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searchaux" style="display:none">Welsh orchestral conductor and composer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Welsh composer and conductor Arwel Hughes, who died in 1988. For his son, also a conductor, see <a href="/wiki/Owain_Arwel_Hughes" title="Owain Arwel Hughes">Owain Arwel Hughes</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arwel_Hughes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Arwel_Hughes.png/200px-Arwel_Hughes.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Arwel_Hughes.png 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Arwel Hughes</b> OBE (25 August 1909 – 23 September 1988) was a <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> orchestral <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwel_Hughes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hughes was born in <a href="/wiki/Rhosllannerchrugog" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhosllannerchrugog">Rhosllannerchrugog</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a> and was educated at <a href="/wiki/Ruabon_Grammar_School" title="Ruabon Grammar School">Ruabon Grammar School</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a>, where he studied with <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._H._Kitson" class="mw-redirect" title="C. H. Kitson">C. H. Kitson</a>. Following his studies at the RCM he became <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organist</a> at the church of St Philip and St James, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, and in 1935 returned to Wales to join the staff of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s music department under <a href="/wiki/Mansel_Thomas" title="Mansel Thomas">Mansel Thomas</a>. His duties included a great deal of conducting, and he used his position to champion the music of compatriots such as <a href="/wiki/Grace_Williams" title="Grace Williams">Grace Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Wynne_(composer)" title="David Wynne (composer)">David Wynne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alun_Hoddinott" title="Alun Hoddinott">Alun Hoddinott</a>; arguably to the detriment of his own musical legacy as a composer, though as a part of his role he was also called upon to compose, arrange and orchestrate music for live radio broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-biog_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hughes became Head of Music at <a href="/wiki/BBC_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Wales">BBC Wales</a> in 1965, holding the post until his retirement in 1971. He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a> in 1969 for his services to Welsh music and for organising the music for the Investiture of <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, in the same year. From 1978 until 1986 he was Honorary Music Director of the <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Eisteddfod" class="mw-redirect" title="International Eisteddfod">International Eisteddfod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biog_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hughes married Enid Thomas in 1940. There were two sons, Ieuan and <a href="/wiki/Owain_Arwel_Hughes" title="Owain Arwel Hughes">Owain</a> (the orchestral conductor), and a daughter, Delun.<sup id="cite_ref-biog_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grandson Meuryn Hughes runs Aureus Publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwel_Hughes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hughes' conducting and other professional duties left relatively little time for composing and considering the length of his career in music his output as a composer was comparatively small. </p><p>His romantic, lyrical musical language is conservative, even anachronistic in the wider context of twentieth-century British music, though relatively unusual for a Welsh composer. Hughes drew inspiration from Welsh <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature" title="Welsh literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh history">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_folklore" title="Welsh folklore">folk culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Welsh religious tradition</a>: much of his <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">program music</a> draws in some way from these sources. His approach to this source material is firmly in the wider <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">romantic</a> tradition and not necessarily any different to that of composers of other nationalities to their own cultural contexts, it does provide a distinctly Welsh character to Hughes' music which can be seen in the (otherwise very different) music of his rough contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Grace_Williams" title="Grace Williams">Grace Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(composer)" title="Daniel Jones (composer)">Daniel Jones</a>. </p><p>His main legacy as a composer are perhaps his works for chorus and orchestra, including the large-scale <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a>, <i>Dewi Sant</i> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a>), commissioned for the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a> in 1951<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Pantycelyn</i>, performed at the National Eisteddfod in Swansea in 1964. These exemplify his imagination and technical competence, combining the early twentieth century British tradition with his original harmonic language. The earlier <i>Gweddi</i> (A Prayer) is a shorter choral work, characteristically melodic. </p><p>For many years Arwel Hughes conducted performances by the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera" title="Welsh National Opera">Welsh National Opera</a>, and his own two <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menna_(opera)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menna (opera) (page does not exist)"><i>Menna</i></a>, to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Llewelyn_Wyn_Griffith" title="Llewelyn Wyn Griffith"> Wyn Griffith</a>, a tragedy based on a Welsh folk legend; and <i>Serch yw’r Doctor</i> ("Love’s the Doctor"), a comedy adapted by <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Lewis" title="Saunders Lewis">Saunders Lewis</a> from <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>'s <a href="/wiki/L%27Amour_m%C3%A9decin" title="L'Amour médecin">L'Amour médecin</a>, were produced by WNO in 1953 and 1960 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These works played an important role in the development of opera in Wales, and demonstrate Hughes' lyricism and melodic originality. </p><p>Hughes' orchestral writing includes a <i>Fantasia for Strings</i> which has received many performances. From the 1940s onwards, he produced a stream of works for orchestra including <i>Suite for Orchestra</i>, <i>Prelude for Orchestra</i> (dedicated to the Youth of Wales), <i>Anatiomaros</i>, and a symphony. There are a quantity of songs and <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, including three string quartets, which have been recorded by the Maggini Quartet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also many arrangements of folk songs and some incidental music for radio and television. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_works">Principal works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwel_Hughes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Principal works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwel_Hughes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Menna</i> (1950–51), libretto by Wyn Griffith (first performance 1953 at the <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Gardens_Pavilion" title="Sophia Gardens Pavilion">Sophia Gardens Pavilion</a> Cardiff by <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera" title="Welsh National Opera">Welsh National Opera</a> with Richard Lewis and Edith Osler)</li> <li><i>Serch yw'r doctor</i> (Love's the doctor), libretto by Saunders Lewis, after Molière's <i>L'Amour médecin</i> (first performance 1960 at the Sophia Gardens Pavilion Cardiff by Welsh National Opera)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchestral">Orchestral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwel_Hughes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orchestral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Fantasia</i>, strings, 1936</li> <li><i>Anatiomaros</i>, 1943</li> <li><i>Prelude for Orchestra</i>, 1945</li> <li><i>Suite</i>, 1947</li> <li><i>Symphony</i>, 1971</li> <li><i>Legend: <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a></i>, 1979</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choral">Choral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwel_Hughes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Choral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Tydi a Roddaist</i> (<a href="/wiki/T._Rowland_Hughes" title="T. Rowland Hughes">T. Rowland Hughes</a>), chorus, piano, also arranged for female chorus, male chorus with orchestra, 1938</li> <li><i>Gweddi</i> (A Prayer) (liturgical text), S, chorus, strings (alternative version with full orchestra), 1944</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewi_Sant_(oratorio)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewi Sant (oratorio) (page does not exist)">Dewi Sant</a></i> (Saint David) (A. T. Davies), oratorio, S, T, B, chorus, orchestra, 1950</li> <li><i>Pantycelyn</i> (text arr. A. T. Davies), oratorio, S, T, B, chorus, orchestra, 1963</li> <li><i>Saint Francis</i> (masque, G. James), S, T, narrator, chorus, orchestra 1965</li> <li><i>Mab y Dyn</i> (Son of Man) (cantata, biblical text), S, chorus, organ, 1967</li> <li><i>The Beatitudes</i> (biblical text) S, (T) TTBB, organ</li> <li><i>In memoriam</i> (Psalm 121), chorus, organ, 1969</li> <li><i>Psalm 148</i>, male chorus, 1970</li> <li><i>Mass for Celebration</i>, S, A, male chorus, orchestra without woodwind, 1977</li> <li><i>Gloria Patri</i>, SATB, orchestra, 1986</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chamber">Chamber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwel_Hughes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chamber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>String Quartet No 1 (1948)</li> <li>String Quartet No 2 (1976)</li> <li>String Quartet No 3 (1983)</li> <li>Unfinished quartet 1932</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwel_Hughes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-biog-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biog_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biog_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biog_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biog_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biography.wales/article/s10-HUGH-ARW-1909">Rhidian Griffiths. 'Arwel Hughes', in <i>Dictionary of Welsh Biography</i> (2014)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aureus Publishing website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chandos.net/products/catalogue/CHAN%208890">Recorded (in English) on Chandos CD 8890 (1990)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicwebinternational.com/2024/02/hughes-dewi-sant-rubicon/">Recorded (in Welsh) on Rubicon RCD1100 (2023)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://operadata.stanford.edu/catalog/10114787">"Menna"</a>. <i>Opening Night! Opera & Oratorio Premieres</i>. Stanford University Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opening+Night%21+Opera+%26+Oratorio+Premieres&rft.atitle=Menna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foperadata.stanford.edu%2Fcatalog%2F10114787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwel+Hughes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://operadata.stanford.edu/catalog/10114788">"Serch yw'r Doctor (Love's the Doctor)"</a>. <i>Opening Night! Opera & Oratorio Premieres</i>. Stanford University Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opening+Night%21+Opera+%26+Oratorio+Premieres&rft.atitle=Serch+yw%27r+Doctor+%28Love%27s+the+Doctor%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foperadata.stanford.edu%2Fcatalog%2F10114788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwel+Hughes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicwebinternational.com/2023/08/hughes-string-quartets-meridian/">Arwel Hughes: String Quartets 1,2 and 3. Meridian CDE84664 (2023), reviewed at <i>MusicWeb International</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arwel_Hughes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arwelhughes.com">"Official Website of Arwel Hughes, Composer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Website+of+Arwel+Hughes%2C+Composer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arwelhughes.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArwel+Hughes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081598198">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79748762">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhFM6jmCM7vwgm4x83cP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/134722981">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91086949">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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