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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 词源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-奴隶制的起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#奴隶制的起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 奴隶制的起源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-奴隶制的起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 形式 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-形式-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关形式子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-形式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-传统奴隶制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#传统奴隶制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 传统奴隶制 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-传统奴隶制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代奴隶制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代奴隶制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 现代奴隶制 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代奴隶制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-债务奴役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#债务奴役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 债务奴役 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-债务奴役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-强迫劳动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#强迫劳动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 强迫劳动 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-强迫劳动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-強迫婚姻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#強迫婚姻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 強迫婚姻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-強迫婚姻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 历史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关历史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-東亞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#東亞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 東亞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-東亞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 中国 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-朝鮮半島" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#朝鮮半島"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 朝鮮半島 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-朝鮮半島-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 歐洲 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古希腊/罗马" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古希腊/罗马"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 古希腊/罗马 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古希腊/罗马-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中世纪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世纪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 中世纪 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世纪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 近代 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伊斯兰世界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伊斯兰世界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 伊斯兰世界 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伊斯兰世界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 非洲 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 美洲 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-_美国蓄奴州與自由州" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#_美国蓄奴州與自由州"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 美国蓄奴州與自由州 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-_美国蓄奴州與自由州-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 背景 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代国家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代国家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 现代国家 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代国家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-廢奴主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#廢奴主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 廢奴主義 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-廢奴主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 经济 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经济-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-图片" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#图片"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 图片 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-图片-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 参考文献 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拓展阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拓展阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 拓展阅读 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-拓展阅读-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关拓展阅读子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-拓展阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-调查与引述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#调查与引述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 调查与引述 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-调查与引述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 參見 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 外部連結 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关外部連結子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-历史_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 历史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 现代 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">奴隶制度</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。156种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" > 156种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawerny" title="Slawerny – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slawerny" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ባርነት – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitut" title="Esclavitut – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Esclavitut" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C4%93owd%C5%8Dm" title="Þēowdōm – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēowdōm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عبودية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عبودية – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عبودية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="عبوديه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عبوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavit%C3%BA" title="Esclavitú – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esclavitú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27aqisiy%C3%A4wi" title="T'aqisiyäwi – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="T'aqisiyäwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quldarl%C4%B1q" title="Quldarlıq – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quldarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="قول ساخلاماق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قول ساخلاماق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%A1" title="Ҡоллоҡ – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡоллоҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verguob%C4%97" title="Verguobė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Verguobė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-uripon" title="Pag-uripon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pag-uripon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рабства – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рабства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рабства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Робство – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulun" title="Hulun – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hulun" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="দাসত্ব – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দাসত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="བྲན་གཡོག་རིང་ལུགས། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྲན་གཡོག་རིང་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverezh" title="Sklaverezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sklaverezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robovlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Robovlasništvo – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Robovlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Богоолшолго – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Богоолшолго" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud" title="Esclavitud – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esclavitud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лолла – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лолла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کۆیلایەتی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆیلایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulluq" title="Qulluq – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qulluq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otroctv%C3%AD" title="Otroctví – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otroctví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Чуралăх – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чуралăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caethwasiaeth" title="Caethwasiaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caethwasiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABr%C3%ABk%C3%A4%C5%8B_loony" title="Wërëkäŋ loony – 丁卡语" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Wërëkäŋ loony" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="丁卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%B1ndestiye" title="Bındestiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bındestiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δουλεία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουλεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Slavery" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaveco" title="Sklaveco – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sklaveco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud" title="Esclavitud – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esclavitud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjus" title="Orjus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orjus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esklabotza" title="Esklabotza – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esklabotza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavit%C3%BA" title="Esclavitú – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Esclavitú" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="برده‌داری – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برده‌داری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C9%97o" title="Korɗo – 富拉语" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Korɗo" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="富拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjuus" title="Orjuus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orjuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%27apid%C3%A4mine" title="Or'apidämine – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Or'apidämine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A6lur" title="Trælur – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Trælur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavage" title="Esclavage – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esclavage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaawerei" title="Slaawerei – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Slaawerei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernij" title="Slavernij – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slavernij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scl%C3%A1bha%C3%ADocht" title="Sclábhaíocht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sclábhaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katibaj" title="Katibaj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Katibaj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0illeachd" title="Tràilleachd – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tràilleachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravitude" title="Escravitude – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escravitude" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembigu%C3%A1i_reko" title="Tembiguái reko – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tembiguái reko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE" title="ગુલામી પ્રથા – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુલામી પ્રથા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauta" title="Bauta – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bauta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עבדות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עבדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF)" title="दासप्रथा (पाश्चात्य) – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दासप्रथा (पाश्चात्य)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulami" title="Gulami – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gulami" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robovlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Robovlasništvo – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robovlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esklavaj" title="Esklavaj – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Esklavaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabszolgas%C3%A1g" title="Rabszolgaság – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rabszolgaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ստրկություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստրկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclavitude" title="Sclavitude – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sclavitude" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbudakan" title="Perbudakan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perbudakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannakaadipen" title="Pannakaadipen – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pannakaadipen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaveso" title="Sklaveso – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sklaveso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%A6lahald" title="Þrælahald – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þrælahald" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavismo" title="Schiavismo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Schiavismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E5%88%B6" title="奴隷制 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="奴隷制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slievri" title="Slievri – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Slievri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/selbaise%27u" title="selbaise'u – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="selbaise'u" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batur_tukon" title="Batur tukon – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Batur tukon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მონათმფლობელობა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონათმფლობელობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulsh%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Qulshılıq – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qulshılıq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%89%D1%8B%D0%BB%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D" title="ПщылӀыгъуэ – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ПщылӀыгъуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwo" title="Khwo – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumpika" title="Bumpika – 刚果语" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bumpika" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="刚果语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8kombo" title="Ũkombo – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũkombo" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Құлдық – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құлдық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96" title="ទាសភាព – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទាសភាព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%98%88%EC%A0%9C" title="노예제 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노예제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83" title="Къул тутуу – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къул тутуу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xulamt%C3%AE" title="Xulamtî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xulamtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Кулчулук – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кулчулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servitus" title="Servitus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Servitus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernie" title="Slavernie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Slavernie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27ciavismo" title="S'ciavismo – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="S'ciavismo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%BAmbu" title="Boúmbu – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Boúmbu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergov%C4%97" title="Vergovė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vergovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdz%C4%ABba" title="Verdzība – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Verdzība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanandevozana" title="Fanandevozana – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanandevozana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ропство – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ропство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അടിമത്തം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അടിമത്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Боолчлол – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Боолчлол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="गुलामगिरी – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुलामगिरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhambaan" title="Perhambaan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perhambaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjavit%C3%B9" title="Skjavitù – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Skjavitù" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabatura" title="Scrabatura – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Scrabatura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ကျွန်စနစ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျွန်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveree" title="Slaveree – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Slaveree" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="दासप्रथा – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दासप्रथा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="दास – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernij" title="Slavernij – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slavernij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavatge" title="Esclavatge – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esclavatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklabitut" title="Sklabitut – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sklabitut" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niewolnictwo" title="Niewolnictwo – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niewolnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-ciavit%C3%B9" title="S-ciavitù – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="S-ciavitù" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="غلامي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غلامي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravatura" title="Escravatura – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escravatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punqu" title="Punqu – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclavie" title="Sclavie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sclavie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82" title="Кулут – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кулут" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscravidade" title="Iscravidade – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscravidade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavismu" title="Schiavismu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Schiavismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="غلامي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="غلامي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropstvo" title="Ropstvo – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ropstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="වහල් භාවය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වහල් භාවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Slavery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrok%C3%A1rstvo_(vyu%C5%BE%C3%ADvanie_otrokov)" title="Otrokárstvo (využívanie otrokov) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Otrokárstvo (využívanie otrokov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%BEenjstvo" title="Suženjstvo – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suženjstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muranda" title="Muranda – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muranda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoon" title="Adoon – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Adoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skllav%C3%ABria" title="Skllavëria – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Skllavëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ропство – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ропство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utumwa" title="Utumwa – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utumwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="அடிமை முறை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடிமை முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="బానిసత్వం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బానిసత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Ғуломдорӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғуломдорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA" title="ทาส – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทาส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-aalipin" title="Pang-aalipin – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pang-aalipin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lelik" title="Kölelik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kölelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Коллык – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коллык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukapolo" title="Ukapolo – 通布卡语" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ukapolo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="通布卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D9%84%D9%84%DB%87%D9%82_%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B2%DB%88%D9%85" title="قۇللۇق تۈزۈم – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇللۇق تۈزۈم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="غلامی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غلامی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullik" title="Qullik – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qullik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-ciavit%C3%B9" title="S-ciavitù – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="S-ciavitù" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4_l%E1%BB%87" title="Nô lệ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nô lệ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-uuripon" title="Pan-uuripon – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pan-uuripon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6" title="奴隶制 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奴隶制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99" title="שקלאפעריי – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שקלאפעריי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko%E1%BA%B9r%C3%BA" title="Okoẹrú – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Okoẹrú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4%CD%98-l%C4%93_ch%C3%A8-t%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Lô͘-lē chè-tō͘ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô͘-lē chè-tō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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.sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">奴隶制度</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">现代奴隶制度</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="现代非洲奴隶制度（页面不存在）">非洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%88%B6" title="楚克里制">孟加拉国</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B4%A9%E5%8D%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东欧性人口贩卖（页面不存在）">欧洲</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restavec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restavec（页面不存在）">海地</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" class="extiw" title="en:Debt bondage in India">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马里奴隶制度（页面不存在）">马里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="毛里塔尼亞奴隸制度">毛里塔尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%89%80" title="管理所">朝鲜</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦封建制度（页面不存在）">巴基斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏丹奴隶制度（页面不存在）">苏丹</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B4%A9%E5%8D%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国人口贩卖（页面不存在）">美国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">类型</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%85%BB%E5%AA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="童养媳">童养媳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5" title="童工">童工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%BA%E5%BD%B9" title="债役">债役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B4%A9%E5%8D%96" title="人口贩卖">人口贩卖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%87%E5%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="雇农">雇农</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%91%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刑役（页面不存在）">刑役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" title="性奴隸">性奴隶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B1%97%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0" title="血汗工廠">血汗工厂</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%87%E4%BD%A3%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雇佣奴隶（页面不存在）">雇佣奴隶</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="历史">历史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#中国">中国</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9C%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="西藏农奴制度">西藏</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代地中海地区奴隶制度（页面不存在）">古代地中海地区</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%8C%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿茲特克奴隶制度（页面不存在）">阿茲特克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="古希腊奴隶制度">古希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古罗马奴隶制度（页面不存在）">古罗马</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪欧洲奴隶制度（页面不存在）">中世纪欧洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="伊斯蘭世界奴隸貿易">阿拉伯</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4" title="薩卡里巴">薩卡里巴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%A9%86%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B" title="马穆鲁克">马穆鲁克</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E5%83%95" title="世僕">世僕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E5%A9%A2" title="奴婢">奴婢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%8F%A3" title="生口">生口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%A1%A3" title="包衣">包衣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%9B%B2" title="部曲">部曲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6" title="農奴制">農奴制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E8%88%B9" title="奴隸船">奴隶船</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">奴隸貿易</div><div 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href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5" title="契约劳工">契约劳工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" title="強迫勞動">強迫勞動</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:奴隶制度"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-427833a" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hant:尼各老; zh-hans:尼各老; zh-hk:尼各老; zh-tw:尼閣;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a>此條目介紹的是相关身份和状态。关于马克思主义用语，请见「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="奴隶社会">奴隶社会</a>」。</div> 奴隸制（英語：Slavery）是指一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="個人">人類個體</a>被視作其他自然人或法人等的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A2" title="財產">財產</a>；這個人通常被稱為奴隸，主人則被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E4%B8%BB" title="奴隶主">奴隸主</a>。這通常意指奴隸<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" title="強迫勞動">被迫工作</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>，否則他們將受來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>（如果奴隸制在當地合法）或主人的懲罰。幾乎全部已知的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>和地區都有相關歷史。<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> 有些社會制定有關奴隸制的法律，或擁有以此為基礎的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟">經濟</a>（參看<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隸社會">奴隸社會</a>）。奴隸經常缺乏<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC" title="人格">人格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a>（包含人身自由等）等方面的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="權利">權利</a>，且可以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="奴隸貿易">被奴隸主交易</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="古代中國">古代中國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马帝国">罗马帝国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6" title="巴比伦">古巴比伦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="美索不達米亞早期王朝時期">美索不達米亞早期王朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="穆斯林世界">伊斯蘭世界</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="南北战争">南北战争</a>以前的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國南部">美国南方</a>等，以及以前一些<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="俄国">俄国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國">葡萄牙</a>等歐洲列強的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="殖民地">殖民地</a>，都曾經大量出現奴隶制的實行。特別是15世紀到17世紀<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="地理大发现">地理大發現</a>過程和18世紀<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新帝国主义">新帝國主義</a>的影響下，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="大国">列強</a>積極<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E5%BC%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="扩张主义">對外擴張</a>，並建立海外殖民地而實行<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="殖民主义">殖民主義</a>，同時也因各地社會對奴隸制度的認可共識，某些<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%AE%B8%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="特许公司">特許公司</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E9%A0%AD" title="蛇頭">人蛇集團</a>與當地<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B3%E5%A3%AB%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="紳士階級">士紳</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="财主">財主</a>相互合作，促使<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B4%A9%E5%8D%96" title="人口贩卖">人口販賣</a>現象發生。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="國際法">國際法</a>現已禁止奴隸制。<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> 儘管如此，一些國家仍然存在不同形式的奴隸制。<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Millions_'forced_into_slavery'-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="毛里塔尼亚">茅利塔尼亞伊斯蘭共和國</a>是當前最後一個正式禁止奴隸制的國家<a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-5">[5]</a>；2007年，該國政府通過允許起訴奴隸主的法律<a href="#cite_note-a-6">[6]</a>，但迄今有關制度仍根植於該國傳統中，而難以解決有關問題<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>。現今，有許多奴隸<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" title="強迫勞動">被迫勞動</a>，通常是在一國經濟<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E9%83%A8%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="私部門">私部門</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B1%97%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0" title="血汗工廠">血汗工廠</a>等。<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-modernslavery-9">[9]</a> 在非工業化國家，<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%BA%E5%8A%A1%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="债务奴隶制">債務奴隸制</a>是一種常見的形式。<a href="#cite_note-newint2-10">[10]</a> 當今的奴隸制有許多形式，包括被強制控制佔有的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%8B%99%E5%B7%A5" title="家務工">家務工</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E8%BF%AB%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="强迫婚姻">強迫婚姻</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%85%B5" title="童兵">童兵</a>等。<a href="#cite_note-modernslavery2-11">[11]</a> 存在奴隶制和是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="奴隶社会">奴隶社会</a>是两个完全不同的概念；古代中国、日本、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="印度历史">古代印度</a>、古埃及和古代<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔">苏美尔</a>人等文明，都并没经历过真正的奴隶社会。<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-huang-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B4%A9%E5%8D%96" title="人口贩卖">人口贩卖</a>主要是指代强迫妇女和儿童进入色情行业工作。<a href="#cite_note-voa2009-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源">词源</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：词源">编辑</a>]</div> 英语词汇「slave」来自古法语「sclave」、中世纪拉丁语「sclavus」、拜占庭希腊语「σκλάβος」，这是由于在早先的中世纪战争中许多斯拉夫人被俘为奴。<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>更古老的理论认为希腊动词 skyleúo 是指“剥去被杀敌人的衣服”。<a href="#cite_note-Kluge-23">[23]</a> 奴隶作为词汇也可以指代依附他人的人。<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia1-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>有时富家的奴隶，生活可能比普通人的境遇还要好，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="古波斯">古波斯</a>。<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="奴隶制的起源">奴隶制的起源</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：奴隶制的起源">编辑</a>]</div> 奴隶一般来源于<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98" title="战俘">战俘</a>、被占领地区原住民、负债者、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E7%8A%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="罪犯">罪犯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%AE%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="窮人">窮人</a>等，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="近古">近古</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-disambig" title="近代">近代</a>歐洲的奴隶多从漠南<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>海岸等地方拐卖。奴隶制一般出现在手工业和商业比较发达的地区，因为奴隶制最大程度上降低了生产成本。 大部分蓄奴合法的国家也有捉回与处罚逃奴的法律(因等於偷竊主人財產)。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形式">形式</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：形式">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="传统奴隶制">传统奴隶制</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：传统奴隶制">编辑</a>]</div> 奴隶所有制，也叫传统奴隶制，奴隶被当做私有财产，如同商品一样可以买卖。这是最初的奴隶形式，常见于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="奴隶社会">奴隶社会</a>，现今已经不在常用，各国已经纷纷废除奴隶制，但是奴隶依然存在于部分国家，主要是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A5%B4%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="黑奴贸易">黑奴贸易</a>的残留。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="现代奴隶制">现代奴隶制</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：现代奴隶制">编辑</a>]</div> 現代雖不再存在奴隸社會，即使不計在政治宣傳，會把囚犯或討厭的制度下的平民，一律當成奴隸。的確存在大量奴隸生活者。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="债务奴役">债务奴役</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：债务奴役">编辑</a>]</div> 债务奴役或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%BA%AB%E5%B7%A5" title="包身工">包身工</a>是当某人将自己作为贷款抵押时出现。<a href="#cite_note-Bales2004-27">[27]</a>条款要求还债，而期限则可能为终身。<a href="#cite_note-Bales2004-27">[27]</a>债务奴役代代相传，孩子可能会被要求为父母还债。<a href="#cite_note-Bales2004-27">[27]</a>父债子还成了现代新型的奴役形式，<a href="#cite_note-newint-28">[28]</a>在南亚地区依然非常盛行。<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="强迫劳动">强迫劳动</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：强迫劳动">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E8%BF%AB%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="强迫劳动">强迫劳动</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5" title="童工">童工</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E9%80%BC%E8%B3%A3%E6%B7%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="強逼賣淫">強逼賣淫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" title="性奴隸">性奴隸</a></div> 强迫劳动是违背某人意志，在暴力或其它惩罚的威胁下被迫劳动，并限制他们的自由。<a href="#cite_note-newint-28">[28]</a>人口贩卖是妇女儿童卖淫的主要来源<a href="#cite_note-voa2009-20">[20]</a>，是强迫劳动增长最快的形式，<a href="#cite_note-newint-28">[28]</a>在泰国、柬埔寨、印度、巴西、墨西哥盛行，成为儿童商业性剥削的主流。<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> 词汇“强迫劳动”也可以指代所有奴役类型，甚至包括非常见的制度，如农奴、拉壮丁、刑罚苦役。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="強迫婚姻">強迫婚姻</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：強迫婚姻">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BC%E5%A9%9A" class="mw-disambig" title="逼婚">逼婚</a>是指在促成婚姻的过程中违背一方或双方当事人的意愿。在许多情况下，逼婚和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8F%E5%95%86%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="协商婚姻（页面不存在）">协商婚姻</a>的界限不清，这是由于许多文化的社会标准提倡对尊长亲属的盲目顺从，例：孝；在这些文化环境中，用暴力、胁迫、威吓等方式让人“同意”嫁娶，服从社会压力和责任并非必要。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E7%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="彩礼">彩礼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AB%81%E5%A6%86" title="嫁妆">嫁妆</a>在世界许多地方都是习俗，可以导致<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E8%B2%B7%E8%B3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="婚姻買賣">婚姻买卖</a>的发生。 <a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>逼婚依然在世界许多地方，如南亚、东亚、非洲等地广泛存在。逼婚也会在欧洲、美洲、加拿大和澳大利亚的移民社区出现。<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>在今天，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E6%8B%90%E5%8D%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婚姻拐卖（页面不存在）">婚姻拐卖</a>依然出现在世界的许多地方，埃塞俄比亚全国有69%的婚姻是拐来的。<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%97%E5%A9%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="骗婚（页面不存在）">骗婚</a>是利用婚姻来获得某种社会或法律好处（常常与移民身份有关）。虽然这些婚姻获得双方当事人的同意。在欧盟有一种人口贩卖，为留学生或欧盟雇工（常常来自亚洲国家）供给新娘（常常来自前共产主义国家，现为欧盟成员国——特别是巴尔干地区国家）以便他们能留在欧洲。<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%A9%9A" title="童婚">童婚</a>和逼婚都被国际劳工组织定义为现代奴役形式。<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>娶<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%83%E5%A8%83%E6%96%B0%E5%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="娃娃新娘（页面不存在）">娃娃新娘</a>（日语：<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%A6%BB" class="extiw" title="ja:幼妻">幼妻</a>）率最高的国家是：尼日尔（75%），中非和乍得（68%），孟加拉（66%）。<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史">历史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> 有证据表明奴役起源早于成文记录，在许多文明中存在。<a href="#cite_note-Slavery-43">[43]</a>下埃及地区约<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D8%E5%8D%83%E7%BA%AA" title="前8千纪">前8千纪</a>的史前坟墓表明利比亚人曾经奴役过类似<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B8%8C%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="布希曼人">布希曼人</a>的部落。大量的奴隶需要经济盈余和足够大的人口来繁衍。出于这些因素，只有到了1萬1000年前的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="新石器时代">新石器时代</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>才能得以施行。<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> 在早先的已知记录中，奴隶制被当作是既定的制度。例如《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B0%9F%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="汉谟拉比法典">汉谟拉比法典</a>》（ca. 1760 BC）规定任何人如果帮助奴隶逃跑，或是收留他们都要被<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%95%E6%AD%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="處死">处死</a>。<a href="#cite_note-wsu._edu-45">[45]</a>在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="舊約聖經">舊約聖經</a>》中，奴隶制也是既定的制度。<a href="#cite_note-Slavery-43">[43]</a> 奴隶制几乎在所有古代文明中都有出现，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔">苏美尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="古中国">中国</a>古代、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿卡德帝国">阿卡德帝国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0" title="亚述">亚述</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="古印度">古印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马帝国">罗马帝国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰世界">伊斯兰世界</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="希伯來王國">希伯来王国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前哥伦比亚文明（页面不存在）">前哥伦比亚文明</a>（特別是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿兹特克帝国">阿茲特克帝国</a>）等。<a href="#cite_note-Slavery-43">[43]</a>这些制度包括债务奴役、刑罚、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98" title="战俘">战俘</a>、弃儿、奴隶生奴隶等。<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>但是东方的奴隶制远没有西方发达，加上东方可以通過<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%BE" title="科举">科舉</a>等制度來替自己翻身，所以并未形成以奴隶为主要劳动力的社会。<a href="#cite_note-huang-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="東亞">東亞</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：東亞">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E5%A9%A2" title="奴婢">奴婢</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中国">中国</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：中国">编辑</a>]</div> 一种观点认为，<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="战国时代">战国時代</a>之前为奴隶制<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>。而<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%A5%B4%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="无奴学派">无奴学派</a>则认为，夏商周三代都不是奴隶社会，中国从<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D" title="夏朝">夏朝</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>(袁世凱時期還有)一直都有奴隶但从来都不是社会的主体<a href="#cite_note-huang-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-xingtai-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>。而实际上，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%B1%89" title="秦汉">秦汉</a>时期的奴隶制经济比<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%91%A8" class="mw-disambig" title="商周">商周</a>时期要更为发达，这一时期的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9B%86%E6%9D%83" title="中央集权">中央集权</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%93%81%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="商品经济">商品经济</a>促进了奴隶制的发展，虽然仍然不算奴隶社会。<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> 此外，亦有学者认为，如若夏商周都并非<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="奴隶社会">奴隶社会</a>，并不等于中国同时期其他区域或其他历史时期都没有过奴隶社会。<a href="#cite_note-chongshen-55">[55]</a>2015年，学者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%95%E9%A9%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="何驽（页面不存在）">何驽</a>结合考古资料，指出虽然三代并非奴隶社会，但<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="龙山文化">龙山文化</a>时期的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%B3%81%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" title="石峁遗址">石峁遗址</a>则是奴隶制国家<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>。在中国历史是否经历过奴隶社会阶段这一问题上，其基本语境主要是围绕夏商周三代的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F" title="中原">中原</a>王朝展开的，但亦有学者着眼于中国境内其他民族（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%9D%E6%97%8F" title="彝族">彝族</a>）的奴隶制，试图说明中国在古代乃至现代均有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="奴隶社会">奴隶社会</a>存在。<a href="#cite_note-chongshen-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3" title="三代">三代</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6" title="先秦">先秦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦朝</a>时代，有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%98%E5%A5%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="官奴（页面不存在）">官奴</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E5%B1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="私属（页面不存在）">私属</a>之分。奴隶多产生于战争，从敌方<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%98%E8%99%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="俘虏">俘虏</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B6%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="庶人">庶人</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="軍人">軍人</a>很可能成为奴隶，也有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E7%8A%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="罪犯">罪犯</a>被贬为奴隶的，犯<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%80%E5%8F%8D" title="謀反">叛逆</a>罪的，有時全家乃至全<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%97%8F" title="宗族">宗族</a>要沦为官奴。“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A5%E9%9D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胥靡（页面不存在）">胥靡</a>”，是古代对一种奴隶的称呼。由于用绳索牵连着强迫劳动，故名。另外，汉代还用作刑徒的名称。如《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="汉书">汉书</a>·楚元王传》中有“胥靡之。”颜师古注之曰：“联系使相随而服役之，故谓之胥靡，犹今役囚徒以锁联缀耳。” <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉朝</a>，奴隶的产生主要来源于土地兼并而形成的私属，另外<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a>末期，人民为躲避战乱，投靠<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="莊園主">庄园主</a>，也成为私属。漢代到<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90" title="隋唐">隋唐</a>时期，在法律上有明确的良贱之分，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%9B%B2" title="部曲">部曲</a>（家兵的一种）殴伤<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%AF%E6%B0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="良民（页面不存在）">良民</a>要<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%95%E6%AD%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="處死">处死</a>，良民打死自己的部曲，部曲有罪的話就不追究、部曲无罪的話只判<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%92%E5%88%91" class="mw-disambig" title="徒刑">徒刑</a>，且可以用钱赎免。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>以前，长期受雇于人的傭工，其地位低于良民，也是奴隶的一种。宋朝开始，因雇佣形成的主仆关系不再视同于良贱关系。但实际上，私属奴隶的现象大量存在，不过在法律上禁绝了私属奴隶、也不允许将良民卖为奴隶。宋代的一部份<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%BA" title="军人">军人</a>，也被視為賤民。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="元代">元代</a>，由于<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F" title="蒙古族">蒙古族</a>本身实行奴隶制，所以官奴盛行。明朝初年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>曾颁布过改奴为良的法令，明中葉以後畜奴的风气又盛行起来，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BE%E7%82%8E%E6%AD%A6" title="顾炎武">顾炎武</a>说，“今吴仕宦之家，（奴）有至一二千人者”<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>。湖北麻城的梅、刘、田、李四家，“家僮不下三四千人”<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>初年也實行<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%85%85" title="投充">投充</a>法，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="雍正">雍正</a>年間雖取消部分地區賤籍，並未廢止奴隸制。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" title="满洲">满洲</a>風俗严分主奴，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97" title="八旗">八旗</a>之人都视为<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85%E6%B0%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="愛新覺羅氏">愛新覺羅氏</a>的家奴，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>是愛新覺羅家的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="族長">族長</a>，就是所有<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="满人">滿人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="旗人">旗人</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="主公">主人</a>，所以<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="旗人">旗人</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大臣">大臣</a>在面<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B" title="君">君</a>时会自称<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E6%89%8D" title="奴才">奴才</a>，如果是單純的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="漢人">漢人</a>身份，與皇帝是君臣關係，並非主奴關係，故漢人只可以稱「臣」。但因為稱「奴才」是一種與皇帝親近的表示，<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style>漢人大臣也喜自稱「奴才」。但是此種作為往往會被皇帝駁斥，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D" title="乾隆帝">乾隆帝</a>還一度因為漢人<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%93%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="官員">官員</a>仿效滿風<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>，自稱「奴才」而大怒，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%95%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="敕命">敕命</a>不分滿漢，凡上奏摺均稱「臣」。 在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>成立后，中国最终从法律上明确消除了奴隶的存在。但實際上在家庭中從事家務勞動的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E5%A9%A2" title="奴婢">奴婢</a>至中華民國大陸時期仍然存在。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>，1922年當地部份人士組織<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E8%93%84%E5%A9%A2%E6%9C%83" title="反對蓄婢會">反對蓄婢會</a>，主張廢除傳統蓄婢制度。香港政府於1923年通過《家庭女役則例》，正式廢除蓄婢，婢女變成受薪僱用的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%82%AD" title="女傭">女傭</a>。 1959年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国政府">中华人民共和国政府</a>在西藏推行被稱為的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="西藏土地改革运动">土地改革</a>的運動，聲稱在全国范围内彻底废除了奴隶制。在1950年代才消灭奴隶制的四川<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%9D%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彝区（页面不存在）">彝区</a>，仅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%8E%BF" title="雷波县">雷波县</a>在2010年两次发现近三百名“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%83%E5%AD%90" title="娃子">娃子</a>”（历史上彝区对奴隶的称谓）<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>。 中国古代的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B1%E6%B0%91" title="贱民">贱民</a>制度不同于奴隶，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%90%E6%88%B7" title="乐户">乐户</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%A0%E6%88%B6" title="匠戶">匠户</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B5%E4%BD%9C" title="仵作">仵作</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E4%BA%BA" title="牙人">牙人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%BC%E5%A6%93" title="娼妓">娼妓</a>甚至宋代的一部份<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%BA" title="军人">军人</a>，在法律上都是贱民，但是他们并不是奴隶。中國雖然沒有嚴格定義下的奴隸制度，但是受到類似奴隸制度而傷害的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="中國人">中國人</a>不在少數。清<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="雍正帝">雍正帝</a>廢除賤民制度。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：朝鮮半島">编辑</a>]</div> 在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮王朝">朝鮮王朝</a>，官員若被判了謀反罪，其家人會被充作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%98%E5%A5%B4%E5%A9%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="官奴婢（页面不存在）">官奴婢</a>使用。這些官奴婢的地位非常低微，可以說相等於國家的賤民。也有私人擁有的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%81%E5%A5%B4%E5%A9%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="私奴婢（页面不存在）">私奴婢</a>。不過，另一方面，國家亦為這些奴婢提供一個翻身的機會：若他們有幸可以考<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="科舉">科舉</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%9C%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雜科（页面不存在）">雜科</a>成為技術類官員如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AE%98" class="mw-disambig" title="医官">醫官</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%AF%E5%AE%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="譯官（页面不存在）">譯官</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%AB%E5%93%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="畫員（页面不存在）">畫員</a>等，或考<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="武科">武科</a>成為軍官，可以除去賤民的資格，升為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="中人">中人</a>，而女性則當<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%A5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="宮女">宮女</a>後翻身，若得到國王寵幸有可能封為後宮<a href="/wiki/%E5%AC%AA%E5%BE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="嬪御">嬪御</a>，但歷史只有極少數例子，而且能成為正式<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%A5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="宮女">宮女</a>的賤民女子多為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E7%8F%AD" title="兩班">兩班</a>賤妾所生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B6%E5%A5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="庶女">庶女</a>，否則只能當上<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%98%E5%A9%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="官婢（页面不存在）">官婢</a>，不屬於宮廷<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%AE%98" title="女官">女官</a>。另外若賤民女性嫁賤民男子，其夫若成為中人，自己亦可升為中人。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歐洲">歐洲</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：歐洲">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="古希腊/罗马">古希腊/罗马</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：古希腊/罗马">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="古希腊奴隶制度">古希腊奴隶制度</a></div> 古希腊对奴隶的记录可以追溯<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="迈锡尼文明">迈锡尼文明</a>。很明显，古雅典拥有大量的奴隶人口，在公元前6-5世纪可能有8萬人；<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>有2/5到4/5的人口被奴役。<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>当罗马共和国扩张时奴役大量人口，从整个欧洲到地中海得到大量的供给。希腊、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="伊利里亚人">伊利里亚人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9F%8F%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="柏柏尔人">柏柏尔人</a>、日耳曼人、不列颠人、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="色雷斯人">色雷斯人</a>、高卢人、犹太人、阿拉伯人都被奴役，不但被用作劳工，而且用作娱乐（如角斗士和性奴隶）。人口占少数的精英压迫奴隶，导致起义（见<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="羅馬奴隸起義">罗马奴隶起义</a>）；由<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="斯巴达克斯">斯巴达克斯</a>领导的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="斯巴达克斯起义">第三次奴隶起义</a>是最著名，最激烈的起义。 共和国末期，奴隶成为罗马重要的经济支柱，成为社会重要的组成部分。<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>古罗马至少有25%的人口是奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>根据某些学者的估算，意大利人口有超过35%是奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>在罗马帝国时期，仅罗马一城就有40萬奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>从公元元年至罗马帝国走向衰败之际，环地中海区域累计被奴役人口约为1亿人。<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中世纪">中世纪</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：中世纪">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="农奴制">农奴制</a></div> 在欧洲中世纪早期，大规模贩奴主要局限于南部和东部：拜占庭帝国和穆斯林世界是目的地，异教徒、中东欧（包括高加索和鞑靼）都是主要来源。北欧海盗（<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%89%AF%E6%A0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="瓦良格人">瓦良格人</a>）、阿拉伯人、希腊人、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="拉特纳猶太人">拉特纳猶太人</a>、犹太人等都参与贩奴。<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>在10世纪时，欧洲贩奴运动达到巅峰，之后的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E8%8A%9D%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82" title="津芝叛亂">津芝叛乱</a>抑制了在阿拉伯世界使用非洲黑奴。<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> 在天主教地盘里，中世界西班牙和葡萄牙不停地受到穆斯林世界的进攻。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="安达卢斯">安达卢斯</a>定期发动侵袭，扫荡伊比利亚天主教国家，掠夺财务和奴隶。例如，1189年对葡萄牙里斯本的袭击中，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="穆瓦希德王朝">穆瓦希德王朝</a>哈里发雅各布·阿·曼苏尔将3000名妇女和儿童掠走，他在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="科尔多瓦 (西班牙)">科尔多瓦</a>的长官在1191年袭击葡萄牙<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BB%80" title="锡尔维什">锡尔维什</a>，将3000人抓为奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>从11世纪到19世纪，北非<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97" title="巴巴里海盗">巴巴里海盗</a>从事“掠奴远征”，扫荡欧洲沿海城市，抓捕基督徒作为奴隶，卖到阿尔及利亚和摩洛哥等地。<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> 不列颠在罗马帝国之后依然保留奴隶制，中世纪威尔士的好人海威法案规范了奴隶制。当北欧海盗入侵后，奴隶制盛行，切斯特、布里斯托尔成为主要市场，<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>出售丹麦、莫西亚、威尔士在彼此边境相互扫荡得来的奴隶。在《末日审判》（1086）的时代，约有10%的英国人是奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>中世纪早期，欧洲奴隶制盛行，以至于罗马天主教会一而再、再而三地发布禁令——或者至少是禁止将基督徒奴隶卖到非基督徒地区，如科布伦茨会议（922）、伦敦会议（1102）、阿尔马会议（1171）。<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>1452年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%B0%BC%E5%90%84%E8%80%81%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="教宗尼各老五世">教宗尼各老五世</a>发布<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E8%AF%8F%E4%B9%A6" title="教宗诏书">教宗诏书</a>Dum Diversas授权西班牙和葡萄牙国王将“穆斯林、异教徒、其它非信仰者”定为永久奴隶，将战俘奴隶合法化。<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>对奴隶制的肯定和延伸在他的1455年诏书Romanus Pontifex表露。然而，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E4%BF%9D%E7%A5%BF%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="教宗保祿三世">教宗保祿三世</a>在1537年诏书Sublimus Dei中禁止将美洲土著当做奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>多明尼加修道士来到西班牙驻地圣多明各时强烈抨击对当地人的奴役。他们与其他祭司一道认为这种行为是不公正的，在西班牙国王治下是非法的、不忠的。<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> 在君士坦丁堡，约有1/5的人口是奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-83">[83]</a>城市在十五世纪之后成为贩奴贸易的中心。到了1475年，大多数奴隶来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="克里米亞韃靼人">克里米亞鞑靼人</a>对斯拉夫村庄的扫荡。<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%EF%BC%8D%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭－鄂圖曼戰爭">拜占庭－鄂圖曼战争</a>和欧洲鄂圖曼战争将大量奴隶掠入伊斯兰世界。<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> 法国卡洛林王朝乡村人口约有10–20%是奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>在中世纪晚期，奴隶制在西欧逐渐消失。<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>在英国，贩奴于1102年废止，<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>但是从十七世纪到十九世纪早期，英国就积极从事暴利的大西洋贩奴运动。在斯堪的纳维亚，奴役在十四世纪中期被废止。<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>东欧奴隶制时间较长。波兰在十五世纪废奴；在立陶宛，奴隶制在1588年正式废止；他们被农奴制取代。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="基辅罗斯">基辅罗斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="莫斯科公国">莫斯科公国</a>，奴隶常常与农奴类似。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="近代">近代</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：近代">编辑</a>]</div> 作家大卫·P·福赛思写到：“在1649年，3/4的莫斯科农民，或1300-1400万人是农奴，他们和奴隶的物质生活品质没有什么区别。大约另有150万人是正式奴隶，俄国奴隶服务俄国主人。”<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights-90">[90]</a>奴隶制在俄国是主要制度，直到1723年彼得大帝将奴隶制改为农奴制。农业奴隶制在1679年早些时候正式改为农奴制。<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>俄国超过2300万农奴在1861年解放改革中获得自由。<a href="#cite_note-slavery-92">[92]</a>1866年俄国所有的农奴被解放。<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> 在第二次世界大战中（1939–1945）<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="纳粹德国">纳粹德国</a>奴役了约1200万人(尤其是猶太人)，包括他们不受欢迎的族群和被占领国的公民。<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="伊斯兰世界">伊斯兰世界</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：伊斯兰世界">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="伊斯蘭世界奴隸貿易">伊斯蘭世界奴隸貿易</a></div> 伊斯蘭世界奴隸貿易，是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰世界">伊斯蘭世界</a>一種傳統貿易，整個伊斯蘭世界都有此活動，於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>創教前已流行，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="王公">王公</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="酋長">酋長</a>甚至是富裕的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="自由人">自由人</a>都可能擁有大量的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隸">奴隸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-disambig" title="女奴">女奴</a>。在伊斯蘭世界的奴隸與美洲的<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%84%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="蓄奴">蓄奴</a>不完全相同，一些伊斯蘭奴隸的身分更接近<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AE%B6" title="管家">管家</a>，但男奴隸主要還是作為勞力使用，女奴則用為性奴隸(一部分則作為軍人)。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png/280px-Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png/420px-Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png/560px-Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>1876年<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" title="苏丹">苏丹</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A9%86" title="喀土穆">喀土穆</a>的奴隶市场</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inspecting_New_Arrivals_by_Giulio_Rosati_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Inspecting_New_Arrivals_by_Giulio_Rosati_2.jpg/260px-Inspecting_New_Arrivals_by_Giulio_Rosati_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Inspecting_New_Arrivals_by_Giulio_Rosati_2.jpg/390px-Inspecting_New_Arrivals_by_Giulio_Rosati_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Inspecting_New_Arrivals_by_Giulio_Rosati_2.jpg/520px-Inspecting_New_Arrivals_by_Giulio_Rosati_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>奥斯曼帝国的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="切尔克斯人">切尔克斯人</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="性奴">性奴</a>正在被接受挑选。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picking_the_Favourite_(detail)_by_Giulio_Rosati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Picking_the_Favourite_%28detail%29_by_Giulio_Rosati.jpg/220px-Picking_the_Favourite_%28detail%29_by_Giulio_Rosati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Picking_the_Favourite_%28detail%29_by_Giulio_Rosati.jpg/330px-Picking_the_Favourite_%28detail%29_by_Giulio_Rosati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Picking_the_Favourite_%28detail%29_by_Giulio_Rosati.jpg/440px-Picking_the_Favourite_%28detail%29_by_Giulio_Rosati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3119" data-file-height="4181" /></a><figcaption>切尔克斯人性奴</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Une_nouvelle_arriv%C3%A9e_by_Giulio_Rosati_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Une_nouvelle_arriv%C3%A9e_by_Giulio_Rosati_3.jpg/220px-Une_nouvelle_arriv%C3%A9e_by_Giulio_Rosati_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Une_nouvelle_arriv%C3%A9e_by_Giulio_Rosati_3.jpg/330px-Une_nouvelle_arriv%C3%A9e_by_Giulio_Rosati_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Une_nouvelle_arriv%C3%A9e_by_Giulio_Rosati_3.jpg/440px-Une_nouvelle_arriv%C3%A9e_by_Giulio_Rosati_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>赤身裸体的切尔克斯女子正在被接受挑选。</figcaption></figure> 在古代的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="阿拉伯世界">阿拉伯</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A9%E8%B3%A3%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="販賣人口">販賣人口</a>並不違法。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>曾掠捕或販賣世界上各地區和種族的人口，多為<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA" title="黑人">黑人</a>。奴隸的貿易，并非只有<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="黑奴">黑奴</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="阿拉伯世界">阿拉伯世界</a>同样亦有<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="白人">白人</a>被卖为奴隸，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="斯拉夫人">斯拉夫人</a>，《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%9C%E8%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="天方夜譚">天方夜譚</a>》故事中，多次提及白人奴隸。<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>直到1960年代，阿拉伯世界才正式禁止販奴和<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%84%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="蓄奴">蓄奴</a>。 早期伊斯兰西苏丹国（今<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" title="西非">西非</a>），包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BA%B3" title="加纳">加纳</a>（750–1076）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="马里">马里</a>（1235–1645）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%8F%A4" title="塞古">塞古</a>（1712–1861）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="桑海">桑海</a>（1275–1591），约有三分之一的人口被<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="奴役">奴役</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-83">[83]</a>西非<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="馬里">馬里</a>的黑人思想家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%83%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾哈迈德·巴巴·通布图（页面不存在）">艾哈迈德·巴巴·通布图</a>（Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti）在1615年批評奴隶主义。<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非洲">非洲</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：非洲">编辑</a>]</div> 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚">阿尔及利亚</a>的首都<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔及尔">阿尔及尔</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92" title="基督徒">基督徒</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="欧洲人">欧洲人</a>被抓捕並被贩卖为奴。这最终导致<a href="/w/index.php?title=1816%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%B0%94%E7%82%AE%E8%BD%B0%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1816年阿尔及尔炮轰战（页面不存在）">1816年阿尔及尔炮轰战</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardement_d%27Alger_(1816)" class="extiw" title="fr:Bombardement d'Alger (1816)">Bombardement d'Alger (1816)</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>十九世纪索科托哈里发国近半数人口都是奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-83">[83]</a>在约150年前，斯瓦希里-阿拉伯贩奴贸易达到了巅峰，例如，约20,000名奴隶从马拉维湖畔的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%A1%94%E7%A7%91%E5%A1%94" title="恩科塔科塔">恩科塔科塔</a>卖入基尔瓦。<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>马达加斯加半数人口都是奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> 根据《非洲历史百科全书》：“十九世纪九十年代时估算，得出世界上奴隶人口最多，约为200万人，主要集中在索科托哈里发国。对奴隶劳工的使用量巨大，特别是在农业中。”<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>埃塞俄比亚在二十世纪三十年代早期建立了废奴社会，当时奴隶约有200万人，总人口约有800-1600万人。<a href="#cite_note-twentieth1-103">[103]</a> 1824年，休·克莱普腾认为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AB%BE%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="卡諾市">卡诺</a>一半的人口都是奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>W. A. 范荷文写道：“德国医生古斯塔夫·纳赫蒂加尔是目击证人，所有到达市场的奴隶，3/4死在路上 ... 约翰·斯科特·基泰尔(《非洲分区》，伦敦，1920)相信阿拉伯送往海边的奴隶中，每送一名奴隶，就有六名死在路上或是死于扫荡。<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="戴维·利文斯通">戴维·利文斯通</a>将数据推高到10:1。”<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> 最著名的奴隶贩子之一是东<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E8%8A%9D" title="津芝">津芝</a>(班图)海岸的提图·提普，他是一名奴隶的孙子。prazeros 是沿<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9E%E6%AF%94%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%B3" title="赞比西河">赞比西河</a>的奴隶贩子。赞比西河以北是瓦窑人和马夸人，他们也以贩奴为业。再往北就是尼亚姆韦齐奴隶贩子。<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美洲">美洲</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：美洲">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="美國奴隸制度">美國奴隸制度</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="_美国蓄奴州與自由州"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%84%E5%A5%B4%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="蓄奴州">蓄奴州</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="自由州">自由州</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：美国蓄奴州與自由州">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif/420px-US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif" decoding="async" width="420" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif/630px-US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>1789年美国独立至1861年南北战争爆发之间各个时期蓄奴州、自由州、蓄奴地区和自由地区以及其他地区（当时尚不属于美国）的分划地图</figcaption></figure> 蓄奴州是指<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="南北战争">內戰</a>前认为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隸">奴隸</a>制度合法的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%9E%E4%BB%BD" title="美国州份">州份</a>，相對的自由州是指禁止輸入奴隸或隨時間逐漸消除奴隸制度的州份。 奴隸制度問題是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="美國內戰">美國內戰</a>爆發的原因之一，隨後於1865年亦根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十三修正案">美國憲法第十三修正案</a>而廢止。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="背景">背景</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：背景">编辑</a>]</div> 在整个<a href="/wiki/17%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="17世纪">十七世纪</a>、<a href="/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="18世纪">十八世纪</a>以至<a href="/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="19世纪">十九世紀</a>的部份時間里，奴隸制度在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國東北部">美國東北部</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%B7%9E%E4%BB%BD" title="中大西洋州份">中部大西洋地區</a>中是合法的。 在美國內戰前的一至兩個世代的人的時間裡，絕大部份的奴隸已根據一系列的法令，得到了解放。 美國的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="西北領地">西北領地</a>是美國第一個完全摒棄奴隸制度的地区，在美國憲法通過前不久（1787年）通過的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="西北條例">西北條例</a>，規定西北領地禁止蓄奴及宗教歧視。 其后在这个地区成立的州份，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E" title="俄亥俄州">俄亥俄州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印第安那州">印第安那州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E8%AB%BE%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="伊利諾州">伊利諾州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%B7%9E" title="密西根州">密西根州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%B7%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%9E" title="威斯康辛州">威斯康辛州</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E8%98%87%E9%81%94%E5%B7%9E" title="明尼蘇達州">明尼蘇達州</a>中，定居的居民大多是新英格蘭人和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="美国独立战争">美国独立战争</a>的退役老兵。 这些州份由於在成立前的西北領地时期就已經完全地解放奴隸，加上流向西南的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%B2%B3" title="俄亥俄河">俄亥俄河</a>将西北領地與南部地區分隔开来——这也导致奴隸制度向西部擴展——使得和“蓄奴州”对立的“自由州”的概念发展出来。 这些州份的農村曾一度和东北部以商业为主的州份形成“东西对立”（the East-West rivalry）的关系，但随着东北部诸州逐渐废除奴隶制度，在此方面的共同态度使得它们渐渐联合起来，成立了禁止奴隶制度的联盟，形成了南北战争时期的自由州。 更为具体地，十九世纪<a href="/wiki/1850%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1850年代">五十年代</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="堪薩斯內戰">堪萨斯内战</a>中，反对蓄奴的居民被称为“自由战士”（the Free-Soilers），因为他们为了将<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="堪萨斯州">堪萨斯州</a>合并到自由州组成的联邦（Union，即其后的美利坚合众国）中而奋斗。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="现代国家">现代国家</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：现代国家">编辑</a>]</div> 雖然現代世界各國的刑法普遍有「使人為奴隸罪」或類似的條文，然而<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际劳工组织">国际劳工组织</a>2005年5月发表的一份<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/dyn/declaris/DECLARATIONWEB.DOWNLOAD_BLOB?Var_DocumentID=2841">报告</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20050524114103/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/declaris/DECLARATIONWEB.DOWNLOAD_BLOB?Var_DocumentID=2841">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）显示，世界上仍有超过1230万人生活在奴隶狀況下。其形式大略有： <ul><li>奴民</li></ul> <dl><dd>獨裁政權下人權受政府剝奪限制的人民，即在傳統的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>對其敵意的國家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%96%E9%AD%94%E5%8C%96" title="妖魔化">妖魔化</a>政治宣傳的一部分。</dd></dl> <ul><li>奴工</li></ul> <dl><dd>被雇主強迫過勞工作或勞薪不對等的勞工，相似者有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5" title="契约劳工">契约劳工</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B1%97%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0" title="血汗工廠">血汗工廠</a>跟<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%95%9C" title="社畜">社畜</a>等術語。</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" title="性奴隸">性奴隸</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>被長期強迫做非自願性行為。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%87%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8_(BDSM)" title="主人與奴隸 (BDSM)">BDSM</a>中則是要求雙方皆有意願奴役與被奴役。</dd></dl> <ul><li>妨害自由罪及身心虐待的嚴重情形。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9A%E7%8A%AF" title="囚犯">囚犯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%98%E8%99%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="俘虏">俘虜</a>，即現代人認為是合法合理的類似奴隸身分。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="廢奴主義">廢奴主義</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：廢奴主義">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E5%A5%B4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="廢奴主義">廢奴主義</a></div> 在人類歷史中一直存在著各種的奴隶制度，在各時代中也有許多廢除奴隶制度或是釋放奴隶的運動。 希臘的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%9E%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="斯多亞學派">斯多亞學派</a>主張人類之間的情誼，及所有人類都是平等的，批評奴隶制度違反了自然律<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>。中國的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%8E%BD" title="王莽">王莽</a>在西元九年短暫的禁止奴隶買賣，但未禁止奴隶制度<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>。1590年時<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E8%87%A3%E7%A7%80%E5%90%89" title="丰臣秀吉">丰臣秀吉</a>也在日本禁止奴隶制度<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="经济">经济</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：经济">编辑</a>]</div> 经济学家试图用模型来解释奴隶制的出现与消失及其变体（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="农奴制">农奴制</a>）。一个现象是当地主拥有大量土地但缺乏劳工时，如租金不高、工人要求高工资，奴隶制就变得十分诱人。现象反之亦然，地主必须聘請<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5" title="民兵">民兵</a>，花大钱看守奴隶(提供衣食住)，还不如低價聘請苦不堪言的自由廉价工人。<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>因此，当人口增长时，奴隶制和农奴制在欧洲开始消失，而在土地丰富的美国和俄国却死灰复燃。<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>在著作《十字架上的时间》和《缺少认同与协约：美国奴隶制度的兴衰》中，罗伯特·福格尔认为奴隶制是一种有利可图的生产方式，特别是当大种植园生产的棉花在世界市场上颇受青睐时尤是。这使得南方的平均收入高于北方，但是大多数钱被花在购买奴隶和种植园上。 当劳动相对简单时奴隶制就更加盛行，因为督工简单，特别是大尺度种植简单作物时尤其如此。当任务复杂，检验业绩优劣更加困难时成本就变得更高。因此，奴隶制在大尺度生产作物时，如生产<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96" title="糖">糖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%89%E8%8A%B1" title="棉花">棉花</a>等，就更加富有效率。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%AF%86%E9%9B%86%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劳动密集型（页面不存在）">劳动密集型</a>生产使得班组劳动制在大型<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%A4%8D%E5%9B%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="种植园">种植园</a>上颇为盛行，劳工在类似工厂的环境下受到监视。每个班组成员的分工都是内部的、并不明确，他们只需模仿别人就可以劳动。劳工为棉花除草、并拔去多余的幼苗。随后的劳工开始翻土、松土。因此，班组劳动制和之后的早期工厂流水线十分类似。<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> 十八世纪的批评家认为奴隶制度会阻碍技术进步，因为所有要做的就是增加奴隶数量，而不是提升劳工的效率。因此，技术知识、希腊和随后的罗马学术不会得到应用，不会用来减轻劳动强度或是增加产量。<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%AF%86" title="亚当·斯密">亚当·斯密</a>也做出类似的论断，认为自由劳工在经济上优于奴隶，并论道欧洲在中世纪时就废弃了奴隶制；但是当政教分离后，独立而强大的机构<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>使得自由、民主或共和政府难以废除奴隶制，因为很多<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E5%93%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="議員">議員</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6" title="政治家">政治家</a>是奴隶主，他们是不会自打耳光的，因此<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9B%86%E6%9D%83" title="中央集权">中央集权</a>的政府，例如有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="国王">国王</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8" title="祭司">祭司</a>做中央政府领袖时，奴隶反倒更容易获得自由。<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>a <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AD%94%E5%BE%B7" title="奥古斯特·孔德">奥古斯特·孔德</a>也做出了类似的论断，特别是在亚当·斯密的分权制上，或孔德的中世纪“精神与世俗的分离”与奴隶制的结束，以及斯密对过去和现在的奴隶主的批评。斯密在法律体系讲座上所说：“当国王要释放奴隶时，祭司同时也拥有着强大权力。但国王和祭司必须同时拥有强大权力。只要其中一方权力不足，奴隶制就会继续下去。” 奴隶制依然是可观的投资项目，因为奴隶主只需要负担食宿和督工。这比为自由劳工付工资要便宜，因为自由劳工挣得比食宿多，此时奴隶的经济效益要高。当食宿和督工成本高于支付工资时，蓄奴就不再有利可图了，奴隶主此时干脆释放奴隶便可以降低生产成本。这样一来，奴隶制在督工成本低而工资成本高的经济环境中十分具有竞争力，相反则缺乏竞争力。<a href="#cite_note-Bryan_Caplan-117">[117]</a> 自由劳工在废奴后会挣到补偿性工资差异，即多劳多得。然而，此时的食宿和督工成本并不会随之提高；因此，蓄奴的成本不会因劳动艰苦而相应提高。所以，在艰苦的劳动产业上蓄奴比一般劳动上蓄奴更加诱人。由于劳动是否艰苦取决于具体产业而非<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E6%80%A7" title="外部性">外部性</a>因素，而且奴隶并非由奴隶主生产，因此这种内部性导致奴隶制在艰苦的地区和产业中常常出现滥用。<a href="#cite_note-Bryan_Caplan-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="图片">图片</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：图片">编辑</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavezanzibar2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="桑給巴爾黑奴儿童。受到阿拉伯主人的毒打。c. 1890."><img alt="桑給巴爾黑奴儿童。受到阿拉伯主人的毒打。c. 1890." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/80px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/120px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/160px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E7%B5%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE" title="桑給巴爾">桑給巴爾</a>黑奴儿童。受到阿拉伯主人的毒打。c. 1890.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="苏丹人民解放军的童兵(2007)"><img alt="苏丹人民解放军的童兵(2007)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg/120px-SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg/180px-SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg/240px-SPLA_Child_Soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="351" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">苏丹人民解放军的童兵(2007)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mines_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="奴隶采矿。古希腊"><img alt="奴隶采矿。古希腊" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mines_1.jpg/120px-Mines_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mines_1.jpg/180px-Mines_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mines_1.jpg/240px-Mines_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="1738" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">奴隶采矿。古希腊</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_collared_slaves_-_Ashmolean_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="囚禁中的奴隶，士麦那，200 AD"><img alt="囚禁中的奴隶，士麦那，200 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Roman_collared_slaves_-_Ashmolean_Museum.jpg/120px-Roman_collared_slaves_-_Ashmolean_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Roman_collared_slaves_-_Ashmolean_Museum.jpg/180px-Roman_collared_slaves_-_Ashmolean_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Roman_collared_slaves_-_Ashmolean_Museum.jpg/240px-Roman_collared_slaves_-_Ashmolean_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1168" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">囚禁中的奴隶，士麦那，200 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="从穆斯林手中赎回基督徒奴隶(1637)"><img alt="从穆斯林手中赎回基督徒奴隶(1637)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/120px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/180px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/240px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2240" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">从穆斯林手中赎回基督徒奴隶(1637)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="封建英国的农役租佃 ca. 1310"><img alt="封建英国的农役租佃 ca. 1310" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/120px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/180px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/240px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="461" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">封建英国的农役租佃 ca. 1310</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="十三世纪的也门奴隶市场。也门在1962年正式宣布废奴[118]"><img alt="十三世纪的也门奴隶市场。也门在1962年正式宣布废奴[118]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/109px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/164px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/219px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="910" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">十三世纪的也门奴隶市场。也门在1962年正式宣布废奴<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sclavi_Tiganesti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1852年瓦拉吉亚所贴的贩奴海报，布加勒斯特"><img alt="1852年瓦拉吉亚所贴的贩奴海报，布加勒斯特" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sclavi_Tiganesti.jpg/74px-Sclavi_Tiganesti.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sclavi_Tiganesti.jpg/111px-Sclavi_Tiganesti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sclavi_Tiganesti.jpg/149px-Sclavi_Tiganesti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1852年瓦拉吉亚所贴的贩奴海报，布加勒斯特</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:African_slave_trade.png" class="mw-file-description" title="中世纪非洲贩奴主要通路"><img alt="中世纪非洲贩奴主要通路" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/African_slave_trade.png/120px-African_slave_trade.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/African_slave_trade.png/180px-African_slave_trade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/African_slave_trade.png/240px-African_slave_trade.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">中世纪非洲贩奴主要通路</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitao-mato.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="巴西奴隶贩子，1823，约翰·莫里茨·鲁根达斯"><img alt="巴西奴隶贩子，1823，约翰·莫里茨·鲁根达斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Capitao-mato.jpg/90px-Capitao-mato.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Capitao-mato.jpg/135px-Capitao-mato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Capitao-mato.jpg/179px-Capitao-mato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="405" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">巴西奴隶贩子，1823，约翰·莫里茨·鲁根达斯</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="弗吉尼亚种植园的奴隶，c. 1790"><img alt="弗吉尼亚种植园的奴隶，c. 1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg/120px-SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg/180px-SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg/240px-SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="732" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">弗吉尼亚种植园的奴隶，c. 1790</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_resting_by_Rugendas_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="巴西那里买来的奴隶，正送往种植园路上 c. 1830"><img alt="巴西那里买来的奴隶，正送往种植园路上 c. 1830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Slaves_resting_by_Rugendas_01.jpg/120px-Slaves_resting_by_Rugendas_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Slaves_resting_by_Rugendas_01.jpg/180px-Slaves_resting_by_Rugendas_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Slaves_resting_by_Rugendas_01.jpg/240px-Slaves_resting_by_Rugendas_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="918" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">巴西那里买来的奴隶，正送往种植园路上 c. 1830</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="蓄奴种植园的葬礼，苏里南。平版印刷circa 1840–1850，数字复原"><img alt="蓄奴种植园的葬礼，苏里南。平版印刷circa 1840–1850，数字复原" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg/120px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg/180px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg/240px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3444-7_Begrafenis_bij_plantageslaven2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2620" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">蓄奴种植园的葬礼，苏里南。平版印刷circa 1840–1850，数字复原</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Senhora_escravos_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="被奴隶抬着的贵妇，巴西圣保罗， ca.1860"><img alt="被奴隶抬着的贵妇，巴西圣保罗， ca.1860" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senhora_escravos_1860.jpg/120px-Senhora_escravos_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senhora_escravos_1860.jpg/180px-Senhora_escravos_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senhora_escravos_1860.jpg/240px-Senhora_escravos_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="783" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">被奴隶抬着的贵妇，巴西圣保罗， ca.1860</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch,_17th_century,_Black_boy_with_slave_collar,_Private_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="穿着奴隶衣着的听差男孩，十七世纪荷兰"><img alt="穿着奴隶衣着的听差男孩，十七世纪荷兰" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dutch%2C_17th_century%2C_Black_boy_with_slave_collar%2C_Private_Collection.jpg/97px-Dutch%2C_17th_century%2C_Black_boy_with_slave_collar%2C_Private_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dutch%2C_17th_century%2C_Black_boy_with_slave_collar%2C_Private_Collection.jpg/145px-Dutch%2C_17th_century%2C_Black_boy_with_slave_collar%2C_Private_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dutch%2C_17th_century%2C_Black_boy_with_slave_collar%2C_Private_Collection.jpg/193px-Dutch%2C_17th_century%2C_Black_boy_with_slave_collar%2C_Private_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="1633" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">穿着奴隶衣着的听差男孩，十七世纪荷兰</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="欧洲奥托曼战争，将许多基督徒送入穆斯林地区做奴隶"><img alt="欧洲奥托曼战争，将许多基督徒送入穆斯林地区做奴隶" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg/100px-360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg/150px-360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg/200px-360Niklas_St%C3%B6r_Entf%C3%BChrung_in_die_Sklaverei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1016" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">欧洲奥托曼战争，将许多基督徒送入穆斯林地区做奴隶</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_slave.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="希瓦可汗国的波斯奴隶，十九世纪"><img alt="希瓦可汗国的波斯奴隶，十九世纪" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Persian_slave.jpg/120px-Persian_slave.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Persian_slave.jpg/180px-Persian_slave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Persian_slave.jpg/240px-Persian_slave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1273" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">希瓦可汗国的波斯奴隶，十九世纪</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="英国军官目睹阿尔及利亚基督徒奴隶惨状，1815"><img alt="英国军官目睹阿尔及利亚基督徒奴隶惨状，1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/120px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/180px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/240px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="621" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">英国军官目睹阿尔及利亚基督徒奴隶惨状，1815</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Geromeslavemarket.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="油画：奴隶市场（Jean-Léon Gérôme 绘）"><img alt="油画：奴隶市场（Jean-Léon Gérôme 绘）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Geromeslavemarket.jpg/89px-Geromeslavemarket.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Geromeslavemarket.jpg/134px-Geromeslavemarket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Geromeslavemarket.jpg/179px-Geromeslavemarket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4674" data-file-height="6265" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">油画：奴隶市场（Jean-Léon Gérôme 绘）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_incidence_of_slavery.png" class="mw-file-description" title="现代奴役，依国别按人口比例。由自由行基金估算，数据可能偏高"><img alt="现代奴役，依国别按人口比例。由自由行基金估算，数据可能偏高" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Modern_incidence_of_slavery.png/120px-Modern_incidence_of_slavery.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Modern_incidence_of_slavery.png/180px-Modern_incidence_of_slavery.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Modern_incidence_of_slavery.png/240px-Modern_incidence_of_slavery.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">现代奴役，依国别按人口比例。由自由行基金估算，数据可能偏高</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_labour_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="数以千计的亚洲债奴，特别是在印度大陆上。[119]"><img alt="数以千计的亚洲债奴，特别是在印度大陆上。[119]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Child_labour_Nepal.jpg/120px-Child_labour_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Child_labour_Nepal.jpg/180px-Child_labour_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Child_labour_Nepal.jpg/240px-Child_labour_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">数以千计的亚洲债奴，特别是在印度大陆上。<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali1974-151_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="图阿雷格部族传统上是封建文化，有贵族、诸侯、和深肤色的奴隶。[120]"><img alt="图阿雷格部族传统上是封建文化，有贵族、诸侯、和深肤色的奴隶。[120]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/120px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/180px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/240px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2668" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">图阿雷格部族传统上是封建文化，有贵族、诸侯、和深肤色的奴隶。<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map3.3Trafficking_compressed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="拐卖妇女的全球示意图"><img alt="拐卖妇女的全球示意图" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map3.3Trafficking_compressed.jpg/120px-Map3.3Trafficking_compressed.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map3.3Trafficking_compressed.jpg/180px-Map3.3Trafficking_compressed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map3.3Trafficking_compressed.jpg/240px-Map3.3Trafficking_compressed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2402" data-file-height="1502" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">拐卖妇女的全球示意图</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulanger_Gustave_Clarence_Rudolphe_The_Slave_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="古斯塔夫·布朗热的《奴隶市场》"><img alt="古斯塔夫·布朗热的《奴隶市场》" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Boulanger_Gustave_Clarence_Rudolphe_The_Slave_Market.jpg/120px-Boulanger_Gustave_Clarence_Rudolphe_The_Slave_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Boulanger_Gustave_Clarence_Rudolphe_The_Slave_Market.jpg/180px-Boulanger_Gustave_Clarence_Rudolphe_The_Slave_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Boulanger_Gustave_Clarence_Rudolphe_The_Slave_Market.jpg/240px-Boulanger_Gustave_Clarence_Rudolphe_The_Slave_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="594" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">古斯塔夫·布朗热的《奴隶市场》</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juliao14.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="巴西被鞭打的奴隶，米纳斯吉拉斯淘金热盛世时期(1770)"><img alt="巴西被鞭打的奴隶，米纳斯吉拉斯淘金热盛世时期(1770)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Juliao14.JPG/84px-Juliao14.JPG" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Juliao14.JPG/126px-Juliao14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Juliao14.JPG/169px-Juliao14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">巴西被鞭打的奴隶，米纳斯吉拉斯淘金热盛世时期(1770)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="贩卖奴隶检查"><img alt="贩卖奴隶检查" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg/120px-The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg/180px-The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg/240px-The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="482" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">贩卖奴隶检查</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：参考文献">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Laura Brace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=osZnIiqDd4sC&pg=PA162">The 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Current Anthropology. 1986, 27 (5): 415-430.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Trade%2C+Women%2C+Class%2C+and+Society+in+Ancient+Western+Asia&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.aulast=Zagarell&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.pages=415-430&rft.volume=27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_current-anthropology_1986-12_27_5%2Fpage%2F415&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-voa2009-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voa2009_20-0">20.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voa2009_20-1">20.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425050954/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-05-15-voa30-68815957.html">Experts encourage action against sex trafficking</a>. Voice of America. 2009-05-15 [2010-08-29]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-05-15-voa30-68815957.html">原始内容</a>存档于2010-04-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.btitle=Experts+encourage+action+against+sex+trafficking&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fa-13-2009-05-15-voa30-68815957.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, 2nd edition 1989, s. v. 'slave' </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe">History of Europe – Middle Ages – Growth and innovation – Demographic and agricultural growth</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150503085922/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-Kluge-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Kluge_23-0">^</a> F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 1891, s. v. 'Sklave'. </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia1-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia1_24-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Indrani Chatterjee, Richard Eaton. Slavery and South Asian History. Indiana University Press. 2006: 3. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780253116710" title="Special:网络书源/9780253116710">ISBN 9780253116710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.au=Indrani+Chatterjee%2C+Richard+Eaton&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+South+Asian+History&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780253116710&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> M. A. Dandamayev, BARDA and BARDADĀRĪ in Encyclopedia Iranica </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Farazmand, Ali (1998) “Persian/Iranian Administrative Tradition”, in Jay M. Shafritz (Editor), International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration. Boulder, CO: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westview_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westview Press（页面不存在）">Westview Press</a>, pp. 1640–1645 – Excerpt: "Persians never practiced mass slavery, and in many cases the situations and lives of semi-slaves (prisoners of war) were in fact better than the common citizens of Persia." (pg 1642) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bales2004-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bales2004_27-0">27.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bales2004_27-1">27.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bales2004_27-2">27.2</a> <cite class="citation book">Kevin Bales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8Cw6EsO59aYC">New slavery: a reference handbook</a>. ABC-CLIO. 2004: 15–18 [2011-03-11]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-85109-815-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-85109-815-6">ISBN 978-1-85109-815-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227063834/http://books.google.com/books?id=8Cw6EsO59aYC">存档</a>于2011-12-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.au=Kevin+Bales&rft.btitle=New+slavery%3A+a+reference+handbook&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-815-6&rft.pages=15-18&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Cw6EsO59aYC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-newint-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newint_28-0">28.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newint_28-1">28.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newint_28-2">28.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527095857/http://www.newint.org/issue337/facts.htm">Slavery in the 21st century</a>. 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Scatoday.net. 2005-02-03 [2010-08-29]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scatoday.net/node/3565">原始内容</a>存档于2010-05-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.btitle=Slavery%2C+serfdom%2C+and+indenture+through+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=2005-02-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Scatoday.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscatoday.net%2Fnode%2F3565&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Hayes, Diana (2003), "Reflections on Slavery", in Curran, Charles E. (ed.), Change in Official Catholic Moral Teaching, Paulist, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Paul03/p3subli.htm">Sublimus Dei</a>. Papalencyclicals.net. [2010-08-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702222512/http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Paul03/p3subli.htm">存档</a>于2010-07-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.btitle=Sublimus+Dei&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Papalencyclicals.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2FPaul03%2Fp3subli.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Thomas, Hugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riversofgoldrise0000thom">Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire</a>. 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Encyclopædia Britannica. [2010-08-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">存档</a>于2014-10-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%27s+Guide+to+Black+History&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblackhistory%2Farticle-24157&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Mikhail Kizilov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources">Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources</a>. 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[2014-08-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018070500/http://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources">存档</a>于2014-10-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Slave+Trade+in+the+Early+Modern+Crimea+From+the+Perspective+of+Christian%2C+Muslim%2C+and+Jewish+Sources&rft.au=Mikhail+Kizilov&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History+%27%27%282007%29+11%231+%27%27&rft.pages=1-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2971600%2FSlave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Phillips, Jr, William D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0B8NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA37">Slavery from Roman times to the Early Transatlantic Trade</a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1985: 37 [2014-08-30]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7190-1825-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7190-1825-1">ISBN 978-0-7190-1825-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140929225720/http://books.google.com/books?id=0B8NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA37">存档</a>于2014-09-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.aulast=Phillips%2C+Jr&rft.btitle=Slavery+from+Roman+times+to+the+Early+Transatlantic+Trade&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-1825-1&rft.pages=37&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0B8NAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Anderson, Perry. 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Historymedren. about. com </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildinghistory.org/bristol/saxonslaves.shtml">The Saxon Slave-Market</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100115232533/http://www.buildinghistory.org/bristol/saxonslaves.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. First published in Bristol Magazine July 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfcj/0106.html">Träldom</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171009184001/http://runeberg.org/nfcj/0106.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 30. Tromsdalstind – Urakami /159–160, 1920. (In Swedish) </li> <li id="cite_note-Human_Rights-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_90-0">^</a> David P. Forsythe (2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cz/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141023063607/http://books.google.cz/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". Oxford University Press. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780195334029" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-533402-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160">Historical survey: Ways of ending slavery</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120201010846/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Encyclopædia Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-slavery-92"><a href="#cite_ref-slavery_92-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery">Slavery (sociology)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141008061230/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". Encyclopædia Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Mee, Arthur; Hammerton, J. 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Burton, Sir Richard Burton – Google Books</a>. Books.google.com. 2004-01-01 [2013-03-12]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781420902044" title="Special:网络书源/9781420902044">ISBN 9781420902044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Nights+%E2%80%93+Richard+F.+Burton%2C+Sir+Richard+Burton+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781420902044&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DNXa7TXBBsfwC%26pg%3DPA5%26dq%3Darabian%2Bnights%2Bwhite%2Bslaves%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Darabian%2520nights%2520white%2520slaves%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Tzvetan TODOROV: « Tous les matins du monde. » article publié initialement dans le magazine Télérama/BNF, février 2006. 該雜誌文章綜述了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%A8%E7%B6%AD%E5%9D%A6%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%A4%9A%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" title="茨維坦·托多洛夫">茨維坦·托多洛夫</a>2006年著作《啟蒙精神》最後一章的內容，後來由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8" title="法國外交部">法國外交部</a>編譯為中文：<cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%A8%E7%B6%AD%E5%9D%A6%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%A4%9A%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" title="茨維坦·托多洛夫">茨維坦·托多洛夫</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/0601-TODOROV-CH-2.pdf">世界的一天的早晨</a> (PDF). 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[2010-08-29]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2011-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.btitle=%22Freedom+is+a+good+thing+but+it+means+a+dearth+of+slaves%22%3A+Twentieth+Century+Solutions+to+the+Abolition+of+Slavery&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fglc%2Fevents%2Fcbss%2FMiers.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Humphrey J. Fisher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3wYE_dh1alkC&pg=PA33">Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa</a>. 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University of Georgia Press. 1998-11-01: 68– [2012-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8203-2076-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8203-2076-2">ISBN 978-0-8203-2076-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526115046/http://books.google.com/books?id=e-unV4v5puYC&pg=PA68">存档</a>于2013-05-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.au=John+R.+McKivigan&rft.au=Mitchell+Snay&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Antebellum+Debate+Over+Slavery&rft.date=1998-11-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2076-2&rft.pages=68-&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-unV4v5puYC%26pg%3DPA68&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Charles L. Griswold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WRcU_GJAc9gC&pg=PA198">Adam Smith and the Virtues of Enlightenment</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1999: 198– [2012-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-62891-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-62891-4">ISBN 978-0-521-62891-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526120105/http://books.google.com/books?id=WRcU_GJAc9gC&pg=PA198">存档</a>于2013-05-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.au=Charles+L.+Griswold&rft.btitle=Adam+Smith+and+the+Virtues+of+Enlightenment&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62891-4&rft.pages=198-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWRcU_GJAc9gC%26pg%3DPA198&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryan_Caplan-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryan_Caplan_117-0">117.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryan_Caplan_117-1">117.1</a> <cite class="citation web">Bryan Caplan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141118150649/http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/bcaplan/e321/lab3old.htm">Economics of Slavery Lecture Notes</a>. [2014-10-17]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/bcaplan/e321/lab3old.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2014-11-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.au=Bryan+Caplan&rft.btitle=Economics+of+Slavery+Lecture+Notes&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconfaculty.gmu.edu%2Fbcaplan%2Fe321%2Flab3old.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/2004/07/27/d40727150297.htm">Slaves in Saudi</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20040811225821/http://www.thedailystar.net/2004/07/27/d40727150297.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". Naeem Mohaiemen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)（页面不存在）">The Daily Star</a>. July 27, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/sweat2/bonded.htm">Forced and Bonded Child Labor</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130801001214/http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/sweat2/bonded.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". U.S. Department of Labor. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Fortin, Jacey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/malis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280">Mali’s Other Crisis: Slavery Still Plagues Mali, And Insurgency Could Make It Worse</a>. International Business Times. 2013-01-16 [2014-08-27]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208102058/http://www.ibtimes.com/malis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280">存档</a>于2014-12-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Mali%E2%80%99s+Other+Crisis%3A+Slavery+Still+Plagues+Mali%2C+And+Insurgency+Could+Make+It+Worse&rft.aufirst=Jacey&rft.aulast=Fortin&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fmalis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拓展阅读">拓展阅读</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：拓展阅读">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="调查与引述">调查与引述</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：调查与引述">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bales, Kevin, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (1999)</li> <li>Campbell, Gwyn, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller, eds. Women and Slavery. Volume 1: Africa, the Indian Ocean World, and the Medieval Atlantic; Women and Slavery. Volume 2: The Modern Atlantic (2007)</li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Davies, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Slavery, World</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Hamowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Hamowy（页面不存在）">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (编). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cato_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cato Institute（页面不存在）">Cato Institute</a>: 464–9. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4129-6580-4">ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">LCCN 2008009151</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">OCLC 750831024</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905205033/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">存档</a>于2015-09-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Slavery%2C+World&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.pages=464-9&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (1999)</li> <li>Davis, David Brion. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Problem_of_Slavery_in_Western_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture（页面不存在）">The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture</a> (1988)</li> <li>Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (2009) highly regarded history of slavery and its abolition, worldwide</li> <li>Finkelman, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of Slavery (1999)</li> <li>Gordon, M. Slavery in the Arab World (1989)</li> <li>Greene, Jacqueline. Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, (2001), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780531165386" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-531-16538-6</a></li> <li>Joseph, Celucien L. Race, Religion, and The Haitian Revolution: Essays on Faith, Freedom, and Decolonization (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012)</li> <li>Joseph, Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price-Mars: Rhetoric, Race, and Religion in Haitian Thought (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._S._Lal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. S. Lal（页面不存在）">Lal, K. S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512073030/http://voi.org/books/mssmi/">Muslim Slave System in Medieval India</a> (1994) <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9788185689678" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-81-85689-67-8</a></li> <li>Miers, Suzanne, and Igor Kopytoff, eds. Slavery In Africa: Historical & Anthropological Perspectives (1979)</li> <li>Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America (2008)</li> <li>Postma, Johannes. The Atlantic Slave Trade, (2003)</li> <li>Rodriguez, Junius P., ed., The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (1997)</li> <li>Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Carl-Heinz_Shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Carl-Heinz Shell（页面不存在）">Shell, Robert Carl-Heinz</a> Children Of Bondage: A Social History Of The Slave Society At The Cape Of Good Hope, 1652–1813 (1994)</li> <li>Westermann, William Linn The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity (1955), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780871690401" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Uncited sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Hogendorn, Jan and Johnson Marion: The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African Studies Series 49, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, Cambridge, 1986.</li> <li>The Slavery Reader, ed. by Rigas Doganis, Gad Heuman, James Walvin, Routledge 2003</li></ul> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <ul><li>Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (1999), most important recent survey</li> <li>Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II Doubleday (March 23, 2008), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780385506250" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-385-50625-0</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780385506250" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-385-50625-0</a></li> <li>Boles, John. Black Southerners: 1619–1869 (1983) brief survey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=25779117">Engerman, Stanley L. Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor (1999)</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120625071233/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=25779117">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_D._Genovese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene D. Genovese（页面不存在）">Genovese Eugene D.</a> Roll, Jordan Roll (1974), classic study <ul><li>Richard H. King, "Marxism and the Slave South", American Quarterly 29 (1977), 117–31, a critique of Genovese</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002427959">Escott, Paul D. "Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk about Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Freedom" Journal of Southern History, Vol. 67, 2001</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120525054957/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002427959">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Mintz, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061106053657/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm">Slavery Facts & Myths</a>, Digital History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6641514">Parish, Peter J. Slavery: History and Historians (1989)</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120525054948/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6641514">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Bonnell_Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Bonnell Phillips（页面不存在）">Phillips, Ulrich B.</a> American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime (1918; paperback reprint 1966), southern white perspective</li> <li>Phillips, Ulrich B. Life and Labor in the Old South (1929)</li> <li>Sellers, James B. Slavery in Alabama (1950).</li> <li>Sydnor, Charles S. Slavery in Mississippi (1933)</li> <li>Stamp, Kenneth M. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South (1956), a rebuttal of U B Philipps</li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Trenchard, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Slavery in America</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Hamowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Hamowy（页面不存在）">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (编). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cato_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cato Institute（页面不存在）">Cato Institute</a>: 469–70. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4129-6580-4">ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">LCCN 2008009151</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">OCLC 750831024</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905205033/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">存档</a>于2015-09-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+America&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Trenchard&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.pages=469-70&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105900244">Vorenberg, Michael. Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (2001)</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120525054940/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105900244">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Weinstein, Allen, Frank O. Gatell, and Lewis Sarasohn, eds., American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader, third ed. (1978)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Slavery in the modern era</dt></dl> <ul><li>Jesse Sage and Liora Kasten, Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781403974938" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4039-7493-8</a></li> <li>Tom Brass, Marcel van der Linden, and Jan Lucassen, Free and Unfree Labour. Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History, 1993</li> <li>Tom Brass, Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates, London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass Publishers, 1999. 400 pages.</li> <li>Tom Brass and Marcel van der Linden, eds., Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues, Bern: Peter Lang AG, 1997. 600 pages. A volume containing contributions by all the most important writers on modern forms of unfree labour.</li> <li>Kevin Bales, Disposable People. New Slavery in the Global Economy, Revised Edition, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a> 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780520243842" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-520-24384-2</a></li> <li>Kevin Bales (ed.), Understanding Global Slavery Today. A Reader, University of California Press 2005, ISBN 978-0-520-24507-5freak</li> <li>Kevin Bales, Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves, University of California Press 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780520254701" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-520-25470-1</a>.</li> <li>Mende Nazer and Damien Lewis, Slave: My True Story, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781586482121" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58648-212-1</a>. Mende is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuba（页面不存在）">Nuba</a>, captured at 12 years old. She was granted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_of_asylum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Right of asylum（页面不存在）">political asylum</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> in 2003.</li> <li>Gary Craig, Aline Gaus, Mick Wilkinson, Klara Skrivankova and Aidan McQ e (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2016-contemporary-slavery-UK.pdf">Contemporary slavery in the UK: Overview and key issues</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070614012656/http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2016-contemporary-slavery-UK.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree_trusts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowntree trusts（页面不存在）">Joseph Rowntree Foundation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781859355732" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-85935-573-2</a>.</li> <li>David Hawk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf">The Hidden Gulag - Slave Labor Camps in North Korea</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150313045221/http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Washington DC: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780615623672" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-615-62367-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208134138/http://www.somalymamfoundation.org/">Somaly Mam Foundation</a></li> <li>Thomas Sowell, The Real History of Slavery, in: Black Rednecks and White Liberals, San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781594030864" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-59403-086-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見">參見</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：參見">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="奴隸貿易">奴隶贸易</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B4%A9%E5%8D%96" title="人口贩卖">人口贩卖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E8%88%B9" title="奴隸船">奴隸船</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%B7%A5" title="華工">賣豬仔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%81%E7%A5%A8" title="綁票">綁架</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E5%A5%B4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="廢奴主義">廢奴主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" title="奴隸解放">奴隶解放</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="南北战争">美國南北戰爭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="大西洋奴隸貿易">大西洋奴隸貿易</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">資本主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社會主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主專制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94" title="獨裁政體">獨裁專制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="殖民地">殖民地</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="殖民主义">殖民主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝國主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="殖民地獨立列表">殖民地獨立</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="地理大发现">地理大發現</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%A4%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="賤民">賤民</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="种姓制度">種姓制度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%A6%87" title="慰安妇">慰安婦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%A6%93" title="军妓">軍妓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E7%A8%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%A5%AD" title="特種行業">特種行業</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="社會階層">社會階層</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="富人">富人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="君主">君主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5" title="契约劳工">契约劳工</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9D%E5%89%8A" title="剝削">剝削勞工</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E8%B3%87%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0" title="勞資爭議">勞資糾紛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8B%9E%E6%AD%BB" title="過勞死">過勞死</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B2%E9%9F%AD%E8%8F%9C" title="割韭菜">割韭菜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%BA%E5%B9%B3" title="躺平">躺平</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%96%AA%E5%8A%A0%E7%8F%AD" title="无薪加班">無薪加班</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%80%A7%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="社會性死亡">社會性死亡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%94%BE" title="流放">流放</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91" title="死刑">處死</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A3%E4%BA%A1" title="陣亡">陣亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9A%E7%8A%AF" title="囚犯">囚犯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%BD%AA%E7%8A%AF" title="战争罪犯">戰犯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5" title="集中营">集中營</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98" title="战俘">戰俘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争">戰爭</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slavery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Slavery">奴隶制度</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060314165330/http://www.ansarburney.org/videolinks/video-hbo1.html">中東的童奴紀錄片</a> - 美國<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%BE%8E%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="艾美獎">艾美獎</a>得獎紀錄影片</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="历史_2">历史</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/slavery/">Slavery Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091007155015/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/slavery/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.uncg.edu/slavery/">Digital Library on American Slavery</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140903122312/http://library.uncg.edu/slavery/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanholocaust.net/">African Holocaust</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131019185619/http://www.africanholocaust.net/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marial.emory.edu/exhibitions/dream/intro.html">Emory and Oxford College</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110718224733/http://www.marial.emory.edu/exhibitions/dream/intro.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061106053657/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm">Slavery Fact Sheets, Digital History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdavis.nl/Background.htm#WAS">The West African Sqron and slave trade</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100610030306/http://www.pdavis.nl/Background.htm#WAS">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/">Slavery – PBS</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091006014112/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326073920/http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schooladventures/slavery/">Understanding Slavery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/slavery">Slavery</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131017151351/http://www.history.com/topics/slavery">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316161536/http://www.slaverymuseum.co.uk/">Slavery Museum. Great Britain.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716144749/http://ull.ac.uk/specialcollections/archives/slaveryarchivesources.shtml">Archives on slavery held by the University of London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoirestbarth/EN/">Mémoire St Barth (archives & history of slavery, slave trade and their abolition)</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">永久失效連結</a>], Comité de Liaison et d'Application des Sources Historiques.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?miview=inv2&mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=239&micode=20&milang=nl#inv3t0">Archives of the Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie (MCC) 'Trade Company of Middelburg'</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141111033933/http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?miview=inv2&mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=239&micode=20&milang=nl#inv3t0">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (Inventory of the archives of the Dutch slave trade across the Atlantic)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="现代">现代</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：现代">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/8337,news-comment,">news-politics, modern-slavery Modern Slavery</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>] - slideshow by <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_First_Post&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The First Post（页面不存在）">The First Post</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/">Slavery – PBS</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091006014112/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalslaveryindex.org">Walk Free Foundation – Global Slavery Index 2013 | Explore the Index</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181224213000/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="社会阶级" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E5%B1%82" title="Template:社会阶层"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E5%B1%82" title="Template talk:社会阶层"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E5%B1%82" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:社会阶层"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="社会阶级" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="社会阶级">社会阶级</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D" title="社會地位">地位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="社會階層">階層</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="社会阶级">经济阶级</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">理论</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉尔伯特模型（页面不存在）">吉尔伯特模型</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_model" class="extiw" title="en:Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马克思主义阶级理论（页面不存在）">马克思主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Marxian class theory">Marxian class theory</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%95%E5%9F%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="底基理论（页面不存在）">底基理论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudsill_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="新阶级">新阶级</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%A4%E5%8C%99%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汤匙阶级理论（页面不存在）">汤匙阶级理论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B6%E5%B1%82%E4%B8%89%E6%88%90%E5%88%86%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阶层三成分理论（页面不存在）">韦伯式（三成分）</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" class="extiw" title="en:Three-component theory of stratification">Three-component theory of stratification</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">相关话题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="种姓制度">种姓制度</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%92%E5%99%AA%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聒噪阶级（页面不存在）">聒噪阶级</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattering_classes" class="extiw" title="en:Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89" title="阶级斗争">阶级斗争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="階級歧視">階級歧視</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="社會階層">阶级社会</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阶级灭绝（页面不存在）">阶级灭绝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicide" class="extiw" title="en:Classicide">Classicide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="無階級社會">無階級社會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A2%83%E5%AD%B8" title="優境學">優境學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%B2%B4" class="mw-disambig" title="新貴">新貴</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E5%8F%91%E6%88%B7" title="暴发户">暴发户</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E7%AA%AE" title="貧窮">貧窮</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="排名社会（页面不存在）">排名社会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_society" class="extiw" title="en:Ranked society">Ranked society</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%BF%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="势利（页面不存在）">势利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snob" class="extiw" title="en:Snob">Snob</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会清洗（页面不存在）">社会清洗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cleansing" class="extiw" title="en:Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%8E%92%E6%96%A5" title="社会排斥">社会排斥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95" title="社會流動">社會流動</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A4%E5%84%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会孤儿（页面不存在）">社会孤儿</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_orphan" class="extiw" title="en:Social orphan">Social orphan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D" title="社會地位">社会地位</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_position" class="extiw" title="en:Social position">Social position</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B1%A1%E5%90%8D" title="社會污名">社會污名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%8B%E9%98%B6%E5%B1%82" title="属下阶层">属下阶层</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="按人口" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div title="demographic">按人口</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">按状态</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%8B%98%E7%95%99" title="行政拘留">行政拘留</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="外國人">外國人</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91" title="非法移民">非法移民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91" title="难民">难民</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="公民">公民</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E5%9C%8B%E7%B1%8D" title="多重國籍">多重國籍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%AC%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="屬地主義">屬地主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E5%8C%96" title="归化">归化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%AD%89%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="二等公民">二等公民</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%9B%A2%E4%BD%93" title="小团体">小团体</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%B4%BE%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="青少年派系（页面不存在）">青少年</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_cliques" class="extiw" title="en:Adolescent cliques">Adolescent cliques</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%A0%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9A%E7%BD%AA%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%A7%E5%A4%B1%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="因刑事定罪而丧失权利（页面不存在）">定罪</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="extiw" title="en:Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%BB%E5%BE%99%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="移徙工人（页面不存在）">移徙工人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_worker" class="extiw" title="en:Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%8A%AF" title="政治犯">政治犯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E7%B1%8D" title="無國籍">無國籍</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">按“衣领”</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E9%A0%98" title="藍領">藍領</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%BF%E9%A2%86%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绿领工人（页面不存在）">绿领</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-collar_worker" class="extiw" title="en:Green-collar worker">Green-collar worker</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E9%A2%86" title="灰领">灰领</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%A2%86%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新领工人（页面不存在）">新领</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-collar_worker" class="extiw" title="en:New-collar worker">New-collar worker</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E9%A0%98%E6%97%8F" title="粉領族">粉領</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%A0%98" title="白領">白領</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">按种类</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="統治階級">統治階級</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F_(%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7)" title="贵族 (阶级)">贵族阶级</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseaten_(class)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanseaten (class)（页面不存在）">Hanseaten</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" class="extiw" title="en:Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten (class)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%87%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6)" title="貴族 (神聖羅馬帝國與瑞士聯邦)">貴族</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治阶级（页面不存在）">政治</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_class" class="extiw" title="en:Political class">Political class</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4" title="王室">王室</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="知识分子">知识分子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%81%8C%E8%80%85" title="圣职者">圣职者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="知識工作者">知识工作者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_worker" class="extiw" title="en:Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88" title="教授">教授</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%A3%AB" title="戰士">戰士</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C" title="切特里">切特里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B" title="哥薩克">哥薩克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B5%B0%E6%88%B0%E5%A3%AB" title="鵰戰士">鵰戰士</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harii（页面不存在）">Harii</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harii" class="extiw" title="en:Harii">Harii</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E8%BE%9B%E6%B4%BE" title="阿薩辛派">阿薩辛派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB" title="骑士">骑士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9" title="刹帝利">刹帝利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E7%88%BE" title="奈爾">奈爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%B1%B9%E6%88%B0%E5%A3%AB" title="美洲豹戰士">美洲豹戰士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D" title="侍">侍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E8%80%85%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="平等者公社">平等者公社</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanniyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanniyar（页面不存在）">Vanniyar</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanniyar" class="extiw" title="en:Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>）/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanniar_(Chieftain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)（页面不存在）">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" class="extiw" title="en:Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%94%E5%A4%AB" title="亞達夫">亞達夫</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B1%82%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="上层阶级">上层阶级</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="資產階級">資產階級</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%A8" title="大亨">大亨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1" title="精英">精英</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B3%E5%A3%AB%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="紳士階級">紳士階級</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%B3%E7%88%B5" title="勳爵">勳爵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_money&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old money（页面不存在）">Old money</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_money" class="extiw" title="en:Old money">Old money</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AC%8A%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="特權階級">特权阶级</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overclass" class="extiw" title="en:Overclass">Overclass</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%97%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="强盗男爵">强盗男爵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%AF%A1%E9%A0%AD" title="俄羅斯寡頭">俄羅斯寡頭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="莊園主">庄园主</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigneur" class="extiw" title="en:Seigneur">Seigneur</a>）</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superclass_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superclass (book)（页面不存在）">Superclass</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superclass_(book)" class="extiw" title="en:Superclass (book)">Superclass (book)</a>）》</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E5%8A%9B%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94" title="創造力團體">創造力團體</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="波希米亞主義">波希米亞主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="中產階級">中產階級</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="小資產階級">小資產階級</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E5%B1%82%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="下层中产阶级（页面不存在）">下层中产阶级</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_middle_class" class="extiw" title="en:Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B1%82%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="上层中产阶级">上层中产阶级</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="工人阶级">工人阶级</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%93%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="流氓无产阶级">流氓无产阶级</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%A7%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="无产阶级">无产阶级</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%B2%A7%E7%AA%AE" title="工作貧窮">工作貧窮</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%A0%B9" title="草根">下层阶级</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%81%E6%97%8F" title="蚁族">蚁族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91" title="平民">平民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B1%E6%B0%91" title="贱民">贱民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%96%E4%B9%8B%E5%BE%92" title="法外之徒">法外之徒</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9A%E7%8A%AF" title="囚犯">囚犯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%B0%91" title="農民">農民</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6" title="農奴制">農奴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC)" title="平民 (古羅馬)">平民</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%A0%E6%97%8F_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼠族 (中國)（页面不存在）">鼠族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_tribe" class="extiw" title="en:Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a>）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">奴隶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B1%E6%B0%91" title="贱民">贱民</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E5%B1%82" title="Category:社会阶层">分类</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="僱傭" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B0%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="Template:就業"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%B0%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="Template talk:就業"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%B0%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:就業"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="僱傭" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B1%E5%82%AD" title="僱傭">僱傭</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B1%E5%82%AD%E5%90%88%E7%B4%84" title="僱傭合約">契約</a>成立（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E8%81%8C" title="求职">求职</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A5%E6%AD%B7" title="履歷">履歷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E8%AF%95" title="面试">面试</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9B%E8%81%98" title="招聘">招聘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E9%A0%AD_(%E6%8B%9B%E8%81%98)" title="獵頭 (招聘)">獵頭／挖角</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5" title="背景调查">背景调查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A6%E7%94%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="試用期">試用期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="藥物測試">藥物測試</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84" title="工资">工資</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87" title="最低工資">最低工資</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%94%9F%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87" title="維生工資">維生工資</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%95%88%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84" title="绩效工资">績效獎金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%B7%A5%E5%90%8C%E9%85%AC" title="同工同酬">同工同酬</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">工時</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">工作時間</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%81%B7" title="全職">全職</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BC%E8%81%B7" title="兼職">兼職</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB%E5%88%B6" title="責任制">責任制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E7%8F%AD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6" title="輪班工作制">輪班工作制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E4%B9%9D%E6%99%9A%E4%BA%94" title="朝九晚五">朝九晚五</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%82" title="彈性工時">彈性工時</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%8F%AD" title="加班">加班</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%B7%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%99%82%E9%96%93_(%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3)" title="延長工作時間 (臺灣)">延長工作時間 (臺灣)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%97%A5%E6%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公司日曆（页面不存在）">公司日曆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%82%E8%A6%8F%E7%AE%A1" title="工時規管">工时限制</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%82%E8%A6%8F%E7%AE%A1" title="工時規管">標準工時</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%82%E8%A6%8F%E7%AE%A1" title="工時規管">最高工時</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6" title="八小时工作制">八小時工作制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%B0%8F%E6%99%82%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6" title="六小時工作制">六小時工作制</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E5%81%87" title="休假">休假</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BE%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%BC%91" title="一例一休">一例一休</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%96%AA%E5%81%87" title="無薪假">無薪假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6" title="五天工作制">五天工作制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8F%E5%91%A8%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6" title="每周四天工作制">四天工作制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/996%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6" title="996工作制">996工作制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%81%87" title="事假">事假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%81%87" title="病假">病假</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AA%E5%81%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喪假（页面不存在）">喪假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E5%81%87" title="年假">年假</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E4%BC%91%E5%81%87" title="特別休假">特別休假</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%9C%E4%BC%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="補休（页面不存在）">補休</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%9C%BE%E5%81%87%E6%97%A5" title="公眾假日">公众假日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3%E5%81%9C%E6%AD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E7%8F%AD%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%8A%E8%AA%B2%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E8%BE%A6%E6%B3%95" title="天然災害停止上班及上課作業辦法">因灾停班停课</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E5%81%87" title="月事假">月事假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E5%81%87" title="婚假">婚假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%81%87%E8%88%87%E8%82%B2%E5%AC%B0%E5%81%87" title="產假與育嬰假">產假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%81%87%E8%88%87%E8%82%B2%E5%AC%B0%E5%81%87" title="產假與育嬰假">育嬰假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E7%85%A7%E9%A1%A7%E5%81%87" title="家庭照顧假">家庭照顧假</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E6%AC%8A" title="停權">留職停薪</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">職業安全、健康</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%82%B7%E5%AE%B3" title="職業傷害">職業傷害</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="職業安全健康">職業安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%97%85" title="职业病">職業病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8B%9E%E6%AD%BB" title="過勞死">過勞死</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E6%BF%80" title="應激">壓力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E5%A0%B4%E9%9C%B8%E5%87%8C" title="職場霸凌">職場霸凌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="人因工程学">人因工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E9%81%8E%E5%8B%9E" title="職業過勞">職業過勞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87%E6%80%A7%E5%8B%9E%E6%90%8D" title="重複性勞損">重複性勞損</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">勞工保險</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="醫療保險">醫療保險</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" title="勞工保險 (中華民國)">勞工保險</a>（台湾）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E9%99%A9%E4%B8%80%E9%87%91" title="五险一金">五险一金</a>（中国大陆）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9" title="員工福利">員工福利</a>、津貼</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%88%E8%8C%B6" title="下午茶">下午茶</a>時間</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E7%8D%8E%E9%87%91" title="三節獎金">三節獎金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E8%96%AA" title="十三薪">十三薪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9A%E7%89%99#尾牙餐會" title="做牙">尾牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%97%A5" title="生日">慶生會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E4%BF%9D%E9%99%A9" title="责任保险">團體保險</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E8%88%8D" title="宿舍">員工宿舍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A1%E5%B7%A5%E9%A4%90%E9%A3%B2" title="員工餐飲">員工餐飲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A1%E5%B7%A5%E5%83%B9" title="員工價">員工價</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E8%BB%8A" title="公司車">公司车</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="失業">失業</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%83%B1" title="解僱">解僱</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%83%B1%E6%9C%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%AE%B5%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="解僱最後手段性原則">解僱最後手段性原則</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E5%93%A1" title="裁員">裁員（大量解僱）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%B2%97" title="下岗">下岗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E8%81%B7" title="辭職">辭職</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="失業保險">失業救助</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E7%94%A2" title="破產">公司破產</a>／工資垫付</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91" title="退休">提早退休计划</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">退职</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E9%80%80%E5%87%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="职业退出（页面不存在）">职业退出</a> <ul><li>引退</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%8D" title="退伍">退伍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%8D%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%BA" title="退伍軍人">退役</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91" title="退休">退休</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIRE%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="FIRE运动">FIRE运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E9%87%91" title="退休金">退休金</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">型態</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%81%B7" title="全職">全職</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E9%9B%87%E5%91%98" title="长期雇员">长期雇员</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="合同工（页面不存在）">合同工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E6%B4%BE%E9%81%A3" title="人力派遣">勞務派遣（派遣工）</a></li></ul></li> <li>介於雇主與勞工間：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="管理学">經理</a></li> <li>非典型勞動：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E5%B7%A5" title="臨時工">臨時工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BC%E8%81%B7" title="兼職">兼職</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="零工經濟">零工經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%A4%E5%B7%A5%E5%8A%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="勤工助学">勤工俭学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%91%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5" title="暑期工">暑期工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E4%B9%A0" title="实习">實習生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%95%99%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C" title="建教合作">建教合作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C" title="產學合作">產學合作</a></li> <li>類似勞工：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%83%B1" title="自僱">自僱人士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD" title="自由職業">自由職業者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E8%B7%9D%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" title="遠距工作">居家就業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E4%BA%BA" title="獨立合同人">獨立承攬人</a></li> <li>無償服務：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E9%A1%98%E8%80%85" title="志願者">志愿者</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">集體勞動權</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A" title="工会">工会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E5%8D%94%E5%95%86" title="集體協商">集體協商</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84" title="團體協約">團體協約</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%B7%E5%B7%A5" title="罷工">罷工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A0%E5%B7%A5" title="怠工">怠工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%89%E7%AB%A0%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" title="按章工作">按章工作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%95%B6%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="不當勞動行為">不當勞動行為</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="勞工運動">勞工運動</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">違法行為</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5" title="童工">童工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%89%E5%83%B9%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5" title="廉價勞工">廉價勞工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5" title="黑市勞工">非法勞工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B4%A9%E5%8D%96" title="人口贩卖">人口贩卖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" title="強迫勞動">強迫勞動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%BA%AB%E5%B7%A5" title="包身工">工奴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E9%AA%9A%E6%89%B0" title="性骚扰">職場性騷擾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="性別歧視">性別歧視</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%80%E8%A3%85%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" title="着装守则">著裝守則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A4%E5%A3%93%E5%BC%8F%E6%8E%A8%E9%8A%B7" title="層壓式推銷">層壓式推銷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B1%97%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0" title="血汗工廠">血汗工廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%96%AA%E5%8A%A0%E7%8F%AD" title="无薪加班">無薪加班</a></li> <li>濫用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E9%A1%98%E8%80%85" title="志願者">志愿者</a></li> <li>低薪<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E4%B9%A0" title="实习">实习</a></li> <li>濫用<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB%E5%88%B6" title="責任制">責任制</a></li> <li>規避<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E9%87%91" title="退休金">退休金</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A3%E6%95%A3%E8%B2%BB" title="遣散費">遣散費</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%95%B6%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="不當勞動行為">不當勞動行為</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E7%8A%AC%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6" title="黄犬契约">黄犬契约</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:14%;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B1%E6%A5%AD%E6%8E%A8%E9%8A%B7%E6%B3%95" title="就業推銷法">就業推銷騙術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E8%B3%87%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0" title="勞資爭議">勞資爭議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B6%E6%A5%AD%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE" title="競業條款">競業條款</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%B2%A7%E7%AA%AE" title="工作貧窮">工作貧窮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%97%E9%82%8A%E6%97%8F" title="窗邊族">窗邊族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="辦公室政治">辦公室政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="人事管理">人事管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="職業道德">職業道德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E9%80%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="勞逸平衡">工作與生活的平衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E5%A4%A9%E8%8A%B1%E6%9D%BF" title="玻璃天花板">玻璃天花板</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E6%87%B8%E5%B4%96" title="玻璃懸崖">玻璃懸崖‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%92%E7%B5%95%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" title="拒絕工作">拒絕工作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35%E5%B2%81%E9%97%A8%E6%A7%9B" title="35岁门槛">35岁门槛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><img alt="模板" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> 請參閱模板</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94" title="Template:公司头衔">公司头衔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_labor" title="Template:Organized labor">有組織的勞工</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="歧視" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" title="Template:歧视"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" title="Template talk:歧视"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:歧视"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="歧視" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="歧視">歧視</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:11.5em; background:#eef; font-weight:normal;">生理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="性别歧视">性别歧视</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E9%AB%98%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" title="身高歧视">身高歧视</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" title="年龄歧视">年龄歧视</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A4%E8%89%B2%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" title="肤色歧视">肤色歧视</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="种族主义">种族主义</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B9%8B%E9%96%93%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教之間的歧視（页面不存在）">宗教之間的歧視</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination" class="extiw" title="en:Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%A4%96" class="mw-redirect" title="排外">排外</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="語言歧視">語言歧視</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%90%91%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="逆向歧視">逆向歧視</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%B2%8C%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="外貌至上主義">容貌歧视</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E8%B2%B6%E6%8A%91" title="男性貶抑">男性貶抑</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%AC%E6%8A%91" title="女性贬抑">女性贬抑</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BA%E5%AF%B8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尺寸主義（页面不存在）">体形歧视</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizeism" class="extiw" title="en:Sizeism">Sizeism</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" title="物种歧视">物种歧视</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="排名主義（页面不存在）">排名主義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rankism" class="extiw" title="en:rankism">rankism</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理歧視（页面不存在）">心理歧視</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanism" class="extiw" title="en:Sanism">Sanism</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:11.5em; background:#eef; font-weight:normal;">社会</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="階級歧視">階級歧視</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" title="地域歧视">地域歧视</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E9%81%A0%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永遠的非本國人（页面不存在）">永遠的非本國人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" class="extiw" title="en:Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%87%E5%A4%96" title="仇外">仇外</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%B6%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歧視無家者（页面不存在）">歧視無家者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" class="extiw" title="en:Discrimination against homeless people">Discrimination against homeless people</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephebiphobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephebiphobia（页面不存在）">青春恐懼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephebiphobia" class="extiw" title="en:Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="精英主义">精英主义</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%80%A7%E6%81%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="异性恋主义">异性恋主义</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E9%9C%B8%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="異性戀霸權">異性戀霸權</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC" title="同性戀恐懼">同性戀恐懼</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC" title="雙性戀恐懼">雙性戀恐懼</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC" title="女同性戀恐懼">女同性戀恐懼</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC" title="跨性別恐懼">跨性別恐懼</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%AD%E8%B7%A8%E5%A5%B3%E7%97%87" title="厭跨女症">厌跨女症</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:11.5em; background:#eef; font-weight:normal;">國家、民族及文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrophobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrophobia（页面不存在）">非洲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrophobia" class="extiw" title="en:Afrophobia">Afrophobia</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%BE%8E%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="反美情绪">美国</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="反阿拉伯主义">阿拉伯</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反巴勒斯坦主义">巴勒斯坦</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反中東情緒（页面不存在）">中東</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Armenian_sentiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment（页面不存在）">亚美尼亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Armenian sentiment">Anti-Armenian sentiment</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="澳大利亚外交">澳大利亚</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India（页面不存在）">孟加拉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Anti-Bengali sentiment in India</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Catalanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Catalanism（页面不存在）">加泰羅尼亞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Catalanism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Catalanism">Anti-Catalanism</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="反华">中国</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%8B%B1" title="反英">英国</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Estonian_sentiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment（页面不存在）">愛沙尼亞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Estonian sentiment">Anti-Estonian sentiment</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%8F%B2" title="反菲">菲律賓</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%B3%95%E7%97%87" title="恐法症">法国</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="反德情绪">德国</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Igbo_sentiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment（页面不存在）">奈及利亞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Igbo sentiment">Anti-Igbo sentiment</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="反印度">印度</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反伊朗（页面不存在）">伊朗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反愛爾蘭（页面不存在）">愛爾蘭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Irish sentiment">Anti-Irish sentiment</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="反犹太">猶太人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%84%8F" title="反意">意大利</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%97%A5%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="反日情绪">日本</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反犹太主义">犹太人</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9F%A9%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="反韩情绪">韩国</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" title="反馬來情緒">馬來</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%BB%A1" title="排满">满族</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" title="反墨西哥情緒">墨西哥</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Persian_sentiments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Persian sentiments（页面不存在）">波斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Persian_sentiments" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Persian sentiments">Anti-Persian sentiments</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反波蘭（页面不存在）">波蘭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Polish sentiment">Anti-Polish sentiment</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusophobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lusophobia（页面不存在）">葡萄牙</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusophobia" class="extiw" title="en:Lusophobia">Lusophobia</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對魁北克人的迫害（页面不存在）">魁北克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Quebec sentiment">Anti-Quebec sentiment</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反羅馬尼亞情緒（页面不存在）">羅馬尼亞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Romanian sentiment">Anti-Romanian sentiment</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%BF%84%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="反俄情绪">俄罗斯</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反苏格兰情绪（页面不存在）">苏格兰</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反土耳其（页面不存在）">土耳其</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Turkism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Turkism">Anti-Turkism</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB%E5%92%8C%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威尔士和英格兰的文化关系（页面不存在）">威尔士</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%87%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" title="仇葡萄牙情绪">葡萄牙</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="反烏克蘭">烏克蘭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Anti-Ukrainian sentiment</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反西班牙（页面不存在）">西班牙</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="extiw" title="en:Hispanophobia">Hispanophobia</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反希腊（页面不存在）">希臘</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Greek sentiment">Anti-Greek sentiment</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反塞爾維亞（页面不存在）">塞爾維亞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:11.5em; background:#eef; font-weight:normal;">信仰</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="巴哈伊信仰">巴哈伊</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="反天主教">天主教</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" title="反基督教情緒">基督教</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians（页面不存在）">东正教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" class="extiw" title="en:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教恐懼（页面不存在）">印度教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反犹太主义">犹太教</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%91%A9%E9%96%80%E6%95%99" title="反摩門教">摩门教</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7%E7%97%87" title="伊斯兰恐惧症">伊斯兰教</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反新教（页面不存在）">新教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="對無神論者的歧視">无神论</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反新兴宗教（页面不存在）">新宗教运动</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Shia_Muslims&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecution of Shia Muslims（页面不存在）">什葉派</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Shia_Muslims" class="extiw" title="en:Persecution of Shia Muslims">Persecution of Shia Muslims</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background:#ddf;"><div id="形式" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">形式</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_libel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blood libel（页面不存在）">血腥誹謗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel" class="extiw" title="en:Blood libel">Blood libel</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97" title="种族清洗">种族清洗</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="文化灭绝">文化灭绝</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gay_bashing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gay bashing（页面不存在）">對同性戀的攻擊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bashing" class="extiw" title="en:Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="性别灭绝">性别灭绝</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="种族灭绝">种族灭绝</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="历史上的种族灭绝">举例</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%87%E6%81%A8%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA" title="仇恨犯罪">仇恨罪行</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%87%E6%81%A8%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96" title="仇恨言論">仇恨言论</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E5%88%91" title="私刑">私刑</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="父爱主义">父爱主义</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="大屠杀">大屠杀</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="種族衝突">種族衝突</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3" title="种族归纳">种族归纳</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3" title="宗教迫害">宗教迫害</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">奴役</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background:#ddf;"><div id="运动" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">运动</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:11.5em; background:#eef; font-weight:normal;">歧视</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="美国纳粹党">美国纳粹党</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aryanism（页面不存在）">雅利安主義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryanism" class="extiw" title="en:Aryanism">Aryanism</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%B0%E7%8B%BC%E5%9B%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="灰狼团（页面不存在）">灰狼团</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%87%E6%81%A8%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94" title="仇恨團體">仇恨團體</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahanism（页面不存在）">卡漢主義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahanism" class="extiw" title="en:Kahanism">Kahanism</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89K%E5%85%9A" title="三K党">三K党</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="新纳粹主义">新纳粹主义</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A_(%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E)" title="国民党 (南非)">南非国民党</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supremacism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supremacism（页面不存在）">至上主義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacism" class="extiw" title="en:Supremacism">Supremacism</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%BF%BC%E5%9B%A2%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="右翼团体">右翼团体</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E4%BD%AC%E6%B2%99%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="福佬沙文主義">福佬沙文主義</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%AE%88%E6%8A%A4%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾守护家庭联盟">台灣守護家庭聯盟</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E6%AC%8A" title="父權">父权</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%BE%B7%E7%8F%AD" title="女德班">女德班</a> · </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:11.5em; background:#eef; font-weight:normal;">反歧视</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E5%A5%B4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="廢奴主義">廢奴主義</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%96%89%E7%97%87%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="自閉症權利運動">自闭症权利</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="儿童权利">儿童权利</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%AC%8A%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="民權運動">民权</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BA%AB%E5%BF%83%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="身心障礙权利运动（页面不存在）">身心障礙权利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Disability rights movement">Disability rights movement</a>） (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inclusion_(disability_rights)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inclusion (disability rights)（页面不存在）">舉例</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" class="extiw" title="en:Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion (disability rights)</a>）) · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="平等主義">平等主義</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="女性主義">女权主义</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0LGBT%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" title="各地LGBT權利">LGBT權利</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="雙性人人權">雙性人人權</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="男性主義">男性主义</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-disambig" title="男權">男权</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E6%AC%8A" title="母權">母权</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" title="女性權利">妇女权利</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="婦女投票權">妇女</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%89%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="普选权">普遍</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="投票">投票权</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9" title="青少年权利">青少年權利</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background:#ddf;"><div id="政策" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">政策</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:11.5em; background:#eef; font-weight:normal;">歧视</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2" title="南非種族隔離">南非種族隔離</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internment（页面不存在）">任意居留</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment" class="extiw" title="en:Internment">Internment</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB" title="种族隔离">种族隔离</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%BB%B4%E8%A1%80%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99" title="一滴血规则">一滴血规则</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2" title="宗教隔離">宗教</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="性别隔离">性别隔离</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Redlining&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redlining（页面不存在）">紅區歧視</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining" class="extiw" title="en:Redlining">Redlining</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" title="新经济政策 (马来西亚)">固打制</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto_benches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghetto benches（页面不存在）">猶太凳</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_benches" class="extiw" title="en:Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:11.5em; background:#eef; font-weight:normal;">反歧视</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%AC%8A" title="基本權">公民权</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%9F%E6%AD%A2%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="废止歧视（页面不存在）">废止歧视</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" title="解放">解放</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="种族融合（页面不存在）">种族融合</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integration" class="extiw" title="en:Racial integration">Racial integration</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E5%9D%87%E7%AD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="机会均等">机会均等</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E5%A5%B3%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="男女平等">男女平等</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="肯定性行动">肯定性行动</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desegregation_busing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desegregation busing（页面不存在）">取消種族隔離巴士</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_busing" class="extiw" title="en:Desegregation busing">Desegregation busing</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background:#ddf;"><div id="法律" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">法律</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:11.5em; background:#eef; font-weight:normal;">歧视</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="本土主义">本土主义</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E9%80%9A%E5%A9%9A%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反种族通婚法（页面不存在）">反种族通婚法</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="南非种族隔离法">种族隔离法</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="测试法案（页面不存在）">测试法案</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E6%B3%95" title="吉姆·克勞法">吉姆·克勞法</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E5%80%AB%E5%A0%A1%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="紐倫堡法">纽伦堡法</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E6%97%8F%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一族统治（页面不存在）">一族统治</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="无主土地">无主土地</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:11.5em; background:#eef; font-weight:normal;">反歧视</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反歧视法案列表（页面不存在）">反歧视案件</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96%E6%B3%95" title="反歧視法">反歧视法</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC14%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美国宪法第14修正案">美国宪法第14修正案</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB%E7%BD%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="种族隔离罪（页面不存在）">种族隔离罪</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E9%99%A4%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约">消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E9%99%A4%E5%B0%8D%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" title="消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約">消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反教育歧视公约（页面不存在）">反教育歧视公约</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E9%99%A4%E5%B0%B1%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="消除就业和职业歧视公约">消除就業和職業歧視公約</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E5%A5%B3%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8C%E5%B7%A5%E5%90%8C%E9%85%AC%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="男女工人同工同酬公约">男女工人同工同酬公約</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background:#ddf;"><div id="其它形式" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">其它形式</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%94%B7%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="大男子主义">大男子主义</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%84%AA%E8%B6%8A%E6%84%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="民族優越感">民族优越感</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynocentrism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gynocentrism（页面不存在）">女權自助餐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynocentrism" class="extiw" title="en:Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%99%E5%B8%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="裙带关系">裙带关系</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%85%E8%83%9C%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="必胜信念（页面不存在）">必胜信念</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background:#ddf;"><div id="相关话题" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">相关话题</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrocentrism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrocentrism（页面不存在）">泛非主義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrocentrism" class="extiw" title="en:Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E8%A6%8B" title="偏見">偏見</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="优生学">优生学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B8%E6%97%8F%E8%A3%94%E9%96%93%E7%9A%84%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="美國少數族裔間的種族歧視">美國少數族裔間的種族歧視</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" class="mw-redirect" title="多元文化政策">多元文化政策</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B" title="警察暴力">警察暴力</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%AD%A3%E7%A2%BA" title="政治正確">政治正確</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E8%A6%8B" title="偏見">偏见</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="种族主义">种族主义</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BD%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="宽容">宽容</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81" title="失踪白人女性综合征">失踪白人女性综合征</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BE%E5%81%A5%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" title="聾健司法平等">聾健司法平等</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background:#ddf;"><div id="主题" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">主题</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" title="Portal:歧视">歧视主题</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="實體人權" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="Template:實體性人權"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="Template talk:實體性人權"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:實體性人權"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="實體人權" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94%E6%B3%95" title="實體法">實體</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="人權">人權</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>注意：在某些情況下，何為人權是有爭議的；並非所有列出的條目都被普遍接受為人權。</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9" title="公民权利和政治权利">公民與政治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E9%9D%A2%E5%89%8D%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" title="法律面前人人平等">法律之前人人平等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%90%86%E9%80%AE%E6%8D%95%E5%8F%8A%E6%8B%98%E7%A6%81" title="無理逮捕及拘禁">免於無理逮捕及拘禁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%9C%83%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="集會自由">集會自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%A4%BE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="結社自由">結社自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%8B%E9%85%B7%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%AF%BB%E5%B8%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%83%A9%E7%BD%9A" title="残酷和不寻常的惩罚">免於殘酷和不尋常的懲罰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%97%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96%E7%9A%84%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="不受歧視的自由">免於歧視</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="信息自由">信息自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%81%E5%BE%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="迁徙自由">迁徙自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="宗教自由">宗教自由</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">免於奴役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="言論自由">言論自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B7%E5%88%91" title="酷刑">免於酷刑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9" title="法律援助">法律援助</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0LGBT%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" title="各地LGBT權利">LGBT權利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="思想自由">思想自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%B1%8D" title="國籍">國籍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E6%80%A7" title="人格性">人格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BD%AA%E6%8E%A8%E5%AE%9A%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" title="无罪推定原则">無罪推定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7%E6%AC%8A" title="庇護權">政治庇護</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E6%AC%8A" title="死亡權">死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3%E5%AF%A9%E5%88%A4%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公平審判權（页面不存在）">公平審判</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E3%80%81%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="经济、社会及文化权利国际公约">家庭生活</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%81%E6%9E%AA%E6%9D%83" title="持枪权">持槍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%AC%8A" title="生命權">生命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%8B%E9%A1%98%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="請願權">請願自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E7%A7%81%E6%9D%83" title="隐私权">隱私</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E8%AD%B0%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗議權（页面不存在）">抗議自由</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_protest" class="extiw" title="en:Right to protest">Right to protest</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="強制治療（页面不存在）">拒絕醫療</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" class="extiw" title="en:Involuntary treatment">Involuntary treatment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%BD%93%E9%98%B2%E5%8D%AB" title="正当防卫">正當防衛</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真相權（页面不存在）">知悉真相</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_truth" class="extiw" title="en:Right to truth">Right to truth</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E8%BA%AB%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人身安全（页面不存在）">人身安全</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_of_person" class="extiw" title="en:Security of person">Security of person</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%9D%83" title="选举权">參與選舉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BE%E5%81%A5%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" title="聾健司法平等">聾健司法平等</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E3%80%81%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9" title="经济、社会和文化权利">經濟、社會與文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" title="數位權利">數位權利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%B7%A5%E5%90%8C%E9%85%AC" title="同工同酬">同工同酬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E9%85%AC" title="報酬">公平報酬</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工人權利（页面不存在）">工人權利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_rights" class="extiw" title="en:Labor rights">Labor rights</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E6%AC%8A" title="最低生活保障權">最低生活保障</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E7%9D%80%E6%9D%83" title="穿着权">穿著</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發展權（页面不存在）">發展</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_development" class="extiw" title="en:Right to development">Right to development</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%9D%83" title="受教育权">接受教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%AC%8A" title="食物權">食物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%9D%83" title="健康权">健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%AC%8A" title="健康環境權">健康環境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E6%88%BF%E6%9D%83" title="住房权">住房</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2%E6%AC%8A" title="訪問互聯網權">訪問互聯網</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A2%E6%AC%8A" title="財產權">財產</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%9C%BE%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87" title="公眾參與">公眾參與</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%94%E8%BE%AF%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="答辯權（页面不存在）">答辯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_reply" class="extiw" title="en:Right of reply">Right of reply</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%91%E6%81%AF%E5%8F%8A%E4%BC%91%E9%96%92%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="休息及休閒權（页面不存在）">休息及休閒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" class="extiw" title="en:Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回歸權（页面不存在）">回歸原籍</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_return" class="extiw" title="en:Right of return">Right of return</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學與文化權（页面不存在）">科學與文化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會保障權（页面不存在）">社會保障</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="extiw" title="en:Right to social security">Right to social security</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8A%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E8%A8%AD%E6%96%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="享有水及衛生設施人權（页面不存在）">飲用水及衛生設施</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" class="extiw" title="en:Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工作權（页面不存在）">工作</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_work" class="extiw" title="en:Right to work">Right to work</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A" title="工会">工會成員</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%8F%8A%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" title="性與生殖健康及權利">性</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E6%9D%83" title="生育权">生育</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A7" title="人工流产">墮胎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2" title="计划生育">计划生育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%8B%E5%89%B2%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%99%A8" title="残割女性生殖器">免於非自願殘割女性生殖器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="雙性人人權">雙性人人權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0LGBT%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" title="各地LGBT權利">LGBT權利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="生殖健康">生殖健康</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性權利（页面不存在）">性權利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" class="extiw" title="en:Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">暴力衝突</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%BD%9A" title="体罚">体罚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E7%BD%AA" title="危害人类罪">危害人類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="种族灭绝">种族灭绝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%BD%AA" title="战争罪">戰爭犯罪</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link 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