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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1893_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1893_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1893 Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1893_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1993 Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1999_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1999 Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>2004 Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>2009 Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>2015 Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>2018 Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>2021 Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>2023 Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Religious_Exposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Religious_Exposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Great Religious Exposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Religious_Exposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007_Monterrey_Forum_of_Cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_Monterrey_Forum_of_Cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>2007 Monterrey Forum of Cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_Monterrey_Forum_of_Cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_Central_European_Interfaith_Forum_(CEIF_2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_Central_European_Interfaith_Forum_(CEIF_2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>2016 Central European Interfaith Forum (CEIF 2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_Central_European_Interfaith_Forum_(CEIF_2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parliament of the World's Religions</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85" title="مؤتمر أديان العالم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤتمر أديان العالم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6" title="বিশ্বের ধর্ম সংসদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্বের ধর্ম সংসদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6" title="बिस्व धर्म संसद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बिस्व धर्म संसद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament_de_les_Religions_del_M%C3%B3n" title="Parlament de les Religions del Món – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parlament de les Religions del Món" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD" title="Parlament světových náboženství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parlament světových náboženství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltparlament_der_Religionen" title="Weltparlament der Religionen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltparlament der Religionen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_Mundial_de_Religiones" title="Parlamento Mundial de Religiones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parlamento Mundial de Religiones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_de_la_religioj_de_la_mondo" title="Parlamento de la religioj de la mondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parlamento de la religioj de la mondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پارلمان ادیان جهان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارلمان ادیان جهان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_des_religions" title="Parlement des religions – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parlement des religions" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE" title="विश्व धर्म महासभा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्व धर्म महासभा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99" title="פרלמנט הדתות העולמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרלמנט הדתות העולמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A1gvall%C3%A1sok_parlamentje" title="Világvallások parlamentje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Világvallások parlamentje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdensreligionenes_parlament" title="Verdensreligionenes parlament – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verdensreligionenes parlament" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਧਰਮ ਸੰਸਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਧਰਮ ਸੰਸਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9" title="عالمی دھرم پارلیمنٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عالمی دھرم پارلیمنٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament_Religii_%C5%9Awiata" title="Parlament Religii Świata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parlament Religii Świata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_Mundial_de_Religi%C3%B5es" title="Parlamento Mundial de Religiões – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parlamento Mundial de Religiões" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionernas_v%C3%A4rldsparlament" title="Religionernas världsparlament – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Religionernas världsparlament" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உலகச் சமயங்களின் பாராளுமன்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலகச் சமயங்களின் பாராளுமன்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_Dinleri_Parlamentosu" title="Dünya Dinleri Parlamentosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya Dinleri Parlamentosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1752626#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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Religions</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of meetings intended to create a global interfaith dialogue</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Parliament of the World's Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1893parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1893parliament.jpg/300px-1893parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1893parliament.jpg/450px-1893parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1893parliament.jpg/600px-1893parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3462" data-file-height="1582" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Chicago meeting, 1893</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data">Conference, exhibits</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugurated</th><td class="infobox-data">11–16 September 1893<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous event</th><td class="infobox-data">14–18 August 2023 (Chicago)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Next event</th><td class="infobox-data">TBD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliamentofreligions.org">parliamentofreligions.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There have been several meetings referred to as a <b>Parliament of the World's Religions</b>, the first being the <b>World's Parliament of Religions</b> of 1893, which was an attempt to create a global dialogue of faiths. The event was celebrated by another conference on its centenary in 1993. This led to a new series of conferences under the official title Parliament of the World's Religions with the same goal of trying to create a global dialogue of faiths. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Parliament of the World's Religions was incorporated in 1989 to organize the centennial conference of the first Parliament. The Parliament is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, led by a board of trustees elected from various faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1893_Parliament">1893 Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1893 Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/250px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/375px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/500px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> on the platform of the Parliament of Religions September 1893. On the platform (left to right) <a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chicago,_September,_1893_on_the_platform_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago,_September,_1893_on_the_platform-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Gaston_Bonet-Maury" class="mw-redirect" title="Amy Gaston Bonet-Maury">G. Bonet Maury</a> </figcaption></figure><p> Another principal organizer was <a href="/wiki/Jenkin_Lloyd_Jones" title="Jenkin Lloyd Jones">Jenkin Lloyd Jones</a>, a Unitarian.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, the city of Chicago hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Columbian_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="World Columbian Exposition">World Columbian Exposition</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">world's fair</a>. So many people were coming to Chicago from all over the world that many smaller conferences, called Congresses and Parliaments, were scheduled to take advantage of this unprecedented gathering. One of these was the World's Parliament of Religions, an initiative of the <a href="/wiki/Swedenborgianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedenborgianism">Swedenborgian</a> layman (and judge) <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_Bonney" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Carroll Bonney">Charles Carroll Bonney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parliament of Religions was by far the largest of the congresses held in conjunction with the Exposition.<sup id="cite_ref-McRae_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McRae-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Barrows" title="John Henry Barrows">John Henry Barrows</a>, a clergyman, was appointed as the first chairman of the General Committee of the 1893 Parliament by Charles Bonney.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Parliament of Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago_Building" title="Art Institute of Chicago Building">World's Congress Auxiliary Building</a> which is now <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art Institute of Chicago">The Art Institute of Chicago</a>, and ran from 11 to 27 September, making it the first organized <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith</a> gathering.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it is recognized as the birth of the worldwide interfaith movement, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, with representatives of a wide variety of religions and new religious movements, including: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> scholar and jurist <a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a> was invited as a representative of Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virchand talked about the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>- code of conduct, way of life and cosmology in such an eloquent and coherent manner that <i><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Courier-Express" title="Buffalo Courier-Express">Buffalo Courier</a></i>, an American newspaper reported, "of all Eastern scholars, it was this youth whose lectures on Jain Faith and Conduct was listened to with the greatest interest and attention."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhist leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a> was invited as a representative of "<a href="/wiki/Southern_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Buddhism">Southern Buddhism</a>", the term applied at that time to the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a>, the "First American Ancestor" of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, attended from Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-ford_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An essay by the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a> master <a href="/wiki/Kiyozawa_Manshi" title="Kiyozawa Manshi">Kiyozawa Manshi</a>, "Skeleton of the philosophy of religion" was read in his absence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, an Indian Hindu monk, represented Ancient Indian Religious Thought & Philosophy (<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>) as a delegate, introducing Hinduism at the <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_at_the_Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions_(1893)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)">opening session</a> of the Parliament on 11 September. Though initially nervous, he bowed to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> mentally, then began his speech with salutation, "Sisters and brothers of America!". To these words he got a standing ovation from a crowd of thousands, which lasted for two minutes. When silence was restored he continued his address: "I thank you in the name of the most ancient order of monks in the world; I thank you in the name of the mother of religions; and I thank you in the name of millions and millions of Hindu people of all classes and sects."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was represented by <a href="/wiki/G._Bonet_Maury" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Bonet Maury">G. Bonet Maury</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> historian invited by Swami Vivekananda.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="on the topic of invitation by Vivekananda (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimus_J._Hanna" title="Septimus J. Hanna">Septimus J. Hanna</a> read an address written by the founder of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was represented by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Russell_Webb" title="Alexander Russell Webb">Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb</a>, an Anglo-American convert to Islam and the former US consular representative to the Philippines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Harris_Jessup" title="Henry Harris Jessup">Henry Jessup</a> addressing the World Parliament of Religions was the first to publicly discuss the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> in the United States (it had previously been known in Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then Baháʼís have become active participants.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Theism or the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> was represented by <a href="/wiki/Protap_Chunder_Mozoomdar" title="Protap Chunder Mozoomdar">Protap Chunder Mozoomdar</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> was represented by the vice-president of the society, <a href="/wiki/William_Quan_Judge" title="William Quan Judge">William Quan Judge</a> and by activist <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>.</li> <li>Chinese religions were represented by Pung Quang Yu (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">彭光譽</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Peng Guangyu</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyanandra_Nath_Chakravarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyanandra Nath Chakravarti">Gyanendra Nath Chakravarti</a> (G.N. Chakravarti) was also a significant representative at the Parliament, advocating for <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Brahmanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His eloquent speeches and presence contributed to the interfaith dialogue and helped raise awareness of Indian spiritual traditions.</li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">Spiritualism</a>, were also represented.</li></ul> <p>Absent from this event were <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, who were not invited,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> religious figures, <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>, and other Indigenous and <a href="/wiki/Earth_centered" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth centered">Earth centered</a> religionists; these religions and spiritual traditions were not represented until the 1993 Parliament convened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993_Parliament">1993 Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1993 Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chicago-Parliament.webm/220px--Chicago-Parliament.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="296" data-mwtitle="Chicago-Parliament.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Chicago-Parliament.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Chicago-Parliament.webm/Chicago-Parliament.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Chicago-Parliament.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Chicago-Parliament.webm/Chicago-Parliament.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Chicago-Parliament.webm/Chicago-Parliament.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Chicago-Parliament.webm/Chicago-Parliament.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Chicago-Parliament.webm/Chicago-Parliament.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Opening ceremony of the 1993 Parliament</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1993, the Parliament convened at the <a href="/wiki/The_Palmer_House_Hilton" title="The Palmer House Hilton">Palmer House</a> hotel in Chicago. Over 8,000 people from all over the world, from many diverse religions, gathered to celebrate, discuss and explore how religious traditions can work together on the critical issues which confront the world.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A document, "<a href="/wiki/Towards_a_Global_Ethic:_An_Initial_Declaration" title="Towards a Global Ethic: An Initial Declaration">Towards a Global Ethic: An Initial Declaration</a>", mainly drafted by <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a>, set the tone for the subsequent ten days of discussion. This global ethic was endorsed by many of the attending religious and spiritual leaders who were part of the parliament assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also created for the 1993 parliament was a book, <i>A Sourcebook for the Community of Religions</i>, by the late Joel Beversluis, which has become a standard textbook in religion classes. Unlike most textbooks of religion, each entry was written by members of the religion in question.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The keynote address was given by the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> on the closing day of the assembly. The <a href="/wiki/DIMMID" title="DIMMID">DIMMID</a> hosted also a dialogue session with the Dalai Lama on "Emptiness and Kenosis" which was the inspiration for the <i>Gethsemani Encounters</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Our_Lady_of_Gethsemani" title="Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani">Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani</a> in 1996 and 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bernardin" title="Joseph Bernardin">Joseph Bernardin</a> also participated at the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999_Parliament">1999 Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1999 Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 7,000 individuals from over 80 countries attended 1999 Parliament in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. The Parliament began with a showing of the international <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a> to highlight the epidemic of <a href="/wiki/AIDS_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS in South Africa">AIDS in South Africa</a>, and of the role that religious and spiritual traditions play in facing the critical issues that face the world. The event continued with hundreds of panels, symposia and workshops, offerings of prayer and meditation, plenaries and performances. The programs emphasized issues of religious, spiritual, and cultural identity, approaches to interreligious dialogue, and the role of religion in response to the critical issues facing the world today. At this session, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Beckwith" title="Michael Beckwith">Michael Beckwith</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Morrissey_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Morrissey (writer) (page does not exist)">Mary Morrissey</a> became the first New Thought ministers appointed to the Parliament of World Religions.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Parliament Assembly considered a document called <i>A Call to Our Guiding Institutions</i>, addressed to religion, government, business, education, and media inviting these institutions to reflect on and transform their roles at the threshold of the next century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to the <i>Call</i>, the Parliament staff had created a book, <i>Gifts of Service to the World</i>, showcasing over 300 projects considered to be making a difference in the world. The Assembly members also deliberated about Gifts of Service which they could offer or could pledge to support among those projects gathered in the <i>Gifts</i> document.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_Parliament">2004 Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2004 Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srichinmoy.tv/319/sri-chinmoys-meditation-at-the-parliament-of-worlds-religions/">Opening ceremony 2004</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It was celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Forum_of_Cultures" title="Universal Forum of Cultures">Universal Forum of Cultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 8,900 individuals attended the 2004 Parliament in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain. Having created the declaration <i>Towards a Global Ethic</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the 1993 Parliament and attempted to engage guiding institutions at the 1999 Parliament, the 2004 Parliament concentrated on four pressing issues: mitigating religiously motivated violence, access to safe water, the fate of refugees worldwide, and the elimination of external debt in developing countries. Those attending were asked to make a commitment to a "simple and profound act" to work on one of these issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009_Parliament">2009 Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2009 Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, hosted the 2009 Parliament of the World's Religions. The 2009 parliament took place from 3 to 9 December. Over 6,000 people attended the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Melbourne parliament addressed issues of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aboriginal</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia" title="Reconciliation in Australia"> reconciliation</a>. The issues of sustainability and global climate change were explored through the lens of indigenous spiritualities. Environmental issues and the spirituality of youth were also key areas of dialogue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Council for a Parliament of the World's Religions suggested that the Melbourne parliament would "educate participants for global peace and justice" through exploring religious conflict and globalization, creating community and cross-cultural networks and addressing issues of religious violence. It supported "strengthening religious and spiritual communities" by providing a special focus on indigenous and Aboriginal spiritualities; facilitating cooperation between <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">Pagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>, Christian, Baháʼí, Jain, Muslim, Buddhist, Sikh and Hindu communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the council focused on crafting new responses to religious <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a> and confronting homegrown terrorism and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dirk Ficca served as the executive director at the time of the 2009 Parliament of Religions. Zabrina Santiago served as deputy director and partner cities director.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_Parliament">2015 Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2015 Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, the Parliament of the World's Religions announced that the 2014 Parliament would take place in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2012, a joint statement from Brussels and CPWR announced that because of the <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">financial crisis in Europe</a>, Brussels was unable to raise the funds required for a Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15–19 October, the 2015 Parliament took place at the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Palace" title="Salt Palace">Salt Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, Utah.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 9,806 attendees, performers, and volunteers from 73 countries, 30 major religions and 548 sub-traditions participated in the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the closing ceremony, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Malik_Mujahid" title="Abdul Malik Mujahid">Abdul Malik Mujahid</a> announced that the Parliament would henceforth be held every two years, with the next gathering scheduled for 2017, later rescheduled for 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_Parliament">2018 Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2018 Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The board of trustees of the Parliament selected <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> as the site of the 2018 Parliament of the World's Religions at their April 2017 meeting. The event took place from 1 to 7 November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 8,000 people attended the sessions, including the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, who addressed the opening plenary of the Parliament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_Parliament">2021 Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2021 Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Parliament of the World's Religions was held online from October 16 through October 18, 2021, because of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Parliament">2023 Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2023 Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October of 2021, the chair of the board of the Parliament of the World's Religions announced that its 9th global convening would take place in 2023 in Chicago, USA. <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2023 Parliament of the World's Religions was hosted from Monday, August 14 through Friday, August 18 at the <a href="/wiki/McCormick_Place" title="McCormick Place">McCormick Place</a> Lakeside Center.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_events">Related events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Related events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Religious_Exposition">Great Religious Exposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Great Religious Exposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From March to May 1930, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan hosted a Great Religious Exposition<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">宗教大博覧会</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shūkyō Dai-hakurankai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>. Religious groups from across Japan and China exhibited at the fair.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of Japan's traditional Buddhist sects had an exhibit, as well as Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_Monterrey_Forum_of_Cultures">2007 Monterrey Forum of Cultures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2007 Monterrey Forum of Cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/2007_Universal_Forum_of_Cultures" title="2007 Universal Forum of Cultures">Forum Monterrey 2007</a> was an international event which included Parliament-style events and dialogues.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was held as part of the 2007 Universal Forum of Cultures, which featured international congresses, dialogues, exhibitions, and spectacles on the themes of peace, diversity, sustainability and knowledge. Special emphasis was placed on the eight objectives of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_goals" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Development goals">Millennium Development goals</a> for eradicating abject poverty around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_Central_European_Interfaith_Forum_(CEIF_2016)"><span id="2016_Central_European_Interfaith_Forum_.28CEIF_2016.29"></span>2016 Central European Interfaith Forum (CEIF 2016)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2016 Central European Interfaith Forum (CEIF 2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4xAwT2VuHw">Video of Fahad Abualnasr, director general of KAICIID Dialog Center, who addressed the Central European Interfaith Forum 2016 held in Nitra, Slovakia.</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 25 July 2016 the Parliament of the World's Religions–Slovakia and the Slovak <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> Federation in collaboration with other partners organized in <a href="/wiki/Nitra" title="Nitra">Nitra</a>, Slovakia called the Central European Interfaith Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides Elisabeth Ziegler-Duregger, ambassador of the Parliament of the World's Religions, there were also more than 150 participants representing 20 nations, three continents, seven world religions as well as other religious, spiritual or humanist traditions convened for interfaith and civic exchanges in the search for solutions to the growing ethnic, cultural and religious tension in Europe and to jointly address some of humanity's most vexing problems such as the alarming trends of nationalism, extremism and xenophobia in societies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event resulted in a statement (the Nitra statement).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">Interfaith dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva_Dharma_Sammelan" title="Sarva Dharma Sammelan">Sarva Dharma Sammelan</a> (Meeting of all religions), held every year in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Leaders_of_World_and_Traditional_Religions" title="Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions">Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_on_Human_Fraternity" title="Document on Human Fraternity">Document on Human Fraternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Human_Fraternity" title="International Day of Human Fraternity">International Day of Human Fraternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parliamentofreligions.org/parliament/new-chicago-1893/new-chicago-1893">Chicago 1893</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527204031/https://parliamentofreligions.org/parliament/new-chicago-1893/new-chicago-1893">Archived</a> 27 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>parliamentofreligions.org</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2015" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Katherine (3 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/the-parliament-of-the-world-s-religions-1893-and-1993">"The Parliament of the World's Religions: 1893 and 1993"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220912000922/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/the-parliament-of-the-world-s-religions-1893-and-1993">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Parliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions%3A+1893+and+1993&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fessays%2Fthe-parliament-of-the-world-s-religions-1893-and-1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chicago,_September,_1893_on_the_platform-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chicago,_September,_1893_on_the_platform_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vivekananda.net/photos/1893-1895TN/pages/chicago-1893-september-plat.htm">"Chicago, September, 1893 on the platform"</a>. vivekananda.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121025112/http://www.vivekananda.net/photos/1893-1895TN/pages/chicago-1893-september-plat.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chicago%2C+September%2C+1893+on+the+platform&rft.pub=vivekananda.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvivekananda.net%2Fphotos%2F1893-1895TN%2Fpages%2Fchicago-1893-september-plat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uudb.org/articles/jenkinlloydjones.html">"Jenkin Lloyd Jones"</a>. vivekananda.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jenkin+Lloyd+Jones&rft.pub=vivekananda.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuudb.org%2Farticles%2Fjenkinlloydjones.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theinterfaithobserver.org/journal-articles/2012/6/15/charles-bonney-and-the-idea-for-a-world-parliament-of-religi.html">"Marcus Braybrooke, <i>Charles Bonney and the Idea for a World Parliament of Religions</i>, The Interfaith Observer"</a>. 15 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926011113/http://theinterfaithobserver.org/journal-articles/2012/6/15/charles-bonney-and-the-idea-for-a-world-parliament-of-religi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marcus+Braybrooke%2C+Charles+Bonney+and+the+Idea+for+a+World+Parliament+of+Religions%2C+The+Interfaith+Observer&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheinterfaithobserver.org%2Fjournal-articles%2F2012%2F6%2F15%2Fcharles-bonney-and-the-idea-for-a-world-parliament-of-religi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/bce/worldparliamentofreligions1893.htm">"Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology, <i>World Parliament of Religions (1893)</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316154902/http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/bce/worldparliamentofreligions1893.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boston+Collaborative+Encyclopedia+of+Western+Theology%2C+World+Parliament+of+Religions+%281893%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.bu.edu%2Fwwildman%2Fbce%2Fworldparliamentofreligions1893.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McRae-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McRae_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae1991" class="citation journal cs1">McRae, John R. (1991). "Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: The 1893 World's Parliament of Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe". <i>Buddhist-Christian Studies</i>. <b>11</b>. University of Hawai'i Press: 7–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1390252">10.2307/1390252</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1390252">1390252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buddhist-Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Oriental+Verities+on+the+American+Frontier%3A+The+1893+World%27s+Parliament+of+Religions+and+the+Thought+of+Masao+Abe&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=7-36&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1390252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1390252%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaud, Derek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/bce/worldparliamentofreligions1893.htm#3._Themes">An Analysis of Culture and Religion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316154902/http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/bce/worldparliamentofreligions1893.htm#3._Themes">Archived</a> 16 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> People.bu.edu. 14 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2015/10/23/parliament-of-the-worlds-religions/27558/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Parliament of the World's Religions", <i>Religion & Ethics Newsweekly</i>, 23 October 2015"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. 23 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901094048/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2015/10/23/parliament-of-the-worlds-religions/27558/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=%22Parliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions%22%2C+Religion+%26+Ethics+Newsweekly%2C+23+October+2015&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Freligionandethics%2F2015%2F10%2F23%2Fparliament-of-the-worlds-religions%2F27558%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainHingarhDoshiSmt._Priti_Shah" class="citation web cs1">Jain, Pankaz; Hingarh, Pankaz; Doshi, Bipin; Smt. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+World+News+Service&rft.atitle=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs+participate+in+interfaith+parliament&rft.date=2004-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bahai.org%2Fstory%2F310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun Jiang 孫江, "Representing Religion: 'Chinese Religions' at the 1893 Chicago World Parliament of Religions", <i>Oriens Extremus</i> 54 (2015), pp. 59-84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26372435">26372435</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1893/09/04/archives/brahmins-on-brahminism-gyanendra-nath-chakravarti-and-his.html">"Brahmins on Brahminism: Gyanendra Nath Chakravarti and His Address"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 4 September 1893<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Oxford University Press, 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170717094824/https://parliamentofreligions.org/parliament/1993-chicago/chicago-1993">"1993 Chicago: Chicago 1993 | parliamentofreligions.org"</a>. <i>parliamentofreligions.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parliamentofreligions.org/parliament/1993-chicago/chicago-1993">the original</a> on 17 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parliamentofreligions.org&rft.atitle=1993+Chicago%3A+Chicago+1993+%7C+parliamentofreligions.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparliamentofreligions.org%2Fparliament%2F1993-chicago%2Fchicago-1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parliamentofreligions.org/parliament/global-ethic/about-global-ethic">"Global Ethic: About the Global Ethic | parliamentofreligions.org"</a>. <i>parliamentofreligions.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033351/https://parliamentofreligions.org/parliament/global-ethic/about-global-ethic">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+European+Interfaith+Formum&rft.pub=CIEF&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwr.sk%2Fceif-2016%2F%23en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nitra2016.sk/sister-events/">"Central European Interfaith Forum"</a>. <i>World Esperanto Congress 2016</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823151527/http://www.nitra2016.sk/sister-events/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Esperanto+Congress+2016&rft.atitle=Central+European+Interfaith+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nitra2016.sk%2Fsister-events%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwr.sk/en/">"Forum of the World's Religions"</a>. <i>Our Forum 2016</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817193228/http://fwr.sk/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Forum+2016&rft.atitle=Forum+of+the+World%27s+Religions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwr.sk%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwr.sk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CEIF-2016-Statement-FINAL.pdf">"CEIF Central European Interfaith Forum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nitra Statement</i>. CEIF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818095410/http://fwr.sk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CEIF-2016-Statement-FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nitra+Statement&rft.atitle=CEIF+Central+European+Interfaith+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwr.sk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2FCEIF-2016-Statement-FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Barrows" title="John Henry Barrows">J. H. Barrows</a>. <i>The World's Parliament of Religions</i>. Chicago, 1893.</li> <li>Rev. J. H. Barrows. "Results of the Parliament of Religions". <i>The Forum</i>, September 1894.</li> <li>G. D. Boardmann. <i>The Parliament of Religions</i>. Philadelphia, 1893.</li> <li>Bonnet-Maury, Gaston. <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Le_Congr%C3%A8s_religieux_de_Chicago_et_la_R%C3%A9union_des_%C3%89glises">"<i>Le congrès religieux de Chicago et la réunion des églises</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span></a>. <i>Revue des deux mondes</i>, 15 August 1894.</li> <li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Carus" title="Paul Carus">Paul Carus</a>. "The dawn of a new religious Era". <i>The Forum</i>, 1893. <i>The Monist</i>, April 1894.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson1894" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, J. W., ed. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldscongressr01hansgoog"><i>The World's Congress of Religions – The addresses and papers delivered before the Parliament, and the Abstract of the Congresses, held in Chicago, August 1893 to October 1893, under the Auspices of The World's Columbian Exposition</i></a>. Chicago: Conkey Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Congress+of+Religions+%E2%80%93+The+addresses+and+papers+delivered+before+the+Parliament%2C+and+the+Abstract+of+the+Congresses%2C+held+in+Chicago%2C+August+1893+to+October+1893%2C+under+the+Auspices+of+The+World%27s+Columbian+Exposition&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Conkey+Company&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldscongressr01hansgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Prof. Walter R. Houghton. <i>Neely's History of the Parliament of Religions and Religious Congresses at the World's Columbian Exposition</i>. Chicago, 1893.</li> <li>Rev. J. L. Jones. <i>A Chorus of faith as heard in Parliament of Religions held in Chicago, 10–27 September 1893</i>. Chicago, 1893.</li> <li>R. Rev. Kean. <i>Catholic family annual</i>, 1893.</li> <li>Rev. L. P. Mercer. <i>Review of the World's Religions Congresses of the World's Congress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition</i>. Chicago, 1893.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>. <i>Arens</i>, December 1894. Boston.</li> <li>Peel, Robert (1977). <i>Mary Baker Eddy: The Years of Authority</i>. New York: Holt, Rineheart and Winston, p. 51.</li> <li>Gen. M. M. Trumbull. "The Parliament of Religions". <i>The Monist</i>, April 1894.</li> <li>M. Zmigrodsky. "Kongres Katolicki i Kongres wszech Religij w Chicago 1893 roku". Kraków, 1894.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/God_and_Religious_Toleration" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:God and Religious Toleration">God and Religious Toleration</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parliamentofreligions.org">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/parliamentofreligion">Official Portal</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payer.de/neobuddhismus/neobud0202.htm">Das Weltparlament der Religionen in Chicago 1893</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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