıla Ozlem Sener</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Duygu Sevim</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Abdesselam Tahani</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch11" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Graphene-based electrochemical platform for well-known phenolic compounds from natural sources"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based electrochemical platform for well-known phenolic compounds from natural sources</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch11.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Graphene-based electrochemical platform for well-known phenolic compounds from natural sources" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based electrochemical platform for well-known phenolic compounds from natural sources</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch11.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Graphene-based electrochemical platform for well-known phenolic compounds from natural sources"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based electrochemical platform for well-known phenolic compounds from natural sources</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 12-1 to 12-15</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch12">Graphene-based electrochemical sensors for soil analysis</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">H Ganesan</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">G Kavitha</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">B Kavitha</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">N Senthilkumar</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">P Karpagavinayagam</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">C Vedhi</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch12" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Graphene-based electrochemical sensors for soil analysis"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based electrochemical sensors for soil analysis</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch12.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Graphene-based electrochemical sensors for soil analysis" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based electrochemical sensors for soil analysis</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch12.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Graphene-based electrochemical sensors for soil analysis"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Graphene-based electrochemical sensors for soil analysis</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 13-1 to 13-23</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch13">Recent advancements in the detection of amino acids using graphene-oxide-based electrochemical sensors</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">M G Gopika</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name"> Sreelekshmi</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Beena Saraswathyamma</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch13" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Recent advancements in the detection of amino acids using graphene-oxide-based electrochemical sensors"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Recent advancements in the detection of amino acids using graphene-oxide-based electrochemical sensors</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch13.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Recent advancements in the detection of amino acids using graphene-oxide-based electrochemical sensors" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Recent advancements in the detection of amino acids using graphene-oxide-based electrochemical sensors</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch13.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Recent advancements in the detection of amino acids using graphene-oxide-based electrochemical sensors"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Recent advancements in the detection of amino acids using graphene-oxide-based electrochemical sensors</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 14-1 to 14-26</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch14">Application of graphene-based electrodes for water pollutants</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">M Stanleydhinakar</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">C Balaji</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">A Gowdhaman</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">J G Manjunatha</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">R Ramesh</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch14" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Application of graphene-based electrodes for water pollutants"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Application of graphene-based electrodes for water pollutants</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch14.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Application of graphene-based electrodes for water pollutants" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Application of graphene-based electrodes for water pollutants</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch14.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Application of graphene-based electrodes for water pollutants"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Application of graphene-based electrodes for water pollutants</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 15-1 to 15-26</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch15">Biomedical applications of graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Maitri Shah</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Pratik Kolhe</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Drishya Prakashan</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">Sonu Gandhi</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch15" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Biomedical applications of graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Biomedical applications of graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch15.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Biomedical applications of graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Biomedical applications of graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch15.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Biomedical applications of graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Biomedical applications of graphene-based electrochemical sensing devices</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="art-list-item"> <div class="art-list-item-body"> <div class="indexer">Pages 16-1 to 16-16</div> <h2 class="art-list-item-title"><a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch16">Stability, sustainability and reliability of graphene-based electrochemical sensors</a></h2> <p class="small art-list-item-meta"><span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">R Rajkumar</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">J Maalmarugan</span></span>, <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">P Karpagavinayagam</span></span> and <span itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" class="nowrap"><span itemprop="name">C Vedhi</span></span></p> <div class="art-list-item-tools small"> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch16" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="View chapter" title="Stability, sustainability and reliability of graphene-based electrochemical sensors"><span class="icon-article"></span>View chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Stability, sustainability and reliability of graphene-based electrochemical sensors</span></a> <a target="_blank" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch16.pdf" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="PDF" title="Stability, sustainability and reliability of graphene-based electrochemical sensors" rel="noopener"><span class="icon-file-pdf"></span>PDF chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Stability, sustainability and reliability of graphene-based electrochemical sensors</span></a> <a href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5578-0/chapter/bk978-0-7503-5578-0ch16.epub" class="mr-2 event_book-mini-link" data-event-action="ePub" title="Stability, sustainability and reliability of graphene-based electrochemical sensors"><span class="icon-epub"></span><span class="offscreen-hidden">Download </span>ePub chapter<span class="offscreen-hidden">, Stability, sustainability and reliability of graphene-based electrochemical sensors</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- End tab TOC --> <!-- Start tab About Book --> <div tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" id="book-about-tab" aria-labelledby="book-about" hidden=""> <div class="tab-content-padding"> <div class="article-meta"> <!-- Start book info extent --> <div id="wd-bk-pg-extent"> <h2 class="replica-h4">Extent</h2> <p itemprop="datePublished">345pp</p> </div> <!-- End book info extent --> <!-- Start book info doi --> <div id="wd-bk-pg-doi"> <h2 class="replica-h4"><abbr title="digital object identifier"><span class="replica-abbr">D O I</span></abbr></h2> <p> <a itemprop="sameAs" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-5578-0">https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-5578-0</a> </p> </div> <!-- End book info doi --> <div id="wd-bk-pg-readership"><h2 class="replica-h4">Readership</h2><p>Academic and industrial researchers in sensors, electrochemistry and materials</p></div> <!-- Start book info dates --> <div id="wd-bk-pg-dates"> <h2 class="replica-h4">Dates</h2> <p itemprop="datePublished">Published November 2023</p> </div> <!-- End book info dates --> <div id="wd-bk-pg-bk-links"> <h2 class="replica-h4">Books links</h2> <p><a href="/page/ePub3">About ePub3</a></p> <p><a href="https://ioppublishing.org/publications/our-books/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">About IOP ebooks<svg class="fa-icon fa-icon--right" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--arrow-up-right-from-square--><!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><title>opens in new tab</title><path d="M320 0c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32h82.7L201.4 265.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0L448 109.3V192c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32s32-14.3 32-32V32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H320zM80 32C35.8 32 0 67.8 0 112V432c0 44.2 35.8 80 80 80H400c44.2 0 80-35.8 80-80V320c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V432c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16H80c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16V112c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16H192c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32H80z"/></svg></a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- End tab About Book --> <!-- Start tab Authors --> <div tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" id="book-authors-tab" aria-labelledby="book-authors" hidden=""> <div class="tab-content-padding"> <!-- Start book author affiliations --> <div id="wd-bk-auth-aff"> <h2 class="replica-h4">Affiliations</h2> <p>Department of Chemistry, Field Marshal KM Cariappa College, Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka, India</p> </div> <!-- End book author affiliations --> <div id="wd-bk-pg-about-the-editor"><h2 class="replica-h4">About the editor</h2><p>J G Manjunatha is working as an Assistant Professor in Chemistry at FMKMC College, A Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, India. He received his PhD in Chemistry from Kuvempu University and Postdoc from the University of Kebangsaan Malaysia. He has received various awards and published more than 160 research articles in reputed international journals. He has been an editor for 13 books (RSC, ACS, IOP, Elsevier and Bentham science publishers), and special issues (IOP Publishing, Frontiers in Sensors, MDPI). He is also an editorial board member for many reputed journals and Editor-in-Chief of the <i>Sensing Technology</i> journal (Taylor and Francis).</p></div> </div> </div><!-- End tab Authors --> <!-- Start tab Multimedia --> <!-- End tab Multimedia --> <!-- Start tab Review --> <!-- End tab Review --> </div> <!-- End Book tabs --> </div> <div class="da2 ta2"> </div> </div> <!-- End article page --> </main> <div class="da3 ta1"> <div class="side-and-below"> <aside aria-labelledby="book-related-content-heading" class="boxout bdt-6 related" id="wd-related"> <h2 id="book-related-content-heading" class="replica-h3">You may also like</h2> <div class="related-content-lists"> <h3 class="related-article-hd replica-h4">Journal articles</h3> <div class="related-article-list"> <ul class=""> <li> <a class="event_book-related-article" href="/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1705/1/011004">Peer review declaration</a> </li> <li> <a class="event_book-related-article" href="/article/10.1088/1757-899X/978/1/011002">Peer review declaration</a> </li> <li> <a class="event_book-related-article" href="/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1180/1/011002">Peer review declaration</a> </li> </ul> </div> <h3 class="related-article-hd replica-h4">Books</h3> <div class="related-book-list"> <ul class=""> <li> <a class="event_book-related-book" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-3687-1">Electronic Tongues</a> </li> <li> <a class="event_book-related-book" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5127-0">Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Composite Materials</a> </li> <li> <a class="event_book-related-book" href="/book/edit/978-0-7503-5326-7">Cognitive Sensors, Volume 1</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </aside> <!-- Start Physics World Jobs --> <aside aria-label="Physics World Jobs" class="wd-pw-jobs print-hide"> <img height="23" alt="Physics World Jobs" class="pw-jobs-logo mt-025 mb-075" src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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'> <ul> <li> <div class="cf"> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/job/19202/?trackid=9&utm_source=RestAPI&utm_medium=Referral&utm_source=IOPscience&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=IOPscience&utm_term=2053-2563&utm_content=BOOK">Faculty in Applications of Data Science, Engineering, and/or Physics to Particle Accelerators</a> </div> <span>Old Dominion University</span> </li> <li> <div class="cf"> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/job/19644/?trackid=9&utm_source=RestAPI&utm_medium=Referral&utm_source=IOPscience&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=IOPscience&utm_term=2053-2563&utm_content=BOOK">Architected Responsive Materials Engineer - Materials Research Staff Member</a> </div> <span>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</span> </li> <li> <div class="cf"> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/job/19618/?trackid=9&utm_source=RestAPI&utm_medium=Referral&utm_source=IOPscience&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=IOPscience&utm_term=2053-2563&utm_content=BOOK">NIF Target and Laser Interaction Sphere (TaLIS) Team Lead</a> </div> <span>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</span> </li> <li> <div class="cf"> <a class="fl-l" href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/jobs?utm_source=IOPscience&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=IOPscience&utm_term=2053-2563&utm_content=BOOK">More jobs</a> <a class="right fl-r" href="https://employers.physicsworldjobs.com?utm_source=IOPscience&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=IOPscience&utm_term=2053-2563&utm_content=BOOK">Post a job</a> </div> </li> </ul> </aside> <!-- End Physics World Jobs --> <!-- Google adverts start --> <!-- Start of google banners on right hand side. --> <aside role="complementary" aria-label="Right sidebar adverts"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1669279847892-0' style='min-width: 160px; min-height: 250px;'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1669279847892-0'); }); </script> </div> </aside> <!-- End of google banners on right hand side. --> <!-- Google adverts end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-scroll-header="" class="data-header-anchor" id="exp"></div> <!-- Footer starts --> <footer class="footer content-grid__full-width" data-footer-content role="contentinfo"> <nav aria-label="Further resources" class="footer__grid"> <div> <h2 class="footer__heading">IOPscience</h2> <ul class="footer__list"> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/journalList">Journals</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/booklistinfo/home">Books</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/conference-series">IOP Conference Series</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/page/aboutiopscience">About IOPscience</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://ioppublishing.org/about-us/contact-us/">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/info/page/developing-countries-access">Developing countries access</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/open_access/">IOP Publishing open access policy</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/page/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div> <h2 class="footer__heading">IOP Publishing</h2> <ul class="footer__list"> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/copyright/">Copyright 2024 IOP Publishing</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/page/terms">Terms and Conditions</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="/page/disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/privacy-cookies-policy/">Privacy and Cookie Policy</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://ioppublishing.org/legal/textanddataminingpolicy/">Text and Data mining policy</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div> <h2 class="footer__heading">Publishing Support</h2> <ul class="footer__list"> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/">Authors</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/publishing-support/reviewers/">Reviewers</a> </li> <li class="footer__item"> <a class="link--colour--white" href="https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/publishing-support/organisers/">Conference Organisers</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <!-- end nav --> <div class="footer__notice"> <div class="footer__notice-inner"> <div class="footer__notice-text"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="footer__cookie fa-icon" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M257.5 27.6c-.8-5.4-4.9-9.8-10.3-10.6c-22.1-3.1-44.6 .9-64.4 11.4l-74 39.5C89.1 78.4 73.2 94.9 63.4 115L26.7 190.6c-9.8 20.1-13 42.9-9.1 64.9l14.5 82.8c3.9 22.1 14.6 42.3 30.7 57.9l60.3 58.4c16.1 15.6 36.6 25.6 58.7 28.7l83 11.7c22.1 3.1 44.6-.9 64.4-11.4l74-39.5c19.7-10.5 35.6-27 45.4-47.2l36.7-75.5c9.8-20.1 13-42.9 9.1-64.9c-.9-5.3-5.3-9.3-10.6-10.1c-51.5-8.2-92.8-47.1-104.5-97.4c-1.8-7.6-8-13.4-15.7-14.6c-54.6-8.7-97.7-52-106.2-106.8zM208 144a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64zM144 336a32 32 0 1 1 64 0 32 32 0 1 1 -64 0zm224-64a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64z"/> </svg> <span><strong>This site uses cookies</strong>. By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies.</span></div> <div class="footer__socials"> <div class="footer__social-icons"> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://twitter.com/ioppublishing?lang=en"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing Twitter page</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"/> </svg> </a> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://www.facebook.com/ioppublishing/"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing Facebook page</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M504 256C504 119 393 8 256 8S8 119 8 256c0 123.78 90.69 226.38 209.25 245V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.28c-30.8 0-40.41 19.12-40.41 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V501C413.31 482.38 504 379.78 504 256z"/> </svg> </a> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/iop-publishing"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing LinkedIn page</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 448 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M100.28 448H7.4V148.9h92.88zM53.79 108.1C24.09 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8a53.79 53.79 0 0 1 107.58 0c0 29.7-24.1 54.3-53.79 54.3zM447.9 448h-92.68V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.29-79.2-48.29 0-55.69 37.7-55.69 76.7V448h-92.78V148.9h89.08v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.69-48.3 87.88-48.3 94 0 111.28 61.9 111.28 142.3V448z"/> </svg> </a> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6sGrQTcmY8NpmfGEfRqRrg"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing Youtube page</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 60 576 395" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"/> </svg> </a> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://ioppublishing.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/WeChat-QR-Code.png"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing WeChat QR code</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 576 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M385.2 167.6c6.4 0 12.6.3 18.8 1.1C387.4 90.3 303.3 32 207.7 32 100.5 32 13 104.8 13 197.4c0 53.4 29.3 97.5 77.9 131.6l-19.3 58.6 68-34.1c24.4 4.8 43.8 9.7 68.2 9.7 6.2 0 12.1-.3 18.3-.8-4-12.9-6.2-26.6-6.2-40.8-.1-84.9 72.9-154 165.3-154zm-104.5-52.9c14.5 0 24.2 9.7 24.2 24.4 0 14.5-9.7 24.2-24.2 24.2-14.8 0-29.3-9.7-29.3-24.2.1-14.7 14.6-24.4 29.3-24.4zm-136.4 48.6c-14.5 0-29.3-9.7-29.3-24.2 0-14.8 14.8-24.4 29.3-24.4 14.8 0 24.4 9.7 24.4 24.4 0 14.6-9.6 24.2-24.4 24.2zM563 319.4c0-77.9-77.9-141.3-165.4-141.3-92.7 0-165.4 63.4-165.4 141.3S305 460.7 397.6 460.7c19.3 0 38.9-5.1 58.6-9.9l53.4 29.3-14.8-48.6C534 402.1 563 363.2 563 319.4zm-219.1-24.5c-9.7 0-19.3-9.7-19.3-19.6 0-9.7 9.7-19.3 19.3-19.3 14.8 0 24.4 9.7 24.4 19.3 0 10-9.7 19.6-24.4 19.6zm107.1 0c-9.7 0-19.3-9.7-19.3-19.6 0-9.7 9.7-19.3 19.3-19.3 14.5 0 24.4 9.7 24.4 19.3.1 10-9.9 19.6-24.4 19.6z"/> </svg> </a> <a class="link--colour--white replicate-hover" href="https://www.weibo.com/u/2931886367"> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing Weibo page</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="fa-icon fa-icon--xlrg" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. --> <path d="M407 177.6c7.6-24-13.4-46.8-37.4-41.7-22 4.8-28.8-28.1-7.1-32.8 50.1-10.9 92.3 37.1 76.5 84.8-6.8 21.2-38.8 10.8-32-10.3zM214.8 446.7C108.5 446.7 0 395.3 0 310.4c0-44.3 28-95.4 76.3-143.7C176 67 279.5 65.8 249.9 161c-4 13.1 12.3 5.7 12.3 6 79.5-33.6 140.5-16.8 114 51.4-3.7 9.4 1.1 10.9 8.3 13.1 135.7 42.3 34.8 215.2-169.7 215.2zm143.7-146.3c-5.4-55.7-78.5-94-163.4-85.7-84.8 8.6-148.8 60.3-143.4 116s78.5 94 163.4 85.7c84.8-8.6 148.8-60.3 143.4-116zM347.9 35.1c-25.9 5.6-16.8 43.7 8.3 38.3 72.3-15.2 134.8 52.8 111.7 124-7.4 24.2 29.1 37 37.4 12 31.9-99.8-55.1-195.9-157.4-174.3zm-78.5 311c-17.1 38.8-66.8 60-109.1 46.3-40.8-13.1-58-53.4-40.3-89.7 17.7-35.4 63.1-55.4 103.4-45.1 42 10.8 63.1 50.2 46 88.5zm-86.3-30c-12.9-5.4-30 .3-38 12.9-8.3 12.9-4.3 28 8.6 34 13.1 6 30.8.3 39.1-12.9 8-13.1 3.7-28.3-9.7-34zm32.6-13.4c-5.1-1.7-11.4.6-14.3 5.4-2.9 5.1-1.4 10.6 3.7 12.9 5.1 2 11.7-.3 14.6-5.4 2.8-5.2 1.1-10.9-4-12.9z"/> </svg> </a> </div> <a href="https://ioppublishing.org/"> <img alt="IOP Publishing" class="footer__social-logo" src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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'/> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <!-- Footer ends --> </div> <script> let imgBase = "https://static.iopscience.com/3.72.0/img"; let scriptBase = "https://static.iopscience.com/3.72.0/js"; /* Cutting the mustard - http://responsivenews.co.uk/post/18948466399/cutting-the-mustard */ /* This is the original if statement, from the link above. I have amended it to turn of JS on all IE browsers less than 10. This is due to a function in the iop.jquery.toolbar.js line 35/36. Uses .remove which is not native js supported in IE9 or lower */ /* if('querySelector' in document && 'localStorage' in window && 'addEventListener' in window) { */ /* This is the updated selector, taken from: https://justmarkup.com/log/2015/02/26/cut-the-mustard-revisited/ */ if('visibilityState' in document) { /*! loadJS: load a JS file asynchronously. [c]2014 @scottjehl, Filament Group, Inc. (Based on http://goo.gl/REQGQ by Paul Irish).. Licensed MIT */ function loadJS( src, cb ){ "use strict"; let ref = window.document.getElementsByTagName( "script" )[ 0 ]; let script = window.document.createElement( "script" ); script.src = src; script.async = true; ref.parentNode.insertBefore( script, ref ); if (cb && typeof(cb) === "function") { script.onload = cb; } return script; } } </script> <script>loadJS( scriptBase + "/scripts.min.js" );</script> </body> </html>