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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English Anglican bishop (1818–1885)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Reverend" title="The Right Reverend">The Right Reverend</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">James Fraser</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Manchester" title="Bishop of Manchester">Bishop of Manchester</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bp_James_Fraser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="James Fraser" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bp_James_Fraser.jpg/220px-Bp_James_Fraser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bp_James_Fraser.jpg/330px-Bp_James_Fraser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bp_James_Fraser.jpg/440px-Bp_James_Fraser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="747" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">James Fraser</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diocese</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Manchester" title="Anglican Diocese of Manchester">Manchester</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Installed</th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 1870</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">22 October 1885</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Prince_Lee" title="James Prince Lee">James Prince Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Moorhouse" title="James Moorhouse">James Moorhouse</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">1847</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 1870</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1818-08-18</span>)</span>18 August 1818<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Prestbury,_Gloucestershire" title="Prestbury, Gloucestershire">Prestbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 October 1885<span style="display:none">(1885-10-22)</span> (aged 67)<br /><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ufton_Nervet" title="Ufton Nervet">Ufton Nervet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Agnes Ellen Frances Duncan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgnorth_Grammar_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgnorth Grammar School">Bridgnorth Grammar School</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_School" title="Shrewsbury School">Shrewsbury School</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford">Lincoln College, Oxford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Fraser</b> (18 August 1818 – 22 October 1885) was a reforming <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England. An able Church administrator and policy leader, he was active in developing the Church's approach to <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and in practical <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">industrial relations</a>. Though his views were <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical">ecumenical</a> and he was respected within a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>, he became involved in contentious <a href="/wiki/Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation">litigation</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Public_Worship_Regulation_Act_1874" title="Public Worship Regulation Act 1874">Public Worship Regulation Act 1874</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert-Square-Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Albert-Square-Statue.jpg/220px-Albert-Square-Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Albert-Square-Statue.jpg/330px-Albert-Square-Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Albert-Square-Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grade_II_listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade II listed">Grade II listed</a> statue by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woolner" title="Thomas Woolner">Thomas Woolner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester" title="Albert Square, Manchester">Albert Square, Manchester</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Fraser_(bishop)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Prestbury,_Gloucestershire" title="Prestbury, Gloucestershire">Prestbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, Fraser's father was an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> who left his wife and seven children in penury when he died in 1832. Fraser was brought up by his grandfather in <a href="/wiki/Bilston" title="Bilston">Bilston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, then at various schools, including <a href="/wiki/Bridgnorth_Grammar_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgnorth Grammar School">Bridgnorth Grammar School</a>. He finished his education at <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_School" title="Shrewsbury School">Shrewsbury School</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford">Lincoln College, Oxford</a>, where he graduated in 1839. His limited funds and the continual competition for bursaries entailed a scholastic life only relieved by his passion for <a href="/wiki/Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports">athletics</a>. He loved <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> but found it difficult to finance the lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elected a fellow of <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a>, in 1840, he worked tutoring and in the library before taking <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a>'s orders in 1846 and giving up his passion for hunting. After some parochial work in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, he was ordained a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> in 1847 before becoming <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cholderton" title="Cholderton">Cholderton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>. He continued his <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educational</a> work as a tutor and as occasional examiner.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1858, he served on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> on education and in 1860 became rector of <a href="/wiki/Ufton_Nervet" title="Ufton Nervet">Ufton Nervet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, soon establishing a reputation as an able church manager. He travelled to the United States and Canada in 1865 on a commission to examine education there and his insightful report enhanced his reputation as a social analyst and leader of church opinion. Though he was offered the post of <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Diocese of Calcutta">Bishop of Calcutta</a> he turned it down. In 1867 he was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> to a commission on <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and further enhanced his reputation in policy development.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bishop_of_Manchester">Bishop of Manchester</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Fraser_(bishop)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bishop of Manchester"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Respect for his knowledge of educational matters led <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> to appoint him <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Manchester" title="Bishop of Manchester">Bishop of Manchester</a> and he was <a href="/wiki/Consecrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated">consecrated</a> on 25 March 1870 (<a href="/wiki/Lady_Day" title="Lady Day">Lady Day</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Manchester" title="Anglican Diocese of Manchester">Anglican Diocese of Manchester</a> was still comparatively new and its only former bishop, <a href="/wiki/James_Prince_Lee" title="James Prince Lee">James Prince Lee</a>, had done little to develop its infrastructure. Fraser set to work to remedy this with a programme of consecrating 99 new churches and establishment of a bureaucratic structure including, of course, a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Education">Board of Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_arbitration">Politics and arbitration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Fraser_(bishop)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics and arbitration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishop Fraser's opponents said of him that, "Omnipresence was his <i>forte</i>, and omniscience his foible", reflecting his restless activity in preaching the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a>, reform and activity in <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>. He was a common sight on the streets of Manchester, hurrying to address workers of all kinds several times a day. He was a vocal opponent of Charles Darwin’s ideas and in an address of 1871 said that they were, “merely guesses, conjectures, and inferences resting upon remote analogies”.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was governor of many educational institutions including <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School" title="Manchester Grammar School">Manchester Grammar School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owens_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens College">Owens College</a>. In 1874 he began a career as an <a href="/wiki/Arbitrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrator">arbitrator</a>, working to resolve conflict in a number of <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a>. He was an early enthusiast for and advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Co-operative_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Co-operative Congress">President</a> of the first day of the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Congress" title="Co-operative Congress">Co-operative Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine_and_litigation">Doctrine and litigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Fraser_(bishop)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Doctrine and litigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Never overly-interested in <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, Fraser was a liberal in matters of worship who favoured the old <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> school, though with little sympathy for what he saw as the excesses of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>. He supported the <a href="/wiki/Public_Worship_Regulation_Act_1874" title="Public Worship Regulation Act 1874">Public Worship Regulation Act 1874</a> but in 1878 was unhappy to be unable to prevent the imprisonment of the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Faithorn_Green" title="Sidney Faithorn Green">Sidney Faithorn Green</a>, the incumbent of <a href="/wiki/Miles_Platting" title="Miles Platting">Miles Platting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fraser ultimately secured Green's release but Green's <a href="/wiki/Benefice" title="Benefice">benefice</a> was <a href="/wiki/Sequestration_(law)" title="Sequestration (law)">sequestrated</a> by the courts. The <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a> <a href="/wiki/Parish#England" title="Parish">patron</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Percival_Heywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Percival Heywood">Percival Heywood</a> nominated Rev. Harry Cowgill, Green's unlawful <a href="/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curate</a>, as the new incumbent. Fraser was involved in much <a href="/wiki/Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation">litigation</a> over his opposition to the appointment before being exonerated in a judgement by <a href="/wiki/Baron_Pollock" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Pollock">Baron Pollock</a> in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Fraser_(bishop)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1880, he married Agnes Ellen Frances Duncan shortly after the death of his mother who had shared his home. He died suddenly at the bishop's palace following complications from a chill. Long known as the <i>bishop of all denominations</i>, his death was honoured by all the <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> churches along with the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> congregations. Huge crowds attended his funeral in Manchester. He was interred in Ufton Nervet in his mother's grave.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Fraser_(bishop)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Grade_II_listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade II listed">grade II listed</a> <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woolner" title="Thomas Woolner">Thomas Woolner</a> stands in <a href="/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester" title="Albert Square, Manchester">Albert Square, Manchester</a>. Local legend has it that Fraser is posed looking away from <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Waterhouse" title="Alfred Waterhouse">Alfred Waterhouse</a>'s Town Hall building because he disliked it so much.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Fraser_(bishop)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1870_04_01_138">"Summary (col. 2)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Church_Times" title="Church Times">Church Times</a></i>. No. 373. 1 April 1870. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X">0009-658X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2019</span> – via UK Press Online archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+Times&rft.atitle=Summary+%28col.+2%29&rft.issue=373&rft.pages=138&rft.date=1870-04-01&rft.issn=0009-658X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukpressonline.co.uk%2Fpage-link%2FChTm_1870_04_01_138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Fraser+%28bishop%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bishop Fraser on faith and Darwinism, Preston Chronicle 29 April 1871, page 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDF-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PDF_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528100558/http://archive.co-op.ac.uk/downloadFiles/congressPresidentstable.pdf">"Congress Presidents 1869-2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. February 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.co-op.ac.uk/downloadFiles/congressPresidentstable.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congress+Presidents+1869-2002&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.co-op.ac.uk%2FdownloadFiles%2FcongressPresidentstable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Fraser+%28bishop%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diggle (1887) <i>pp</i>398-419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yates (1999) <i>pp</i>265-269</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Fraser_(bishop)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Fraser_(bishop)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James Fraser (bishop)">James Fraser (bishop)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Bentley, J. (1987) <i>Ritualism and Politics in Victorian Britain: The Attempt to Legislate for Belief</i></li> <li>Bullock, C. (1889) <i>The Lives of Three Bishops</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diggle" title="John Diggle">Diggle, J. W.</a> (1887) <i>The Lancashire Life of Bishop Fraser</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1889" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton,_1st_Viscount_Sumner" title="John Hamilton, 1st Viscount Sumner">Hamilton, J. A.</a> (1889). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fraser, James (1818-1885)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Fraser,_James_(1818-1885)">"Fraser, James (1818-1885)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fraser%2C+James+%281818-1885%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Fraser+%28bishop%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>— rev. H. C. G. Matthew (2007) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10110">Fraser, James (1818–1885)</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, Oxford University Press, online edn, accessed 27 February 2008 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hughes" title="Thomas Hughes">Hughes, T.</a> (1887) <i>James Fraser, Second Bishop of Manchester: A Memoir, 1818–1885</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates,_N.1999" class="citation book cs1">Yates, N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55aaZGqqh6oC&q=public+worship+regualtion+act+english+church+union&pg=PA244"><i>Anglican Ritualism in Victorian Britain, 1830-1910</i></a>. 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082538971">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66050599">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/350190/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyWYdfvtGggWrXDxcdYT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1104727552">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95002192">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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