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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Planning process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ancient Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Ancient Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Macedon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Macedon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Ancient Macedon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Macedon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Ancient China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Carthage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Carthage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Ancient Carthage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Carthage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Ancient Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Mongol Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Colonial Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_Indian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_Indian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 French and Indian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_Indian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12 American Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Boston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Boston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12.1 Siege of Boston </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Boston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Long_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Long_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12.2 Battle of Long Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Long_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Trenton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Trenton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12.3 Battle of Trenton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Trenton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Princeton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Princeton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12.4 Battle of Princeton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Princeton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12.5 Siege of Fort Stanwix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Cowpens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Cowpens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12.6 Battle of Cowpens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Cowpens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolutionary_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.13 French Revolutionary Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolutionary_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_First_Coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_First_Coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.14 War of the First Coalition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_First_Coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Barbary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Barbary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.15 First Barbary War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Barbary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16 War of 1812 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_American_Invasion_of_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_American_Invasion_of_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16.1 First American Invasion of Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_American_Invasion_of_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retaking_the_brig_Nerina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retaking_the_brig_Nerina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16.2 Retaking the brig Nerina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retaking_the_brig_Nerina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Detroit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Detroit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16.3 Siege of Detroit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Detroit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_brigs_Catharine_and_Rose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_brigs_Catharine_and_Rose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16.4 Capture of brigs Catharine and Rose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_brigs_Catharine_and_Rose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_HMS_Eagle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_HMS_Eagle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16.5 Capture of HMS Eagle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_HMS_Eagle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambush_at_Black_Swamp_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambush_at_Black_Swamp_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16.6 Ambush at Black Swamp Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambush_at_Black_Swamp_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16.7 Battle of Fort Stephenson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambush_at_Odelltown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambush_at_Odelltown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16.8 Ambush at Odelltown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambush_at_Odelltown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Lundy's_Lane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Lundy's_Lane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16.9 Battle of Lundy's Lane </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Lundy's_Lane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Conjocta_Creek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Conjocta_Creek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16.10 Battle of Conjocta Creek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Conjocta_Creek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.17 American Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peninsula_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninsula_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.17.1 Peninsula campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peninsula_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vicksburg_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vicksburg_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.17.2 Vicksburg campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vicksburg_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.18 Second Boer War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.19 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallipoli_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallipoli_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.19.1 Gallipoli campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallipoli_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.19.2 Western front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.19.3 Eastern front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.19.4 Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.19.5 At sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.20 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Front_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Front_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.20.1 Eastern Front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Front_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Front_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Front_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.20.2 Western Front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Front_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.20.2.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.20.2.2 North Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normandy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normandy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.20.2.3 Normandy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normandy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.20.3 Pacific theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_sea_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_sea_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.20.4 At sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_sea_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.21 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_Missile_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.22 Cuban Missile Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.23 Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_El_Paso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_El_Paso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.23.1 Operation El Paso </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_El_Paso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Bolo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Bolo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.23.2 Operation Bolo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Bolo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tet_Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tet_Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.23.3 Tet Offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tet_Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cherbourg_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cherbourg_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.24 Cherbourg Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cherbourg_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yom_Kippur_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_Kippur_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.25 Yom Kippur War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_Kippur_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Entebbe_Rescue_Mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Entebbe_Rescue_Mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.26 Operation Entebbe Rescue Mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Entebbe_Rescue_Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falklands_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falklands_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.27 Falklands War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falklands_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Just_Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Just_Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.28 Operation Just Cause </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Just_Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Desert_Storm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Desert_Storm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.29 Operation Desert Storm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Desert_Storm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosovo_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosovo_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.30 Kosovo War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosovo_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_Lebanon_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_Lebanon_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.31 2006 Lebanon War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_Lebanon_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russo-Ukrainian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Ukrainian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.32 Russo-Ukrainian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Ukrainian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-Indian_border_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Indian_border_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.33 Sino-Indian border dispute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Indian_border_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Israel–Hamas_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Israel–Hamas_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.34 2023 Israel–Hamas war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Israel–Hamas_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Opinions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Military deception</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decepci%C3%B3_(terme_militar)" title="Decepció (terme militar) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Decepció (terme militar)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablenkungsman%C3%B6ver" title="Ablenkungsmanöver – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ablenkungsmanöver" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Στρατιωτικά τεχνάσματα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατιωτικά τεχνάσματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enga%C3%B1o_militar" title="Engaño militar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Engaño militar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="فریب نظامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریب نظامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9ception_(militaire)" title="Déception (militaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déception (militaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC_%EA%B8%B0%EB%A7%8C" title="군사 기만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="군사 기만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslihat_militer" title="Muslihat militer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muslihat militer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inganno_militare" title="Inganno militare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inganno militare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הונאה צבאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הונאה צבאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslihat_tentera" title="Muslihat tentera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muslihat tentera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BA%E7%9E%9E%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="欺瞞作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欺瞞作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villedelse" title="Villedelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Villedelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqoblash" title="Niqoblash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niqoblash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engano_militar" title="Engano militar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engano militar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE)" title="Маскировка (военное дело) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маскировка (военное дело)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8E%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="فروفێڵی سەربازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فروفێڵی سەربازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harhauttaminen" title="Harhauttaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harhauttaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Військовий обман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Військовий обман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%ABa_d%E1%BB%91i_(qu%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%B1)" title="Lừa dối (quân sự) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lừa dối (quân sự)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%AC%BA%E9%A8%99" title="軍事欺騙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軍事欺騙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%AC%BA%E9%A8%99" title="軍事欺騙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="軍事欺騙" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Surprise attack" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Surprise_Attack_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Surprise Attack (disambiguation)">Surprise Attack</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrum_of_deception_types.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Spectrum_of_deception_types.gif/260px-Spectrum_of_deception_types.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Spectrum_of_deception_types.gif/390px-Spectrum_of_deception_types.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Spectrum_of_deception_types.gif/520px-Spectrum_of_deception_types.gif 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Spectrum of deception types, including: <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>, concealment, <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, demonstrations, and feints.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Specialties:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Land units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Naval units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Air units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Combat systems:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Historical:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Development:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Military deception (MILDEC) is an attempt by a military unit to gain an advantage during <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> by misleading adversary decision makers into taking action or inaction that creates favorable conditions for the deceiving force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddell20041-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This is usually achieved by creating or amplifying an artificial <a href="/wiki/Fog_of_war" title="Fog of war">fog of war</a> via psychological operations, <a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">information warfare</a>, visual deception, or other methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddell20042–3-3">[3]</a> As a form of <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>, it overlaps with <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman-4">[4]</a> Military deception is also closely connected to <a href="/wiki/Operations_security" title="Operations security">operations security</a> (OPSEC) in that OPSEC attempts to conceal from the adversary critical information about an organization's capabilities, activities, limitations, and intentions, or provide a plausible alternate explanation for the details the adversary can observe, while deception reveals false information in an effort to mislead the adversary.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Deception in warfare dates back to early history.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a>, an ancient Chinese military treatise, emphasizes the importance of deception as a way for outnumbered forces to defeat larger adversaries.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Examples of deception in warfare can be found in ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval Age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism#Modern" title="Colonialism">European Colonial Era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Deception was employed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and came into even greater prominence during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In modern times, the militaries of several nations have evolved deception tactics, techniques and procedures into fully fledged doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Centeriii-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> Many standard military activities can be considered deceptive, but not deception. For example, a unit may move into an assembly area to complete organizing and rehearsing prior to a mission. It is a standard deceptive tactic to camouflage the vehicles, equipment and personnel in the assembly area with the intent of confusing the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-Gipe-18">[18]</a> Military deception is more complex than simple deceptive activities, with a unit deliberately planning and carrying out an elaborate effort that will cause a targeted adversary decision maker to take an action that is detrimental to the adversary and beneficial to the side employing deception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Joint_Publication_3–13.4:_Military_Deception''vii-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-16_mockups_on_fake_runway_Spangdahlem_AB_1985.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/F-16_mockups_on_fake_runway_Spangdahlem_AB_1985.JPEG/220px-F-16_mockups_on_fake_runway_Spangdahlem_AB_1985.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/F-16_mockups_on_fake_runway_Spangdahlem_AB_1985.JPEG/330px-F-16_mockups_on_fake_runway_Spangdahlem_AB_1985.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/F-16_mockups_on_fake_runway_Spangdahlem_AB_1985.JPEG/440px-F-16_mockups_on_fake_runway_Spangdahlem_AB_1985.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Dummy airbase and mock aircraft</figcaption></figure> Deception can be accomplished through either increasing or decreasing an adversary's understanding of the operating environment. Ambiguity increasing deception is intended to sow confusion in the mind of the enemy decision maker by presenting multiple possible friendly courses of action. Because the adversary does not know which is true, his reactions are delayed or paralyzed, which gives the friendly side an advantage. With ambiguity decreasing deception, the friendly side intends to make the adversary certain of the friendly course of action — certain, but wrong. As a result, the adversary will misallocate time, personnel, or resources, which enables the friendly side to obtain an advantage.<a href="#cite_note-Micciche-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a> deception in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> can be viewed as an ambiguity increasing deception that over time became ambiguity decreasing. Initially, the aim was to increase confusion among German planners and leaders by presenting the possibilities of Allied invasions at the <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Normandy</a> in France, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. Eventually, the deception increased certainty on the German side by causing them to conclude that Calais was the real invasion site. When the Allies attacked at Normandy, they did so with the advantage of surprise.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tactics">edit</a>]</div> Military deception may take place at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels of warfare. The five basic tactics include:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1-7-22">[22]</a> <dl><dt>Diversion</dt> <dd>Use of feints, demonstrations, displays, or ruses to draw the enemy's attention away from a friendly main effort and induce the enemy to concentrate resources at a time and place that is to the enemy's disadvantage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1-7-22">[22]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Example: On the night of 17–18 August 1943, the Royal Air Force carried out <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hydra_(1943)" title="Operation Hydra (1943)">Operation Hydra</a>, the bombing of a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> rocket research center at <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>, a German town on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. Over a period of time, the British had conditioned the Germans to expect and respond to attacks on <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> by sending <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a> bombers along the same route towards the city. When the British executed Operation Hydra, the Germans believed eight Mosquitoes flying towards Berlin were the vanguard of yet another attack on the same target. As a result of this diversion, the Germans deployed the majority of their fighter aircraft over Berlin, which gave the British an advantage over Peenemünde.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-23">[23]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Feint</dt> <dd>An offensive action involving force-on-force contact with the adversary which deceives the adversary as to the location and/or time of the friendly side's main effort. A feint will cause the enemy to concentrate resources at an incorrect time and location. A series of feints will condition the enemy to friendly activities in the same location, causing the enemy to lower their guard or respond ineffectively to the friendly main effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1-7-22">[22]</a></dd> <dd>Example: In May 1940, Nazi Germany's Army Group B attacked the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. At the same time, Army Group A invaded France by attacking through the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> towards the city of <a href="/wiki/Sedan,_Ardennes" title="Sedan, Ardennes">Sedan</a>. Army Group B's attack was a feint intended to disguise Germany's main effort from British and French military leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Operations-24">[24]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Demonstration</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WO201-2841_Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Development_and_Training_Centre,_Helwan_%27Sunshield%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/WO201-2841_Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Development_and_Training_Centre%2C_Helwan_%27Sunshield%27.jpg/220px-WO201-2841_Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Development_and_Training_Centre%2C_Helwan_%27Sunshield%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/WO201-2841_Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Development_and_Training_Centre%2C_Helwan_%27Sunshield%27.jpg/330px-WO201-2841_Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Development_and_Training_Centre%2C_Helwan_%27Sunshield%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/WO201-2841_Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Development_and_Training_Centre%2C_Helwan_%27Sunshield%27.jpg/440px-WO201-2841_Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Development_and_Training_Centre%2C_Helwan_%27Sunshield%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2739" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption>British "sunshields" were used to create displays during World War II</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>A demonstration presents a show of force similar to a feint, but avoids actual force-on-force contact with the adversary. The intent of a demonstration is for the adversary to incorrectly determine the time and location of the friendly main effort, which gives the friendly side an advantage by causing the adversary to incorrectly allocate resources, move to the wrong location, or fail to move.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1-7-22">[22]</a></dd> <dd>Example: During the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> commander <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> believed he faced a stronger <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> force commanded by <a href="/wiki/John_B._Magruder" title="John B. Magruder">John B. Magruder</a> than he actually did. Magruder reinforced McClellan's perception with numerous demonstrations, including parading his soldiers where they could be viewed by Union observers, concealing them as they moved back to the start point, then parading them again within sight of McClellan's observers. McClellan concluded that he was outnumbered and decided to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-Yorktown-25">[25]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Ruse</dt> <dd>The deliberate exposure to the enemy of false information that causes the enemy to reach an incorrect conclusion about friendly intentions and capabilities. A ruse is a trick of warfare that relies on guile to contribute to a larger deception plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1-7-22">[22]</a></dd> <dd>Example: The creation of the fictional <a href="/wiki/William_Martin_(Royal_Marine_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Martin (Royal Marine officer)">Major William Martin</a> ("The Man Who Never Was") as a British officer carrying important <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> battle plans. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Operation Mincemeat</a> deception that concealed the location of the planned Allied invasion of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the Allies intended for the Nazis to acquire the false documents, which indicated a planned Allied invasion of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and then incorrectly allocate troops and materiel.<a href="#cite_note-Mincemeat-26">[26]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Display</dt> <dd>The static portrayal of activity, troops, or equipment. A display is intended to deceive the adversary's visual observation capability, causing him to believe the friendly force is in a location other than where it is, that it has a capacity or capability it does not possess, or that it does not have a capacity or capability that it does possess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1-7-22">[22]</a></dd> <dd>Example: The Allied use of "sunshields" in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bertram" title="Operation Bertram">Operation Bertram</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and inflatable decoys in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to deceive the enemy as to the size, location and objectives of Allied forces.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></dd></dl> These basic deception tactics are often used in combination with each other as part of a larger deception plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1-7-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legality">edit</a>]</div> Adherents to <a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I</a> (1977) of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> agree not to engage in acts of <a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">perfidy</a> during the conduct of warfare. Perfidious conduct is a deceitful action in which one side promises to act in good faith with the intention of breaking that promise to gain an advantage. Examples include one side raising a flag of truce to entice an enemy to come into the open and take them as prisoners of war, then opening fire on the uncovered adversary. Additional examples include misusing protected signs and symbols, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">red cross, crescent, and crystal</a>, to conceal weapons and ammunition by making them appear to be a medical facility.<a href="#cite_note-Perfidy-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Axioms,_maxims,_and_principles">Axioms, maxims, and principles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Axioms, maxims, and principles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R_V_Jones_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/R_V_Jones_plaque.jpg/150px-R_V_Jones_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/R_V_Jones_plaque.jpg/225px-R_V_Jones_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/R_V_Jones_plaque.jpg/300px-R_V_Jones_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption>Plaque memorializing Reginald Victor Jones at his former home in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> The development of modern military deception doctrine has led to the codification of several rules and maxims. In U.S. doctrine, three of the most important are expressed as Magruder's Principle, the Jones' Dilemma, and Care in the Placement of Deceptive Material (Avoid Windfalls).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1–8,_1–9,_1–10-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magruder's_Principle">Magruder's Principle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Magruder's Principle">edit</a>]</div> Named for <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> general <a href="/wiki/John_B._Magruder" title="John B. Magruder">John B. Magruder</a>, the principle asserts that it is easier to convince a target into holding on to a pre-existing belief than it is to convince a target of something it does not believe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1-8-31">[31]</a> Examples include the Allies of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> making use in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Operation Mincemeat</a> deception of the pre-existing German belief that <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> would be their next invasion target after <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, when the Allies actually intended to invade <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jones'_Dilemma">Jones' Dilemma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jones' Dilemma">edit</a>]</div> Named for British scientist <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Victor_Jones" title="Reginald Victor Jones">Reginald Victor Jones</a>, who played an important role in the Allied effort during World War II, the Jones dilemma indicates that the greater the number of intelligence and information gathering and transmitting resources available to the deception target, the more difficult it is to deceive the target. Conversely, the more of the target's intelligence and information systems that are manipulated in a deception plan or denied to the target, the more likely the target is to believe the deception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1-9-33">[33]</a> One reason the World War II <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a> deception was accepted as true on the German side is that Germany's ability to acquire information about activities in England was limited, enabling the Allies to manipulate the few German intelligence gathering resources that were available.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoid_Windfalls">Avoid Windfalls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Avoid Windfalls">edit</a>]</div> If a deception target obtains deceptive information too easily ("too good to be true"), the target is unlikely to act on it and the deception will fail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1–9,_1–10-35">[35]</a> This requires deception planners to take care in placing deceptive information so that it will appear to have been acquired in a seemingly natural manner. The deception target is then able to assemble details from multiple sources into a coherent, believable, but untrue story. The best deception plans co-opt the enemy's skepticism through requiring enemy participation, either by expending time and resources in obtaining the deceptive information, or by devoting significant effort to interpreting it. In an example of valid information being dismissed as a windfall, early in World War II a plane carrying German officers to <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> became lost in bad weather and landed in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. Before being arrested by Belgian authorities, the Germans attempted to burn the papers they were carrying, which included copies of the actual invasion plans for Belgium and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Belgian authorities discounted this true information as false because of the ease with which they obtained it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center1-10-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_Forms_of_Surprise">Multiple Forms of Surprise</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Multiple Forms of Surprise">edit</a>]</div> Friendly events about which an adversary can be deceived are described in the mnemonic SALUTE-IS, which stands for Size, Activity, Location, Unit, Time, Equipment, Intent, and Style. The maxim indicates that the more of these categories the friendly side can deceive the adversary about, the more likely the adversary is to believe the deception. Conversely, if there are plans and activities about which the adversary is already aware, attempting to deceive him about them is unlikely to succeed.<a href="#cite_note-Organized-37">[37]</a> In Operation Bodyguard, the Germans knew there would be an invasion on the coast of France, that it would happen in 1944, and that it would be based in England. They did not know the exact date and the exact location. The Allies concentrated their deception on the SALUTE-IS details the Germans did not know about, and did not attempt to deceive them about what they already knew.<a href="#cite_note-DefeatofHitler-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning_process">Planning process</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Planning process">edit</a>]</div> The doctrine for planning deception has been codified over time. In the U.S. military, this doctrine begins with understanding the deception target's cognitive process. Expressed as "See-Think-Do", this understanding of the adversary considers what information has to be conveyed to the target through what medium for the target to develop the perception of the situation that will cause the enemy to take an action beneficial to the friendly side. In the planning process, "See-Think-Do" is considered in reverse order—what does the friendly side want the enemy to do as a result of the deception, what perceptions will the target have to form to take the action, and what information needs to be transmitted to the target through which medium so that the target will develop the desired perception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombined_Arms_Center2-5-39">[39]</a> As an example, the intent for Operation Bodyguard was for Germany to allocate forces away from Normandy ("Do"). The perception the Allies wanted to create in the mind of the deception target (Hitler) was that the Allies were planning to invade at Calais ("Think"). The information the Allies conveyed to the target to create the perception included the false radio traffic, dummy equipment displays, and deceptive command messages of the fictional First United States Army Group ("See").<a href="#cite_note-Butts-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thutmosis_III_wien_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Thutmosis_III_wien_front.jpg/220px-Thutmosis_III_wien_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Thutmosis_III_wien_front.jpg/330px-Thutmosis_III_wien_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Thutmosis_III_wien_front.jpg/440px-Thutmosis_III_wien_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>An early example of military deception was Thutmose III's capture of the Sinai city of Yapu</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Taking_of_Joppa" title="The Taking of Joppa">a story</a> from an ancient <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Harris_500" title="Papyrus Harris 500">Egyptian papyrus</a>, in about 1450 BC, an Egyptian army under Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> and his general <a href="/wiki/Djehuty" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuty">Djehuty</a> besieged the <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Caananite</a> city of Yapu (later Joppa and now <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>). Unable to gain entry, they resorted to deception. Djehuty hid several soldiers in baskets and had the baskets delivered to the town with the message that the Egyptians were admitting defeat and sending <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a>. The people of Yapu accepted the gift and celebrated the end of the siege. Once inside the city, the hidden soldiers emerged from the baskets, opened the city gates, and admitted the main Egyptian force. The Egyptians then conquered the city.<a href="#cite_note-Hays-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and The <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, epic poems composed between the 9th and 6th centuries BC, are credited to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> author <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. These poems contain details of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, presumed by the Greeks to have been fought in approximately the 13th century BC. The Odyssey provides the details of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a>, a successfully executed deception. After several years of stalemate, a Greek leader, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, devised a deception. Over three days, the Greeks constructed a hollow wooden horse, which they inscribed as an offering to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> in prayer for safe return to their homes. The Greeks then pretended to depart the area around Troy, giving the impression that they had sailed for Greece. Rather than risk offending Athena, the Trojans brought the horse into the city. That night, Greek soldiers concealed inside the horse came out of their hiding place and opened the city gates. The main force of Greek soldiers who had actually remained nearby then entered the city and killed the inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Cartwright-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Macedon">Ancient Macedon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ancient Macedon">edit</a>]</div> In 326 BC, the army of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a>, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, had advanced through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, conquering numerous kingdoms along the way. Alexander planned for battle against the forces of <a href="/wiki/Porus_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Porus the Elder">Porus</a>, the king of the region of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> that is now <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. To confront Porus, Alexander needed to cross the <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Hydaspes River</a>. Porus used the terrain to his advantage and arranged his forces to prevent Alexander from crossing the river at the most likely fording point. Leading up to the battle, Alexander scouted several alternative fords, but Porus moved each time to counter him.<a href="#cite_note-Wasson-43">[43]</a> Alexander eventually located a suitable crossing point approximately 17 miles north of his base. He then led a portion of his army to the crossing site, while his subordinate <a href="/wiki/Craterus" title="Craterus">Craterus</a> kept the entire army's campfires burning within sight of Porus and feigned several river crossings that Porus was able to observe. With Porus distracted, Alexander successfully led his detachment across the river, then marched south to engage in battle. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes" title="Battle of the Hydaspes">Battle of the Hydaspes</a>, Alexander's army had the element of surprise and quickly defeated Porus' troops, while sustaining relatively few casualties on the Macedonian side. Having conquered Porus' kingdom, Alexander then allowed Porus to rule it as one of Alexander's <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wasson-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_China">Ancient China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancient China">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Bin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sun_Bin.jpg/220px-Sun_Bin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sun_Bin.jpg/330px-Sun_Bin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sun_Bin.jpg/440px-Sun_Bin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>General Sun Bin of Qi successfully used deception in his kingdom's military operations</figcaption></figure> In 341 BC, troops under the general <a href="/wiki/Sun_Bin" title="Sun Bin">Sun Bin</a> of the state of <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> faced battle with the forces of the state of <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a>. Knowing that Wei regarded the army of Qi as inferior and cowardly, Sun Bin decided to use Wei's perception to his advantage. When Qi's forces invaded Wei, Sun Bin ordered them to light 100,000 camp fires on the first night. On the second night, they lit 50,000. On the third, 30,000. Sun Bin's deception caused the Wei forces led by general <a href="/wiki/Pang_Juan" title="Pang Juan">Pang Juan</a> to believe Qi faced mass desertions. Rushing to attack what they believed to be an inferior army, the Wei forces assaulted Qi's troops at a narrow gorge, not knowing Sun Bin's soldiers had prepared it as an ambush site. When Pang Juan's troops reached the gorge they observed that a sign had been posted. Lighting a torch to see the message, the Wei commander read "Pang Juan dies beneath this tree". The lighting of the torch was the signal for Qi to initiate the ambush. Sun Bin's army quickly routed Pang Juan's and Pang Juan committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-DanielHerbig-44">[44]</a> Another well-known deceptive measure from ancient China has come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty Fort Strategy</a>. Employed several times in numerous conflicts, the best-known example is a fictional one contained in a <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a> from the 1320s AD, <a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a>. This work, which contains embellished tales of actual Chinese history from 169 to 280 AD, includes the story of general <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang" title="Zhuge Liang">Zhuge Liang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu Han</a> employing the Empty Fort Strategy. As recounted in the novel's description of <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions">Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions</a>, an actual historical event, the forces of general <a href="/wiki/Sima_Yi" title="Sima Yi">Sima Yi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> arrived at Zhuge Liang's location, the city of Xicheng, while the bulk of Zhuge Liang's army was deployed elsewhere. Zhuge Liang instructed the few troops he had on hand to pretend to be townspeople and told them to perform tasks which would make them visible to Sima Yi, including sweeping the town's streets.<a href="#cite_note-Ryan-45">[45]</a> Zhuge Liang ordered Xichneg's gates to be opened, then took up a visible position on a viewing platform, playing his <a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a> while flanked by only two pages.<a href="#cite_note-Ryan-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Because Zhuge Liang's reputation as a military leader was so great, Sima Yi assumed Zhuge Liang had prepared an ambush, so he declined to enter Xicheng. Zhuge Liang's deception saved the town and prevented the few soldiers he had with him from being massacred or taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-Ryan-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Carthage">Ancient Carthage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancient Carthage">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a> general <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> employed deception during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a> in 216 BC. In preparing to face <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">a Roman force</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_219_BC)" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219 BC)">Lucius Aemilius Paullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Terentius_Varro" title="Gaius Terentius Varro">Gaius Terentius Varro</a>, Hannibal had 40,000 soldiers, as compared to the over 80,000 that had been amassed by Rome. To overcome the Roman advantage in numbers, Hannibal placed his less experienced and disciplined <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> in the center of his formation, arranged to bulge out towards the Romans. On either side of his line, Hannibal positioned his experienced and disciplined <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetuli</a> infantry. Hannibal intended for the Gauls to give way to the advancing Romans, with the center of his line bending but not breaking. Seeing the Gauls appear to retreat, the Romans would advance into the bowl shape or sack created by the bending of Hannibal's line. Once inside the sack, the African infantry positioned on the left and right would wheel inwards and attack the Roman flanks. In combination with the Carthaginian cavalry, the infantry on the flanks would continue moving until they encircled the Romans and could attack their rear. The battle unfolded as Hannibal had envisioned. Only 10,000 Romans escaped, with the rest either killed or captured. The battle came to be seen as evidence of Hannibal's genius for tactical generalship, while it was among the worst defeats suffered by Ancient Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Pillalamarri-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, in 52 BC Roman commander <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> attempted to engage the forces of tribal leader <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> in open battle in what is now central France. Vercingetorix kept the River Elave (now <a href="/wiki/Allier" title="Allier">Allier</a>) between Caesar's forces and his own. His troops destroyed or removed the bridges and mirrored the movements of Caesar's troops, preventing Caesar from crossing the river. Caesar responded by hiding forty of his sixty cohorts and arranging the remaining twenty to give the appearance of sixty as viewed from the opposite riverbank. The twenty cohorts continued to march along the river, and Vercingetorix's troops continued to mirror their movements. Caesar then led the forty hidden cohorts back to a repairable bridge, had it fixed, led his troops across, and sent for the other twenty cohorts to rejoin him. Now on the same side of the river as Vercingetorix, Caesar was able to engage the Gallic tribes in battle as he intended.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_Empire">Mongol Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mongol Empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genghis_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Genghis_Khan.jpg/220px-Genghis_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Genghis_Khan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>The Mongols, including Chinggis Khan, frequently employed deception in their military conquests</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> frequently used deception to aid its military success. A favored tactic was to exaggerate the size of their army, which would cause their enemies to surrender or flee. When he fought the <a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a> in 1204, <a href="/wiki/Chinggis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinggis Khan">Chinggis Khan</a> ordered his soldiers to light five campfires each, giving the impression of a more numerous army. In 1258 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> with 40,000 soldiers, and spread rumors of 100,000 in an effort to intimidate his enemy.<a href="#cite_note-May-49">[49]</a> When confronting numerically superior forces, the Mongols often sent troops behind their own lines to raise dust with branches tied to their horses' tails, which created the impression that reinforcements were en route. Mongol soldiers had more than one horse each, and to exaggerate the size of their army, they would compel prisoners or civilians to ride their spare horses within sight of the enemy, or mount dummies on their spare horses. To make their forces appear smaller, the Mongols would ride in single file, minimizing dust and making the hoofprints of their horses more difficult to count.<a href="#cite_note-May-49">[49]</a> Mongol armies also used the feigned retreat. A typical tactic was to deploy the <a href="/wiki/Manghit#Military_unit_of_the_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Manghit">mangudai</a>, a vanguard unit that would charge the enemy, break up its formation, and then fall back in an attempt to draw the enemy into a position more favorable to the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-Latimer6-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> Examples of deception occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. In 1271, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a> captured the formidable <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a> by handing the besieged knights a letter, supposedly from their commander, ordering them to surrender. The letter was fake, but the knights believed it was genuine and capitulated.<a href="#cite_note-Latimer6-50">[50]</a> In 1401, during the <a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyndŵr Rising">Glyndŵr Rising</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tudors_of_Penmynydd" title="Tudors of Penmynydd">Tudors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> were seeking a revocation of the price that <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Percy,_1st_Baron_Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy">Henry Percy</a> had placed on their heads. After deciding to capture Percy's <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a>, one member of the Tudor faction posed as a carpenter, gained access, and then admitted his compatriots. The successful deception was in part responsible for the creation of England's <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Latimer6-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> In an event from the early 1480s that was recounted in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>'s Conquest of Granada, during the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alhama_de_Granada" title="Alhama de Granada">Alhama de Granada</a> was besieged by <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>. During the siege, a portion of the fortress' outer wall was destroyed after the earth beneath it was washed away in a violent storm. To conceal the breach, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Mendoza_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="Íñigo López de Mendoza y Quiñones">Conde de Tendilla</a>, leader of the Spanish defenders, directed the erection of a cloth screen. The screen deceived the Moors because it was painted to resemble stone, and no Moorish besiegers ventured close enough to spot the fakery. The wall was repaired over the next several days, and the Moors did not learn of the gap in the Alhama's defenses.<a href="#cite_note-Irving-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> of England led troops on the European mainland during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a>. On 4 September 1513, Henry's forces began to besiege the city of <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. The site of a thriving <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> industry and home to many well-known painters, Tournai prolonged the siege by using painted canvas that resembled <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trenchworks</a> to exaggerate the strength of its defenses.<a href="#cite_note-Chisholm-52">[52]</a> As a result of this deception, the city held out for several days longer than expected and obtained favorable terms when it surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_Africa">Colonial Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Colonial Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christiansborg_Castle2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Christiansborg_Castle2.jpg/220px-Christiansborg_Castle2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Christiansborg_Castle2.jpg/330px-Christiansborg_Castle2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Christiansborg_Castle2.jpg/440px-Christiansborg_Castle2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Deception enabled the Akwamu to seize Fort Christiansborg from its European owners, then sell it back at a profit</figcaption></figure> In 1659, the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> constructed <a href="/wiki/Osu_Castle" title="Osu Castle">Fort Christiansborg</a> near what is now <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GhanaWeb-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shadows-55">[55]</a> Used to control commerce in slaves, as well as raw materials including gold and ivory, the site changed hands several times between Denmark–Norway, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, sometimes by force, sometimes by purchase. In 1692, <a href="/wiki/Nana_Asamani" title="Nana Asamani">Nana Asamani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Akwamuhene" title="Akwamuhene">king of the Akwamu people</a>, planned to capture the fort from Denmark–Norway. Disguising himself as a cook and interpreter, he obtained work at the fort, where over the next year he became proficient in the Danish language and conducted reconnaissance to learn about the activities of the facility's occupants and the people with whom they traded.<a href="#cite_note-GhanaWeb-54">[54]</a> After gaining familiarity with Fort Christiansborg's occupants and operations, in 1693 Asamani informed the Danish traders who occupied it about a group of Akwamu who desired to purchase weapons and ammunition, and suggested they were so anxious to buy that the Danes should inflate their prices.<a href="#cite_note-GhanaWeb-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shadows-55">[55]</a> Lured by the prospect of large profits, the Danes bartered with the 80 Akwamu that Asamani had brought to the fort. When the Danes allowed the Akwamu to inspect rifles and prepare to test-fire them, the Akwamu instead used the guns to commence an attack on the Danes. Caught by surprise, the Danes were quickly overpowered and ejected from Fort Christiansborg.<a href="#cite_note-GhanaWeb-54">[54]</a> The Akwamu occupied the post for a year before Asamani agreed to sell it back to Denmark–Norway.<a href="#cite_note-GhanaWeb-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shadows-55">[55]</a> Asamani kept the keys as a trophy, and they are still in the possession of the Akwamu.<a href="#cite_note-GhanaWeb-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_Indian_War">French and Indian War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: French and Indian War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham_3.svg/220px-Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham_3.svg/330px-Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham_3.svg/440px-Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Diagram depicting British in red and French in blue as they were arrayed after the British used deception to gain an advantage prior to the Battle on the Plains of Abraham</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> in North America (known in the United States as the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>), British commander <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a> attempted throughout the summer of 1759 to force French commander <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_de_Montcalm" title="Louis-Joseph de Montcalm">Louis-Joseph de Montcalm</a> to come out of his well-defended position in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. When artillery fire that destroyed most of the city did not produce the desired effect, Wolfe employed a deception strategy called "uproar east, attack west"<a href="#cite_note-Wood-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Wolfe ordered Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Saunders_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Charles Saunders (Royal Navy officer)">Charles Saunders</a> to move the British fleet on the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> to a position opposite one of Montcalm's main camps east of Quebec City. This demonstration gave the appearance of preparations for an upcoming attack. Montcalm was deceived, and moved troops to guard against a British assault from that location.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-56">[56]</a> Wolfe's soldiers at Quebec City capitalized on the favorable balance of forces created by the deception. First, they opened a road from the riverbank to the city heights. Next, they deployed into battle formation on a farmer's field near the city walls. Caught by surprise, Montcalm knew he would not be able to withstand a siege and had no choice but to fight. On 13 September 1759, the French were decisively beaten in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a>. The loss of Quebec led to defeat in the war and France was forced to cede Canada to the British.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: American Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Boston">Siege of Boston</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Siege of Boston">edit</a>]</div> As head of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> successfully used deception to equalize the odds in the fight against the larger, better-equipped, and better-trained British army and its <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> allies. During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a> from April 1775 to March 1776, the newly organized Continental Army suffered from numerous equipment and supply shortages. Among the most critical was a lack of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>, which was so acute that in a battle, Washington's troops would be able to fire no more than nine bullets per man. To conceal the lack of gunpowder from the British, Washington's quartermaster soldiers filled gunpowder casks with sand and shipped them from <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a> to the Continental Army's depots.<a href="#cite_note-Zegart-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The deception fooled British spies, and British commanders decided not to risk an attack during the siege.<a href="#cite_note-Zegart-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Long_Island">Battle of Long Island</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Battle of Long Island">edit</a>]</div> After the Patriot defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a> in late August 1776, Washington's forces retreated to <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights" title="Brooklyn Heights">Brooklyn Heights</a>, with a superior British force surrounding them on three sides and their backs to the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>. The British expected Washington would find his position untenable and surrender. Washington instead arranged for a flotilla of small boats to ferry his 9,000 troops across the river to the relative safety of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Island">Manhattan Island</a>. Moving under cover of darkness, Washington's troops withdrew unit by unit to avoid the appearance that a general retreat was taking place. The wheels of supply wagons and gun carriages were wrapped in rags to muffle their noise, and troops ordered to remain silent to avoid alerting the nearby British. Rear guard units kept campfires blazing through the night. These measures fooled British scouts into thinking the Patriot army was still on Brooklyn Heights. A morning fog obscured visibility, which helped the Continentals complete their retreat, and all 9,000 were safely ferried across the river. When the British advanced, they were surprised to find the American positions completely empty.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryNetWashington-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Trenton">Battle of Trenton</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Battle of Trenton">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="1407" /></a><figcaption>Deception played a key role in Washington's success at the Battle of Trenton in 1776</figcaption></figure> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a> on Christmas Day 1776, Washington used a spy, <a href="/wiki/John_Honeyman" title="John Honeyman">John Honeyman</a> to gain information about the positions of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian</a> mercenaries.<a href="#cite_note-Honeyman-61">[61]</a> Posing as a <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> butcher and weaver, Honeyman traded with British and Hessian troops and acquired useful intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Honeyman-61">[61]</a> At the same time, he aided Washington's plan by spreading <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> that convinced the British and Hessians that <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> morale was low and an end-of-year attack against British positions unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-Honeyman-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Honeyman's deceptive information enabled Washington to gain the element of surprise, and his troops routed the stunned Hessians.<a href="#cite_note-Honeyman-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Princeton">Battle of Princeton</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Battle of Princeton">edit</a>]</div> After the Battle of Trenton, the British dispatched a large army under General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a> to chase down Washington's smaller force.<a href="#cite_note-Marsico-63">[63]</a> At the 2 January 1777 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Battle of the Assunpink Creek</a>, the Continental troops under Washington successfully repulsed three British attacks on their positions.<a href="#cite_note-Marsico-63">[63]</a> Darkness ended the British attacks and they planned to resume the following morning.<a href="#cite_note-Marsico-63">[63]</a> That night, Washington again resorted to the same deceptive tactics he had used in Brooklyn, including muffling the wheels of wagons and gun carriages to reduce noise, and leaving a rear guard to keep campfires burning.<a href="#cite_note-Marsico-63">[63]</a> The British were again fooled, and Washington was able to move his army into a position from which he defeated the British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a> on 3 January.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix">Siege of Fort Stanwix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Siege of Fort Stanwix">edit</a>]</div> In August 1777, the first Patriot attempt to relieve the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">Siege of Fort Stanwix</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> was blocked by the British as the result of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Battle of Oriskany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-65">[65]</a> A second attempt, led by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> succeeded in part because of a successful effort to deceive the British besiegers.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-65">[65]</a> Arnold dispatched a messenger, <a href="/wiki/Hon_Yost_Schuyler" title="Hon Yost Schuyler">Hon Yost Schuyler</a> to the British lines.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-65">[65]</a> Schuyler was a Loyalist and regarded by the British army's <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> allies as a prophet because of his strange dress and conduct.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-65">[65]</a> To ensure his good conduct, Arnold held Schuyler's brother as a hostage.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-65">[65]</a> Upon reaching the British positions outside Fort Stanwix, Schuyler informed the Mohawk that Arnold's relief column was nearer than it was, and that it was much larger than it actually was.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-65">[65]</a> The Mohawk initially disbelieved Schuyler, but assumed he was telling the truth after other American Indian messengers sent by Arnold began to arrive with the same information.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-65">[65]</a> The Mohawk decided to leave, forcing British commander <a href="/wiki/Barry_St._Leger" title="Barry St. Leger">Barry St. Leger</a> to order a retreat.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-65">[65]</a> The end of the siege also ended British attempts to control the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley" title="Mohawk Valley">Mohawk Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Cowpens">Battle of Cowpens</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Battle of Cowpens">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowpens_1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cowpens_1781.jpg/150px-Cowpens_1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cowpens_1781.jpg/225px-Cowpens_1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cowpens_1781.jpg/300px-Cowpens_1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of the Battle of Cowpens, which shows Daniel Morgan's deceptive employment of the Patriot militia under his command</figcaption></figure> In the fall of 1780, Continental Army general <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a>, commander of the Southern Department, carried out a harassment campaign against the British in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> One of Greene's subordinates, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan" title="Daniel Morgan">Daniel Morgan</a>, commanded a force of approximately 600, and was tasked with harassing the enemy in the <a href="/wiki/Backcountry_(historical_region)" title="Backcountry (historical region)">backcountry</a> of South Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> In January 1781, as a British force commanded by <a href="/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton" title="Banastre Tarleton">Banastre Tarleton</a> closed in on Morgan near <a href="/wiki/Cowpens,_South_Carolina" title="Cowpens, South Carolina">Cowpens, South Carolina</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Broad_River_(Carolinas)" title="Broad River (Carolinas)">Broad River</a>, he opted to fight rather than risk being attacked while attempting to cross the water.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> Knowing the British regarded Patriot militia as inferior, Morgan used this perception to his advantage by arranging his troops in three lines.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> The first was sharpshooters, who provided harassing fire and attempted to pick off British officers.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> The sharpshooters would then fall back to the second line, which would consist of militiamen.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> The militia would fire two volleys, then feign a rout and pretend to flee.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> If the British believed they had caused a panic in the militiamen, they would charge forward.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> But instead of catching up to the fleeing militia, they would run into the third line—Continental Army soldiers commanded by <a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">John Eager Howard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> As a reserve, Morgan had a small Continental cavalry force commanded by <a href="/wiki/William_Washington" title="William Washington">William Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> Morgan's deception proved decisive.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Battle of Cowpens</a> on 17 January 1781, the British under Tarleton launched a frontal assault.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> The militia feigned retreat, and Tarleton's troops charged forward.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> As planned, they were met by Howard's troops, then surprised by Washington's cavalry charging into their flanks.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> The British lost over 100 killed, over 200 wounded, and over 500 captured.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> Morgan's command sustained only 12 killed and 60 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Elphick-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolutionary_Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: French Revolutionary Wars">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> made significant use of deception during his campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerRevolutionary-67">[67]</a> At the 1796 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lodi" title="Battle of Lodi">Battle of Lodi</a>, he used deception to achieve a successful crossing of the <a href="/wiki/River_Po" class="mw-redirect" title="River Po">River Po</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerRevolutionary-67">[67]</a> As a diversion, Napoleon mounted a token crossing attempt against a strong Austrian force under <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Beaulieu" title="Johann Peter Beaulieu">Johann Peter Beaulieu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerRevolutionary-67">[67]</a> Meanwhile, the bulk of his force moved upriver and obtained an uncontested bridgehead at <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerRevolutionary-67">[67]</a> Once it had crossed the river, Napoleon's force attacked the enemy's <a href="/wiki/Rear_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear guard">rear guard</a> in a tactic he referred to as manoeuvre sur les derrières ("maneuvering behind").<a href="#cite_note-LatimerRevolutionary-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_the_First_Coalition">War of the First Coalition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: War of the First Coalition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Campbell_1st_Lord_Cawdor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/John_Campbell_1st_Lord_Cawdor.jpg/220px-John_Campbell_1st_Lord_Cawdor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/John_Campbell_1st_Lord_Cawdor.jpg/330px-John_Campbell_1st_Lord_Cawdor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/John_Campbell_1st_Lord_Cawdor.jpg/440px-John_Campbell_1st_Lord_Cawdor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Lord Cawdor, whose successful bluff caused the French to surrender during the War of the First Coalition</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>, France attempted an invasion of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Levine-68">[68]</a> During the February 1797 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fishguard" title="Battle of Fishguard">Battle of Fishguard</a>, Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Tate_(soldier)" title="William Tate (soldier)">William Tate</a> an Irish-American commanding French and Irish troops, landed near <a href="/wiki/Fishguard" title="Fishguard">Fishguard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levine-68">[68]</a> English and Welsh militia and civilians under the command of <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Cawdor" title="John Campbell, 1st Baron Cawdor">John Campbell, 1st Baron Cawdor</a> hastily assembled to defend the town.<a href="#cite_note-Levine-68">[68]</a> When discipline began to break down among Tate's troops and their attempted invasion slowed down, Tate asked for surrender terms that would permit his command to leave.<a href="#cite_note-Levine-68">[68]</a> Instead of offering terms, Cawdor demanded unconditional surrender.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerRevolutionary-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levine-68">[68]</a> As Tate and his subordinates considered Cawdor's demands overnight, Cawdor backed up his bluff with several deceptive measures.<a href="#cite_note-Levine-68">[68]</a> According to local lore, these included having women in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costumes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hats</a> line the cliffs near the French camp.<a href="#cite_note-Levine-68">[68]</a> from a distance, the women appeared to be British soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Red_coat_(military_uniform)" title="Red coat (military uniform)">red coats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shako" title="Shako">Shakos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levine-68">[68]</a> Convinced that he was outnumbered, Tate surrendered and his troops were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-Levine-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Barbary_War">First Barbary War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: First Barbary War">edit</a>]</div> In October, 1803 the frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(1799)" title="USS Philadelphia (1799)">USS Philadelphia</a> ran aground off the North African port of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a> and was captured by the Tripolitan forces.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-69">[69]</a> In February 1804, a U.S. military detachment under the command of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Decatur Jr.">Stephen Decatur Jr.</a>, was assigned to retrieve the ship or destroy it to keep Tripoli from putting it into service.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-69">[69]</a> The raiding party deceived the Tripolitan authorities by sailing into Tripoli harbor aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Intrepid_(1798)" title="USS Intrepid (1798)">USS Intrepid</a>, a captured Tripolitan <a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">ketch</a> which they disguised as a <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Maltese</a> merchant ship.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-69">[69]</a> The ship's <a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilian</a> harbor pilot spoke to the Tripolitan authorities in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic (language)">Arabic</a>, claimed the ship had lost its anchors in a storm, and sought permission to tie up next to the captured Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-69">[69]</a> Permission was granted and Decatur and his crew overwhelmed the small force guarding Philadelphia, using only swords and pikes to avoid gunshots that would alert authorities on shore of their presence.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-69">[69]</a> Unable to sail Philadelphia away, Decatur and his crew burned it, then safely escaped.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: War of 1812">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_American_Invasion_of_Canada">First American Invasion of Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: First American Invasion of Canada">edit</a>]</div> In July 1812, General <a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a> was at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a> as the British fortified a defensive position across the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869285-70">[70]</a> Hull decided to move the British to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Malden" title="Fort Malden">Fort Malden</a>, further away from <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, so that he could seize the defenses in Windsor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869261–262-71">[71]</a> To implement his plan, Hull resorted to deception, which began when his troops collected all the boats and canoes they could find.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869261–262-71">[71]</a> On 11 July 1812, Hull sent some boats down the river to <a href="/wiki/Springwells_Township,_Michigan" title="Springwells Township, Michigan">Springwells</a>, south of Detroit, in full view of the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869261–262-71">[71]</a> At the same time, the American regiment commanded by <a href="/wiki/Duncan_McArthur" title="Duncan McArthur">Duncan McArthur</a> marched from Detroit to Springwells, also observed by the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869261–262-71">[71]</a> With the British now anticipating an American crossing south of Detroit, a second American force moved north in the dark until they reached Bloody Run, a crossing point a mile and a half north of Fort Detroit and opposite the Ontario town of <a href="/wiki/Old_Sandwich_Town" title="Old Sandwich Town">Sandwich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869261–262-71">[71]</a> Finding no activity at Springwells, the British believed the Americans had already crossed the river and marched on Fort Malden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869261–262-71">[71]</a> Assuming Fort Malden was vulnerable, the British troops in Sandwich marched south, and in the morning the Americans at Bloody Run crossed to Sandwich unopposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869261–262-71">[71]</a> After landing in Sandwich, the Americans then marched from Sandwich to Windsor and seized the British defensive works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869261–262-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retaking_the_brig_Nerina">Retaking the brig Nerina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Retaking the brig Nerina">edit</a>]</div> In July 1812, the British warship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Belvidera_(1809)" title="HMS Belvidera (1809)">HMS Belvidera</a> captured the American <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> Nerina, which had sailed for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> from <a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> without knowing that war had been declared in June.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Niles-73">[73]</a> Nerina's crew was transferred to a British ship, except for the captain, James Stewart,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> who remained on board with a British <a href="/wiki/Prize_crew" title="Prize crew">prize crew</a> which intended to sail Nerina to <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> so a <a href="/wiki/Prize_court" title="Prize court">prize court</a> could adjudicate the British claim.<a href="#cite_note-Niles-73">[73]</a> When the British ship was out of sight, Stewart suggested to the prize master the propriety of opening the hatches to air out Nerina's hold.<a href="#cite_note-Niles-73">[73]</a> The master gave the order, and the fifty American passengers Stewart had hidden belowdecks before Nerina was boarded rushed out and retook the ship.<a href="#cite_note-Niles-73">[73]</a> Stewart's successful deception enabled him to resume command and sail Nerina to <a href="/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut" title="New London, Connecticut">New London, Connecticut</a>, which he reached on 4 August.<a href="#cite_note-Niles-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Detroit">Siege of Detroit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Siege of Detroit">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/William_Hull.jpg/220px-William_Hull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/William_Hull.jpg/330px-William_Hull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/William_Hull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>William Hull, the target of successful British deception during the War of 1812</figcaption></figure> In a notable deception that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Siege of Detroit</a>, British Major General <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a> and Native American chief <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> used a variety of tricks, including letters they allowed to be intercepted which exaggerated the size of their forces, disguising Brock's militia contingent as more fearsome regular army soldiers, and repeatedly marching the same body of Native Americans past U.S. observers to make it appear they were more numerous than they were.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869284–290-75">[75]</a> Though he had superior troop strength, the U.S. commander, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a>, believed he faced overwhelming numbers of British regular troops and hordes of uncontrollable Indians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869284–290-75">[75]</a> Fearing a massacre, in August 1812 Hull surrendered the town and the attached fort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869284–290-75">[75]</a> Most of his militia were allowed to return home, while his regular army soldiers were held as prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869284–290-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capture_of_brigs_Catharine_and_Rose">Capture of brigs Catharine and Rose</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Capture of brigs Catharine and Rose">edit</a>]</div> American Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Downes_(naval_officer)" title="John Downes (naval officer)">John Downes</a> was in command of <a href="/wiki/Georgiana_(1791_ship)" title="Georgiana (1791 ship)">Georgiana</a> as part of Captain <a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a>'s naval force, which raided British shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos</a> chain.<a href="#cite_note-George-76">[76]</a> On 28 May 1813, lookouts on Georgiana spotted two British ships, <a href="/wiki/Catharine_(1809_ship)" title="Catharine (1809 ship)">Catharine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_(1806_ship)" title="Rose (1806 ship)">Rose</a>, off <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Island_(Galapagos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago Island (Galapagos)">James Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-George-76">[76]</a> Resorting to deception, Downes raised the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">British flag</a>, which tricked the British whalers into thinking they were not under threat.<a href="#cite_note-George-76">[76]</a> When the Americans were within range they lowered a few boats filled with men, which rowed to Catharine and Rose and captured them without resistance.<a href="#cite_note-George-76">[76]</a> The British captains revealed to Downes that they had no idea of the attack until the Americans were already on deck.<a href="#cite_note-George-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capture_of_HMS_Eagle">Capture of HMS Eagle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Capture of HMS Eagle">edit</a>]</div> In 1813, the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> continued to blockade America's major ports.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> The British flagship HMS <a href="/wiki/HMS_Poictiers_(1809)" title="HMS Poictiers (1809)">Poictiers</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Beresford,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Beresford, 1st Baronet">Commodore J.B. Beresford</a> maintained station just outside <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandy Hook, New Jersey">Sandy Hook</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lower_New_York_Bay" title="Lower New York Bay">Lower New York Bay</a>, supported by the schooner HMS Eagle.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> Eagle had a notorious reputation among local fishermen for seizing both fishing boat crews and the boats' valuable cargoes.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Percival" title="John Percival">John Percival</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> volunteered to end the threat, and acquired a fishing boat named Yankee.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> On the morning of 4 July 1813, he concealed 34 armed volunteers in the <a href="/wiki/Hold_(compartment)" title="Hold (compartment)">hold</a>, while he and two volunteers stayed on deck dressed as fishermen.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> Percival then sailed Yankee as though it was departing on a fishing voyage.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> Eagle's commander spotted Yankee and sailed in close so he could order it to transfer the livestock it carried on deck to the nearby Poictiers.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> Percival pretended to comply, and when Eagle was less than ten feet away, he signaled his volunteers to launch a surprise attack by shouting "Lawrence!" in honor of slain U.S. Navy Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence" title="James Lawrence">James Lawrence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> Percival's volunteers poured out on deck and began firing.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> Eagle's crew were taken by surprise and fled below deck.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> One of Eagle's crew struck her colors, thus surrendering to Yankee.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> Two British sailors were killed and another received mortal wounds, but there were no American casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> Percival brought the captured Eagle into port and delivered his prisoners to New York City's <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Street" title="Whitehall Street">Whitehall Street</a> docks as thousands of Americans were celebrating <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Percival-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ships-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings133–134-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ambush_at_Black_Swamp_Road">Ambush at Black Swamp Road</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ambush at Black Swamp Road">edit</a>]</div> In July 1813, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Forsyth" title="Benjamin Forsyth">Benjamin Forsyth</a>, one of the company commanders in the American <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Riflemen" title="Regiment of Riflemen">Regiment of Riflemen</a> wanted to enlist the aid of <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca warriors</a> during planned military operations against the British near Newark, Ontario (now <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara-on-the-Lake</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Butters-80">[80]</a> Forsyth and the Seneca leaders agreed to work together to ambush the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawks</a> who were allied with the British.<a href="#cite_note-Butters-80">[80]</a> American riflemen and Seneca warriors hid on both sides of the Black Swamp Road.<a href="#cite_note-Butters-80">[80]</a> A few Seneca horse riders rode out to gain the Mohawks' attention, then conducted a <a href="/wiki/Feigned_retreat" title="Feigned retreat">feigned retreat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Butters-80">[80]</a> After the Seneca horsemen passed the hidden American riflemen and Senecas, Forsyth blew his bugle as a signal.<a href="#cite_note-Butters-80">[80]</a> The concealed Americans and Senecas rose from their hiding places and fired into the pursuing Mohawks.<a href="#cite_note-Butters-80">[80]</a> Fifteen Mohawks were killed and thirteen surrendered, including a British interpreter.<a href="#cite_note-Butters-80">[80]</a> A few Mohawks escaped, while the Americans and their Seneca allies marched their prisoners back to American lines.<a href="#cite_note-Butters-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson">Battle of Fort Stephenson</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Battle of Fort Stephenson">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson_from_1912_History_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson_from_1912_History_Book.png/150px-Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson_from_1912_History_Book.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson_from_1912_History_Book.png/225px-Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson_from_1912_History_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson_from_1912_History_Book.png/300px-Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson_from_1912_History_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of the Battle of Fort Stephenson. Position B on the north side of the fort shows the position of the cannon George Croghan concealed to catch the British attackers by surprise</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Battle of Fort Stephenson</a></div> In August 1813, American Major <a href="/wiki/George_Croghan_(soldier)" title="George Croghan (soldier)">George Croghan</a> was in charge of 160 soldiers at Fort Stephenson, a base on the <a href="/wiki/Sandusky_River" title="Sandusky River">Sandusky River</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Sandusky_County,_Ohio" title="Sandusky County, Ohio">Sandusky County, Ohio</a> which guarded a nearby supply depot.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> British commander <a href="/wiki/Henry_Procter_(British_Army_officer)" title="Henry Procter (British Army officer)">Henry Procter</a> arrived with a superior force that included at least 500 British regulars, 800 American Indians under Major Robert Dickson, and at least 2,000 more under <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeler24-82">[82]</a> Procter met Croghan under a flag of truce and urged him to surrender, but Croghan refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings143-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869501-84">[84]</a> The British then bombarded the fort by artillery and gunboat, to little effect.<a href="#cite_note-Birchard-85">[85]</a> Croghan returned fire with his single cannon, "Old Betsy" while frequently changing its position in the hopes that the British would believe he had more than one artillery piece.<a href="#cite_note-Birchard-85">[85]</a> When Croghan's supply of ammunition ran low, he ordered his men to cease fire.<a href="#cite_note-Birchard-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeler60-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869502-87">[87]</a> Croghan deduced that the British were going to strike in full force at the northwestern angle of the fort, so he ordered his men to conceal "Old Betsy" in a blockhouse at that location.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869502-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeler60–61-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson-89">[89]</a> The next morning, the British feinted twice at the southern angle, then approached the northwest one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannings143-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeler61-90">[90]</a> American gunners surprised them by uncovering "Old Betsy" and firing at point blank range, which destroyed the British column.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeler61-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869503-92">[92]</a> Procter withdrew and sailed away.<a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869504-93">[93]</a> Procter reported British casualties as 23 killed, 35 wounded, and 28 missing.<a href="#cite_note-Birchard-85">[85]</a> American casualties were only one killed and seven wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Gilpin207-94">[94]</a> Croghan was celebrated as a national hero and promoted to lieutenant colonel.<a href="#cite_note-Birchard-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ambush_at_Odelltown">Ambush at Odelltown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Ambush at Odelltown">edit</a>]</div> On 28 June 1814, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Forsyth" title="Benjamin Forsyth">Benjamin Forsyth</a>, commander of the American <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Riflemen" title="Regiment of Riflemen">Regiment of Riflemen</a>, advanced from <a href="/wiki/Chazy,_New_York" title="Chazy, New York">Chazy, New York</a> to <a href="/wiki/Odelltown,_Quebec" title="Odelltown, Quebec">Odelltown, Lower Canada</a> intending to draw a British force of Canadians and American Indian allies into an ambush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869587-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walton-96">[96]</a> Upon arriving at the British positions, Forsyth sent a few men forward as decoys to make contact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869587-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walton-96">[96]</a> When the British responded, the American decoys conducted a <a href="/wiki/Feigned_retreat" title="Feigned retreat">feigned retreat</a>, which successfully lured 150 Canadians and American Indian allies into the ambush site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869587-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walton-96">[96]</a> During the ensuing fight, Forsyth needlessly exposed himself by stepping on a log to watch the attack and was shot and killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869587-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walton-96">[96]</a> Forsyth's riflemen, still hidden and now enraged over the death of their commander, rose from their covered positions and fired a devastating volley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869587-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walton-96">[96]</a> The British were surprised by the ambush and retreated in confusion, leaving seventeen dead on the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869587-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walton-96">[96]</a> Forsyth was the only American casualty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869587-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walton-96">[96]</a> Even though Forsyth was killed, his feigned retreat and ambush succeeded at inflicting heavy casualties on the British force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossing1869587-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walton-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Lundy's_Lane">Battle of Lundy's Lane</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Battle of Lundy's Lane">edit</a>]</div> In the July 1814 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Battle of Lundy's Lane</a>, American forces used deception at several critical points.<a href="#cite_note-Madness-97">[97]</a> When troops under <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> returned from attacks on British formations they were twice mistaken in the dark for a British unit and allowed to pass.<a href="#cite_note-Madness-97">[97]</a> In one incident, a British leader asked who was approaching by shouting "The 89th?" The Americans recognized the opportunity to pass unmolested and called back "The 89th!"<a href="#cite_note-Madness-97">[97]</a> In another event, American Captain Ambrose Spencer saw a unit approaching in the dark.<a href="#cite_note-Madness-97">[97]</a> He rode up and called out "What regiment is that?"<a href="#cite_note-Madness-97">[97]</a> "The Royal Scots, Sir!" a Scottish officer replied.<a href="#cite_note-Madness-97">[97]</a> Spencer called out "Halt, Royal Scots!" and then rode off.<a href="#cite_note-Madness-97">[97]</a> Believing a superior officer had given them a command, the regiment stopped, then remained in place until a real British officer found them and gave them new orders.<a href="#cite_note-Madness-97">[97]</a> In a third incident, British soldier Shadrach Byfield reported that an individual in a company of hidden Americans impersonated a British officer and told the British troops opposing them to form up and stand tall in preparation for inspection.<a href="#cite_note-Madness-97">[97]</a> The British troops believed a superior officer was addressing them and stood, enabling the Americans to fire a volley, after which they escaped retaliation by scattering in the dark.<a href="#cite_note-Madness-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Conjocta_Creek">Battle of Conjocta Creek</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Battle of Conjocta Creek">edit</a>]</div> In August 1814, American Major Lodowick Morgan of the <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Riflemen" title="Regiment of Riflemen">Regiment of Riflemen</a>, who was based in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, correctly deduced that the British were going to attack Buffalo from Canada by crossing the bridge at <a href="/wiki/Scajaquada_Creek" title="Scajaquada Creek">Conjocta Creek</a> (also called Scajaquada).<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> Morgan and 240 riflemen marched to the point where the road from <a href="/wiki/Black_Rock,_Buffalo" title="Black Rock, Buffalo">Black Rock</a> crossed the Conjocta.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> They sabotaged the bridge by pulling up a number of planks, then built breastworks at the south side.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> Afterwards, they continued on to Black Rock.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> Once at Black Rock, Morgan's troops marched back the way they came while playing music and making as much noise as possible to gain the attention of the British and make them believe the Americans were headed to Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> Once out of sight, Morgan and his men marched secretly through the woods to occupy the breastworks they had constructed on the south bank of the creek.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> The unsuspecting British arrived at the bridge and discovered the sabotage.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> While they halted to consider their options, Morgan began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Conjocta_Creek" title="Battle of Conjocta Creek">Battle of Conjocta Creek</a> by blowing a whistle to signal his soldiers, who fired a devastating volley.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> The British sought cover on the north bank and fired back, but the American troops remained protected behind their breastworks.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> The British attempted an assault on the breastworks, which the Americans repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> The British then attempted a flanking maneuver, which the Americans also repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> Unable to proceed past the Conjocta, the British retreated back to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> The Americans lost two killed and eight wounded, while the British sustained twelve killed and twenty-one wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: American Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peninsula_campaign">Peninsula campaign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Peninsula campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_B_Magruder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_B_Magruder.jpg/220px-John_B_Magruder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/John_B_Magruder.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>John B. Magruder, Confederate general whose deceptions prevented a Union attack early in the war</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula campaign</a>, Union commander <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> was the victim of a deception executed by the forces under <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> commander <a href="/wiki/John_B._Magruder" title="John B. Magruder">John B. Magruder</a> during the 1862 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1862)" title="Siege of Yorktown (1862)">Siege of Yorktown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Magruder, who had acted in and produced plays, used his knowledge of visual and audio effects to deceive McClellan into believing Magruder's force was larger than it was.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> These included placing straw dummy crewmen alongside <a href="/wiki/Quaker_gun" title="Quaker gun">Quaker guns</a>—logs painted black to resemble cannons—in his defensive works.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Magruder interspersed his Quaker guns with the few real cannons he possessed, making his artillery seem more numerous than it was.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In addition, he used shouted orders and bugle calls to march his relatively small force of about 10,000 in front of Union positions until they were out of sight, then had them loop around unseen and march through the same area again, making his troop strength seem greater than it was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder50–52-103">[103]</a> Magruder's elaborate charade convinced McClellan, who outnumbered Magruder by ten to one, that he faced a more formidable opponent than was actually the case, which caused him to delay attacking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder453–454-104">[104]</a> McClellan's delay allowed Confederate reinforcements to arrive, causing him to retreat back to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder453–454-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vicksburg_campaign">Vicksburg campaign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Vicksburg campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a></div> In early 1863, Union naval commander <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">David Dixon Porter</a> lost a new <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclad</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Indianola" title="USS Indianola">USS Indianola</a> after it ran aground on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a> and was captured by Confederate forces.<a href="#cite_note-MyronSmith-105">[105]</a> As the Confederates attempted to repair and refloat the damaged ship so they could use it against Porter's fleet, Porter executed a deception to thwart their effort.<a href="#cite_note-MyronSmith-105">[105]</a> His men constructed a giant dummy ironclad from barges, barrels, and other materials that were on hand.<a href="#cite_note-MyronSmith-105">[105]</a> Made to resemble a new, real ironclad, <a href="/wiki/USS_Lafayette_(1848)" title="USS Lafayette (1848)">USS Lafayette (1848)</a>, the dummy was painted black to give it a sinister appearance and flew the <a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> pirate flag.<a href="#cite_note-MyronSmith-105">[105]</a> Porter's sailors floated the dummy, christened <a href="/wiki/Black_Terror_(ship)" title="Black Terror (ship)">Black Terror</a>, downstream at night, and it appeared impervious to Confederate shore battery fire.<a href="#cite_note-MyronSmith-105">[105]</a> Exaggerated rumors about the seemingly indestructible super ship quickly spread to Vicksburg and reached salvage crews working on Indianola.<a href="#cite_note-MyronSmith-105">[105]</a> In a panic, they halted their efforts, blew up Indianola, and abandoned the wreckage.<a href="#cite_note-MyronSmith-105">[105]</a> When Black Terror ran aground and was inspected by Confederates, local newspapers roundly criticized military and naval commanders for being unable to tell the difference between a real warship and a fake.<a href="#cite_note-MyronSmith-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Boer_War">Second Boer War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Second Boer War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mafeking" title="Siege of Mafeking">Siege of Mafeking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-219-36.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-219-36.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-219-36.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-219-36.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-219-36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-219-36.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-219-36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Dummy <a href="/wiki/155_mm_Creusot_Long_Tom" title="155 mm Creusot Long Tom">Long Tom</a> artillery position deployed during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, British commander <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell" title="Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell</a> made extensive use of deception during his October 1899 to May 1900 defense of <a href="/wiki/Mafeking,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mafeking, South Africa">Mafeking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerMafeking-106">[106]</a> After he occupied the town with a force of 1,500, Baden-Powell faced 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> who intended to begin a siege.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerMafeking-106">[106]</a> As the Boers advanced, Baden-Powell wrote a letter to a friend in <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> whom he knew had died, which contained news of the imminent approach of more British troops.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerMafeking-106">[106]</a> Baden-Powell intended for the letter to be intercepted and when it fell into Boer hands, they believed it was real.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerMafeking-106">[106]</a> As a result, they diverted 1,200 troops to guard the approaches against Baden-Powell's fictional reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerMafeking-106">[106]</a> Baden-Powell's troops also set up fake defensive works at a distance from the town itself, including one marked as his command post, which further diverted Boer attention.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerMafeking-106">[106]</a> In addition, he had local residents execute deceptive tactics, including carrying boxes of sand labeled "mines" in places where they could be observed.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerMafeking-106">[106]</a> Word of these supposed mines reached the Boers, and when they soon afterwards observed supposed minefields appear around the edge of the town, they assumed the danger was real.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerMafeking-106">[106]</a> These deceptive measures held off a Boer attack, which allowed Baden-Powell time to improve Mafeking's defences.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerMafeking-106">[106]</a> As a result of his effort, the British were able to hold out until reinforcements arrived and lifted the siege.<a href="#cite_note-LatimerMafeking-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gallipoli_campaign">Gallipoli campaign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Gallipoli campaign">edit</a>]</div> During World War I, deception shifted from the tactical level to the strategic as modernized warfare and advances in technology increased the size and complexity of battlefield organizations.<a href="#cite_note-Handel215-107">[107]</a> Several methods of deception were used by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">Australian and New Zealand Army Corps</a> (Anzac) during its <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">withdrawal from Gallipoli</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, which was completed on 20 December 1915.<a href="#cite_note-Victoria-108">[108]</a> As early as mid-November, artillery and sniper activity went silent for periods of time, giving the impression that the Anzacs were preparing to remain in the defense with limited resupply of ammunition during the upcoming winter.<a href="#cite_note-Victoria-108">[108]</a> To cover the removal of the last troops, "drip rifles" were prepared to fire about 20 minutes after they were set, with a water can leaking into a second can that was tied to a rifle trigger.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-109">[109]</a> When the second can was full, the weight caused the unmanned rifle to fire.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-109">[109]</a> The sporadic firing created by this ruse convinced the Turks that the Anzac troops were still manning their defenses.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-109">[109]</a> In addition, Anzac troops used dummy artillery and mannequins to further enhance the impression that soldiers remained in their positions.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-109">[109]</a> As a result of these deceptive measures, both the main body of Anzac troops and the rear guard retreated unmolested.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-109">[109]</a> Given the failure of the Gallipoli effort from the Anzac perspective, the evacuation was considered the most successful part of the entire campaign.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_front">Western front</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Western front">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E04934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/E04934.jpg/200px-E04934.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/E04934.jpg/300px-E04934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/E04934.jpg/400px-E04934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>World War I Australian troops carrying a dummy <a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_tank" title="Mark IV tank">Mark IV tank</a> that was intended to deceive German forces during the following day's assault on part of the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a> (September 1918)</figcaption></figure> In March 1917, leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">German Army</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> decided to withdraw from their positions in France to the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a>, a 90-mile long defensive position that ran from <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> to <a href="/wiki/Laffaux" title="Laffaux">Laffaux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sass-111">[111]</a> With Germany unable to conduct an offensive because of personnel losses earlier in the war, commanders intended for unrestricted submarine warfare and strategic bombing to weaken the British and French, giving the German army time to recuperate.<a href="#cite_note-Osborn-112">[112]</a> In addition, the move to the Hindenburg Line supported the plan of commanders <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a> to shift the German focus to Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sass-111">[111]</a> The withdrawal to the new defensive line would shorten Germany's front by 25 miles, enabling 13 divisions to be employed against the Russians.<a href="#cite_note-Sass-111">[111]</a> Under the plan code named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich">Operation Alberich</a>, the Germans abandoned their old positions in a staged series that began in late February.<a href="#cite_note-Sass-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osborn-112">[112]</a> The majority of their movement occurred between 16 and 21 March, and the full German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line was completed on 5 April.<a href="#cite_note-Sass-111">[111]</a> The German withdrawal included numerous efforts to deceive the Allies, among them night movements and skeleton crews who remained behind to provide screening fire from machine guns, rifles, and mortars.<a href="#cite_note-Sass-111">[111]</a> The deception activities proved generally successful, and Germany completed its withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line largely unmolested.<a href="#cite_note-Sass-111">[111]</a> In August 1918, the Allies intended to launch two offensives, one led by British Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Sir Douglas Haig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a> (C-in-C) of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF), near <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>, and the other by American General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>, C-in-C of the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> (AEF), near <a href="/wiki/Saint-Mihiel" title="Saint-Mihiel">Saint-Mihiel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryNet-113">[113]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Battle of Amiens</a>, Haig's subordinate, General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baron_Rawlinson" title="Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson">Henry Rawlinson</a>, commander of the British Fourth Army, employed several deceptive tactics, including periods of radio silence by units involved in the coming attack and false radio traffic from other parts of the British lines.<a href="#cite_note-Amiens-114">[114]</a> In addition, Rawlinson delayed troop movement for as long as possible prior to the start of the attack to prevent German observers from obtaining data on his disposition of forces, and moved troops and materiel almost entirely at night.<a href="#cite_note-Amiens-114">[114]</a> The British offensive was immediately successful because they had maintained the element of surprise.<a href="#cite_note-Amiens-114">[114]</a> British troops and tanks advanced eight miles, captured 400 artillery pieces, and inflicted 27,000 casualties, including 12,000 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-Amiens-114">[114]</a> In an effort to gain an advantage near Saint-Mihiel, U.S. planners including <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Conger" title="Arthur L. Conger">Arthur L. Conger</a> attempted to deceive the Germans into believing the American attack would come at <a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a>, 180 miles to the south.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryNet-113">[113]</a> False orders left where spies or informants could find them and staff officer reconnaissance activity created the appearance that the U.S. intended to conduct operations in and around Belfort.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryNet-113">[113]</a> Pershing gained surprise at Saint-Mihiel and his offensive was successful.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryNet-113">[113]</a> In 1926, Conger discovered from a former German officer that while the Belfort Ruse had not been completely successful, it had aided Pershing.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryNet-113">[113]</a> Concerned that an Allied attack in the Belfort area was at least a possibility, many German units that could have reinforced German lines in the Saint-Mihiel area delayed movement from their rear area positions near Saint-Mihiel until it was too late.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryNet-113">[113]</a> As a result of the success of Pershing's offensive, they did not have time to execute their withdrawal plans, and either abandoned their weapons and fled or were taken as prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryNet-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_front">Eastern front</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Eastern front">edit</a>]</div> At a war council held with senior commanders and the czar in April 1916, Russian General <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov" title="Aleksei Brusilov">Aleksei Brusilov</a> presented a plan to the <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> (the Russian high command), proposing a massive offensive by his Southwestern Front against the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> forces in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerWorldConflict-115">[115]</a> Brusilov's plan aimed to take some of the pressure off <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> armies in France and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Italian Army</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Isonzo_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Isonzo Front">Isonzo Front</a> and if possible to knock Austria-Hungary out of the war.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerWorldConflict-115">[115]</a> As the Austrian army was heavily engaged in Italy, the Russian army enjoyed a significant numerical advantage in the Galician sector.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerWorldConflict-115">[115]</a> Brusilov's plan was approved, and he massed 40 infantry divisions and 15 cavalry divisions in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Brusilov Offensive">Brusilov Offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerWorldConflict-115">[115]</a> Deception efforts included false radio traffic, false orders sent by messengers who were intended to be captured, and equipment displays including dummy artillery to mislead Austria-Hungary as to the location of his units.<a href="#cite_note-Buttar-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Beginning in June 1916, Brusilov's surprise offensive caused Germany to halt its Western front attack on Verdun and transfer considerable forces to the Eastern front.<a href="#cite_note-Buttar-116">[116]</a> It also severely reduced the fighting effectiveness of Austria-Hungary's forces, effectively depriving Germany of its most important ally.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palestine">Palestine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Palestine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meinertzhagen_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Meinertzhagen_1922.jpg/220px-Meinertzhagen_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Meinertzhagen_1922.jpg/330px-Meinertzhagen_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Meinertzhagen_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Richard Meinertzhagen, credited with several British deceptions in Palestine during World War I.</figcaption></figure> In October 1917, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a>, commander of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Egyptian Expeditionary Force">Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a>, planned to attack the Ottomans in southern <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerMiddleEast-119">[119]</a> Rather than repeat previous frontal assaults at <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, which had been unsuccessful, he planned a flanking attack at <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerMiddleEast-119">[119]</a> As part of the larger deception effort to convince the Ottomans that Gaza was his objective, an officer under Allenby's command executed a deceptive tactic now known as the <a href="/wiki/Haversack_Ruse" class="mw-redirect" title="Haversack Ruse">Haversack Ruse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerMiddleEast-119">[119]</a> In this effort, usually attributed to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Meinertzhagen" title="Richard Meinertzhagen">Richard Meinertzhagen</a>, the officer intentionally dropped a knapsack which contained false plans for an attack on Gaza, which the Ottomans recovered.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerMiddleEast-119">[119]</a> As a result of the Haversack Ruse and other deceptive measures, the British surprised the Ottomans and achieved victory at the 31 October 1917 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Battle of Beersheba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerMiddleEast-119">[119]</a> Allenby again resorted to deception as he prepared to attack the Ottomans again at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a> in September 1918.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powles234–5-121">[121]</a> In preparation for the battle, British forces concealed the movement of three cavalry and several infantry divisions from the eastern end of the front line, the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a>, to the western end on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powles234–5-121">[121]</a> The single mounted division that remained in the east, reinforced with infantry, maintained the illusion that the Jordan Valley remained fully garrisoned.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powles234–5-121">[121]</a> Deceptive measures included marching infantry into the valley during the day when they could be observed by the Ottomans, transporting them out by truck at night, then marching them back the next day.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powles234–5-121">[121]</a> The tents of the departed units were left standing, and dummy horses, mules, and soldiers made from canvas and straw were displayed throughout the encampment.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powles234–5-121">[121]</a> In addition, mules dragged branches up and down the valley to generate thick clouds of dust, giving the impression of more animals and men on hand than there actually were.<a href="#cite_note-Powles234–5-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Though the deceptions did not induce <a href="/wiki/Otto_Liman_von_Sanders" title="Otto Liman von Sanders">Otto Liman von Sanders</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a>, to concentrate his forces on the eastern flank, as Allenby hoped, the Ottomans could not be certain of his intentions, so they could not mass their forces.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powles234–5-121">[121]</a> With the Ottomans spread throughout their line, Allenby's forces had a numerical advantage at the 19 to 25 September <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo (1918)</a>, and attained victory over the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powles234–5-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="At_sea">At sea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: At sea">edit</a>]</div> Britain's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> made extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Q-ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-ships">Q-ships</a> to combat German <a href="/wiki/Submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines">submarines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gwpda-124">[124]</a> Camouflaged to look like a civilian sailing vessel or decrepit <a href="/wiki/Tramp_trade" title="Tramp trade">tramp steamer</a>, the Q-ships were decoys that carried concealed heavy guns.<a href="#cite_note-gwpda-124">[124]</a> The function of the Q-ships was to appear to be an undefended target.<a href="#cite_note-gwpda-124">[124]</a> If successful, German submarines would be lured to the surface to sink or destroy the ship by using deck guns, enabling the submarine to conserve its limited supply of <a href="/wiki/Torpedoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedoes">torpedoes</a> for use against warships.<a href="#cite_note-gwpda-124">[124]</a> If a German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> surfaced, the Q-ship would immediately display the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/White_Ensign" title="White Ensign">White Ensign</a> flag in compliance with international law, then deploy its guns against the submarine.<a href="#cite_note-gwpda-124">[124]</a> In 150 engagements, British Q-ships destroyed 14 U-boats and damaged 60.<a href="#cite_note-gwpda-124">[124]</a> 27 of the 200 Q-ships the British employed were lost to German attacks.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Front_2">Eastern Front</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Eastern Front">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_deception" title="Russian military deception">Russian military deception</a></div> Before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> in June 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">German High Command</a> explained away the creation of a massive force arrayed to invade the Soviet Union by informing Soviet leaders including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> that it was training in preparation for an invasion of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Steury-126">[126]</a> The deception worked, and Stalin continued to ignore German preparations until after the invasion of the Soviet Union had actually commenced.<a href="#cite_note-Steury-126">[126]</a> When the Allies on the Western Front planned the Normandy invasion for June 1944, the Soviet Union simultaneously planned for a major Eastern front offensive against German forces.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-127">[127]</a> Called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a>, this Soviet attack was designed to catch the Germans unprepared in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belorussia</a>, at the center of their lines.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-127">[127]</a> To gain and maintain the element of surprise for Bagration, the Soviets executed a successful deception effort.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-127">[127]</a> The overall intent was to make German commanders believe the Soviets would only defend in the center of the front (Belorussia), while launching a major offensive to the south in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and a feint to the north in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-127">[127]</a> Soviet military leaders successfully masked preparations for action in Belorussia and limited German reconnaissance in the center of the front while drawing German attention to deceptive activities in the north and south.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-127">[127]</a> Germany was caught off-guard at the start of the Bagration offensive on 23 June, and the Soviets quickly pushed retreating German forces from the Soviet Union all the way to <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Front_2">Western Front</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Western Front">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Africa">Africa</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> From early 1941, <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Clarke" title="Dudley Clarke">Dudley Clarke</a> commanded the 'A' Force, based in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, which developed much of the war's Allied deception strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-128">[128]</a> In an initial deception failure from which Clarke derived an important lesson he put to use in the future, the British intended to retake <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> by an advance from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> into <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-128">[128]</a> Operation Camilla was intended to deceive the Italians occupying British Somaliland into thinking the British intended to retake British Somaliland by an amphibious assault from <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-128">[128]</a> Instead of moving their troops to meet the potential amphibious landing, or retreating to Italian-occupied Somalia, the Italians withdrew into Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-128">[128]</a> As a result, they possessed greater strength at the British objective when the genuine British attack occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-128">[128]</a> Clarke's lesson was to focus deception not on what the enemy should think is happening but what the deception planner wants the enemy to do as a result.<a href="#cite_note-Holt-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankin298-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: North Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jasper_Maskelyne_and_a_Force,_Royal_Engineers_HU95036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jasper_Maskelyne_and_a_Force%2C_Royal_Engineers_HU95036.jpg/220px-Jasper_Maskelyne_and_a_Force%2C_Royal_Engineers_HU95036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jasper_Maskelyne_and_a_Force%2C_Royal_Engineers_HU95036.jpg/330px-Jasper_Maskelyne_and_a_Force%2C_Royal_Engineers_HU95036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jasper_Maskelyne_and_a_Force%2C_Royal_Engineers_HU95036.jpg/440px-Jasper_Maskelyne_and_a_Force%2C_Royal_Engineers_HU95036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>British magician Jasper Maskelyne, credited with numerous deception activities during World War II</figcaption></figure> Deception played an important part in the war in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-130">[130]</a> In 1941, a British Army unit led by magician and illusionist <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Maskelyne" title="Jasper Maskelyne">Jasper Maskelyne</a> prevented the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> by using lights to recreate the nighttime image of the city, while blacking out the actual city lights.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-130">[130]</a> Coupled with explosives that simulated German bombs landing on the city, Maskelyne's illusion caused German planes to release their ordnance on the empty coastal site he had prepared rather than on the city.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-130">[130]</a> Maskelyne was subsequently tasked with preventing the Germans from attacking the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, a key asset in the Allied supply chain.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-130">[130]</a> He responded by creating a system of swirling <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlights</a> which cast a spray of <a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">strobe light</a> over more than 100 miles of the sky above Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-130">[130]</a> German pilots were unable to see the canal, and so were unable to destroy it.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-130">[130]</a> As part of the deception surrounding <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a>, camouflage artist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Sykes_(artist)" title="Steven Sykes (artist)">Steven Sykes</a> built a dummy railhead near Misheifa in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Stroud,_2012._Pages_123–133-131">[131]</a> The intent, which succeeded, was to divert German aerial attacks from the real railhead and deceive the Germans into believing that the British attack would not begin until the dummy was completed.<a href="#cite_note-Stroud,_2012._Pages_123–133-131">[131]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a>, camouflage unit commander <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barkas" title="Geoffrey Barkas">Geoffrey Barkas</a> led Operation Sentinel and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bertram" title="Operation Bertram">Operation Bertram</a>, which used dummy equipment and other deceptive measures to deceive German commander <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> about Allied strength and the timing and location of the Allied attack.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In Operation Sly Bob, Maskalyne's unit attempted to create a dummy submarine that would draw the attention of German reconnaissance aircraft along the German and Italian Italy-to-Tripoli supply line, enabling British ships to gain the element of surprise when attacking Axis shipping.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chant-133">[133]</a> By using old railroad sleeper cars, a wooden frame, nailed and welded beams, and metal tubing, Maskalyne's unit succeeded in creating a prototype that British ship commanders unaware of the deception plan nearly sank when they observed it near the Suez Canal.<a href="#cite_note-Chant-133">[133]</a> The difficulty in creating a viable dummy rendered the project impractical, and Sly Bob was abandoned before it was fully implemented.<a href="#cite_note-Chant-133">[133]</a> Based on the experience with Sly Bob, the British attempted to portray an aging <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> that would pose a threat to German shipping.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chant-133">[133]</a> When the effort proved unsuccessful because the dummy equipment and fixtures added to the cruiser were unrealistic, Maskalyne's team used the partially-dummied cruiser as "sucker bait".<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-134">[134]</a> With sucker bait, a magician uses an audience's powers of observation against it by allowing members to falsely believe they see through a trick.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[a]</a> By appearing to attempt to camouflage the cruiser-turned-dummy battleship, which Maskalyne christened HMS Houdin after magician <a href="/wiki/Jean-Eug%C3%A8ne_Robert-Houdin" title="Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin">Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin</a>, but allowing German observers to see through the camouflage, Maskalyne's team enabled the Germans to conclude on their own that the British were attempting to hide a battleship.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-134">[134]</a> Allowing the Germans to believe they had penetrated the camouflage and detected the battleship created in the minds of German military leadership the same risk to German shipping a real battleship would have posed.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Normandy">Normandy</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Normandy">edit</a>]</div> Before the June 1944 <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> invasion of Normandy, the Allies launched a deception codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Suciu-136">[135]</a> As part of Bodyguard, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Quicksilver_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Quicksilver (WWII)">Operation Quicksilver</a> deception portrayed <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army_Group" title="First United States Army Group">First United States Army Group</a> (FUSAG), a skeleton headquarters commanded by <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, as an army group commanded by <a href="/wiki/George_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="George Patton">George Patton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Suciu-136">[135]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fortitude South">Operation Fortitude South</a>, another component of Bodyguard, the Germans were persuaded that FUSAG would invade France at <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> in the fall of 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Suciu-136">[135]</a> British and American troops used dummy equipment, false radio traffic and <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agents</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Double-Cross_System" title="Double-Cross System">Double-Cross System</a>) to deceive German intelligence on the location and timing of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Suciu-136">[135]</a> The Germans awaited the Calais landing for many weeks after the real landings in Normandy, leaving in place near Calais several divisions that could have helped delay or defeat the Normandy attack.<a href="#cite_note-Suciu-136">[135]</a> By the time the Germans realized the Normandy landings were the actual offensive, Allied units were so well established in Normandy that they could not be dislodged.<a href="#cite_note-Suciu-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pacific_theater">Pacific theater</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Pacific theater">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> continued diplomatic engagement with the U.S. on several issues of concern throughout late November and into early December 1941 even though attacking ships had sailed from their base in the remote <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-French-137">[136]</a> The surprise 7 December 1941 <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> took place several hours before Japan presented a formal declaration of hostilities and officially broke diplomatic ties.<a href="#cite_note-French-137">[136]</a> Japan also made extensive use of decoys and other deceptive displays throughout the war, which took on increased importance as the tide of the war went against it in 1944 and 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-138">[137]</a> Prior to the October 1944 <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Samar" title="Battle off Samar">Battle off Samar</a>, the Japanese incorporated deception into their plan of attack by luring Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">William Halsey Jr.</a> into leading his powerful <a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet" title="United States Third Fleet">Third Fleet</a> to chase a decoy fleet, a target so inviting Halsey took with him every ship he commanded.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-139">[138]</a> With Halsey's force out of the way, the Japanese intended to attack the Allied <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">landings on Leyte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-139">[138]</a> The U.S. responded with their few remaining forces, the three <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carrier</a> groups of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">Seventh Fleet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-139">[138]</a> Escort carriers and destroyer escorts had been built to protect slow convoys from submarine attack, and were later adapted to attack ground targets, but they had few torpedoes, as they normally relied on Halsey's fleet to protect them from armored warships.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-139">[138]</a> These ships, organized as Task Unit 77.4.3 ("Taffy 3"), and commanded by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Sprague" title="Clifton Sprague">Clifton Sprague</a>, possessed neither the firepower nor the armor to oppose the 23 ships of the Japanese force, which included Yamato's <a href="/wiki/40_cm/45_Type_94_naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="40 cm/45 Type 94 naval gun">18-inch guns</a>, but took the initiative and attacked.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-139">[138]</a> In addition to ships firing on the Japanese from point-blank range, aircraft including <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat" title="Grumman F4F Wildcat">FM-2 Wildcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat" title="Grumman F6F Hellcat">F6F Hellcats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger" title="Grumman TBF Avenger">TBM Avengers</a>, strafed, bombed, torpedoed, rocketed, and depth-charged the Japanese force until they ran out of ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-139">[138]</a> They then resorted to deception, including numerous "dry runs" at the Japanese ships.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-139">[138]</a> Concerned that he faced a larger force than he actually did, Japanese commander Admiral <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Kurita" title="Takeo Kurita">Takeo Kurita</a> decided to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-139">[138]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a> in February and March 1945, Japanese deception included <a href="/wiki/Dummy_tank" title="Dummy tank">dummy tanks</a> sculpted out of the island's soft volcanic rock.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-138">[137]</a> At the Japanese-held airfield in <a href="/wiki/Tianhe_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianhe District">Tianhe District</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the Japanese painted on the ground the image of a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29 Bomber</a> that appeared to be on fire.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-138">[137]</a> Their intent was for the painted image to appear real to high-flying aircraft, which would lower their altitude to investigate, thus making them targets for Japanese anti-aircraft fire.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-138">[137]</a> In addition, the Japanese made extensive use of bamboo-framed dummy aircraft to project airpower and protect their remaining aircraft, straw dummy soldiers and wood weapons that made defensive works appear to be manned, and wood dummy tanks to make infantry soldiers appear to have more combat power than they actually possessed.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-138">[137]</a> The Allies planned an invasion of Japan to take place after the end of fighting in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Evancevich-140">[139]</a> This plan, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Operation Downfall</a>, had several components, including the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall#Olympic" title="Operation Downfall">Operation Olympic</a> invasion of the southern Japanese island of <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Evancevich-140">[139]</a> The deception created to enable Olympic to succeed, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pastel" title="Operation Pastel">Operation Pastel</a>, would have included false attacks against Japanese held-ports in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>, as well as Japanese positions on the island of <a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Evancevich-140">[139]</a> The end of the war following the U.S. atomic bomb attacks on Japan ended the need for a ground invasion or a deception plan, so Pastel was never implemented.<a href="#cite_note-Evancevich-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="At_sea_2">At sea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: At sea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Beach_Jumpers_monument,_Ocracoke_Island,_image_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/U.S._Navy_Beach_Jumpers_monument%2C_Ocracoke_Island%2C_image_1.jpg/220px-U.S._Navy_Beach_Jumpers_monument%2C_Ocracoke_Island%2C_image_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/U.S._Navy_Beach_Jumpers_monument%2C_Ocracoke_Island%2C_image_1.jpg/330px-U.S._Navy_Beach_Jumpers_monument%2C_Ocracoke_Island%2C_image_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/U.S._Navy_Beach_Jumpers_monument%2C_Ocracoke_Island%2C_image_1.jpg/440px-U.S._Navy_Beach_Jumpers_monument%2C_Ocracoke_Island%2C_image_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Beach Jumpers monument at Ocracoke Island, North Carolina</figcaption></figure> As a liaison to the British Navy early in the war, actor and U.S. Navy officer <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks_Jr." title="Douglas Fairbanks Jr.">Douglas Fairbanks Jr.</a> observed and participated in several raiding parties and diversions on the French coast.<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> Upon returning to the United States, Fairbanks proposed to <a href="/wiki/Ernest_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest King">Ernest King</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> the creation of a unit that would plan and execute diversionary and deception missions.<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> King authorized Fairbanks to recruit 180 officers and 300 enlisted men for the program, which was named <a href="/wiki/Beach_Jumpers" title="Beach Jumpers">Beach Jumpers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> There are several stories about how the unit was named; during an interview late in life, Fairbanks said British admiral <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Louis Mountbatten</a> coined it with the intention of creating a designation that provided cover for the unit's activities by being partly descriptive and partly in code.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> On 16 March 1943 Beach Jumper Unit ONE (BJU-1) was commissioned with the mission "To assist and support the operating forces in the conduct of Tactical Cover and Deception in Naval Warfare."<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> Eleven BJUs deployed during the war, and were used in all theaters.<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> The Beach Jumpers raided false landing zones and shore defenses during amphibious attacks, sowing confusion with the enemy about actual landing sites and causing the enemy to defend in the wrong place.<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> To carry out these deceptions, their boats were equipped with two .50 caliber machine guns, 10 window (<a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">chaff</a>) rockets, smoke generators, and floating time-delay explosive packs.<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> They were also outfitted with naval balloons and communications and psychological operations equipment, including recorders, speakers, generators, and radio jammers.<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> The balloons included radar reflective strips that when towed would cause Beach Jumper units to appear to enemy radar operators as a larger force than they actually were.<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> Beach Jumper units created diversionary landings during several battles, including <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Operation Husky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> The Beach Jumpers were inactivated after World War II, but were reconstituted for service during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> With the U.S. military creating and fielding an <a href="/wiki/Information_Operations_(United_States)" title="Information Operations (United States)">Information Operations</a> capability beginning in the early 1990s, the modern Beach Jumpers exist as part of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Information_Forces" title="U.S. Naval Information Forces">U.S. Naval Information Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MattF-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Korean War">edit</a>]</div> In the summer of 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> (KPA) of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> 140,000 South Korean and allied soldiers were nearly defeated.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> In August and September 1950, South Korea and its allies waged the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter">Battle of Pusan Perimeter</a> against the KPA and succeeded in establishing a defensive line that prevented the KPA from destroying them.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> To enable the counterattack that started with an amphibious landing at <a href="/wiki/Inchon" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchon">Inchon</a> (codenamed Operation Chromite), United Nations (U.N.) forces staged an elaborate deception that made it appear the landing would take place at <a href="/wiki/Gunsan" title="Gunsan">Gunsan</a>, 105 miles away from the actual landing site at Inchon and closer to the Pusan Perimeter.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> On 5 September, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> began attacks on roads and bridges to isolate Gunsan.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> This was followed by a naval bombardment, which was followed by heavy bombing of military installations in and near the town.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> These tactics were typical pre-invasion steps, and were intended to cause North Korea to believe Gunsan was the planned U.N. invasion site.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> In addition to the aerial and naval bombardment, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> officers briefed their units on the supposed Gunsan landing within earshot of many Koreans, assuming that the information would make its way to KPA leaders through rumors or spies.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> On the night of 12–13 September, the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> landed U.S. Army special operations troops and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> commandos at Gunsan, making sure that enemy forces noticed their supposed reconnaissance of the area.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> U.N. forces also conducted rehearsals on the coast of South Korea at several sites with conditions were similar to Inchon.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> These drills enabled U.N. forces to perfect the timing and actions of the planned Inchon landing while simultaneously confusing the North Koreans as to the actual landing site.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> On 15 September, United Nations forces under <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> surprised the KPA with the Inchon landing.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon">Battle of Inchon</a>, the U.N. ended a string of victories by North Korea. The KPA collapsed within a month, and 135,000 KPA troops were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_Missile_Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Cuban Missile Crisis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poltava_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Poltava_1962.jpg/220px-Poltava_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Poltava_1962.jpg/330px-Poltava_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Poltava_1962.jpg/440px-Poltava_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet ship Poltava, bound for Cuba in September 1962 with disguised medium range ballistic missiles as cargo.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anadyr" title="Operation Anadyr">Operation Anadyr</a></div> During the period leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> of October 1962, Cuba and the Soviet Union employed several deceptive measures to hide their activities.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_2002,_pg._50-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gribkov_and_Smith_1994,_p._24-145">[144]</a> These included the codename for the plan to deploy missiles in Cuba; <a href="/wiki/Anadyr_(town)" title="Anadyr (town)">Anadyr</a>, a Russian town, is associated with the sparsely-populated and inaccessible area of Northeastern Russia and did not suggest an operation in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_2002,_pg._50-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gribkov_and_Smith_1994,_p._24-145">[144]</a> Soviet soldiers constructed false superstructures to hide the defenses of the ships transporting missiles and launching equipment to Cuba, and placed agricultural equipment and other non-military machinery on deck where it could be seen.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Upon arrival, the ships unloaded at eleven different Cuban ports to deceive American surveillance efforts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[146]</a> At the same time, Soviet and Cuban news media reported on the supposedly massive agricultural assistance the Soviets were providing Cuba, which provided a plausible explanation for the activity and equipment that could be observed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The Soviet deception proved highly effective and the missiles were discovered only after they were already operational.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Vietnam War">edit</a>]</div> Both <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and the forces of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> and the United States made use of deception during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_El_Paso">Operation El Paso</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Operation El Paso">edit</a>]</div> As part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_El_Paso" title="Operation El Paso">Operation El Paso</a>, which took place from May to July 1966, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st Infantry Division</a> deliberately exposed information about a planned resupply and engineer equipment convoy from Minh Than north to <a href="/wiki/An_L%E1%BB%99c,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="An Lộc, Bình Phước">An Lộc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-152">[151]</a> Division planners anticipated the enemy response would be an ambush at one of a number of possible locations.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-152">[151]</a> As a result, the supposedly lightly armed convoy actually consisted of armored cavalry and infantry.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-152">[151]</a> Additionally, 1st ID planners prepared for <a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">air assault</a> operations at the most likely ambush sites.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-152">[151]</a> Events unfolded as the planners had foreseen, and the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> ambushed the convoy.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-152">[151]</a> The ambush sprang the 1st Infantry Division's trap, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minh_Thanh_Road" title="Battle of Minh Thanh Road">Battle of Minh Thanh Road</a> resulted in 50 percent of the Viet Cong regiment becoming casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Bolo">Operation Bolo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Operation Bolo">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robin_Olds_completes_100th_combat_mission_over_North_Vietnam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Robin_Olds_completes_100th_combat_mission_over_North_Vietnam.JPG/150px-Robin_Olds_completes_100th_combat_mission_over_North_Vietnam.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Robin_Olds_completes_100th_combat_mission_over_North_Vietnam.JPG/225px-Robin_Olds_completes_100th_combat_mission_over_North_Vietnam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Robin_Olds_completes_100th_combat_mission_over_North_Vietnam.JPG/300px-Robin_Olds_completes_100th_combat_mission_over_North_Vietnam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Robin Olds, who led the Operation Bolo deception, is celebrated after completing his 100th aerial combat mission in September 1967</figcaption></figure> In 1967's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bolo" title="Operation Bolo">Operation Bolo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> unit led by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Olds" title="Robin Olds">Robin Olds</a> successfully countered the threat posed by Soviet <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">MiG-21</a> fighter planes operating in North Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> During bombing missions, unescorted U.S. <a href="/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief" title="Republic F-105 Thunderchief">Republic F-105 Thunderchief</a> fighter-bombers would often be attacked by MiG-21s.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> Heavily laden with ordnance, the F-105s were no match for the faster MiGs.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> On occasions when the F-105s were escorted by <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom II</a> fighter planes, the MiGs would refuse to engage.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> In addition, the rules of engagement on the U.S. side prevented attacking the MiGs when they were on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> This measure was intended to keep the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from becoming further engaged in the conflict by preventing casualties to the Soviet mechanics and technical advisors who were assisting North Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> To counter the MiG threat, Olds' <a href="/wiki/8th_Fighter_Wing" title="8th Fighter Wing">8th Fighter Wing</a> prepared its F-4s to display the electronic and radar signatures of F-105s.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> To create this effect, the 8th Fighter Wing outfitted F-4s with QRC-160 jamming pods, a device used only by F-105s.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> When they flew the mission, Olds and his fellow pilots assumed the route, elevation, speed, and formation of an F-105 flight.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> They also staggered the takeoff and arrival times of the F-4s, enabling later-arriving F-4s to prevent the MiGs from landing.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> The Bolo deception was executed successfully.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> The North Vietnamese believed they faced an F-105 flight and dispatched their MiGs.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> The later-arriving F4s prevented the MiGs from returning to their base.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> The 8th Fighter Wing destroyed seven MiGs in a matter of minutes, while Olds' fighters sustained no losses.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> The destruction of half their MiGs and uncertainty about whether future flights observed on radar and electronic sensors were unescorted F-105s or F-4s pretending to be F-105s caused North Vietnam to ground its MiGs.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> The MiGs failed in their mission of preventing U.S. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Operation Rolling Thunder</a> bombing runs over North Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-SOF-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tet_Offensive">Tet Offensive</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Tet Offensive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a></div> In 1967, the government and military of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> began planning for an offensive that would begin in early 1968.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> The intent within the war's area of operations was to spark an uprising by the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> and others in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> who were sympathetic to the government in the north.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> In a wider sense, North Vietnam hoped the offensive would cause a withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Vietnam by undermining U.S. public confidence in the war.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> North Vietnam implemented several deceptive measures to mask preparations for the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> In October, the North Vietnamese government announced that it would observe a seven-day holiday truce from 27 January to 3 February 1968, several days longer than previous Tet truces had lasted.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> The U.S. and South Vietnam presumed that the coming offensive, of which they had received some intelligence, would take place before or after the truce.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> When the attacks had not commenced before the holiday, South Vietnamese and U.S. leaders assumed it would come after the holiday.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> As a result, they allowed many soldiers to take holiday leave and relaxed the usual security measures.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> As an additional deceptive measure, while intending to attack South Vietnam's major cities and military installations, the North Vietnamese continued attacks along the border between the two countries during late 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> These diversionary assaults served to draw U.S. attention to the border and U.S. forces away from the actual objectives—the heavily populated South Vietnamese coastal lowlands and cities.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> When the offensive commenced, South Vietnam and the U.S. were surprised by the coordinated attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> However, the U.S. and South Vietnam regrouped and over several days repulsed the North Vietnamese assaults.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> North Vietnam failed to attain the immediate objective of creating an uprising in South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> In the longer term, the offensive aided in swaying U.S. public opinion against the war, which led to a decreased U.S. presence in Vietnam and eventual withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-Tet-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cherbourg_Project">Cherbourg Project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Cherbourg Project">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_five_vessels_waiting_in_Cherbourg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_five_vessels_waiting_in_Cherbourg.jpg/220px-The_five_vessels_waiting_in_Cherbourg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_five_vessels_waiting_in_Cherbourg.jpg/330px-The_five_vessels_waiting_in_Cherbourg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_five_vessels_waiting_in_Cherbourg.jpg/440px-The_five_vessels_waiting_in_Cherbourg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>The five patrol boats the Israeli Defense Forces employed deception to sail from Cherbourg.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg_Project" title="Cherbourg Project">Cherbourg Project</a></div> In 1969, France abruptly declared an arms <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a> against countries in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, chiefly aimed at <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and cancelled a contract to build patrol boats for Israel's navy. France also refused to release the last five boats built under the contract even though Israel had already paid for them. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> mounted an elaborate scheme involving the purchase of the boats by a civilian company for non-military purposes. When they became concerned that the dummy transaction would be exposed, Israel decided to secretly take possession of the boats. The Israeli navy dispatched crews disguised as civilians, who gradually arrived at the French Atlantic seaport of <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>. Once the crews assembled, they secretly sailed the five boats out of the harbor on the night of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> 1969. Though they encountered a winter storm, the boats reached the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and safely completed the voyage to Israel. The plan to take possession of the boats, which the Israelis called "Operation Noa" but came to be known as the Cherbourg Project, was assisted by sympathetic Cherbourg shipyard and boat building company employees, but the French government was kept totally unaware until the boats had left port.<a href="#cite_note-Rabinovich-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_Kippur_War">Yom Kippur War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Yom Kippur War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War#Lead-up_to_the_surprise_Arab_offensive" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War § Lead-up to the surprise Arab offensive</a></div> In the period before the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the joint forces of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, Egypt executed annual maneuvers near the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, Tahrir 41, which conditioned Israel to Egyptian troop activity in the area. In addition, several months before the start of the war, Egypt created the false impression of an imminent attack, which caused Israel to announce an emergency military reserve call up. When <a href="/wiki/Operation_Badr_(1973)" title="Operation Badr (1973)">the war started</a>, Israel believed the initial Egyptian troop movements were another iteration of the exercises the Egyptians had previously undertaken. In addition, because an emergency call up was costly and disruptive, the Israeli government was reluctant to conduct another one until it was sure an attack was underway. As a result of the deception, Egypt had surprise on its side when it attacked.<a href="#cite_note-Riedel-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Entebbe_Rescue_Mission">Operation Entebbe Rescue Mission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Operation Entebbe Rescue Mission">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Entebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Entebbe">Operation Entebbe</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijacking</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> plane in late June 1976, the perpetrators had the aircraft diverted to <a href="/wiki/Entebbe_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Entebbe Airport">Entebbe Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, where they threatened to kill all the Jewish and Israeli passengers if their demands were not met. The Israeli government pursued diplomatic efforts to free the hostages while the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Forces">Israeli Defense Forces</a> planned a rescue mission in secrecy. When the raid was launched, IDF commandos secretly landed at an old unused area of the airport, where they offloaded decoy vehicles resembling Ugandan president <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a>'s motorcade. By making themselves appear to be Amin and his security detail, the Israelis intended to gain the element of surprise on Ugandan guards at the terminal where the hostages were held.<a href="#cite_note-Domnitch-157">[156]</a> The ruse was only partly successful because Amin had recently changed limousines, and his new one was white, while the one the Israelis were using was black. The Ugandan guards realized the trick, which led to a gunfight that cost the Israeli commandos the element of surprise, but the raid ended with the successful rescue of the hostages.<a href="#cite_note-Domnitch-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Correll-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falklands_War">Falklands War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Falklands War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Carlos_1a_ita.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/San_Carlos_1a_ita.png/220px-San_Carlos_1a_ita.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/San_Carlos_1a_ita.png/330px-San_Carlos_1a_ita.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/San_Carlos_1a_ita.png/440px-San_Carlos_1a_ita.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting the deceptive British landing at San Carlos during the Falklands War. The Argentinians occupying East Falkland island planned for a British attack at Port Stanley on the other side of the island.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> took place between April and June 1982. During the period prior to the war, Argentina's military leaders, who were subordinate to general and president <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Galtieri" title="Leopoldo Galtieri">Leopoldo Galtieri</a>, used the December 1981 change of command ceremony for Argentina's new chief of naval operations as cover to begin secretly planning for an invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Privratsky-159">[158]</a> In April 1982, the forces of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> carried out the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Georgia" title="Invasion of South Georgia">Invasion of South Georgia</a>, an island possession of the United Kingdom. In mid-March, Argentina had used deception to successfully position an advance guard on South Georgia. An Argentinian company received a contract to dismantle a British whaling station for scrap. When the contractor's ship arrived, it contained members of an Argentinian Navy special forces unit who were disguised as scientists.<a href="#cite_note-Bijl-160">[159]</a> When the British prepared to conduct a Falklands landing in response to Argentina's invasion, Argentina anticipated an assault at <a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Port Stanley</a>, the capital and site of the largest airport on the islands. The British gained the element of surprise by launching a feint at Stanley while conducting their main assault at <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_Falkland_Islands" title="San Carlos, Falkland Islands">San Carlos</a>, on the opposite side of <a href="/wiki/East_Falkland" title="East Falkland">East Falkland</a>. The British then marched overland to Port Stanley, where they launched a land-based attack on the Argentine defenses surrounding the city. The Argentinians were caught off-guard and were soon compelled to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-Middleton-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Just_Cause">Operation Just Cause</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Operation Just Cause">edit</a>]</div> When the leader of Panama, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a> realized he was being surveilled by the U.S. military prior to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a> in December 1989, Noriega resorted to several deceptive measures to mask his movements and locations. These included <a href="/wiki/Look-alike" title="Look-alike">look-alike</a> doubles, decoy vehicles and aircraft, false convoys, frequent changes of clothes, recordings of his voice played at locations where he was not present, and frequent changes of his actual location.<a href="#cite_note-Yates-162">[161]</a> On the U.S. side, deception included troop movements in and around U.S. bases in Panama made to look like routine training missions, a logistics buildup disguised as routine activity, and large-scale exercises in the United States that desensitized Panamanian leaders as to U.S. capabilities and intent. While Noriega and his subordinates knew the United States had the capacity to act, they were misled by their perceptions of U.S. activity and misreading of U.S. intent into believing that the U.S. would not attack. As a result, when the attack occurred, the U.S. had the element of surprise, which helped it gain a quick victory.<a href="#cite_note-Embrey-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Desert_Storm">Operation Desert Storm</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Operation Desert Storm">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg/150px-Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg/225px-Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg/300px-Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting placement of Coalition units prior to attacking Iraqi forces in early 1991. The Coalition employed deception to move the XVIII Airborne Corps and VII Armored Corps from positions in eastern Saudi Arabia to positions further west without being detected by Iraq.</figcaption></figure> During the period prior to the 1990–1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, Iraqi president <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> positioned 100,000 troops near <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>'s border with <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. To mask his true intention of invading Kuwait, during the summer of 1990, Saddam told ambassadors to Iraq, the leaders of other countries, and members of the international news media that his troops were on a training mission or were near the border merely as a tactic to extract concessions from Kuwait during diplomatic negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-164">[163]</a> On 2 August, Iraq's invasion commenced; the small Kuwaiti military was quickly overwhelmed, and Iraq occupied Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> After invading Kuwait, the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">anti-Iraq coalition</a> and its movement of troops and materiel into <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> caused Saddam to anticipate a Coalition ground assault from Saudi Arabia north into Kuwait and an amphibious landing on Kuwait's <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> coast. Prior to the start of the Coalition offensive in February 1991, its ground forces successfully moved multiple divisions west to the largely undefended border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq. When the attack commenced, the Coalition conducted a feint directly into Kuwait while the main effort—the "Left Hook" enabled by concealing the move of units to the west—attacked into Iraq and cut off Iraqi forces in Kuwait. After advancing into Iraq, Coalition forces turned right and attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait from the rear. Facing overwhelming Coalition combat power in Kuwait and unable to retreat to Iraq, the Iraqi military in Kuwait quickly surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosovo_War">Kosovo War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Kosovo War">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> as part of the 1998–1999 <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian Army</a> made extensive use of deception, which caused <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> forces to expend time, effort, and resources attacking false targets. According to post-war assessments, NATO often attacked crude decoy tanks, artillery, and wheeled vehicles made of easy to obtain material including sticks and plastic. Many of these decoys included easily produced heat sources, such as burning cans of oil, which deceived the thermal imaging systems of NATO aircraft. As a result, NATO believed it inflicted far more damage on the Serbian Army than it actually had, and Serbia gained a propaganda victory by showing how easily NATO had been deceived.<a href="#cite_note-Hackworth-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006_Lebanon_War">2006 Lebanon War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: 2006 Lebanon War">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> terrorist group employed deceptive measures intended to degrade Israel's military reputation both internationally and within Israel. Deceptive measures included the construction of false bunkers and command posts which Hezbollah allowed Israel to observe while the work was in progress, while simultaneously concealing the construction of actual facilities. When Israel attacked Hezbollah in southern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in July, the dummy sites were destroyed while the actual ones were left intact.<a href="#cite_note-Matthews-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Ukrainian_War">Russo-Ukrainian War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Russo-Ukrainian War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.png/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.png/330px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.png/440px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.png 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers setting up smoke screen to camouflage ships of Russia's Northern Fleet</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> In 2014, Russia and Ukraine went to war after Russia contested control of Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>. Russia employed <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> and denial to facilitate its military activities, in addition to engaging in several deceptive activities. As an example, in August, Russian television news carried stories about a Russian truck convoy transporting water and baby food to Crimea. The international news media reported heavily on this convoy, presuming it was carrying Russian military supplies or materiel, and that they would be able to prove Russia was lying about the cargo. While attention was focused on this diversion, Russia's military was moving soldiers, combat equipment, and vehicles into Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-Ash-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sino-Indian_border_dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Sino-Indian border dispute">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020–2021 China–India skirmishes</a>, China employed military deception to gain an advantage. Intending to increase its troop presence in disputed areas of <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, China's military conducted training maneuvers near the areas that were the source of tension with India. This activity conditioned India to the presence of Chinese troops in the vicinity. In addition, China began construction of a nearby airbase. In early May, China began marching troops into several of the contested locations. In mid-to-late May, the Chinese military diverted trucks from the airbase construction project and used them to rapidly transport soldiers into portions of the disputed territory. The rapid troop movements came without warning and took India by surprise. As a result, China gained numerical superiority in several of Ladakh's contested areas.<a href="#cite_note-Negi-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Israel–Hamas_war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: 2023 Israel–Hamas war">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> employed deception to gain the element of surprise when it attacked Israel. These deceptive measures included a sustained effort to convince Israeli leadership that Hamas was focused on economic improvement in Gaza, not armed conflict. Hamas also trained and rehearsed its attacks in plain sight, allowing the Israelis to assume that these activities were merely posturing on the part of Hamas fighters. In addition, Hamas ramped down conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza strip">Gaza strip</a> while increasing tensions in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>; Israel moved forces from one location to the other, giving Hamas a more favorable force ratio in Gaza. Additional deceptive activities included acquiring and pre-positioning non-military vehicles intended for military use, including bulldozers, paragliders, motorcycles, and small boats. When the attack commenced, Hamas had the advantage of catching Israel off guard, which enabled Hamas's initial success.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS-Surprise-stern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS-Surprise-stern.jpg/220px-HMS-Surprise-stern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS-Surprise-stern.jpg/330px-HMS-Surprise-stern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS-Surprise-stern.jpg/440px-HMS-Surprise-stern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>In the 2003 film <a href="/wiki/Master_and_Commander:_The_Far_Side_of_the_World" title="Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World">Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World</a>, the ship Surprise escapes pursuers by creating a decoy raft for nighttime use which mimics the lanterns visible on the ship's stern.</figcaption></figure> Fictional examples of military deception include the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/The_Corbomite_Maneuver" title="The Corbomite Maneuver">The Corbomite Maneuver</a>". When <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)">Enterprise</a> is held by the <a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">tractor beam</a> of an alien ship, its commander announces his intention to destroy Enterprise. <a href="/wiki/Captain_James_T._Kirk" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain James T. Kirk">Captain James T. Kirk</a> informs the alien commander, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters_(A%E2%80%93F)#Balok" title="List of Star Trek characters (A–F)">Balok</a>, that Enterprise is on a peaceful mission. Balok does not accept Kirk's explanation, so Kirk responds with a deceptive <a href="/wiki/Bluff_(poker)" title="Bluff (poker)">bluff</a>, claiming Enterprise is outfitted with a secret <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">doomsday device</a> made of "Corbomite". Destruction of Enterprise will trigger the Corbomite device, resulting in destruction of the alien ship. Balok uses a smaller ship to tow Enterprise to a remote area where it can be safely destroyed. Enterprise breaks free from the smaller ship's tractor beam, but damages the smaller ship in the process. Kirk then leads a boarding party to assist the aliens. Kirk's party meets Balok, who is alone and says he was testing Enterprise to discern whether Kirk's claims of peaceful intentions were true. Satisfied by their willingness to render aid to a perceived enemy, Balok expresses a desire to learn more about humans and their culture.<a href="#cite_note-Corbomite-174">[173]</a> A scene from the 2000 film <a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_(2000_film)" title="The Patriot (2000 film)">The Patriot</a> depicts <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> militia leader Benjamin Martin employing deceptive decoys when negotiating for the release of several members of his command who have been taken prisoner. Martin offers to exchange eighteen <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British officers</a>, whom he claims are held on a hillside near the British headquarters. The British commander, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">General Cornwallis</a> views the hill with a <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">spyglass</a>, observes figures in British uniforms who appear to be prisoners, and agrees to the exchange. After Martin and his men leave, the officer dispatched by Cornwallis to recover the British prisoners discovers they are <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow" title="Scarecrow">scarecrows</a> in captured British uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-Rodat-175">[174]</a> In the 2003 film <a href="/wiki/Master_and_Commander:_The_Far_Side_of_the_World" title="Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World">Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/Jack_Aubrey" title="Jack Aubrey">Jack Aubrey</a> of HMS <a href="/wiki/HMS_Surprise_(1796)#Surprise_in_fiction" title="HMS Surprise (1796)">Surprise</a> is pursued by the French privateer Acheron. When Acheron appears likely to catch Surprise, Aubrey orders construction of a raft with sails, which contains lanterns arranged in the same pattern as those visible on the <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a> of Surprise. After night falls, a member of Aubrey's crew lights the raft's lanterns while another crewman douses the lanterns on Surprise. After recovering the crewman from the raft, Aubrey has it cut loose. The darkened Surprise then escapes on a new course while Acheron pursues the decoy.<a href="#cite_note-AFI-176">[175]</a> In the 2018 video game <a href="/wiki/We_Happy_Few" title="We Happy Few">We Happy Few</a>, "<a href="/wiki/We_Happy_Few#Story" title="We Happy Few">Arthur's Story</a>" depicts an alternate version of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> that includes the German military threatening the village of Wellington Wells with <a href="/wiki/Dummy_tank" title="Dummy tank">dummy tanks</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a>. The populace does not resist because it believes the threat is real.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinions">Opinions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Opinions">edit</a>]</div> Opinions vary among military strategists and authors as to the value of military deception. For example, the two books on warfare usually considered the most famous classics, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clausewitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Clausewitz">Clausewitz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/On_War" title="On War">On War</a> have diametrically opposed views.<a href="#cite_note-Handel-178">[177]</a> Sun Tzu emphasizes military deception and considers it the key to victory.<a href="#cite_note-179">[b]</a> Clausewitz argues that the fog of war prevents a commander from having a clear understanding of the operating environment,<a href="#cite_note-BruceCh6-180">[178]</a> so creating some sort of false appearance, particularly on a large scale, is unlikely to be meaningful. Because of the cost and effort, Clausewitz argues that from a <a href="/wiki/Cost-benefit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost-benefit analysis">cost-benefit analysis</a>, a large deception is an acceptable part of a course of action only under special circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-EricksonCh10-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-LiddellCh20-182">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deception_in_animals" title="Deception in animals">Deception in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoralization_(warfare)" title="Demoralization (warfare)">Demoralization (warfare)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_and_deception" title="Denial and deception">Denial and deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty Fort Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feint" title="Feint">Feint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haversack_Ruse" class="mw-redirect" title="Haversack Ruse">Haversack Ruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutayuddha" title="Kutayuddha">Kutayuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_deception" title="Russian military deception">Maskirovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">Outline of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruse_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruse of war">Ruse of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signaling_game" title="Signaling game">Signaling game</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> A typical "sucker bait" trick is the disappearing rabbit. A magician makes a rabbit disappear from a box on a table, then disassembles the box to prove the rabbit is not in it. A white tuft of fur is visible on the tabletop, and the magician ostentatiously attempts to conceal it, which further draws in the audience. When the magician folds up the table and no rabbit is visible, the audience realizes their belief they had seen how the trick was performed (a trick table) was also a trick.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-134">[134]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Such as in the chapter on Estimates, verse 17: "All warfare is based on deception". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddell20041-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddell20041_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaddell2004">Caddell 2004</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFriedman" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Herb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psywarrior.com/DeceptionH.html">"Deception and Disinformation"</a>. Psy Warrior.com. Mechanicsburg, PA: Ed Rouse. Retrieved 7 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psy+Warrior.com&rft.atitle=Deception+and+Disinformation&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psywarrior.com%2FDeceptionH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaddell20042–3-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaddell20042–3_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaddell2004">Caddell 2004</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedman">Friedman</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombined_Arms_Center" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Army Combined Arms Center (26 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010102848/https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN15310_FM%203-13x4%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf">FM 3–13.4: Army Support to Military Deception</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Army Publishing Directorate. pp. 2–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN15310_FM%203-13x4%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FM+3%E2%80%9313.4%3A+Army+Support+to+Military+Deception&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=2-8&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Publishing+Directorate&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft.au=U.S.+Army+Combined+Arms+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmypubs.army.mil%2Fepubs%2FDR_pubs%2FDR_a%2Fpdf%2Fweb%2FARN15310_FM%25203-13x4%2520FINAL%2520WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2011" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Richard (17 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army.mil/article/66819/the_lost_and_found_art_of_deception">"The lost and found art of deception"</a>. Army.mil. Washington, DC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Army.mil&rft.atitle=The+lost+and+found+art+of+deception&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil%2Farticle%2F66819%2Fthe_lost_and_found_art_of_deception&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetraeus2018" class="citation news cs1">Petraeus, David (26 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-art-of-war-as-relevant-now-as-when-it-was-written-1.3440724">"'The Art of War': As relevant now as when it was written"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. Dublin, Ireland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Art+of+War%27%3A+As+relevant+now+as+when+it+was+written&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.aulast=Petraeus&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fthe-art-of-war-as-relevant-now-as-when-it-was-written-1.3440724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinGudaitisHoltKilger2017" class="citation book cs1">Malin, Cameron H.; Gudaitis, Terry; Holt, Thomas J.; Kilger, Max (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TnEmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR19">Deception in the Digital Age</a>. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. p. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1241-1639-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1241-1639-9"><bdi>978-0-1241-1639-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deception+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-1241-1639-9&rft.aulast=Malin&rft.aufirst=Cameron+H.&rft.au=Gudaitis%2C+Terry&rft.au=Holt%2C+Thomas+J.&rft.au=Kilger%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTnEmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrentz2009" class="citation book cs1">Krentz, Peter (2009). Van Wees, Hans (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PtODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA180">War and Violence in Ancient Greece: Deception in Archaic and Classical Greek Warfare</a>. Swansea, Wales: Classical Press of Wales. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9105-8929-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9105-8929-8"><bdi>978-1-9105-8929-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Violence+in+Ancient+Greece%3A+Deception+in+Archaic+and+Classical+Greek+Warfare&rft.place=Swansea%2C+Wales&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Classical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-9105-8929-8&rft.aulast=Krentz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PtODgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2005" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, Rose Mary (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUyRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome</a>. 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Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6949-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6949-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-6949-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Battlefield+Orders+Gone+Awry&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6949-9&rft.aulast=Jermann&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2ldLfXEKdQC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEicher2001" class="citation book cs1">Eicher, David J. 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New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 213–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1846-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1846-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-1846-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+Night%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=213-214&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1846-7&rft.aulast=Eicher&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1p94XzYASDAC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoiner2003" class="citation book cs1">Joiner, Gary D. 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Wilmington, DE: SR Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2937-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2937-7"><bdi>978-0-8420-2937-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Damn+Blunder+from+Beginning+to+End%3A+The+Red+River+Campaign+of+1864&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+DE&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=SR+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2937-7&rft.aulast=Joiner&rft.aufirst=Gary+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxPe-09pXU8gC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder50–52-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder50–52_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchroeder">Schroeder</a>, pp. 50–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder453–454-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder453–454_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder453–454_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchroeder">Schroeder</a>, pp. 453–454. </li> <li id="cite_note-MyronSmith-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MyronSmith_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyronSmith_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyronSmith_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyronSmith_105-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyronSmith_105-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyronSmith_105-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyronSmith_105-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyronSmith_105-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Myron J. 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/operation-bagration-soviet-offensive-of-1944.htm">"Operation Bagration: Soviet Offensive of 1944"</a>. History Net. Tysons, VA: Historynet LLC. 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London, United Kingdom.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=How+Hamas+duped+Israel+as+it+planned+devastating+attack&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft.aulast=Nakhoul&rft.aufirst=Samia&rft.au=Saul%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fhow-israel-was-duped-hamas-planned-devastating-assault-2023-10-08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeregil2023" class="citation news cs1">Peregil, Francisco (12 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-10-12/hamas-primary-weapons-in-israel-attack-deception-and-the-surprise-factor.html">"Hamas' primary weapons in Israel attack: Deception and the element of surprise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a>. 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Washington, DC: Vox Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=We+Happy+Few+is+the+story+of+what+comes+after+the+fall+of+European+democracy&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2018%2F8%2F10%2F17674798%2Fwe-happy-few-story-world-war-ii-england-fascism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handel-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Handel_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandel1991" class="citation book cs1">Handel, Michael I. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a239084.pdf">Sun Tzu and Clausewitz: The Art of War and On War Compared</a> (PDF). Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. p. 36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310082700/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a239084.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+Tzu+and+Clausewitz%3A+The+Art+of+War+and+On+War+Compared&rft.place=Carlisle%2C+PA&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Strategic+Studies+Institute%2C+U.S.+Army+War+College&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Handel&rft.aufirst=Michael+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa239084.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BruceCh6-180"><a href="#cite_ref-BruceCh6_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce2002">Bruce 2002</a>, Ch. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-EricksonCh10-181"><a href="#cite_ref-EricksonCh10_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErickson2007">Erickson 2007</a>, Ch. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-LiddellCh20-182"><a href="#cite_ref-LiddellCh20_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiddell_Hart1972">Liddell Hart 1972</a>, Ch. 20 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2002" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Anthony (2002). The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War. London: John Murray Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5432-2"><bdi>978-0-7195-5432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Crusade%3A+The+Palestine+Campaign+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray+Ltd&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5432-2&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaddell2004" class="citation book cs1">Caddell, Joseph (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/1694.pdf">Deception 101 – Primer</a> (PDF). Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deception+101+%E2%80%93+Primer&rft.place=Carlisle%2C+PA&rft.pub=Strategic+Studies+Institute%2C+U.S.+Army+War+College&rft.date=2004-12&rft.aulast=Caddell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.armywarcollege.edu%2Fpubs%2F1694.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave_Brown1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cave_Brown" title="Anthony Cave Brown">Cave Brown, Anthony</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IuOEAAAAIAAJ">Bodyguard of Lies</a>. 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Hutchinson & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0910-9700-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0910-9700-4"><bdi>978-0-0910-9700-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Counterfeit+Spy%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Phantom+Army+That+Deceived+Hitler&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-0910-9700-4&rft.aulast=Delmer&rft.aufirst=Sefton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer1992" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, John B. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk2r8JkjwLMC">Seaborne Deception: The History of U.S. Navy Beach Jumpers</a>. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-3800-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-3800-0"><bdi>978-0-2759-3800-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seaborne+Deception%3A+The+History+of+U.S.+Navy+Beach+Jumpers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-2759-3800-0&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSk2r8JkjwLMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2007" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward J. (2007). John Gooch; Brian Holden Reid (eds.). Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study. No. 26 of Cass series: military history and policy. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96456-9"><bdi>978-0-203-96456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Army+Effectiveness+in+World+War+I%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.series=No.+26+of+Cass+series%3A+military+history+and+policy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96456-9&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalls1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2 Part II. A. F. Becke (maps). London: HM Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256950972">256950972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+Egypt+%26+Palestine+from+June+1917+to+the+End+of+the+War&rft.place=London&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.pub=HM+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F256950972&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1983" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, David (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ELhbzgEACAAJ">The War Magician</a>. New York, NY: Berkley Books (Coward-McCann). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6981-1140-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6981-1140-0"><bdi>978-0-6981-1140-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Magician&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Berkley+Books+%28Coward-McCann%29&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-6981-1140-0&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DELhbzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawne2007" class="citation book cs1">Gawne, Jonathan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qtg-IVgWzWEC">Ghosts of the ETO: American Tactical Deception Units in the European Theater, 1944–1945</a>. Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9351-4992-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9351-4992-7"><bdi>978-1-9351-4992-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghosts+of+the+ETO%3A+American+Tactical+Deception+Units+in+the+European+Theater%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Havertown%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Casemate+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-9351-4992-7&rft.aulast=Gawne&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtg-IVgWzWEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1989" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David (1989). Military Deception in the Second World War. Cass Series on Soviet Military Theory & Practice. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-714-63347-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-714-63347-3"><bdi>978-0-714-63347-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Deception+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.series=Cass+Series+on+Soviet+Military+Theory+%26+Practice&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-714-63347-3&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGribkovSmith1994" class="citation book cs1">Gribkov, General Anatoli I.; Smith, General William Y. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raUMAAAAYAAJ">Operation Anadyr</a>. Chicago: Edition Q. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780867152661" title="Special:BookSources/9780867152661"><bdi>9780867152661</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Anadyr&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Edition+Q&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780867152661&rft.aulast=Gribkov&rft.aufirst=General+Anatoli+I.&rft.au=Smith%2C+General+William+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraUMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1996" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Patrick M. (1996). Riders of Destiny The 4th Australian Light Horse Field Ambulance 1917–18: An Autobiography and History. Gardenvale, Melbourne: Mostly Unsung Military History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876179-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876179-01-4"><bdi>978-1-876179-01-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riders+of+Destiny+The+4th+Australian+Light+Horse+Field+Ambulance+1917%E2%80%9318%3A+An+Autobiography+and+History&rft.place=Gardenvale%2C+Melbourne&rft.pub=Mostly+Unsung+Military+History&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-876179-01-4&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Patrick+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandel2006" class="citation book cs1">Handel, Michael I. (2006). Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought (3rd rev. and expanded ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5091-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5091-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-5091-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+War%3A+Classical+Strategic+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd+rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5091-3&rft.aulast=Handel&rft.aufirst=Michael+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, James H. (2002). "Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis". <a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Intelligence" title="Studies in Intelligence">Studies in Intelligence</a>. 46 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Soviet+Deception+in+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesketh2002" class="citation book cs1">Hesketh, Roger Fleetwood (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fortitudeddaydec00hesk">Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign</a>. The Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-075-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-075-8"><bdi>978-1-58567-075-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortitude%3A+The+D-Day+Deception+Campaign&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-075-8&rft.aulast=Hesketh&rft.aufirst=Roger+Fleetwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffortitudeddaydec00hesk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2004" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Thaddeus (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deceiversalliedm00holt/page/1168">The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War</a>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5042-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5042-9"><bdi>978-0-7432-5042-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deceivers%3A+Allied+Military+Deception+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5042-9&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Thaddeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeceiversalliedm00holt%2Fpage%2F1168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1995" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Michael (1995). Strategic Deception in the Second World War: British Intelligence Operations Against the German High Command. W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31293-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31293-5"><bdi>978-0-393-31293-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Deception+in+the+Second+World+War%3A+British+Intelligence+Operations+Against+the+German+High+Command&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31293-5&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanning1988" class="citation book cs1">Lanning, Col. Michael Lee (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GN8HpfSJeTAC">Inside the LRRPs: Rangers in Vietnam</a>. New York: Presido Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-0166-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-0166-0"><bdi>978-0-8041-0166-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+LRRPs%3A+Rangers+in+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Presido+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8041-0166-0&rft.aulast=Lanning&rft.aufirst=Col.+Michael+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGN8HpfSJeTAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatimer2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Latimer" title="Jon Latimer">Latimer, Jon</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMWSDwAAQBAJ">Deception in War</a>. New York: Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-381-0"><bdi>978-1-58567-381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deception+in+War&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-381-0&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMWSDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1954" class="citation book cs1">Liddell Hart, Basil Henry (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn9OAQAAIAAJ">Strategy, the Indirect Approach</a>. 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London: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-23354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-23354-5"><bdi>978-0-330-23354-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-330-23354-5&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=Basil+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffirstwo00lidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLossing1869" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benson_John_Lossing" title="Benson John Lossing">Lossing, Benson John</a> (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itN2AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA285">The Pictorial Field-book of the War of 1812</a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 261–262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4047-5113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4047-5113-2"><bdi>978-1-4047-5113-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+Field-book+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=261-262&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1869&rft.isbn=978-1-4047-5113-2&rft.aulast=Lossing&rft.aufirst=Benson+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitN2AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaskelyne1949" class="citation book cs1">Maskelyne, Jasper (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZZZMQAACAAJ">Magic: Top Secret</a>. London, United Kingdom: Stanley Paul and Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic%3A+Top+Secret&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Stanley+Paul+and+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Maskelyne&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZZZMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1978" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Elyne (1978). Light Horse The Story of Australia's Mounted Troops. Victor Ambrus (illustrator). Melbourne: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5288180">5288180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+Horse+The+Story+of+Australia%27s+Mounted+Troops&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5288180&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Elyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagu1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ewen_Montagu" title="Ewen Montagu">Montagu, Ewen</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdGEAAAAIAAJ">Beyond Top Secret Ultra</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Coward,_McCann_%26_Geoghegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coward, McCann & Geoghegan">Coward, McCann & Geoghegan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6981-0882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6981-0882-0"><bdi>978-0-6981-0882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Top+Secret+Ultra&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Coward%2C+McCann+%26+Geoghegan&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-6981-0882-0&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdGEAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagu1954" class="citation book cs1">Montagu, Ewen (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Great_Britain/_Topics/history/_Texts/MONMAN/home.html">The Man Who Never Was</a>. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company – via Bill Thayer's Web Site.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Never+Was&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+Company&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FEurope%2FGreat_Britain%2F_Topics%2Fhistory%2F_Texts%2FMONMAN%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphey2007" class="citation book cs1">Murphey, Edward F. (2007). Semper Fi: Vietnam: From Da Nang to the DMZ, Marine Corps Campaigns, 1965–1975. New York: Presidio Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000XUBG6E">B000XUBG6E</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semper+Fi%3A+Vietnam%3A+From+Da+Nang+to+the+DMZ%2C+Marine+Corps+Campaigns%2C+1965%E2%80%931975&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000XUBG6E%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Murphey&rft.aufirst=Edward+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Dea2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Dea, Brian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7b5vDwAAQBAJ">High: Confessions of an International Drug Smuggler</a>. New York, NY: Other Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5905-1310-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5905-1310-1"><bdi>978-1-5905-1310-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High%3A+Confessions+of+an+International+Drug+Smuggler&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Other+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-5905-1310-1&rft.aulast=O%27Dea&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7b5vDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaget1994" class="citation book cs1">Paget, G.C.H.V Marquess of Anglesey (1994). Egypt, Palestine and Syria 1914 to 1919. A History of the British Cavalry 1816–1919 Volume 5. London: Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-395-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-395-9"><bdi>978-0-85052-395-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Palestine+and+Syria+1914+to+1919&rft.place=London&rft.series=A+History+of+the+British+Cavalry+1816%E2%80%931919+Volume+5&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-395-9&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=G.C.H.V+Marquess+of+Anglesey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowlesWilkie1922" class="citation book cs1">Powles, C. Guy; Wilkie, A. (1922). The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War, Volume III. Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2959465">2959465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Zealanders+in+Sinai+and+Palestine&rft.place=Auckland&rft.series=Official+History+New+Zealand%27s+Effort+in+the+Great+War%2C+Volume+III&rft.pub=Whitcombe+%26+Tombs+Ltd&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2959465&rft.aulast=Powles&rft.aufirst=C.+Guy&rft.au=Wilkie%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rankin" title="Nicholas Rankin">Rankin, Nicholas</a> (1 October 2008). Churchill's Wizards: The British Genius for Deception, 1914–1945. <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22195-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22195-0"><bdi>978-0-571-22195-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Wizards%3A+The+British+Genius+for+Deception%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-571-22195-0&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothsteinWhaley2013" class="citation book cs1">Rothstein, Hy; Whaley, Barton, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwMgAgAAQBAJ">The Art and Science of Military Deception</a>. Norwood, MA: Artech House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6080-7551-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6080-7551-5"><bdi>978-1-6080-7551-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Science+of+Military+Deception&rft.place=Norwood%2C+MA&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-6080-7551-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwMgAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Charles L. (Spring 1988). "Soviet Maskirovka". <a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_Power_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air & Space Power Journal">Airpower Journal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Airpower+Journal&rft.atitle=Soviet+Maskirovka&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroud2012" class="citation book cs1">Stroud, Rick (2012). The Phantom Army of Alamein: How the Camouflage Unit and Operation Bertram Hoodwinked Rommel. Bloomsbury.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phantom+Army+of+Alamein%3A+How+the+Camouflage+Unit+and+Operation+Bertram+Hoodwinked+Rommel&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Stroud&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitterton2022" class="citation book cs1">Titterton, James (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dlaazgEACAAJ">Deception in Medieval Warfare: Trickery and Cunning in the Central Middle Ages</a>. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7832-7678-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7832-7678-3"><bdi>978-1-7832-7678-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deception+in+Medieval+Warfare%3A+Trickery+and+Cunning+in+the+Central+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk%2C+England&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-7832-7678-3&rft.aulast=Titterton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdlaazgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaley2007" class="citation book cs1">Whaley, Barton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJdZGQAACAAJ">Stratagem: Deception and Surprise in War</a>. Norwood, MA: Artech House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5969-3198-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5969-3198-5"><bdi>978-1-5969-3198-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stratagem%3A+Deception+and+Surprise+in+War&rft.place=Norwood%2C+MA&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-5969-3198-5&rft.aulast=Whaley&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJdZGQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaley2016" class="citation book cs1">Whaley, Barton (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zog_CwAAQBAJ">Practise to Deceive: Learning Curves of Military Deception Planners</a>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6125-1983-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6125-1983-8"><bdi>978-1-6125-1983-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practise+to+Deceive%3A+Learning+Curves+of+Military+Deception+Planners&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-6125-1983-8&rft.aulast=Whaley&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZog_CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaley2016" class="citation book cs1">Whaley, Barton (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2FxDAAAQBAJ">Turnabout and Deception: Crafting the Double-Cross and the Theory of Outs</a>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6824-7029-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6824-7029-9"><bdi>978-1-6824-7029-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turnabout+and+Deception%3A+Crafting+the+Double-Cross+and+the+Theory+of+Outs&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-6824-7029-9&rft.aulast=Whaley&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK2FxDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatley1980" class="citation book cs1">Wheatley, Dennis (1980). The Deception Planners. Hutchinson & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0914-1830-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0914-1830-4"><bdi>978-0-0914-1830-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deception+Planners&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-0914-1830-4&rft.aulast=Wheatley&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2006" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, David R. (2006). Hell in the Holy Land World War I in the Middle East. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2383-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2383-7"><bdi>978-0-8131-2383-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+in+the+Holy+Land+World+War+I+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2383-7&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_deception" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Military deception">Military deception</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0z3KGBXoSZQ">Sworn to Secrecy: Secrets of War; Season 1, Episode 9, Tools of Deception</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History Channel</a>. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/0z3KGBXoSZQ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sworn+to+Secrecy%3A+Secrets+of+War%3B+Season+1%2C+Episode+9%2C+Tools+of+Deception&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0z3KGBXoSZQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CpkSOss_44">Sworn to Secrecy: Secrets of War; Season 4, Episode 2, Battlefield Deceptions</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History Channel</a>. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/1CpkSOss_44">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sworn+to+Secrecy%3A+Secrets+of+War%3B+Season+4%2C+Episode+2%2C+Battlefield+Deceptions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1CpkSOss_44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+deception" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_and_war" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_and_war" title="Template:Military and war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_and_war" title="Template talk:Military and war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_and_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military and war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_and_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_technology" title="History of military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Occupational roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li>Roles:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">Airman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">Enlisted rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commanding officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">Executive officer</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Protocols and structure:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations" title="List of military decorations">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_military_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest military decorations">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li>Categories:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_ranks" title="Category:Military ranks">Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Armed Forces</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li>Functional specialties:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reconnaissance_units" title="List of reconnaissance units">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Military police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">Security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_units_and_formations" title="Category:Military logistics units and formations">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li>Categories:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Combat_occupations" title="Category:Combat occupations">Combat occupations</a></li> <li>Development:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruit_training" title="Military recruit training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military maneuvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Land units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_arms" title="Combat arms">Combat arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li> <li>Naval units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_combatant" title="Surface combatant">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li>Air units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armed_forces" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armed forces">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armies" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armies">Armies by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command" title="Unified combatant command">Unified combatant command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">General staff</a></li> <li>Land:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">Army group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">Field army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_corps" title="List of military corps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_divisions" title="List of military divisions">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brigades_by_type" title="Category:Brigades by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_country" title="Category:Regiments by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_type" title="Category:Regiments by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">Battalion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_country" title="Category:Battalions by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_type" title="Category:Battalions by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">Platoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">Squad</a></li> <li>Naval:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">Naval fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_force#Naval" title="Task force">Task force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">Carrier strike group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(naval)" title="Division (naval)">Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">Squadron</a></li> <li>Air:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_box" title="Combat box">Combat box</a></li> <li>Special units by nation:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Fleet" title="Battle Fleet">Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_(military_formation)" title="Front (military formation)">Front; Russian land forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ground:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">Ground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_vehicles" title="List of military vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tracked_military_vehicles" title="Category:Tracked military vehicles">Tracked vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wheeled_military_vehicles" title="Category:Wheeled military vehicles">Wheeled vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="Lists of armoured fighting vehicles">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_by_country" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">Armored car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_car" title="Scout car">Scout car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle#Military_trucks" title="Military vehicle">Truck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_trucks" title="Category:Military trucks">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_truck" title="Gun truck">Gun truck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers#Self-propelled_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Anti-aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Rail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">List</a></li></ul></li> <li>Artillery:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">Artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery" title="List of artillery">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery_by_country" title="List of artillery by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_field_guns" title="List of field guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_artillery" title="List of rocket artillery">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Infantry guns</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_pistol" title="Service pistol">Pistols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_machine_guns" title="List of machine guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_rifle" title="Service rifle">Service rifles</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle rifles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault rifle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper rifle</a></li> <li>Other infantry weapons:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">Bazooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-tank_guns" title="List of anti-tank guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">Grenade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grenades" title="Category:Grenades">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">Flamethrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_knife" title="Combat knife">Combat knife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_knives" title="Category:Military knives">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Missiles</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder-fired_missile" title="Shoulder-fired missile">Shoulder-fired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country" title="List of missiles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a> <ul><li>Lists:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_mortars" title="List of infantry mortars">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_mortars" title="List of heavy mortars">Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">Shells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sea/Air:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Guided missiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Naval</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_guns" title="List of naval guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">Anti-ship missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system" title="Close-in weapon system">Close-in weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aircraft_guns" title="Category:Aircraft guns">Guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Air-launched_missiles" title="Category:Air-launched missiles">Missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">Bombs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_equipment" title="Lists of military equipment">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_by_country" title="Category:Military equipment by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">Helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_combat_helmets" title="List of combat helmets">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">Body armor</a></li> <li>Facilities:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combat systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li> <li>Historical:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo Data Computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li>By era:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen</a></li></ul></li> <li>By type:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a></li> <li>Public policy:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Defense budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Defense policy</a></li> <li>Related:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Military lists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">Military tactics</a></li> <li>History lists:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wars" title="Lists of wars">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li>Related lists:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other namespace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War">War</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_ranks_by_country" title="Template:Military ranks by country">Ranks</a>}}</li> <li>Vehicles and weapons <ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Tanks" title="Template:Tanks">Tanks</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_IFV_and_APC" title="Template:Modern IFV and APC">Infantry fighting vehicles</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries">Modern warships</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Template:Military aircraft types (roles)">Aircraft</a>}}</li></ul></li> <li>Specific modern wars <ul><li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I">World War I</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II">World War II</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War">Cold War</a>}}</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_wars_by_country_involved" title="Category:Lists of wars by country involved">Lists of wars by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_by_time" title="Category:Conflicts by time">Conflicts by time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism in international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">International cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations">International relations</a>}}</li> <li>Categories:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_organizations" title="Category:Peace organizations">Peace organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War">Category</a>  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/CategoryWar" class="extiw" title="commons:CategoryWar">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_deception" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_deception" title="Template:Military deception"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_deception" title="Template talk:Military deception"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_deception" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military deception"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_deception" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military deception</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_and_deception" title="Denial and deception">Denial and deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_deception" title="Russian military deception">Maskirovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Military camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">Ruse de guerre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dummy" title="Military dummy">Military dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy" title="Decoy">Decoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bertram" title="Operation Bertram">Bertram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Bodyguard</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2832578#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2832578#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2832578#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/888978/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1221240366">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87007497">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94003896">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12425751k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12425751k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4577103">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2000011464">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539279405171">Israel</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539551505171">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&oldid=1243855845">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_deception&oldid=1243855845</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_deception" title="Category:Military deception">Military deception</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Information_operations_and_warfare" title="Category:Information operations and warfare">Information operations and warfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_by_type" title="Category:Military operations by type">Military operations by type</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2017">Use dmy dates from April 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 September 2024, at 20:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a 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Template:Military_deception"," 6.76% 126.981 1 Template:Navbox"," 6.55% 123.026 2 Template:Lang"," 5.07% 95.158 1 Template:War"," 4.91% 92.282 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.193","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20248540,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlexander\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodmerKilgerCarpenter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButtar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButters2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButtsShenoi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaddell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCave_Brown1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChant2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCombined_Arms_Center\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComeau2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielHerbig2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelmer1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomnitch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowling_C.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEicher2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElphick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmbrey2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvancevich1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalls1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredriksen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaskill2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGawne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGipe1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladwell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlick2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenspan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGribkovSmith1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackworth1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandel1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannings\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHays2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHesketh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHoward1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrving1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJermann2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoiner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoint_Publication_3–13.4:_Military_Deception\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrick2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrentz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanning1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatimer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeffman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLengel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddell_Hart1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddell_Hart1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoades2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLossing1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacknikMartinez-Conde2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalinGudaitisHoltKilger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsico2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaskelyne1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatt_F.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMullen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicciche2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddleton1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontagu1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontagu1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakhoulSaul2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNegi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNethercote2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiles1812\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Dea2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsbornRomanych2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsei-TutuSmith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaget1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeregil2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetraeus2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPillalamarri2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowlesWilkie1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrivratsky2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinovich1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRagucci2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodat1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothsteinWhaley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandler1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSass2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchroeder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuster2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheldon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteury2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStillwellSchultzO\u0026#039;Doughda1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroud2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuciu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuciu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTitterton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTitterton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalton1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhaley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhaley2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWheatley1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfield2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYates2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZegart2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2014\"] = 1,\n [\"Jones\u0026#039;_Dilemma\"] = 1,\n [\"Magruder\u0026#039;s_Principle\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 80,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 52,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 20,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Military and war\"] = 1,\n [\"Military deception\"] = 1,\n [\"Notes\"] = 1,\n [\"PD-notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 67,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 4,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"War\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","18.8"],["?","160","12.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.7"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.1"],["format","40","3.1"],["[others]","360","28.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-d9rsz","timestamp":"20241128020258","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Military deception","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_deception","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2832578","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2832578","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-02T23:52:54Z","dateModified":"2024-09-03T20:08:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c9\/Spectrum_of_deception_types.gif","headline":"attempts to mislead enemy forces during warfare"}</script> </body> </html>