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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sexual violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Conflict </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conflict subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-May_2020_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_2020_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 May 2020 attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_2020_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_G9_Alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_G9_Alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Formation of G9 Alliance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_G9_Alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Escalation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ousting_of_Ariel_Henry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ousting_of_Ariel_Henry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Ousting of Ariel Henry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ousting_of_Ariel_Henry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multinational_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multinational_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Multinational intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multinational_intervention-sublist" 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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" > 9 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CF%8A%CF%84%CE%AE" title="Πόλεμος συμμοριών στην Αϊτή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος συμμοριών στην Αϊτή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_pandillas_en_Hait%C3%AD" title="Guerra de pandillas en Haití – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de pandillas en Haití" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جنگ باندهای تهبکار در هائیتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ باندهای تهبکار در هائیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_des_gangs_en_Ha%C3%AFti" title="Guerre des gangs en Haïti – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre des gangs en Haïti" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%ED%8B%B0_%EA%B0%B1%EB%8B%A8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="아이티 갱단 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이티 갱단 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_geng_di_Haiti" title="Perang geng di Haiti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang geng di Haiti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C3%A8_gang_ann_Ayiti" title="Lagè gang ann Ayiti – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lagè gang ann Ayiti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_gangues_no_Haiti" title="Guerra de gangues no Haiti – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de gangues no Haiti" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%AE%E6%B4%BE%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="海地帮派战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海地帮派战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Gang war in Haiti</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Haiti" title="Crime in Haiti">crime in Haiti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">Haitian crisis (2018–present)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gang_war_in_Haiti.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gang_war_in_Haiti.svg/300px-Gang_war_in_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gang_war_in_Haiti.svg/450px-Gang_war_in_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gang_war_in_Haiti.svg/600px-Gang_war_in_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1057" /></a> Clashes between 2023–2024 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Areas of <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang</a> activity</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>24 May 2020 – present<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERNDDH20208-10">[10]</a> (4 years, 6 months and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Henry" title="Ariel Henry">Ariel Henry</a> resigns as Prime Minister on April 24, 2024<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_Conille" title="Garry Conille">Garry Conille</a> installed as new Prime Minister of Haiti on June 3, 2024<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Garry Conille removed as Prime Minister and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Alix_Didier_Fils-Aim%C3%A9" title="Alix Didier Fils-Aimé">Alix Didier Fils-Aimé</a> on November 10, 2024<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Major gangs: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Forces_of_the_G9_Family_and_Allies" title="Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies">Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-P%C3%A8p&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-Pèp (page does not exist)">G-Pèp</a> alliance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/400_Mawozo" title="400 Mawozo">400 Mawozo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran_Grif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran Grif (page does not exist)">Gran Grif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Mechan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Mechan (page does not exist)">Chen Mechan</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> Protesters, <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a> groups, and other armed factions <ul><li>Bwa kale vigilantes<a href="#cite_note-dyer-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigade_for_the_Security_of_Protected_Areas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigade for the Security of Protected Areas (page does not exist)">Brigade for the Security of Protected Areas</a><a href="#cite_note-times01-2">[2]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Haitian security forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_National_Police" title="Haitian National Police">Haitian National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Armed Forces">Haitian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Security_Support_Mission_in_Haiti" title="Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti">MSSMH</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><a href="#cite_note-Kenya-3">[3]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica-4">[4]</a></li></ul> Support: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-United_States-7">[7]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ch%C3%A9rizier" title="Jimmy Chérizier">Jimmy Chérizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Ti_Greg" title="Ti Greg">Ti Greg</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> Gabriel Jean-Pierre <a href="/wiki/Vitel%27Homme_Innocent" title="Vitel'Homme Innocent">Vitel'Homme Innocent</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Philippe" title="Guy Philippe">Guy Philippe</a><a href="#cite_note-phillippe_demand2-16">[16]</a> Jeantel Joseph<a href="#cite_note-times01-2">[2]</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Jovenel Moïse">Jovenel Moïse</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Assassination of Jovenel Moïse">X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Henry" title="Ariel Henry">Ariel Henry</a> <a href="/wiki/Garry_Conille" title="Garry Conille">Garry Conille</a> Frantz Elbé<a href="#cite_note-Normil-17">[17]</a> Rameau Normil<a href="#cite_note-Normil-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jodel_Lesage" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodel Lesage">Jodel Lesage</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Derby_Guerrier" title="Derby Guerrier">Derby Guerrier</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~12,000 gang members<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <ul><li>Bwa Kale Unknown</li> <li>~6,000 BSAP members<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <li>~9,000 Haitian police officers<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li>~1,500 Haitian soldiers<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li>600 Kenyan police officers<a href="#cite_note-Kenya-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-second-24">[24]</a></li> <li>24 Jamaican security personnel<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica-4">[4]</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gang war in Haiti</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">Haitian crisis (2018–present)</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gang war in Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ch%C3%A9rizier" title="Jimmy Chérizier">Jimmy Chérizier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vitel%27Homme_Innocent" title="Vitel'Homme Innocent">Vitel'Homme Innocent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Security_Support_Mission_in_Haiti" title="Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti">Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Battles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plaine_du_Cul-de-Sac" title="Battle of Plaine du Cul-de-Sac">Plaine du Cul-de-Sac</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Port-au-Prince_gang_battles" title="2022 Port-au-Prince gang battles">Port-au-Prince</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Attacks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_La_Saline_massacre" title="2018 La Saline massacre">La Saline massacre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bel_Air_massacre" title="Bel Air massacre">Bel Air massacre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Assassination of Jovenel Moïse">Assassination of Jovenel Moïse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/400_Mawozo#2021_kidnappings" title="400 Mawozo">Missionary kidnappings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Cabaret_attack" title="2022 Cabaret attack">Cabaret attack</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/January_2023_Port-au-Prince_police_killings" title="January 2023 Port-au-Prince police killings">Police killings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Haitian_jailbreak" title="2024 Haitian jailbreak">Jailbreak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pont-Sond%C3%A9_attack" title="2024 Pont-Sondé attack">Pont-Sondé</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Template:Campaignbox Gang war in Haiti"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Campaignbox_Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Gang war in Haiti (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Gang war in Haiti"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> Since 2020, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>'s capital <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> has been the site of an ongoing gang war. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Haiti" title="Government of Haiti">government of Haiti</a> and Haitian security forces have struggled to maintain their control of Port-au-Prince amid this conflict,<a href="#cite_note-dyer-1">[1]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a> reportedly controlling up to 90% of the city by 2023.<a href="#cite_note-pih-25">[25]</a> In response to the escalating gang fighting, an armed <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a> movement, known as bwa kale, also emerged, with the purpose of fighting the gangs.<a href="#cite_note-dyer-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-26">[26]</a> On 2 October 2023, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2699" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2699">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2699</a> was approved, authorizing a <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>-led "<a href="/wiki/Multinational_Security_Support_Mission_in_Haiti" title="Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti">multinational security support mission</a>" to Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[27]</a> Until 2024, the war was between two major groups and their allies: the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Forces_of_the_G9_Family_and_Allies" title="Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies">Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies</a> (FRG9 or G9) and the G-Pep.<a href="#cite_note-Da_Rin-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-dyer-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-rivers-29">[29]</a> However, in February 2024 the two rival gangs formed a coalition opposing the government and the UN mission.<a href="#cite_note-how1-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-carte-31">[31]</a> In March 2024, gang violence spread throughout Port-au-Prince with the goal of obtaining the resignation of unelected acting prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Henry" title="Ariel Henry">Ariel Henry</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/2024_Haitian_jailbreak" title="2024 Haitian jailbreak">the storming of two prisons</a> and the release of thousands of prisoners. These attacks and subsequent attacks on various government institutions led the Haitian government to declare a state of emergency and impose a curfew.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Henry ultimately resigned and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Garry_Conille" title="Garry Conille">Garry Conille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">Haitian crisis (2018–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_136_papa_doc_haiti_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7-cropd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/PikiWiki_Israel_136_papa_doc_haiti_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7-cropd.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>The widespread activity of non-state armed groups in Haiti dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" title="Duvalier dynasty">Duvalier dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">François Duvalier</a> pictured in 1963). </figcaption></figure> Since the 1950s, non-state armed groups have been firmly established in Haiti. This process began with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Tonton_Macoute" title="Tonton Macoute">Tonton Macoute</a> paramilitaries by the <a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" title="Duvalier dynasty">dictatorship</a> led by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">president</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">François Duvalier</a>, used to violently suppress dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20225-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Da_Rin-28">[28]</a> After the dictatorship ended with the removal of president <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">Jean-Claude Duvalier</a> (François' son) from power in 1986, non-state violence continued. The Tonton Macoute were disbanded, but never disarmed and thus reorganized as far-right vigilantes. Haitian political actors continued to employ armed groups to defend their interests, manipulate elections and suppress public unrest. In 1994, President <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> outlawed pro-Duvalier armed groups and disbanded the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Haitian Army</a>, but that did not solve the issue, as again, there was no disarmament. Thus, ex-soldiers and ex-militiamen further swelled the ranks of unofficial militant factions. From 1994 to 2004, a de facto anti-Arisitide insurgency took place in Port-au-Prince, as ex-soldiers attacked the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20225-34">[34]</a> In response to the chaos, youth set up self-defense groups, called chimères,<a href="#cite_note-Da_Rin-28">[28]</a> which were supported by the police and the government to shore up its position. Receiving de facto state support from Aristide's <a href="/wiki/Fanmi_Lavalas" title="Fanmi Lavalas">Fanmi Lavalas</a> party, the youth gangs took control of entire communes and became increasingly independent-minded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20225–6-35">[35]</a> U.S. diplomat <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lewis_Foote" title="Daniel Lewis Foote">Daniel Lewis Foote</a> argued, "Aristide started [the gangs] on purpose in the early 1980s, as a voice, as a way to get some power [for ordinary Haitians], [...] and they morphed over the years."<a href="#cite_note-Ioanes-36">[36]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a>, younger and more ruthless gangs overcame the dominance of older more politically-aligned gangs. The armed youth groups grew increasingly powerful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20226-37">[37]</a> The earthquake also resulted in the mass breakout of criminals from damaged prisons in Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-Ioanes-36">[36]</a> According to Sabine Lamour, the protection of politicians accused of rape and abuse during <a href="/wiki/Michel_Martelly" title="Michel Martelly">Michel Martelly</a>'s administration (2011-2016) was a mirror of the culture of toxic masculinity and misogyny in the street gangs, whose members embodied the "Legal Bandit" he celebrated in his 2008 album Bandi Légal.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/MINUSTAH" class="mw-redirect" title="MINUSTAH">MINUSTAH</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> peacekeeping operation in Haiti started after the end of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">2004 coup d'état</a>, failed to contain the unrest and committed abuses of its own.<a href="#cite_note-Ioanes-36">[36]</a> Since the end of the MINUSTAH in October 2017, there has been an increase in the amount of gang-related violence, as well as an increase in the amount of gang-related violence against civilians, notably the <a href="/wiki/2018_Port-au-Prince_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Port-au-Prince massacre">2018 Port-au-Prince massacre</a>, in which 25 civilians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-MiamiNov-40">[40]</a> From 2017 to 2021, Haiti's political leadership became embroiled in a crisis, and the Haitian Parliament entered a deadlock, public administration gradually ceased to operate by a lack of funding, and the judicial system effectively fell apart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20223–4-41">[41]</a> Scheduled <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Haiti" title="Elections in Haiti">elections</a> were repeatedly postponed. The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">economy of Haiti</a> suffered under the repeated natural disasters and the growing unrest, which further contributed to the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-jazeera-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> journalist Ellen Ioanes summarized that "Haiti has faced serious and compounding crises, including a devastating 2010 earthquake, floods, cholera outbreaks, hurricanes, and corrupt, dictatorial, and incompetent leaders".<a href="#cite_note-Ioanes-36">[36]</a> Gangs stepped into the power vacuum, seizing political power through co-operative politicians and economic control through protection rackets, kidnappings and murders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20223–4-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Known_gangs">Known gangs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Known gangs">edit</a>]</div> By 2022, researchers estimated that about 200 gangs operated across Haiti. Of these, half were located in Port-au-Prince. The more influential gangs control large swathes of territory, including entire municipalities and communes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20226-37">[37]</a> <ul><li>"G9 alliance",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202219-43">[43]</a> officially Fòs Revolisyonè G9 an Fanmi e Alye (Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and allies):<a href="#cite_note-auto1-44">[44]</a> It was founded and is led by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ch%C3%A9rizier" title="Jimmy Chérizier">Jimmy Chérizier</a>, nicknamed Barbecue, an ex-police officer.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202217-45">[45]</a> G9 is based in the capital's communes of <a href="/wiki/Delmas,_Haiti" title="Delmas, Haiti">Delmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tion-Ville" title="Pétion-Ville">Pétion-Ville</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Carrefour,_Haiti" title="Carrefour, Haiti">Carrefour</a>. The G9 alliance includes many former soldiers and policemen in its ranks and was long connected to the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_T%C3%A8t_Kale_Party" title="Haitian Tèt Kale Party">PHTK</a> party until distancing itself after <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Henry" title="Ariel Henry">Ariel Henry</a> became president. The G9 now describes itself as a revolutionary organization,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202216-46">[46]</a> and has begun to create a nation-wide alliance network dubbed "G20".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202217-45">[45]</a> <ul><li>Delmas 6 Gang: Personal gang of Chérizier, overall head of G9.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202217-45">[45]</a> The gang was already operating while Chérizier was still an active police officer, signifying the gang's strong links to the Haitian security forces.<a href="#cite_note-Da_Rin-28">[28]</a></li> <li>"Baz Pilate": One of the capital's most important gangs, mainly consisting of ex-<a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> elite police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202218-47">[47]</a></li> <li>Baz Krache Dife<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202217-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Nan Ti Bwa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202217-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Simon Pelé's gang<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202217-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Baz Nan Chabon, Waf Jérémie<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202217-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Nan Boston,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202217-45">[45]</a> also called "Boston gang"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEACLED20232-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Belekou gang<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202217-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEACLED20232-48">[48]</a></li></ul></li> <li>"G-Pep": This gang alliance was formed in direct response to G9. It was organized by the Nan Brooklyn gang and its head Jean Pierre Gabriel (alias "Ti Gabriel"). The G-Pep is believed to be connected to Haitian opposition parties and/or "a well-known Haitian businessman". It is centered on Port-au-Prince's <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_Soleil" title="Cité Soleil">Cité Soleil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202218-47">[47]</a> <ul><li>Nan Brooklyn gang,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202218-47">[47]</a> also called "Brooklyn gang"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEACLED20232-48">[48]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/400_Mawozo" title="400 Mawozo">400 Mawozo</a>": The largest gang in Haiti, mainly based in Croix-des-Bouquets, <a href="/wiki/Ganthier" title="Ganthier">Ganthier</a> and in Port-au-Prince's <a href="/wiki/Tabarre" title="Tabarre">Tabarre</a> and Pétion-Ville. It has branches in <a href="/wiki/Gros-Morne,_Haiti" title="Gros-Morne, Haiti">Gros-Morne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and has a waiting list for aspiring members. It largely consists of deportees, former leaders of opposition groups, former smugglers and police officers. In 2022, it aligned itself with "G-Pep" after its leader was extradited to the United States from a Haitian prison on gun smuggling charges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20224,_17–18-49">[49]</a> It came to international attention due to the kidnapping of 17 U.S. missionaries, but has also been involved in extortion rackets, road hijackings, smuggling contraband, and the traffic of arms, drugs, and people along the border with the Dominican Republic.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li></ul></li> <li>"Grand Ravine" and "5 Second": Two youth gangs based in Port-au-Prince's Martissant; mainly consists of vigilantes and "popular organizations" previously connected to Fanmi Lavalas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202218-47">[47]</a></li> <li>"Baz Galil": Based outside the capital, it mainly consists of deportees from the United States and is closely connected to the PHTK, various government agencies and other gangs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202219-43">[43]</a></li> <li>"Titanyen gang": Operates in <a href="/wiki/Cabaret,_Haiti" title="Cabaret, Haiti">Cabaret</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEACLED20232-48">[48]</a></li> <li>"Base 5 Secondes": Operates in Village de Dieu.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li>"Canaan gang": Operates in Cabaret.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEACLED20232-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_violence">Sexual violence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sexual violence">edit</a>]</div> In December 2023, the US sanctioned four gang leaders, one of whom, Johnson André, leads the 5 Segond gang, which the US Treasury Department identified as being responsible for over 1,000 cases of sexual violence in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-sexual_violence-52">[52]</a> Rape, which only became a criminal offense in Haiti in 2005, is being used by gangs as a means of humiliating those living in rival gang neighborhoods. Abortion is illegal in Haiti, so rape victims are legally required to carry any resulting pregnancy to term.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict">Conflict</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflict">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_2020_attacks">May 2020 attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: May 2020 attacks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_Jovenel_Moise_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Inauguration_of_Jovenel_Moise_06.jpg/220px-Inauguration_of_Jovenel_Moise_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Inauguration_of_Jovenel_Moise_06.jpg/330px-Inauguration_of_Jovenel_Moise_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Inauguration_of_Jovenel_Moise_06.jpg/440px-Inauguration_of_Jovenel_Moise_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Observers generally believed that the G9 alliance was supported by <a href="/wiki/Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Jovenel Moïse">Jovenel Moïse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_T%C3%A8t_Kale_Party" title="Haitian Tèt Kale Party">PHTK</a> party<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202213-54">[54]</a> (banner celebrating Moise's inauguration pictured). </figcaption></figure> In May 2020, a coalition of eleven gangs (Delmas 19 gang, Delmas 6 gang, Delmas 95 gang, Nan Barozi gang, Nan Belekou gang, Nan Boston gang, Nan Chabón gang, Nan Ti Bwa gang, Pilate Base gang, Simon Pele gang, Wharf de Jeremie gang) was founded to attack several neighborhoods in Port-au-Prince as a way to secure and expand territorial control. The same month, they attacked civilians in the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, killing 34 people.<a href="#cite_note-May_2020_UCDP-55">[55]</a> That month, Altès, the leader of an anti-government gang switched alliances to the government and gangs allied with Jimmy "Barbecue" Chérizier to assassinate another anti-government gang leader, Ernso Nicholas. Following the assassination, many pro-government gangs seized control of anti-government gang territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard202113-56">[56]</a> After the assassination, Chérizier, with assistance from other gangs, organized a meeting in Delmas 6 (a neighborhood controlled by Chérizier's gang) to plan an assault against neighborhoods in the area of <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_Soleil" title="Cité Soleil">Cité Soleil</a>, in Port-au-Prince, perceived as anti-government, including Pont Rouge, Chancerelles and Nan Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERNDDH20208-10">[10]</a> Chérizier's coalition went through with the attack beginning on 24 May. Chérizier's gang attacked civilians in Nan Tokyo, while Altès and another gang leader, Alectis, besieged Pont Rouge. The violence, not far from the General Inspectorate of the National Police of Haiti, lasted from the afternoon to the following day. Many fled the areas due to the violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard202114-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> On 25 May, a displaced persons camp housing anti-government gangs was attacked by members of the coalition, primarily the Krache Dife de Delmas 6 gang, killing two people, including a minor. 24 houses were also burnt in the raid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERNDDH20208-10">[10]</a> On 26 May, Haitian armored police vehicles positioned themselves at the entrance to Nan Brooklyn. Tear gas was subsequently fired in the area, followed by gunfire targeting civilians. Nan Brooklyn, controlled by the gang of Gabriel Jean-Pierre ("Ti Gabriel"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERNDDH20216-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERNDDH20209-60">[60]</a> was attacked again by gangs that day and the day after, killing four people, injuring twenty and setting fire to many homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard202114-57">[57]</a> Chérizier was allegedly transported to the area in a Haitian police armored vehicle, according to witnesses in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERNDDH20209-60">[60]</a> In the aftermath of the attack, many new gang leaders were installed in the territories seized, which included Chancerelles, Nan Tokyo, Nan Barozi and Delmas 2 and 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERNDDH202020-61">[61]</a> Nan Brooklyn would remain besieged until July, as the siege culminated in a massacre that resulted in the death of 145.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERNDDH20216-59">[59]</a> By the end of the month, the coalition had been dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-May_2020_UCDP-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_G9_Alliance">Formation of G9 Alliance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Formation of G9 Alliance">edit</a>]</div> After those attacks, in a video on YouTube, another coalition of nine gangs was announced to be founded in Port-au-Prince in June 2020, which became the "G9 Alliance" led by Chérizier.<a href="#cite_note-Da_Rin-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-44">[44]</a> All of the member gangs had previous links to the ruling PHTK party of President <a href="/wiki/Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Jovenel Moïse">Jovenel Moïse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker202213-54">[54]</a> The coalition is led by Jimmy Chérizier. Since the coalition was founded, it has been responsible for multiple massacres against civilians and clashes with other rival gangs. From 2020 to 2021, the G9 was responsible for a dozen massacres, in which at least 200 people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-44">[44]</a> The G9 was believed to have had close ties to the government of Moïse, which was accused of large-scale corruption. The coalition members frequently evaded prosecution after the massacres and the clashes. Chérizier stood out in that regard because despite the arrest warrants against him, he continued to move freely and to maintain an active presence on social media with no effective attempts by Haitian government forces to arrest him. The G9 also began attacking neighborhoods in which civilians protested against the president and started clashes against rival gangs with the support of the police.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In response to the growing dominance of G9, a rival gang alliance, called "G-Pep", was founded<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20227-63">[63]</a> in July 2020. It consisted of mainly those gangs in Port-au-Prince's Cité Soleil who were strongly opposed to joining G9.<a href="#cite_note-Da_Rin-28">[28]</a> G-Pep was suspected of connection to various opposition parties, and is funded by the Haitian business magnate Réginald Boulos,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and so opposed G9 and its ties to Moïse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20224-65">[65]</a> In the following months, both gang alliances began to expand beyond their initial areas of operation.<a href="#cite_note-Da_Rin-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalation">Escalation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Escalation">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Assassination of Jovenel Moïse">assassination of Jovenel Moïse</a>, on 7 July 2021, the G9 started to help the government in the manhunt against the 28 foreign perpetrators. After the assassination, <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Henry" title="Ariel Henry">Ariel Henry</a>, who some believe to be linked to the killing, became acting prime minister of Haiti. That was followed by an increase in violence,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> as the gangs exploited the government's weakness.<a href="#cite_note-Da_Rin-28">[28]</a> On 12 May 2021, during a clash with G-Pep, Chérizier was reported to be wounded.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> After the death of his suspected ally Moïse, G9 leader Jimmy Chérizier increasingly voiced political ambitions and began to openly oppose the Haitian government of Henry. On 17 October 2021, G9 forced President Henry to flee an official commemoration event, then began a month-long blockade of the country's largest oil terminal. Though G9 initially declared that it would lift the blockade only if the government resigned, Henry refused to step down; instead, both sides eventually agreed to a secret deal, and G9 retreated from the oil terminal.<a href="#cite_note-Da_Rin-28">[28]</a> In general, Henry held only limited power, and the U.S. diplomat <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lewis_Foote" title="Daniel Lewis Foote">Daniel Lewis Foote</a> described the Haitian President as "kind of a clown. [The gangs] in several instances have made him pay them a bunch of money in order for him to attend an event or hold a ceremony — and then they won't let him do it."<a href="#cite_note-Ioanes-36">[36]</a> By 2022, most gangs in the capital had aligned themselves with either G9 or G-Pep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20226-37">[37]</a> From April to May, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plaine_du_Cul-de-Sac" title="Battle of Plaine du Cul-de-Sac">Battle of Plaine du Cul-de-Sac</a> was fought between 400 Mawozo and two other gangs, Chen Mechan and G-9 An Fanmi e Alye; the fighting caused about 200 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In May 2022, the powerful 400 Mawozo gang aligned itself with G-Pep, greatly improving the latter's position in the gang war and causing a further escalation of violence.<a href="#cite_note-Da_Rin-28">[28]</a> On 10 June, the 5 Seconds Village de Dieu gang captured the Court of First Instance of Port-au-Prince.<a href="#cite_note-Da_Rin-28">[28]</a> On 8 and 9 July 2022, the violence between the two gangs increased after the start of <a href="/wiki/2022_Port-au-Prince_gang_battles" title="2022 Port-au-Prince gang battles">street battles in Port-au Prince</a> that killed 89 people and injured 74.<a href="#cite_note-auto-69">[69]</a> The battle caused the nearby Varreux field terminal, the country's largest fuel depot, to pause operations and led to a drastic shortage in fuel as two fuel tankers were unable to be unloaded. <a href="/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors Without Borders">Doctors Without Borders</a> has stated that the organization has been unable to access the slum because of the violence.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[70]</a> In September, amid the increase of the price of the fuel for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Haitian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Haitian crisis">socioeconomic crisis</a>, the G9 began a blockade of the Varreux fuel terminal. On 6 November, after two weeks of negotiations with the Haitian government and after an armed offensive launched by the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_National_Police" title="Haitian National Police">Haitian National Police</a>, the G9 gang coalition relinquished control of the Varreux fuel terminal.<a href="#cite_note-Dupain_&_Alam_2022-71">[71]</a> From late 2022, an anti-gang bwa kale vigilante movement emerged to attack and kill any gang members. The vigilantes often burned captured gang members alive.<a href="#cite_note-dyer-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-26">[26]</a> The vigilantes also turned against regular security forces and murdered at least one police officer who had no known gang connections. The gangs responded to the growth of the vigilante groups with counter-attacks that killed community leaders who expressed support for self-defense actions.<a href="#cite_note-jazeera-42">[42]</a> In January 2023, 18 police officers <a href="/wiki/January_2023_Port-au-Prince_police_killings" title="January 2023 Port-au-Prince police killings">were murdered</a> in Port-au-Prince by the Gan Grif gang. This prompted riots organized by the police as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantom_509&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantom 509 (page does not exist)">Fantom 509</a>, a police-allied gang.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> By March 2023, Haitian officials speculated that up to 90% of the capital was controlled by gangs.<a href="#cite_note-pih-25">[25]</a> In April 2023, three gangs, namely Titanyen, Base 5 Secondes and Canaan, conducted an "offensive" in the Cabaret commune, outside Port-au-Prince, in an attempt to break a blockade imposed by local self-defense groups. At least 100 people were killed in the fighting. On 14 April, another battle erupted in Port-au-Prince's Cité Soleil between G-Pep's Nan Brooklyn gang and G9's Belekou and Boston gangs. The clash lasted six days and resulted in at least 70 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEACLED20232-48">[48]</a> Lynchings of gang members by vigilantes grew in frequency: 30 lynchings were reported in May, double the number in April, which killed 150 people.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tion-Ville" title="Pétion-Ville">Pétion-Ville</a>, checkpoints were established by residents and identity checks on strangers ran to identify gang members,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> while machetes were also distributed in the capital in an effort to curb the gang violence.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In response to the growth of the bwa kale movement, President Ariel Henry asked that the initiators of the movement "calm down" and hand over suspected bandits and gang members to the police.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> By mid-2023, the gang war between G9 and G-Pep continued unabated,<a href="#cite_note-rivers-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-dyer-1">[1]</a> and the resistance by anti-gang vigilantes also grew in scope. Thousands of people were displaced by the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-jazeera-42">[42]</a> The severity of the ongoing gang war in Haiti has led to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> authorizing a one-year deployment of an international force led by Kenya to help the Haitian government deal with the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[27]</a> Chérizier declared that G9 would resist if an international intervention force committed "human rights abuses" and claimed that it would "be a fight of the Haitian people to save the dignity of our country."<a href="#cite_note-jazeera-42">[42]</a> On 1 November, the Grand Ravine gang, led by Ti Lapli, launched attacks against the Mariani area, killing one police officer and sparking over 2,400 civilians to leave their homes.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The gangs gained control over the National Directorate for Water and Sanitation (DINEPA)'s offices in the area, which are used to supply water to other areas in Port-au-Prince. It was believed that the occupation endangered the safety of the water supply.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> On 8 December, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Treasury Department</a> announced sanctions placed on four Haitian gang leaders, Johnson André ("Izo"), Renel Destina ("Ti Lapli"), <a href="/wiki/Vitel%27Homme_Innocent" title="Vitel'Homme Innocent">Vitel'Homme Innocent</a>, and Wilson Joseph ("Lanmò San Jou"), for human rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-sexual_violence-52">[52]</a> On 12 December, the Haitian National Police launched an operation from <a href="/wiki/Carrefour,_Haiti" title="Carrefour, Haiti">Carrefour</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> into Mariani, with an assault involving excavators resulting in the bulldozing and burning down of many houses around the market alleged to have been used by gang members. Several civilians in the area were injured in the clashes which reportedly lasted till around 3:00 PM.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In a 20 December press conference, the Haitian national police announced its intention to conduct greater police operations in Port-au-Prince to protect civilians, regulate traffic and stem gang violence during the end-of-year period. Intensified police presences would be instated throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> On 26 December, the US Embassy in Port-au-Prince went on lockdown after gunfire was heard in the area.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In a 2023 UN report Robert Muggah estimated there could be as many as half a million weapons in the country. When interviewed in 2024, he said that over 80 percent of those traced by the <a href="/wiki/ATF" class="mw-redirect" title="ATF">ATF</a> from 2020 and 2022 arrived from the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Kestler-85">[85]</a> A UN report issued on 15 January 2024 indicated that in the preceding year there had been 2,490 kidnappings and 4,789 reported homicides.<a href="#cite_note-Kestler-85">[85]</a> On 1 February, Joly Germine, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/400_Mawozo" title="400 Mawozo">400 Mawozo</a> gang, pleaded guilty in a U.S. federal court to smuggling arms<a href="#cite_note-Kestler-85">[85]</a> such as "<a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47s</a>, <a href="/wiki/AR-15" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15">AR-15s</a>, an <a href="/wiki/M4_carbine" title="M4 carbine">M4 carbine</a> rifle, an <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory_M1A" title="Springfield Armory M1A">M1A</a> rifle, and a .50 caliber rifle, described by the ATF as a military weapon," into Haiti, piloting the operation from a Haitian prison.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ousting_of_Ariel_Henry">Ousting of Ariel Henry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ousting of Ariel Henry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_%22Barbecue%22_Cherizier_2024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jimmy_%22Barbecue%22_Cherizier_2024.png/220px-Jimmy_%22Barbecue%22_Cherizier_2024.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jimmy_%22Barbecue%22_Cherizier_2024.png/330px-Jimmy_%22Barbecue%22_Cherizier_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jimmy_%22Barbecue%22_Cherizier_2024.png/440px-Jimmy_%22Barbecue%22_Cherizier_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ch%C3%A9rizier" title="Jimmy Chérizier">Jimmy "Barbecue" Chérizier</a> in 2024</figcaption></figure> On 29 February 2024, a wave of violence broke out while the acting prime minister traveled to <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and signed an agreement designed to circumvent the Kenyan High Court's earlier ruling declaring the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Security_Support_Mission_in_Haiti" title="Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti">UN-backed operation</a> to assist Haitian government as unconstitutional under Kenyan law.<a href="#cite_note-24-jailbreak-nairobi-guardian-87">[87]</a> Gunfire was directed at the country's main airport and many businesses in the area, with two police stations seized,<a href="#cite_note-AP_3/1-88">[88]</a> forcing businesses to close and <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Airways" title="Sunrise Airways">Sunrise Airways</a> to cease operations. On 29 February, <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> pledged troops to support the security situation in Haiti by pledging troops to the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Security_Support_Mission_in_Haiti" title="Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti">Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti</a>, with the largest being Benin's commitment of 1,500 soldiers, in addition to the agreement with Kenya providing 1,000 police officers.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-escalation-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-5-country-pledge-Reuters-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> have also pledged people to assist with the mission.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-foreignsupport-5-91">[91]</a> U.S. officials said that American troops will not be sent.<a href="#cite_note-MiamiHerald-UStroops-92">[92]</a> Gang leader <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ch%C3%A9rizier" title="Jimmy Chérizier">Jimmy Chérizier</a> released a video stating that he intended to prevent Ariel Henry from returning to Haiti with the operation.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> On 1 March, when asked if it was safe for him to return to Haiti, Henry shrugged.<a href="#cite_note-AP-4-2-94">[94]</a> Chérizier was said to have the support of other gangs as part of a coalition named "<a href="/wiki/Viv_Ansanm" class="mw-redirect" title="Viv Ansanm">Viv Ansanm</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> for "living together"); though that coalition was quick to dissolve, other gangs still launched attacks together with Chérizier's G9 gang.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Gunfire at the airport on 1 March caused damage to some aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On 2 and 3 March, armed <a href="/wiki/2024_Haitian_jailbreak" title="2024 Haitian jailbreak">gangs stormed the two largest prisons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/Croix_des_Bouquets" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix des Bouquets">Croix des Bouquets</a>, the other in Port-au-Prince,<a href="#cite_note-24-jailbreak-bbc-97">[97]</a> resulting in more than 4,700 inmates escaping.<a href="#cite_note-AP-4-2-94">[94]</a> With a force of only 9,000 at work, police were undermanned and outgunned by the gangs.<a href="#cite_note-AP_3/1-88">[88]</a> The gang leaders, including Chérizier, demanded Henry's resignation. In particular, Chérizier said his goal was to capture Haiti's police chief and government ministers and prevent Henry’s return.<a href="#cite_note-24-jailbreak-guardian-98">[98]</a> Over 12 people have been killed in the conflict,<a href="#cite_note-24-jailbreak-bbc-97">[97]</a> while the UN estimates that 15,000 people have fled the violence in Port-au-Prince.<a href="#cite_note-24-jailbreak-guardian-98">[98]</a> On 3 March, the Haitian government, under Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Michel_Patrick_Boisvert" title="Michel Patrick Boisvert">Michel Patrick Boisvert</a>, declared a 72-hour state of emergency and a nighttime curfew in an attempt to curb the violence and chaos;<a href="#cite_note-24-jailbreak-AP-99">[99]</a> the government noted "increasingly violent criminal acts" throughout Port-au-Prince, including vandalism, kidnapping and murder.<a href="#cite_note-4-Bloomberg-100">[100]</a> According to the United Nations, gangs controlled around 80% of Port-au-Prince.<a href="#cite_note-AP-4-2-94">[94]</a> On 4 March, at around 1 p.m. local time, armed gangs attacked the heavily fortified <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport" title="Toussaint Louverture International Airport">Toussaint Louverture International Airport</a>, exchanging gunfire with police and the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Armed Forces">Haitian Armed Forces</a> in an attempt to take control of the facility after rumors that Henry would return to the country,<a href="#cite_note-Airport-MiamiHerald-101">[101]</a> fueling speculation that an alliance between rival gangs was forming to overthrow the Haitian government.<a href="#cite_note-4-2-Guardian-102">[102]</a> In particular, Johnson André, the leader of the 5 Seconds gang, appeared also to be linked to the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-AP-4-2-94">[94]</a> Other riot leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Guy_Philippe" title="Guy Philippe">Guy Philippe</a>, reportedly aimed for the presidency of Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-politico-washington-103">[103]</a> Guy Philippe led the <a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">2004 coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-politico-washington-103">[103]</a> Flights were grounded as the airport was shut down, and the <a href="/wiki/Stade_Sylvio_Cator" title="Stade Sylvio Cator">Stade Sylvio Cator</a><a href="#cite_note-4-Bloomberg-100">[100]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Haiti" title="Bank of the Republic of Haiti">national bank</a><a href="#cite_note-24-jailbreak-AP-99">[99]</a> were also attacked. Other public institutions, including schools and banks, were closed.<a href="#cite_note-AP-pmreturn-104">[104]</a> On 5 March, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">United Nations Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> stated his desire for "urgent action, particularly in providing financial support for the multinational security support mission".<a href="#cite_note-UN-support-105">[105]</a> Later that day, Henry landed at <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn_International_Airport" title="Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport">Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> in an attempt to return to Haiti to control the violence.<a href="#cite_note-AP-pmreturn-104">[104]</a> While Henry was abroad making arrangements for 1,000 Kenyan police to arrive in Haiti, fighting erupted in the capital with gangs assaulting several government buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Haiti)" title="National Palace (Haiti)">National Palace</a>. It was reported that Chérizier is leading the gang forces' assault.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In the next days, US military airlifted its embassy personnel from the country.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> also evacuated all diplomatic staff from Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> On 6 March, a police station in Bas-Peu-de-Chose was attacked and burned down by gangs.<a href="#cite_note-aj-7-109">[109]</a> The privately-owned Caribbean Port Services (CPS) terminal at the <a href="/wiki/Port_international_de_Port-au-Prince" title="Port international de Port-au-Prince">Port international de Port-au-Prince</a>, notable for its key role in providing food and supplies, was also attacked and looted, resulting in port operations being suspended indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-wp-haiti-port-110">[110]</a> On 7 March, the state of emergency in the <a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest Department</a>, including a nightly curfew and bans on protests, was extended from three days to a month (3 April).<a href="#cite_note-aj-7-109">[109]</a> On 8 March, gangs attacked two police stations near the <a href="/wiki/Haiti_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti National Palace">National Palace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CNN-policenp-111">[111]</a> as well as the palace itself,<a href="#cite_note-abc-palaceattack-112">[112]</a> and burned down the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_and_Territorial_Communities_(Haiti)" title="Ministry of Interior and Territorial Communities (Haiti)">interior ministry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-intministry-113">[113]</a> The security perimeter around Toussaint Louverture International Airport was breached by gangs, while gunfire was heard throughout Port-au-Prince.<a href="#cite_note-cooperativa-8-114">[114]</a> On 9 March, gangs attacked and occupied the headquarters of the Institute of Social Welfare in Port-au-Prince, while the government of the Dominican Republic announced plans to evacuate its officials and citizens from Port-au-Prince.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> A large counteroffensive against the gangs was launched by the Haitian police force in the later hours of the night after three more police stations were attacked and burned down, with reports coming in that multiple Haitian police cars were stolen and are now patrolling the area.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> On 10 March, the United States evacuated its nonessential staff from its embassy in Port-au-Prince via helicopter, while adding additional marine corps to the embassy to defend it.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The German embassy as well was evacuated by elements of the Dominican Republic Airforce.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The Prime Minister of Jamaica announced on 11 March that representatives from eight countries, including France, Canada, and the United States, would meet in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston, Jamaica</a>, to discuss the ongoing violence.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On 11 March, <a href="/wiki/CARICOM" class="mw-redirect" title="CARICOM">CARICOM</a> launched an emergency meeting to discuss the situation in Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Interior Cabinet Secretary <a href="/wiki/Kithure_Kindiki" title="Kithure Kindiki">Kithure Kindiki</a> of Kenya also announced that its police officers are currently in pre-deployment phase, being ready to deploy to Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> However, the police force has still not been given a date for when it will deploy, which has caused a lot of international pressure from the United States and multiple meetings between the United States and Kenya over the deployment,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> with one being held on 11 March between Kenyan President <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a>. Toussaint Louverture International Airport was closed.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Secretary Blinken later announced that the United States would offer another $100 million to the Kenyan mission in Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> On 12 March, Ariel Henry declared that he would resign amid massive pressure from the international community.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Cherfilus-McCormick" title="Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick">Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick</a>, a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">US congresswoman</a> of Haitian descent, released a press statement saying that the gang take over of Haiti posed a security threat to the United States and warned of violence spilling over to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> She also told reporters that she would be holding a meeting with Haitian leaders from <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a> to discuss the country's ongoing conflict.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> officials stated later that they are "alerted" about a potential maritime "mass migration" from Haiti. Use of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> has been considered to stop the flow of migration.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Around 1 pm ET, Kenyan President Ruto announced that the planned intervention in Haiti will be delayed due to the resignation of the Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Radio Television Caraibes moved its studio out of the capital due to gangs capturing it.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On 13 March, Ruto announced that the mission to Haiti, while paused, would still move forward.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-134">[134]</a> The United States announced a plan to contribute $40 million for the Multinational Mission in Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Florida_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Governor">Florida Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a> announced plans to deploy 250 additional soldiers to help deal with a possible crisis in Florida, including the <a href="/wiki/Florida_National_Guard" title="Florida National Guard">Florida National Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The same day a new US <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Antiterrorism_Security_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team">Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team</a> was announced to be on the way to protect the US embassy,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> personality <a href="/wiki/YourFellowArab" title="YourFellowArab">YourFellowArab</a> (Addison Pierre Maalouf) specialized in touring dangerous places was <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Addison_Maalouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnapping of Addison Maalouf">allegedly kidnapped</a> on his way to interview Jimmy Chérizier. Members of the 400 Mawozo gang demanded a ransom of $600,000 for his release. The U.S. State Department confirmed that a U.S. citizen had been kidnapped.<a href="#cite_note-NDTV-137">[137]</a> On May 16, 2024, An opposition party in Kenya files an appeal before a Nairobi court to cancel the deployment of Kenyan police officers in Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-RFI-138">[138]</a> On 19 March, <a href="/wiki/CARICOM" class="mw-redirect" title="CARICOM">CARICOM</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> officials appointed seven seats out of eight of the presidential council. The formation of the full council was delayed because of December 21 Agreement group backing the acting prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> On 21 March, one of the gang leaders, known only as Makandal, was killed by the bwa kale in Petion-Ville.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> A day later, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Julme" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Julme">Ernst Julme</a>, the leader of Delmas 95, was killed by police in the same area. Julme's death was described as a significant setback for Cherizier in his attempts to take over Port-au-Prince.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> On 25 April, Ariel Henry resigned, and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Presidential_Council" title="Transitional Presidential Council">Transitional Presidential Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Later, on 28 May, the transitional council chose <a href="/wiki/Garry_Conille" title="Garry Conille">Garry Conille</a> as the new Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-ap-new-pm-144">[144]</a> In May, in the clashes between gangs and security forces three armored vehicles of the police were destroyed and set on fire.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> On 18 June, the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> reported that more than 580,000 people have been displaced by the increased violence in Haiti since March 2024. The report also warned that since most of the people displaced have been from communities already struggling with poor social conditions, there may be more tension and violence in the coming days.<a href="#cite_note-ap-iom-report-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multinational_intervention">Multinational intervention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Multinational intervention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Security_Support_Mission_in_Haiti" title="Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti">Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti</a></div> On 26 June 2024, Kenya's first contingent of 400 elite police officers landed in Port-au-Prince’s international airport after months of delay.<a href="#cite_note-Kenya-3">[3]</a> A second Kenyan contingent consisting of 200 officers arrived on 16 July.<a href="#cite_note-second-24">[24]</a> A Jamaican contignent consisting of twenty soldiers and four policemen arrived in Haiti on 12 September.<a href="#cite_note-Jamaica-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_Viv_Ansanm">Formation of the Viv Ansanm</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Formation of the Viv Ansanm">edit</a>]</div> On 29 February 2024, the Revolutionary Forces of the G9 and Allies united with G-Pep to form the <a href="/wiki/Viv_Ansanm" class="mw-redirect" title="Viv Ansanm">Viv Ansanm</a> coalition, which means "Live Together" in Haitian Creole. This new coalition is led by Jimmy Chérizier, and together, Viv Ansanm controls around 80% of metropolitan Port-au-Prince, as well as many surrounding towns.<a href="#cite_note-how1-30">[30]</a> Chérizier describes the Viv Ansamn movement as demanding dialogue with the Conille government, and that Viv Ansanm is in opposition to the Haitian and American oligarchs holding power over Haiti. In a June 2024 interview, Chérizer spoke regarding the Kenyan police operation in Haiti, saying that the "politicians and oligarchs...[called in] assassins and mercenaries from Kenya on the pretext that they will crush the gangs and battle Viv Ansanm. They will fight. Viv Ansanm will fight. The Kenyans are protecting the interests of the American oligarchs...That’s why they brought them here."<a href="#cite_note-carte-31">[31]</a> On 22 October 2024, SOS Journalists and the Association of Haitian Journalists (AJH) released statements calling upon authorities to take measures to protect journalists threatened by the Viv Ansamm gang coalition led by Chérizier.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dyer-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dyer_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyer_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyer_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyer_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyer_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyer_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDyer2023" class="citation news cs1">Dyer, Evan (8 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/haiti-bwa-kale-port-au-prince-gang-warfare-1.6833758">"In Haiti, a grassroots vigilante movement is fighting back against gang warfare"</a>. cbc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001083906/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/haiti-bwa-kale-port-au-prince-gang-warfare-1.6833758">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2023. 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Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haitiinfospro.com&rft.atitle=Armed+gangs+kill+and+burn+at+the+bottom+of+Delmas%2C+not+far+from+the+IGPNH&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaitiinfospro.com%2Fdes-gangs-armes-tuent-et-brulent-au-bas-de-delmas-non-loin-de-ligpnh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERNDDH20216-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERNDDH20216_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERNDDH20216_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRNDDH2021">RNDDH 2021</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERNDDH20209-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERNDDH20209_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERNDDH20209_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRNDDH2020">RNDDH 2020</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERNDDH202020-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERNDDH202020_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRNDDH2020">RNDDH 2020</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/24/haiti-gang-leader-declares-revolution-as-violence-spreads">"Haiti gang leader declares 'revolution' as violence spreads"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Haiti+gang+leader+declares+%27revolution%27+as+violence+spreads&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F6%2F24%2Fhaiti-gang-leader-declares-revolution-as-violence-spreads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20227-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker20227_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2022">Walker 2022</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves2022" class="citation web cs1">Ives, Kim (13 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haitiliberte.com/in-cite-soleil-the-g9-federation-in-all-out-war-with-g-pep/">"In Cité Soleil, the G9 Federation in All-Out War with G-Pèp - Haiti Liberte"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Haitian+Times&rft.atitle=Barbecue%22+Cherizier%2C+Haiti%27s+top+gang+leader%2C+shot+in+gunfight&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaitiantimes.com%2F2021%2F05%2F14%2Fbarbecue-cherizier-haitis-top-gang-leader-shot-in-gunfight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Human_Rights_Defense_Network2022" class="citation web cs1">National Human Rights Defense Network (27 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.rnddh.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/8-Rap-2-Plaine-du-Cul-de-Sac-26Jun2022-VS-ENG.pdf">"Carnage at La Plaine du Cul-de-Sac: The survivors demand the authorities"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 14 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thousands+trapped+as+gangs+battle+for+control+in+Port-au-Prince&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F7%2F13%2Fthousands-trapped-as-gangs-battle-for-control-in-port-au-prince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dupain_&_Alam_2022-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Dupain_&_Alam_2022_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupainAlam2022" class="citation web cs1">Dupain, Etant; Alam, Hande Atay (6 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/04/americas/haiti-gas-terminal-gang-intl-latam">"Critical Haiti gas terminal freed after weeks of talks with G9 gang leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106190358/https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/04/americas/haiti-gas-terminal-gang-intl-latam">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2022. 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Retrieved 22 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jamaica-gleaner.com&rft.atitle=Haitian+police+rebels+protest+gang+killings+of+officers&rft.date=2023-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fworld-news%2F20230127%2Fhaitian-police-rebels-protest-gang-killings-officers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranciottiArocha2023" class="citation web cs1">Franciotti, Julia Lins; Arocha, María Fernanda (8 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acleddata.com/2023/06/08/regional-overview-latin-america-the-caribbean-may-2023/">"Regional Overview: Latin America & the Caribbean"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Overview%3A+Latin+America+%26+the+Caribbean&rft.pub=ACLED&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft.aulast=Franciotti&rft.aufirst=Julia+Lins&rft.au=Arocha%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Fernanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facleddata.com%2F2023%2F06%2F08%2Fregional-overview-latin-america-the-caribbean-may-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/bwa-kale-lynchage-dau-moins-6-presumes-bandits-petion-ville">""Bwa Kale": Lynching of at least 6 alleged bandits in Pétion-Ville"</a> (in French). Loop News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306152708/https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/bwa-kale-lynchage-dau-moins-6-presumes-bandits-petion-ville">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Bwa+Kale%22%3A+Lynching+of+at+least+6+alleged+bandits+in+P%C3%A9tion-Ville&rft.pub=Loop+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaiti.loopnews.com%2Fcontent%2Fbwa-kale-lynchage-dau-moins-6-presumes-bandits-petion-ville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20230515/haiti-turns-africa-latin-america-help-amid-security-turmoil">"Haiti turns to Africa, Latin America for help amid security turmoil"</a>. jamaica-gleaner.com. 15 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223181259/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20230515/haiti-turns-africa-latin-america-help-amid-security-turmoil">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jamaica-gleaner.com&rft.atitle=Haiti+turns+to+Africa%2C+Latin+America+for+help+amid+security+turmoil&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F20230515%2Fhaiti-turns-africa-latin-america-help-amid-security-turmoil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/ariel-henry-desapprouve-le-mouvement-bwa-kale">"Ariel Henry disapproves of the "Bwa Kale" movement"</a> (in French). Loop News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306152715/https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/ariel-henry-desapprouve-le-mouvement-bwa-kale">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ariel+Henry+disapproves+of+the+%22Bwa+Kale%22+movement&rft.pub=Loop+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaiti.loopnews.com%2Fcontent%2Fariel-henry-desapprouve-le-mouvement-bwa-kale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotoLederer2023" class="citation web cs1">Coto, Danica; Lederer, Edith (30 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/haiti-un-armed-force-resolution-8dd702880e3a3838e3d406c1e52c09cc">"UN to vote on resolution to authorize one-year deployment of armed force to help Haiti fight gangs"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930235210/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-un-armed-force-resolution-8dd702880e3a3838e3d406c1e52c09cc">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+to+vote+on+resolution+to+authorize+one-year+deployment+of+armed+force+to+help+Haiti+fight+gangs&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2023-09-30&rft.aulast=Coto&rft.aufirst=Danica&rft.au=Lederer%2C+Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-un-armed-force-resolution-8dd702880e3a3838e3d406c1e52c09cc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/11/07/haiti-2487-people-displaced-by-gang-violence/,%20https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/11/07/haiti-2487-people-displaced-by-gang-violence/">"Haiti: 2,487 people displaced by gang violence – Prensa Latina"</a>. 7 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306152705/https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/11/07/haiti-2487-people-displaced-by-gang-violence/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+2%2C487+people+displaced+by+gang+violence+%E2%80%93+Prensa+Latina&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plenglish.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F07%2Fhaiti-2487-people-displaced-by-gang-violence%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plenglish.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F07%2Fhaiti-2487-people-displaced-by-gang-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icihaiti.com/en/news-40928-icihaiti-mariani-bandits-have-occupied-the-dinepa-water-pumping-station-for-8-days.html">"iciHaiti – Mariani : Bandits have occupied the DINEPA water pumping station for 8 days – iciHaiti.com : All the news in brief 7/7"</a>. IciHaiti.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225004308/https://www.icihaiti.com/en/news-40928-icihaiti-mariani-bandits-have-occupied-the-dinepa-water-pumping-station-for-8-days.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IciHaiti.com&rft.atitle=iciHaiti+%E2%80%93+Mariani+%3A+Bandits+have+occupied+the+DINEPA+water+pumping+station+for+8+days+%E2%80%93+iciHaiti.com+%3A+All+the+news+in+brief+7%2F7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icihaiti.com%2Fen%2Fnews-40928-icihaiti-mariani-bandits-have-occupied-the-dinepa-water-pumping-station-for-8-days.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/les-usa-sanctionnent-izo-ti-lapli-vitelhomme-et-lanmo-san-jou">"US sanctions four Haitian gang leaders | Loop Haiti"</a>. Loop News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306145145/https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/les-usa-sanctionnent-izo-ti-lapli-vitelhomme-et-lanmo-san-jou">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+sanctions+four+Haitian+gang+leaders+%7C+Loop+Haiti&rft.pub=Loop+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaiti.loopnews.com%2Fcontent%2Fles-usa-sanctionnent-izo-ti-lapli-vitelhomme-et-lanmo-san-jou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiographieht.com/affrontement-entre-policiers-et-civils-armes-a-mariani-2/">"Clashes between police and armed civilians in Mariani – Radio graphie"</a>. radiographieht.com (in French). 12 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225002838/https://radiographieht.com/affrontement-entre-policiers-et-civils-armes-a-mariani-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radiographieht.com&rft.atitle=Clashes+between+police+and+armed+civilians+in+Mariani+%E2%80%93+Radio+graphie&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiographieht.com%2Faffrontement-entre-policiers-et-civils-armes-a-mariani-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiographieht.com/plusieurs-maisons-incendiees-et-ou-eventrees-a-mariani/">"Fire and demolition of houses in Mariani – Radio graphie"</a>. radiographieht.com (in French). 12 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225001329/https://radiographieht.com/plusieurs-maisons-incendiees-et-ou-eventrees-a-mariani/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radiographieht.com&rft.atitle=Fire+and+demolition+of+houses+in+Mariani+%E2%80%93+Radio+graphie&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiographieht.com%2Fplusieurs-maisons-incendiees-et-ou-eventrees-a-mariani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/les-mesures-de-securite-de-la-pnh-pour-les-fetes-de-fin-dannee-2023">"The PNH security plan for the end-of-year holidays | Loop Haiti"</a> (in French). 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Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+PNH+security+plan+for+the+end-of-year+holidays+%7C+Loop+Haiti&rft.pub=Loop+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaiti.loopnews.com%2Fcontent%2Fles-mesures-de-securite-de-la-pnh-pour-les-fetes-de-fin-dannee-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2023" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Jacob (26 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1849159/us-embassy-haiti-lockdown-gunshots">"US Embassy in Haiti goes into lockdown after gunshots heard"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Express&rft.atitle=US+Embassy+in+Haiti+goes+into+lockdown+after+gunshots+heard&rft.date=2023-12-26&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F1849159%2Fus-embassy-haiti-lockdown-gunshots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kestler-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kestler_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kestler_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kestler_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKestler-D'Amours2024" class="citation news cs1">Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian (25 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2024/3/25/a-criminal-economy-how-us-arms-fuel-deadly-gang-violence-in-haiti">"'A criminal economy': How US arms fuel deadly gang violence in Haiti"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kenya+signs+deal+in+attempt+to+rescue+plan+for+deployment+of+1%2C000+police+officers+to+Haiti&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fmar%2F01%2Fhaiti-police-officers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP_3/1-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_3/1_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_3/1_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/haiti-violence-police-killed-kenya-gangs-84eb8a827967238805827742bbd7bf69">"Haitian police spokesman says new gang attacks overwhelmed officers: 'The city center was at war'"</a>. 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Miami Herald. McClatchy Media Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306145131/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article286256215.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Biden+rejects+U.S.+troop+deployment+to+Haiti+as+crisis+spirals&rft.aulast=Wilner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Charles%2C+Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fhaiti%2Farticle286256215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.news.yahoo.com/haiti-pm-ariel-henry-puerto-012915155.html">"Haiti gang leader threatens 'civil war' if PM does not resign"</a>. Yahoo News. 7 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312102214/https://au.news.yahoo.com/haiti-pm-ariel-henry-puerto-012915155.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Haiti+gang+leader+threatens+%27civil+war%27+if+PM+does+not+resign&rft.date=2024-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fau.news.yahoo.com%2Fhaiti-pm-ariel-henry-puerto-012915155.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-4-2-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP-4-2_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP-4-2_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP-4-2_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP-4-2_94-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoto2024" class="citation news cs1">Coto, Dánica (4 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/haiti-violence-prison-break-curfew-6341d1cda5f02f6c66d351ad2d206e7b">"There's chaos in Haiti. Powerful gangs are attacking key targets like prisons as alliances shift"</a>. AP News. The Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304223409/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-violence-prison-break-curfew-6341d1cda5f02f6c66d351ad2d206e7b">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=There%27s+chaos+in+Haiti.+Powerful+gangs+are+attacking+key+targets+like+prisons+as+alliances+shift&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.aulast=Coto&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1nica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-violence-prison-break-curfew-6341d1cda5f02f6c66d351ad2d206e7b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/29/haiti-capital-port-au-prince-gang-leader">"Haiti's capital paralysed by gunfire as gang boss threatens police chief and ministers"</a>. The Guardian. Associated Press. 29 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304195454/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/29/haiti-capital-port-au-prince-gang-leader">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+capital+paralysed+by+gunfire+as+gang+boss+threatens+police+chief+and+ministers&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Ffeb%2F29%2Fhaiti-capital-port-au-prince-gang-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiosCaitlin_HuJim_RogersSahar_Akbarzai2024" class="citation web cs1">Rios, Michael; Caitlin Hu; Jim Rogers; Sahar Akbarzai; Chris Lau (1 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/01/americas/haiti-gang-violence-shootings-escalation-intl-hnk/index.html">"Gunfire near Haiti airport disrupts flights for second day"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303233137/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/01/americas/haiti-gang-violence-shootings-escalation-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gunfire+near+Haiti+airport+disrupts+flights+for+second+day&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft.aulast=Rios&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Caitlin+Hu&rft.au=Jim+Rogers&rft.au=Sahar+Akbarzai&rft.au=Chris+Lau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F03%2F01%2Famericas%2Fhaiti-gang-violence-shootings-escalation-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24-jailbreak-bbc-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-24-jailbreak-bbc_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-24-jailbreak-bbc_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstierAvagnina2024" class="citation news cs1">Astier, Henri; Avagnina, Gianluca (3 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-68462851">"Haiti violence: Haiti gangs demand PM resign after mass jailbreak"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304000712/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-68462851">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Haiti+violence%3A+Haiti+gangs+demand+PM+resign+after+mass+jailbreak&rft.date=2024-03-03&rft.aulast=Astier&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.au=Avagnina%2C+Gianluca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-68462851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24-jailbreak-guardian-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-24-jailbreak-guardian_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-24-jailbreak-guardian_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2024" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Sam (4 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/04/haiti-mass-jailbreak-violence-port-au-prince-gangs">"Haiti declares state of emergency after thousands of dangerous inmates escape"</a>. The Guardian. Guardian News & Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304014952/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/04/haiti-mass-jailbreak-violence-port-au-prince-gangs">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti+declares+state+of+emergency+after+thousands+of+dangerous+inmates+escape&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fmar%2F04%2Fhaiti-mass-jailbreak-violence-port-au-prince-gangs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24-jailbreak-AP-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-24-jailbreak-AP_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-24-jailbreak-AP_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanonLuxama2024" class="citation news cs1">Sanon, Evans; Luxama, Pierre-Richard (3 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/haiti-prison-break-2788f145b0d26efc2aa199e923724e0f">"Haiti declares a curfew as it tries to restore order after weekend jailbreak, explosion of violence"</a>. AP News. The Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303233812/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-prison-break-2788f145b0d26efc2aa199e923724e0f">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Haiti+declares+a+curfew+as+it+tries+to+restore+order+after+weekend+jailbreak%2C+explosion+of+violence&rft.date=2024-03-03&rft.aulast=Sanon&rft.aufirst=Evans&rft.au=Luxama%2C+Pierre-Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-prison-break-2788f145b0d26efc2aa199e923724e0f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4-Bloomberg-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-4-Bloomberg_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-4-Bloomberg_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyss2024" class="citation news cs1">Wyss, Jim (4 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-04/prison-break-after-violent-gang-raid-sparks-emergency-in-haiti">"Violent Prison Break Sparks Murder, Mayhem in Haiti"</a>. Bloomberg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304155355/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-04/prison-break-after-violent-gang-raid-sparks-emergency-in-haiti">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Violent+Prison+Break+Sparks+Murder%2C+Mayhem+in+Haiti&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.aulast=Wyss&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2024-03-04%2Fprison-break-after-violent-gang-raid-sparks-emergency-in-haiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Airport-MiamiHerald-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Airport-MiamiHerald_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2024" class="citation news cs1">Charles, Jacqueline (4 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article286242235.html">"Haiti has deployed its army; troops joined police to push back gang takeover of airport"</a>. Miami Herald. McClatchy Media Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305085324/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article286242235.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Haiti+has+deployed+its+army%3B+troops+joined+police+to+push+back+gang+takeover+of+airport&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fhaiti%2Farticle286242235.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4-2-Guardian-102"><a href="#cite_ref-4-2-Guardian_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2024" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Luke (4 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/04/haiti-prison-break-ariel-henry">"Haiti's weekend of violence puts government future in doubt"</a>. The Guardian. Guardian News & Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305004002/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/04/haiti-prison-break-ariel-henry">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+weekend+of+violence+puts+government+future+in+doubt&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fmar%2F04%2Fhaiti-prison-break-ariel-henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-politico-washington-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-politico-washington_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-politico-washington_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergToosiWard2024" class="citation news cs1">Berg, Matt; Toosi, Nahal; Ward, Alexander (5 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2024/03/05/catastrophic-fears-in-washington-as-haiti-crisis-worsens-00144923">"'Catastrophic' fears in Washington as Haiti crisis worsens"</a>. Politico. 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AP News. The Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305192334/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-violence-prison-break-curfew-0116d2ebac1b14a587baa176818055cb">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Haitian+prime+minister+lands+in+Puerto+Rico+as+he+tries+to+return+home+to+quell+gang+violence&rft.date=2024-03-05&rft.aulast=Sanon&rft.aufirst=Evens&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Coto%2C+D%C3%A1nica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-violence-prison-break-curfew-0116d2ebac1b14a587baa176818055cb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-support-105"><a href="#cite_ref-UN-support_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147262">"Haiti crisis: UN chief calls for 'urgent action' to end rampant insecurity | UN News"</a>. news.un.org. United Nations. 5 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305193423/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147262">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.un.org&rft.atitle=Haiti+crisis%3A+UN+chief+calls+for+%27urgent+action%27+to+end+rampant+insecurity+%7C+UN+News&rft.date=2024-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2024%2F03%2F1147262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/09/haiti-crisis-heavy-gunfire-reported-close-to-port-au-princes-national-palace">"Haiti crisis: heavy gunfire reported close to Port-au-Prince's national palace"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309133150/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/09/haiti-crisis-heavy-gunfire-reported-close-to-port-au-princes-national-palace">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti+crisis%3A+heavy+gunfire+reported+close+to+Port-au-Prince%27s+national+palace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fmar%2F09%2Fhaiti-crisis-heavy-gunfire-reported-close-to-port-au-princes-national-palace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us-military-airlifts-embassy-personnel-haiti-bolsters-security-2024-03-10/">"US military airlifts embassy personnel from Haiti, bolsters security"</a>. Reuters. 10 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=US+military+airlifts+embassy+personnel+from+Haiti%2C+bolsters+security&rft.date=2024-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus-military-airlifts-embassy-personnel-haiti-bolsters-security-2024-03-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmatović2024" class="citation news cs1">Ahmatović, Šejla (12 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/haiti-gang-violence-rages-eu-evacuates-all-diplomatic-staff/">"As Haiti gang violence rages, EU evacuates all diplomatic staff"</a>. POLITICO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311185538/https://www.politico.eu/article/haiti-gang-violence-rages-eu-evacuates-all-diplomatic-staff/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=As+Haiti+gang+violence+rages%2C+EU+evacuates+all+diplomatic+staff&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft.aulast=Ahmatovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0ejla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-gang-violence-rages-eu-evacuates-all-diplomatic-staff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aj-7-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aj-7_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aj-7_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/7/haiti-extends-state-of-emergency-as-violence-and-displacement-soar">"Haiti extends state of emergency as violence and displacement soar"</a>. Al Jazeera. 7 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308183532/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/7/haiti-extends-state-of-emergency-as-violence-and-displacement-soar">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Haiti+extends+state+of+emergency+as+violence+and+displacement+soar&rft.date=2024-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F3%2F7%2Fhaiti-extends-state-of-emergency-as-violence-and-displacement-soar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-haiti-port-110"><a href="#cite_ref-wp-haiti-port_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMérancourtSchmidt2024" class="citation news cs1">Mérancourt, Widlore; Schmidt, Samantha (7 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/07/haiti-gangs-port/">"As gangs attack a critical port, 'Haiti will go hungry soon'"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309212450/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/07/haiti-gangs-port/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=As+gangs+attack+a+critical+port%2C+%27Haiti+will+go+hungry+soon%27&rft.date=2024-03-07&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9rancourt&rft.aufirst=Widlore&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2F03%2F07%2Fhaiti-gangs-port%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-policenp-111"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN-policenp_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiosRothAkbarzaiLau2024" class="citation news cs1">Rios, Michael; Roth, Richard; Akbarzai, Sahar; Lau, Chris (9 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/08/world/haiti-gangs-attack-national-palace-intl-hnk/index.html">"Haiti crisis: Armed men attack police stations near National Palace as gang violence spirals"</a>. CNN. Cable News Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311044957/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/08/world/haiti-gangs-attack-national-palace-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Haiti+crisis%3A+Armed+men+attack+police+stations+near+National+Palace+as+gang+violence+spirals&rft.date=2024-03-09&rft.aulast=Rios&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Roth%2C+Richard&rft.au=Akbarzai%2C+Sahar&rft.au=Lau%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F03%2F08%2Fworld%2Fhaiti-gangs-attack-national-palace-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc-palaceattack-112"><a href="#cite_ref-abc-palaceattack_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivers2024" class="citation news cs1">Rivers, Matt (8 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/gangs-attack-haitis-presidential-palace-port-au-prince/story?id=107945093">"Gangs attack Haiti's national palace in Port-au-Prince: Source"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310110019/https://abcnews.go.com/International/gangs-attack-haitis-presidential-palace-port-au-prince/story?id=107945093">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Gangs+attack+Haiti%27s+national+palace+in+Port-au-Prince%3A+Source&rft.date=2024-03-08&rft.aulast=Rivers&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fgangs-attack-haitis-presidential-palace-port-au-prince%2Fstory%3Fid%3D107945093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg-intministry-113"><a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg-intministry_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyss2024" class="citation news cs1">Wyss, Jim (9 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-09/haitian-gangs-torch-ministry-as-nation-descends-into-lawlessness">"Haitian Gangs Torch Ministry as Nation Descends Into Lawlessness"</a>. Bloomberg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310045424/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-09/haitian-gangs-torch-ministry-as-nation-descends-into-lawlessness">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Haitian+Gangs+Torch+Ministry+as+Nation+Descends+Into+Lawlessness&rft.date=2024-03-09&rft.aulast=Wyss&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2024-03-09%2Fhaitian-gangs-torch-ministry-as-nation-descends-into-lawlessness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cooperativa-8-114"><a href="#cite_ref-cooperativa-8_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/mundo/haiti/intensos-tiroteos-se-registran-en-el-entorno-del-palacio-presidencial-de/2024-03-09/004617.html">"Intensos tiroteos se registran en el entorno del Palacio Presidencial de Haití"</a>. Cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). EFE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311104027/https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/mundo/haiti/intensos-tiroteos-se-registran-en-el-entorno-del-palacio-presidencial-de/2024-03-09/004617.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cooperativa.cl&rft.atitle=Intensos+tiroteos+se+registran+en+el+entorno+del+Palacio+Presidencial+de+Hait%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperativa.cl%2Fnoticias%2Fmundo%2Fhaiti%2Fintensos-tiroteos-se-registran-en-el-entorno-del-palacio-presidencial-de%2F2024-03-09%2F004617.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://listindiario.com/las-mundiales/haiti/20240309/republica-dominicana-planea-evacuar-funcionarios-otros-paises-haiti_799201.html">"República Dominicana planea evacuar a sus funcionarios y de otros países de Haití"</a> [Dominican Republic plans to evacuate its officials and other countries from Haiti] (in Spanish). 9 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309210450/https://listindiario.com/las-mundiales/haiti/20240309/republica-dominicana-planea-evacuar-funcionarios-otros-paises-haiti_799201.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rep%C3%BAblica+Dominicana+planea+evacuar+a+sus+funcionarios+y+de+otros+pa%C3%ADses+de+Hait%C3%AD&rft.date=2024-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flistindiario.com%2Flas-mundiales%2Fhaiti%2F20240309%2Frepublica-dominicana-planea-evacuar-funcionarios-otros-paises-haiti_799201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766555549192089642">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309210238/https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766555549192089642">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FMARADIOFM%2Fstatus%2F1766555549192089642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/synapoha/status/1766566205874131330">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310035729/https://twitter.com/synapoha/status/1766566205874131330">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fsynapoha%2Fstatus%2F1766566205874131330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsnationnow.com/world/international-headlines/ap-gangs-attack-police-stations-in-haiti-as-caribbean-leaders-call-an-emergency-meeting-monday/?utm_campaign=socialflow&utm_source=t.co&utm_medium=referral">"Gangs attack police stations in Haiti as Caribbean leaders call an emergency meeting Monday"</a>. 10 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310025218/https://www.newsnationnow.com/world/international-headlines/ap-gangs-attack-police-stations-in-haiti-as-caribbean-leaders-call-an-emergency-meeting-monday/?utm_campaign=socialflow&utm_source=t.co&utm_medium=referral">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gangs+attack+police+stations+in+Haiti+as+Caribbean+leaders+call+an+emergency+meeting+Monday&rft.date=2024-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsnationnow.com%2Fworld%2Finternational-headlines%2Fap-gangs-attack-police-stations-in-haiti-as-caribbean-leaders-call-an-emergency-meeting-monday%2F%3Futm_campaign%3Dsocialflow%26utm_source%3Dt.co%26utm_medium%3Dreferral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/10/us-report-airlift-embassy-staff-haiti-gangs-fighting-port-au-prince">"US airlifts embassy staff out of Haiti as gangs besiege political area"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311120316/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/10/us-report-airlift-embassy-staff-haiti-gangs-fighting-port-au-prince">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+airlifts+embassy+staff+out+of+Haiti+as+gangs+besiege+political+area&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fmar%2F10%2Fus-report-airlift-embassy-staff-haiti-gangs-fighting-port-au-prince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enriquillodiariodigital.com/?p=848">"Embajada de Alemania en Haití es evacuada de emergencia"</a> [German Embassy in Haiti is emergency evacuated] (in Spanish). 10 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310173957/https://www.enriquillodiariodigital.com/?p=848">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embajada+de+Alemania+en+Hait%C3%AD+es+evacuada+de+emergencia&rft.date=2024-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enriquillodiariodigital.com%2F%3Fp%3D848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766968024974663926">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312094352/https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766968024974663926">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FMARADIOFM%2Fstatus%2F1766968024974663926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1767174338791227781">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312094403/https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1767174338791227781">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FMARADIOFM%2Fstatus%2F1767174338791227781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/BreakingNewsKE/status/1767186412045021316">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311141636/https://twitter.com/BreakingNewsKE/status/1767186412045021316">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. 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Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FTravelGoC%2Fstatus%2F1767005843365482615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/JamaicaGleaner/status/1767329038539030874">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312003702/https://twitter.com/JamaicaGleaner/status/1767329038539030874">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FJamaicaGleaner%2Fstatus%2F1767329038539030874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuRios2024" class="citation news cs1">Hu, Caitlin Stephen; Rios, Michael (12 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/11/americas/haiti-pm-ariel-henry-resigns-gang-violence-intl-hnk/index.html">"Haiti's leader to resign as gangs run rampant through country engulfed in crisis"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313154333/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/11/americas/haiti-pm-ariel-henry-resigns-gang-violence-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+leader+to+resign+as+gangs+run+rampant+through+country+engulfed+in+crisis&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Caitlin+Stephen&rft.au=Rios%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F03%2F11%2Famericas%2Fhaiti-pm-ariel-henry-resigns-gang-violence-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnwer2024" class="citation web cs1">Anwer, Saira (11 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.local10.com/news/local/2024/03/11/south-florida-congresswoman-haiti-gang-takeover-poses-security-risk-to-us/">"South Florida congresswoman: Haiti gang takeover poses 'security risk' to US"</a>. WPLG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312143504/https://www.local10.com/news/local/2024/03/11/south-florida-congresswoman-haiti-gang-takeover-poses-security-risk-to-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WPLG&rft.atitle=South+Florida+congresswoman%3A+Haiti+gang+takeover+poses+%27security+risk%27+to+US&rft.date=2024-03-11&rft.aulast=Anwer&rft.aufirst=Saira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.local10.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2024%2F03%2F11%2Fsouth-florida-congresswoman-haiti-gang-takeover-poses-security-risk-to-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/haiti-gang-violence-state-emergency-travel-news-b2511060.html">"Haiti Prime Minister steps down as gang violence plunges country into turmoil: Live"</a>. The Independent. 12 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313075217/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/haiti-gang-violence-state-emergency-travel-news-b2511060.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Haiti+Prime+Minister+steps+down+as+gang+violence+plunges+country+into+turmoil%3A+Live&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fhaiti-gang-violence-state-emergency-travel-news-b2511060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/RepMattGaetz/status/1767597007139414100">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312185309/https://twitter.com/RepMattGaetz/status/1767597007139414100">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FRepMattGaetz%2Fstatus%2F1767597007139414100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/disclosetv/status/1767621663162585093">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313194108/https://twitter.com/disclosetv/status/1767621663162585093">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024. 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Retrieved 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flgov.com&rft.atitle=Governor+DeSantis+Deploys+Additional+Personnel%2C+Assets+to+Southern+Florida+and+the+Keys+to+Stop+Potential+Influx+of+Illegal+Immigration+from+Haiti&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flgov.com%2F2024%2F03%2F13%2Fgovernor-desantis-deploys-additional-personnel-assets-to-southern-florida-and-the-keys-to-stop-potential-influx-of-illegal-immigration-from-haiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/marines-deployed-haiti-us-embassy-security-gang-violence-rcna143123">"New team of marines deployed to Haiti for U.S. embassy security amid gang violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314085236/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/marines-deployed-haiti-us-embassy-security-gang-violence-rcna143123">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=New+team+of+marines+deployed+to+Haiti+for+U.S.+embassy+security+amid+gang+violence&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Fmarines-deployed-haiti-us-embassy-security-gang-violence-rcna143123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDTV-137"><a href="#cite_ref-NDTV_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukheja2024" class="citation news cs1">Sukheja, Bhavya (March 30, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-youtuber-yourfellowarab-kidnapped-in-haiti-while-trying-to-interview-gang-leader-5336199">"US YouTuber YourFellowArab Kidnapped In Haiti While Trying To Interview Gang Leader"</a>. NDTV.com. 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Sky News. 22 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Prominent+Haitian+gang+leader+shot+dead+by+police+as+political+groups+near+finalisation+of+transition+council&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fprominent-haitian-gang-leader-shot-dead-by-police-as-political-groups-near-finalisation-of-transition-council-13099622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arise.tv/violence-rises-in-haiti-gang-leader-killed-as-transition-council-close-to-being-established/">"Violence Rises In Haiti, Gang Leader Killed As Transition Council Close To Being Established"</a>. 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AP News. The Associated Press. Retrieved 21 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Transitional+council+in+Haiti+selects+new+prime+minister+for+a+country+under+siege+by+gangs&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft.aulast=Coto&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1nica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-new-prime-minister-transitional-council-c6f9e0785271f6ed96785e7ed7ffcfdc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haitiantimes.com/2023/05/24/long-waited-armored-vehicles-burned-2-weeks-after-arrival-in-haiti/">"Long-waited armored vehicles burned 2 weeks after arrival in Haiti"</a>. haitiantimes.com. 24 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haitiantimes.com&rft.atitle=Long-waited+armored+vehicles+burned+2+weeks+after+arrival+in+Haiti&rft.date=2024-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaitiantimes.com%2F2023%2F05%2F24%2Flong-waited-armored-vehicles-burned-2-weeks-after-arrival-in-haiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap-iom-report-146"><a href="#cite_ref-ap-iom-report_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanonMarcos2024" class="citation news cs1">Sanon, Evens; Marcos, Coral Murphy (19 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/haiti-gang-violence-displacement-0f1a492c9231161a54037ca5b9b7e676">"Gang violence in Haiti has displaced nearly 580,000 people, a new UN report says"</a>. AP News. The Associated Press. Retrieved 21 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Gang+violence+in+Haiti+has+displaced+nearly+580%2C000+people%2C+a+new+UN+report+says&rft.date=2024-06-19&rft.aulast=Sanon&rft.aufirst=Evens&rft.au=Marcos%2C+Coral+Murphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-gang-violence-displacement-0f1a492c9231161a54037ca5b9b7e676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Junior_Celestin2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean Junior Celestin (23 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lenouvelliste.com/article/251061/des-journalistes-menaces-par-des-gangs-lajh-et-sos-journalistes-denoncent-et-appellent-a-laction">"Des journalistes menacés par des gangs : L'AJH et SOS Journalistes dénoncent et appellent à l'action"</a>. Le Nouvelliste (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Nouvelliste&rft.atitle=Des+journalistes+menac%C3%A9s+par+des+gangs+%3A+L%27AJH+et+SOS+Journalistes+d%C3%A9noncent+et+appellent+%C3%A0+l%27action&rft.date=2024-10-23&rft.au=Jean+Junior+Celestin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flenouvelliste.com%2Farticle%2F251061%2Fdes-journalistes-menaces-par-des-gangs-lajh-et-sos-journalistes-denoncent-et-appellent-a-laction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2022" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Summer (October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GITOC-Gangs-of-Haiti.pdf">Gangs of Haiti: Expansion, power and an escalating crisis</a> (PDF). Geneva: <a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_Against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" title="Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime">Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gangs+of+Haiti%3A+Expansion%2C+power+and+an+escalating+crisis&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Global+Initiative+Against+Transnational+Organized+Crime&rft.date=2022-10&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Summer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalinitiative.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F10%2FGITOC-Gangs-of-Haiti.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACLED2023" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/attachments/44c09571-304c-4472-a90d-ba10b3c8c0a2/Regional%20Overview_%20Latin%20America%20%26%20the%20Caribbean%20_%20April%202023.pdf">Regional Overview Latin America & the Caribbean April 2023</a> (PDF). Geneva: ACLED. May 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Overview+Latin+America+%26+the+Caribbean+April+2023&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=ACLED&rft.date=2023-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Fattachments%2F44c09571-304c-4472-a90d-ba10b3c8c0a2%2FRegional%2520Overview_%2520Latin%2520America%2520%2526%2520the%2520Caribbean%2520_%2520April%25202023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvard2021" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrp.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Killing_With_Impunity-1.pdf">Killing with Impunity: State-Sanctioned Massacres in Haiti</a> (PDF). Harvard. April 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+with+Impunity%3A+State-Sanctioned+Massacres+in+Haiti&rft.pub=Harvard&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrp.law.harvard.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F10%2FKilling_With_Impunity-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRNDDH2020" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.rnddh.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/7-Rap-Attaque-Quartiers-Defavorise-Version-Anglaise-23Jun2020-2.pdf">Attacks on deprived neighborhoods</a> (PDF). RNDDH. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attacks+on+deprived+neighborhoods&rft.pub=RNDDH&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.rnddh.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F06%2F7-Rap-Attaque-Quartiers-Defavorise-Version-Anglaise-23Jun2020-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRNDDH2021" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.rnddh.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2-Rap-Bel-Air-Cit%C3%A9-Soleil-2020.2021-20-Mai-2021-ENG.pdf">Massacres in Bel-Air and Cité Soleil Under the Indifferent Gaze of State Authorities</a> (PDF). RNDDH. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacres+in+Bel-Air+and+Cit%C3%A9+Soleil+Under+the+Indifferent+Gaze+of+State+Authorities&rft.pub=RNDDH&rft.date=2021-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.rnddh.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F05%2F2-Rap-Bel-Air-Cit%25C3%25A9-Soleil-2020.2021-20-Mai-2021-ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang+war+in+Haiti" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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id="Organized_crime_groups_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a> groups in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazum" title="Ashkenazum">Ashkenazum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puccio_family" title="Puccio family">Puccio family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwi_Migdal" title="Zwi Migdal">Zwi Migdal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bolivia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapare_Cartel" title="Chapare Cartel">Chapare Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Corporaci%C3%B3n" title="La Corporación">La Corporación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Cartel" title="Santa Cruz Cartel">Santa Cruz Cartel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_organized_crime_groups_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of organized crime groups in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amigos_dos_Amigos" title="Amigos dos Amigos">Amigos dos Amigos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_police_militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian police militias">Brazilian police militias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carecas_do_ABC" title="Carecas do ABC">Carecas do ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Vermelho" title="Comando Vermelho">Comando Vermelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_do_Norte" title="Família do Norte">Família do Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardi%C3%B5es_do_Estado" title="Guardiões do Estado">Guardiões do Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primeiro_Comando_da_Capital" title="Primeiro Comando da Capital">Primeiro Comando da Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terceiro_Comando" title="Terceiro Comando">Terceiro Comando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terceiro_Comando_Puro" title="Terceiro Comando Puro">Terceiro Comando Puro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwi_Migdal" title="Zwi Migdal">Zwi Migdal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">See: <a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_crime_groups_in_Canada" title="Template:Organized crime groups in Canada">Organized crime groups in Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No_Limit_Soldiers_(organized_crime_group)" title="No Limit Soldiers (organized crime group)">No Limit Soldiers</a> (Curaçao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Pound" title="Zoe Pound">Zoe Pound</a> (Haiti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Forces_of_the_G9_Family_and_Allies" title="Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies">Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies</a> (Haiti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_posse" title="Jamaican posse">Jamaican posse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shower_Posse" title="Shower Posse">Shower Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardie" title="Yardie">Yardies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colombia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Eagles" title="Black Eagles">Black Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloque_Meta" title="Bloque Meta">Bloque Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cali_Cartel" title="Cali Cartel">Cali Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_del_Golfo" title="Clan del Golfo">Clan del Golfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertadores_del_Vichada" title="Libertadores del Vichada">Libertadores del Vichada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín Cartel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Extraditables" title="The Extraditables">The Extraditables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muerte_a_Secuestradores" title="Muerte a Secuestradores">Muerte a Secuestradores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Priscos" title="Los Priscos">Los Priscos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norte_del_Valle_Cartel" title="Norte del Valle Cartel">Norte del Valle Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Cartel" title="North Coast Cartel">North Coast Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oficina_de_Envigado" title="Oficina de Envigado">Oficina de Envigado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Rastrojos" title="Los Rastrojos">Los Rastrojos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FARC_dissidents" title="FARC dissidents">FARC dissidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">El Salvador</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texis_Cartel" title="Texis Cartel">Texis Cartel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Barredora" title="La Barredora">La Barredora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltr%C3%A1n-Leyva_Organization" title="Beltrán-Leyva Organization">Beltrán-Leyva Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Mazatlecos" title="Los Mazatlecos">Los Mazatlecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Negros" title="Los Negros">Los Negros</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colima_Cartel" title="Colima Cartel">Colima Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana" title="La Familia Michoacana">La Familia Michoacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Cartel" title="Guadalajara Cartel">Guadalajara Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf Cartel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Metros" title="Los Metros">Los Metros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Pelones" title="Los Pelones">Los Pelones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Rojos" title="Los Rojos">Los Rojos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Cartel_of_Acapulco" title="Independent Cartel of Acapulco">Independent Cartel of Acapulco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalisco_New_Generation_Cartel" title="Jalisco New Generation Cartel">Jalisco New Generation Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Cartel" title="Juárez Cartel">Juárez Cartel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%ADnea_(gang)" title="La Línea (gang)">La Línea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_Cartel" title="Knights Templar Cartel">Knights Templar Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milenio_Cartel" title="Milenio Cartel">Milenio Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_Cartel" title="Oaxaca Cartel">Oaxaca Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_de_Lima_Cartel" title="Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel">Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_%C3%81ntrax" title="Los Ántrax">Los Ántrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistas_Asesinos" title="Artistas Asesinos">Artistas Asesinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gente_Nueva" title="Gente Nueva">Gente Nueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Mexicles" title="Los Mexicles">Los Mexicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_(gang)" title="La Resistencia (gang)">La Resistencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora_Cartel" title="Sonora Cartel">Sonora Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Cartel" title="South Pacific Cartel">South Pacific Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Cartel" title="Tijuana Cartel">Tijuana Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Viagras" title="Los Viagras">Los Viagras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">See: <a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_crime_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Organized crime groups in the United States">Organized crime groups in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venezuela</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_of_the_Suns" title="Cartel of the Suns">Cartel of the Suns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tren_de_Aragua" title="Tren de Aragua">Tren de Aragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_bibliography" title="Mafia bibliography">Mafia bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ongoing_armed_conflicts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Template:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Template talk:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ongoing_armed_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing armed conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Central African Republic Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Chad_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)">Insurgency in Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_DR_Congo_clashes" title="Western DR Congo clashes">Western DR Congo clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">ADF insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Insurgency in the Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Niger" title="Jihadist insurgency in Niger">Jihadist insurgency in Niger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudanese nomadic conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Western Saharan clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict" title="Nigerian bandit conflict">Nigerian bandit conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Conflict in the Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azawad_conflict" title="Azawad conflict">Azawad conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_gang_crackdown" title="Salvadoran gang crackdown">Salvadoran gang crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_gang_crackdown" title="Honduran gang crackdown">Honduran gang crackdown</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gang war in Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_security_crisis" title="Ecuadorian security crisis">Ecuadorian security crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Paraguay" title="Insurgency in Paraguay">Insurgency in Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Peruvian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Islamic State–Taliban conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Internal conflict in Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_drug_war" title="Bangladesh drug war">Drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Radd-ul-Fasaad" title="Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad">Insurgency in Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Sectarian violence in Pakistan">Sectarian violence in Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South- east</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalay_clashes" title="Kalay clashes">Kalay clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen%E2%80%93Mon_conflict" title="Karen–Mon conflict">Karen–Mon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Rakhine_State_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present)">Conflict in Rakhine State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Conflicts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraq conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi–led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Iran–Israel conflict in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency">Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">2015–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_insurgency" title="Daraa insurgency">Daraa insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Desert campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor">Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus">Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">Dissident Irish republican campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_feud" title="Loyalist feud">Loyalist feud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&oldid=1259714065">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&oldid=1259714065</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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