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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki"><span>Pierwsze kroki</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_wikipedyst%C3%B3w" title="O projekcie – co możesz zrobić, gdzie możesz znaleźć informacje"><span>Portal wikipedystów</span></a></li><li id="n-Noticeboard" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tablica_og%C5%82osze%C5%84"><span>Ogłoszenia</span></a></li><li id="n-Guidelines" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Zasady"><span>Zasady</span></a></li><li id="n-helppage-name" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Spis_tre%C5%9Bci"><span>Pomoc</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ostatnie_zmiany" title="Lista ostatnich zmian w Wikipedii. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zasięg_występowania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zasięg_występowania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zasięg występowania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zasięg_występowania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Morfologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematyka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematyka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Systematyka</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Systematyka-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Przełącz podsekcję Systematyka</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Systematyka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Etymologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podział_systematyczny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podział_systematyczny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Podział systematyczny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podział_systematyczny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uwagi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uwagi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uwagi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uwagi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Foka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 41 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiti" title="Suiti – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suiti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="عادی سۇ ایتی‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عادی سۇ ایتی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – cebuański" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echte_Hundsrobben" title="Echte Hundsrobben – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Echte Hundsrobben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%81%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="بی‌گوش‌فک‌ها – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بی‌گوش‌فک‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%B2%94%EC%86%8D" title="물범속 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물범속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փոկեր – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca_(genere)" title="Phoca (genere) – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Phoca (genere)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela%C3%A6ttkv%C3%ADsl" title="Selaættkvísl – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Selaættkvísl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94_(%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="פוקה (כלב ים) – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוקה (כלב ים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9lint" title="Zélint – kaszubski" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zélint" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kaszubski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedol_(Phoca)" title="Spedol (Phoca) – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Spedol (Phoca)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankumainie_ro%C5%86i" title="Plankumainie roņi – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plankumainie roņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3ka" title="Fóka – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fóka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фока – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фока" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="فوكوكا (جنس من الثدييات) – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فوكوكا (جنس من الثدييات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca_(geslacht)" title="Phoca (geslacht) – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phoca (geslacht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%95%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B6%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E5%B1%9E" title="ゴマフアザラシ属 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴマフアザラシ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2ca" title="Fòca – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fòca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Обыкновенные тюлени – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обыкновенные тюлени" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80_%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Эбир түлүөннэр уустара – jakucki" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эбир түлүөннэр уустара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakucki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foka" title="Foka – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Foka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фока – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фока" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Тюлень – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тюлень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Phoca" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%B9%E5%B1%AC" title="海豹屬 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海豹屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%B9%E5%B1%AC" title="海豹屬 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海豹屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q878742#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><div class="noprint noexcerpt disambig navigation-not-searchable" style="line-height:1.5em; padding: 3px 6px; background-color: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1); font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 1em; display: flex; gap: 4px; align-items: center;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_ujednoznaczniaj%C4%85ca" title="Inne znaczenia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/25px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/38px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/50px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><span>Ten artykuł dotyczy rodzaju ssaków. Zobacz też: <a href="/wiki/Foka_(ujednoznacznienie)" class="mw-disambig" title="Foka (ujednoznacznienie)">inne znaczenia słowa <i>foka</i></a>.</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67504987">.mw-parser-output .infobox-zwierzeta .naglowek{color:black;background:#d3d3a4}</style> <table class="infobox infobox-zwierzeta"> <caption class="naglowek" style="background-color:#D3D3A4; color:#000000;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Foka</div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; color:black; background-color:white;"><i>Phoca</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:var(--color-base, black); text-align:center; font-size:x-small; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0px;"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Linneusz" title="Karol Linneusz">Linnaeus</a>, 1758<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus-1">[1]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3A4; color:black; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Seehund2cele4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Przedstawiciel rodzaju – foka pospolita (P. vitulina)"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seehund2cele4.jpg/240px-Seehund2cele4.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seehund2cele4.jpg/360px-Seehund2cele4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seehund2cele4.jpg/480px-Seehund2cele4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span><br />Przedstawiciel rodzaju – <b><a href="/wiki/Foka_pospolita" title="Foka pospolita">foka pospolita</a></b> (<i>P. vitulina</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3A4; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Systematyka_organizm%C3%B3w" title="Systematyka organizmów">Systematyka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologia)" title="Domena (biologia)">Domena</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukarionty" title="Eukarionty">eukarionty</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia)">Królestwo</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Typ_(biologia)" title="Typ (biologia)">Typ</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Strunowce" title="Strunowce">strunowce</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Podtyp </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Kr%C4%99gowce" title="Kręgowce">kręgowce</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gromada_(biologia)" title="Gromada (biologia)">Gromada</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Ssaki" title="Ssaki">ssaki</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Podgromada </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/%C5%BByworodne" title="Żyworodne">żyworodne</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Infragromada </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/%C5%81o%C5%BCyskowce" title="Łożyskowce">łożyskowce</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_(biologia)" title="Rząd (biologia)">Rząd</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Drapie%C5%BCne" title="Drapieżne">drapieżne</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Podrząd </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Psokszta%C5%82tne" title="Psokształtne">psokształtne</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Infrarząd </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nadrodzina </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82etwonogie" title="Płetwonogie">Phocoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rodzina_(biologia)" title="Rodzina (biologia)">Rodzina</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Fokowate" title="Fokowate">fokowate</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rodzaj_(biologia)" title="Rodzaj (biologia)">Rodzaj</a> </th> <td> <p>foka </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3A4; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Typ_nomenklatoryczny" title="Typ nomenklatoryczny">Typ nomenklatoryczny</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <p><i>Phoca vitulina</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Linnaeus, 1758</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Synonim_(taksonomia)" title="Synonim (taksonomia)">Synonimy</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table class="iboxtab void"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><i>Ambysus</i><sup id="cite_ref-uwaga1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uwaga1-2">[a]</a></sup> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Rafinesque</a>, 1815</span><sup id="cite_ref-Rafinesque_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafinesque-3">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><i>Arctias</i><sup id="cite_ref-uwaga1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uwaga1-2">[a]</a></sup> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Rafinesque, 1815</span><sup id="cite_ref-Rafinesque_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafinesque-3">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><i>Calocephalus</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cuvier" title="Frédéric Cuvier">F. Cuvier</a>, 1826</span><sup id="cite_ref-Cuvier_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuvier-4">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><i>Halicyon</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">J.E. Gray</a>, 1864</span><sup id="cite_ref-gray1864_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gray1864-5">[4]</a></sup></li> <li><i>Haliphilus</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">J.E. Gray, 1866</span><sup id="cite_ref-gray1866_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gray1866-6">[5]</a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Gatunek_(biologia)" title="Gatunek (biologia)">Gatunki</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table class="iboxtab void"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <p><i>4 gatunki (w tym 2 wymarłe) – zobacz opis w tekście</i> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phoca" title="Systematyka"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/24px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/36px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/48px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phoca" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Phoca">Systematyka w Wikispecies</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phoca" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phoca" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phoca">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Foka</b><sup id="cite_ref-miiz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miiz-7">[6]</a></sup> (<i>Phoca</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Rodzaj_(biologia)" title="Rodzaj (biologia)">rodzaj</a> dużych, <a href="/wiki/Ssaki_morskie" title="Ssaki morskie">morskich ssaków</a> z <a href="/wiki/Rodzina_(biologia)" title="Rodzina (biologia)">rodziny</a> <a href="/wiki/Fokowate" title="Fokowate">fokowatych</a> (Phocidae). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zasięg_występowania"><span id="Zasi.C4.99g_wyst.C4.99powania"></span>Zasięg występowania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zasięg występowania" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zasięg występowania"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące w północnym <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Atlantycki" title="Ocean Atlantycki">Oceanie Atlantyckim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Spokojny" title="Ocean Spokojny">Spokojnym</a>, w przybrzeżnych wodach <a href="/wiki/Ameryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Ameryka Północna">Ameryki Północnej</a>, północnej <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europy</a> i wschodniej <a href="/wiki/Azja" title="Azja">Azji</a><sup id="cite_ref-icmw_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icmw-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hmw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmw-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson&Reeder_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson&Reeder-10">[9]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologia">Morfologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Morfologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Morfologia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Długość ciała <a href="/wiki/Samica" title="Samica">samic</a> 120–170 cm, <a href="/wiki/Samiec" title="Samiec">samców</a> 140–190 cm; masa ciała samic 65–120 kg, samców 85–140 kg; nowo narodzone foki mierzą 75–100 cm i ważą 7–12 kg<sup id="cite_ref-hmw_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmw-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amw_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amw-11">[10]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematyka">Systematyka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Systematyka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Systematyka"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rodzaj zdefiniował w 1758 roku szwedzki <a href="/wiki/Historia_naturalna" title="Historia naturalna">przyrodnik</a> <a href="/wiki/Karol_Linneusz" title="Karol Linneusz">Karol Linneusz</a> w pierwszej części dziesiątego wydania <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus-1">[1]</a></sup>. Linneusz wymienił cztery gatunki – <i><a href="/wiki/Koticzak_nied%C5%BAwiedziowaty" title="Koticzak niedźwiedziowaty">Phoca ursina</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Linnaeus, 1758</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mirunga_po%C5%82udniowa" title="Mirunga południowa">Phoca leonina</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Linnaeus, 1758</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mors_arktyczny" title="Mors arktyczny">Phoca rosmarus</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Linnaeus, 1758</span> i <i>Phoca vitulina</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Linnaeus, 1758</span> – z których <a href="/wiki/Gatunek_typowy" title="Gatunek typowy">gatunkiem typowym</a> jest (Linneuszowska <a href="/wiki/Tautonim_(taksonomia)" title="Tautonim (taksonomia)">tautonimia</a>) <i>Phoca vitulina</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Linnaeus, 1758</span> (foka pospolita). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymologia">Etymologia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Etymologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Etymologia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Phoca</i>: <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_grecki" title="Język grecki">gr.</a> <span style="font-style: normal;" lang="el">φωκη</span> <i>phōkē</i> ‘foka’<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655688_532]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655688_532]-12">[11]</a></sup>.</li> <li><i>Ambysus</i>: etymologia niejasna, Rafinesque nie wyjaśnił znaczenia nazwy rodzajowej<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655248_92]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655248_92]-13">[12]</a></sup>.</li> <li><i>Arctias</i>: gr. αρκτος <i>arktos</i> ‘niedźwiedź’; przyrostek -ιας <i>-ias</i> ‘specjalna cecha’<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655272_116]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655272_116]-14">[13]</a></sup>.</li> <li><i>Calocephalus</i>: gr. καλος <i>kalos</i> ‘piękny’; -κεφαλος <i>-kephalos</i> ‘-głowy’, od κεφαλη <i>kephalē</i> ‘głowa’<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655310_154]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655310_154]-15">[14]</a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Gatunek_typowy" title="Gatunek typowy">Gatunek typowy</a>: Cuvier wymienił kilka gatunków – <i>Calocephalus discolor</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">F. Cuvier, 1826</span> (<i>species inquirenda</i>), <i>Calocephalus lagurus</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">F. Cuvier, 1826</span> (= <i><a href="/wiki/Lodofoka_grenlandzka" title="Lodofoka grenlandzka">Phoca groenlandica</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Erxleben, 1777</span>), <i>Calocephalus vitulinus</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">F. Cuvier, 1826</span> (= <i>Phoca vitulina</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Linnaeus, 1758</span>), <i>Calocephalus leporinus</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">F. Cuvier, 1826</span> (= <i><a href="/wiki/Fokow%C4%85s_brodaty" title="Fokowąs brodaty">Phoca barbata</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Erxleben, 1777</span>), <i>Calocephalus groenlandicus</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">F. Cuvier, 1826</span> (= <i>Phoca groenlandica</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Erxleben, 1777</span>), <i>Calocephalus hispidus</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">F. Cuvier, 1826</span> (= <i><a href="/wiki/Nerpa_obr%C4%85czkowana" title="Nerpa obrączkowana">Phoca hispida</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">von Schreber, 1775</span>) i <i>Calocephalus barbatus</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">F. Cuvier, 1826</span> (= <i>Phoca barbata</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Erxleben, 1777</span>) – z których gatunkiem typowym jest <i>Phoca vitulina</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Linnaeus, 1758</span>.</li> <li><i>Halicyon</i>: gr. ἁλι- <i>hali-</i> ‘morski’, od ἁλς <i>hals</i>, ἁλος <i>halos</i> ‘morze’; κυων <i>kuōn</i>, κυνος <i>kunos</i> ‘pies’<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[http://books.google.com/books?id=ApMeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA307_307]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPalmer1904[http://books.google.com/books?id=ApMeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA307_307]-16">[15]</a></sup>. Gatunek typowy (oznaczenie monotypowe): <i>Halicyon richardii</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a></sup> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">J.E. Gray, 1864</span>.</li> <li><i>Haliphilus</i>: gr. ἁλι- <i>hali-</i> ‘morski’, od ἁλς <i>hals</i>, ἁλος <i>halos</i> ‘morze’; φιλος <i>philos</i> ‘miłośnik’, od φιλεω <i>phileō</i> ‘kochać’<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[http://books.google.com/books?id=ApMeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA307_307]_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFPalmer1904[http://books.google.com/books?id=ApMeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA307_307]-16">[15]</a></sup>. Gatunek typowy (oznaczenie monotypowe): <i>Halichoerus antarcticus</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Peale, 1848</span> (= <i>Phoca vitulina</i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Linnaeus, 1758</span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podział_systematyczny"><span id="Podzia.C5.82_systematyczny"></span>Podział systematyczny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Podział systematyczny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Podział systematyczny"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Do rodzaju należą następujące występujące współcześnie gatunki<sup id="cite_ref-mdd_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdd-18">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amw_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amw-11">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icmw_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icmw-8">[7]</a></sup>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Grafika </th> <th>Gatunek </th> <th>Autor i rok opisu </th> <th>Nazwa zwyczajowa<sup id="cite_ref-miiz_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miiz-7">[6]</a></sup> </th> <th>Podgatunki<sup id="cite_ref-hmw_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmw-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icmw_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icmw-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amw_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amw-11">[10]</a></sup> </th> <th>Rozmieszczenie geograficzne<sup id="cite_ref-hmw_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmw-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icmw_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icmw-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amw_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amw-11">[10]</a></sup> </th> <th>Podstawowe wymiary<sup id="cite_ref-hmw_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmw-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amw_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amw-11">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[c]</a></sup> </th> <th>Status<br /><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowa_Unia_Ochrony_Przyrody" title="Międzynarodowa Unia Ochrony Przyrody">IUCN</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Common_seal_(Phoca_vitulina).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Common_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29.jpg/150px-Common_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Common_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29.jpg/225px-Common_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Common_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29.jpg/300px-Common_seal_%28Phoca_vitulina%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><i>Phoca vitulina</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karol_Linneusz" title="Karol Linneusz">Linnaeus</a>, 1758 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foka_pospolita" title="Foka pospolita">foka pospolita</a> </td> <td>3 podgatunki </td> <td>północny Ocean Atlantycki w północno-wschodniej <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanadzie</a>, wschodnich <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">Stanach Zjednoczonych</a>, zachodniej i wschodniej <a href="/wiki/Grenlandia" title="Grenlandia">Grenlandii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia">Islandii</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbardzie</a> i w <a href="/wiki/Morze_Barentsa" title="Morze Barentsa">Morzu Barentsa</a> na południe do północno-zachodniej <a href="/wiki/Francja" title="Francja">Francji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bretania" title="Bretania">Bretania</a>), północnego Oceanu Spokojnego od <a href="/wiki/Aleuty" title="Aleuty">Aleutów</a> wzdłuż zachodniej Kanady i zachodnich Stanów Zjednoczonych do <a href="/wiki/Kalifornia_Dolna" title="Kalifornia Dolna">Kalifornii Dolnej</a> w północnym <a href="/wiki/Meksyk" title="Meksyk">Meksyku</a> na wschodzie i wzdłuż <a href="/wiki/Kamczatka" title="Kamczatka">Kamczatki</a> i<a href="/wiki/Wyspy_Kurylskie" title="Wyspy Kurylskie"> Wysp Kurylskich</a> do <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> w północnej <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japonii</a> na zachodzie </td> <td>DC: 120–190 cm<br />MC: 80–140 kg </td> <td><span style="background-color:#008000; color:black; border:1px solid darkgray;"> <span style="color:#ffffff"><b>LC</b></span> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Phoca_largha_Bering_Sea_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Phoca_largha_Bering_Sea_1.jpg/150px-Phoca_largha_Bering_Sea_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Phoca_largha_Bering_Sea_1.jpg/225px-Phoca_largha_Bering_Sea_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Phoca_largha_Bering_Sea_1.jpg/300px-Phoca_largha_Bering_Sea_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><i>Phoca largha</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas" title="Peter Simon Pallas">Pallas</a>, 1811 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foka_plamista" title="Foka plamista">foka plamista</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Takson_monotypowy" title="Takson monotypowy">gatunek monotypowy</a> </td> <td>północny Ocean Spokojny od <a href="/wiki/Morze_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82te" title="Morze Żółte">Morza Żółtego</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zatoka_Pohaj" title="Zatoka Pohaj">Zatoki Pohaj</a> w północnej <a href="/wiki/Chi%C5%84ska_Republika_Ludowa" title="Chińska Republika Ludowa">Chińskiej Republice Ludowej</a> na północ przez <a href="/wiki/Morze_Japo%C5%84skie" title="Morze Japońskie">Morze Japońskie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morze_Ochockie" title="Morze Ochockie">Morze Ochockie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morze_Beringa" title="Morze Beringa">Morze Beringa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Morze_Czukockie" title="Morze Czukockie">Morze Czukockie</a> do zachodniego <a href="/wiki/Morze_Beauforta" title="Morze Beauforta">Morza Beauforta</a> i <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaski</a> </td> <td>DC: 151–176 cm<br />MC: 65–115 kg </td> <td><span style="background-color:#008000; color:black; border:1px solid darkgray;"> <span style="color:#ffffff"><b>LC</b></span> </span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kategorie IUCN: <span style="background-color:#008000; color:black; border:1px solid darkgray;"> <span style="color:#ffffff"><b>LC</b></span> </span> – <a href="/wiki/Gatunek_najmniejszej_troski" title="Gatunek najmniejszej troski">gatunek najmniejszej troski</a>. </p><p>Opisano również gatunki wymarłe: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoca_moori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoca moori (strona nie istnieje)">Phoca moori</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Tulley_Newton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Tulley Newton (strona nie istnieje)">Newton</a>, 1890</span><sup id="cite_ref-new_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-21">[18]</a></sup> (Europa)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoca_procaspica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoca procaspica (strona nie istnieje)">Phoca procaspica</a></i> <span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">Gadzhiev, 1961</span><sup id="cite_ref-gad_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gad-22">[19]</a></sup> (Azja)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uwagi">Uwagi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj sekcję: Uwagi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Uwagi"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection refsection-uwagi ll-script ll-script-uwagi"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-uwaga1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-uwaga1_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-uwaga1_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nudum" title="Nomen nudum">Nomen nudum</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Podgatunek <i>P. vitulina</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>DC</b> – długość ciała; <b>MC</b> – masa ciała</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Linnaeus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Linnaeus_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Linnaeus_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">C. Linnaeus: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726930">Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</a></i>. Wyd. 10. T. 1. <a href="/wiki/Sztokholm" title="Sztokholm">Holmiae</a>: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, s. 37.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.au=C.+Linnaeus&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Impensis+Direct.+Laurentii+Salvii&rft.place=%5B%5BSztokholm%7CHolmiae%5D%5D&rft.pages=37&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F726930"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku łacińskim (Latina)">łac.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafinesque-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rafinesque_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rafinesque_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">C.S. Rafinesque: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310138">Analyse de la nature, or, Tableau de l’univers et des corps organisés</a></i>. Palerme: Aux dépens de l’auteur, 1815, s. 60.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyse+de+la+nature%2C+or%2C+Tableau+de+l%E2%80%99univers+et+des+corps+organis%C3%A9s&rft.au=C.S.+Rafinesque&rft.pub=Aux+d%C3%A9pens+de+l%E2%80%99auteur&rft.place=Palerme&rft.pages=60&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F48310138"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku francuskim (français)">fr.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuvier-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cuvier_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">F. Cuvier: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25305777">Phoque. (Mamm.)</a>. W: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25305230">Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, dans lequel on traite méthodiquement des différens êtres de la nature, considérés soit en eux-mêmes, d’après l’état actuel de nos connoissances, soit relativement à l’utilité qu'en peuvent retirer la médecine, l’agriculture, le commerce et les artes. Suivi d’une biographie des plus célèbres naturalistes</a></i>. T. 39. Paris; Strasbourg: F. G. Levrault; Le Normant, 1826, s. 544.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+sciences+naturelles%2C+dans+lequel+on+traite+m%C3%A9thodiquement+des+diff%C3%A9rens+%C3%AAtres+de+la+nature%2C+consid%C3%A9r%C3%A9s+soit+en+eux-m%C3%AAmes%2C+d%E2%80%99apr%C3%A8s+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9tat+actuel+de+nos+connoissances%2C+soit+relativement+%C3%A0+l%E2%80%99utilit%C3%A9+qu%27en+peuvent+retirer+la+m%C3%A9decine%2C+l%E2%80%99agriculture%2C+le+commerce+et+les+artes.+Suivi+d%E2%80%99une+biographie+des+plus+c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bres+naturalistes&rft.atitle=Phoque.+%28Mamm.%29&rft.au=F.+Cuvier&rft.pub=F.+G.+Levrault%3B+Le+Normant&rft.place=Paris%3B+Strasbourg&rft.pages=544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F25305230"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku francuskim (français)">fr.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gray1864-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gray1864_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">J.E. Gray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28500299"><em>Notes on seals (Phocidae), including the description of a new seal (Halicyon richardii) from the West Coast of North America</em></a>. „<a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Zoology" title="Journal of Zoology">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</a>”. 1864, s. 28, 1864. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Notes+on+seals+%28Phocidae%29%2C+including+the+description+of+a+new+seal+%28Halicyon+richardii%29+from+the+West+Coast+of+North+America&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BJournal+of+Zoology%7CProceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London%5D%5D&rft.date=1864&rft.volume=1864&rft.au=J.E.+Gray&rft.pages=28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F28500299"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gray1866-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gray1866_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">J.E. Gray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16057475"><em>Observations on the „Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes, by Theodore Gill”</em></a>. „<a href="/wiki/The_Annals_and_magazine_of_natural_history" title="The Annals and magazine of natural history">The Annals and magazine of natural history</a>”. Third series. 17 (102), s. 446, 1866. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+%E2%80%9EProdrome+of+a+Monograph+of+the+Pinnipedes%2C+by+Theodore+Gill%E2%80%9D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Annals+and+magazine+of+natural+history%5D%5D&rft.date=1866&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=102&rft.au=J.E.+Gray&rft.pages=446&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F16057475"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miiz-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-miiz_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-miiz_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Nazwy zwyczajowe za: <cite class="citation book">W. Cichocki, A. Ważna, J. Cichocki, E. Rajska-Jurgiel, A. Jasiński & W. Bogdanowicz: <i>Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata</i>. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 154. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788388147159" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788388147159">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-88147-15-9</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polskie+nazewnictwo+ssak%C3%B3w+%C5%9Bwiata&rft.au=W.+Cichocki%2C+A.+Wa%C5%BCna%2C+J.+Cichocki%2C+E.+Rajska-Jurgiel%2C+A.+Jasi%C5%84ski+%26+W.+Bogdanowicz&rft.pub=Muzeum+i+Instytut+Zoologii+PAN&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=154&rft.isbn=978-83-88147-15-9"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku polskim">pol.</abbr> • <abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icmw-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-icmw_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-icmw_8-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-icmw_8-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-icmw_8-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">C.J. Burgin, D.E. Wilson, R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands, T.E. Lacher & W. Sechrest: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lynxeds.com/product/illustrated-checklist-of-the-mammals-of-the-world/">Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World</a></i>. Cz. 2: Eulipotyphla to Carnivora. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 2020, s. 446. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788416728350" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788416728350">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-84-16728-35-0</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Checklist+of+the+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.au=C.J.+Burgin%2C+D.E.+Wilson%2C+R.A.+Mittermeier%2C+A.B.+Rylands%2C+T.E.+Lacher+%26+W.+Sechrest&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=446&rft.isbn=978-84-16728-35-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lynxeds.com%2Fproduct%2Fillustrated-checklist-of-the-mammals-of-the-world%2F"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hmw-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hmw_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hmw_9-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hmw_9-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hmw_9-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hmw_9-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">B. Stewart: Family Phocidae (Earless Seals). W: D.E. Wilson & R.A. Mittermeier (redaktorzy): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lynxeds.com/product/handbook-of-the-mammals-of-the-world-volume-4/">Handbook of the Mammals of the World</a></i>. Cz. 4: Sea Mammals. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 2014, s. 180–182. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788496553934" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788496553934">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-84-96553-93-4</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Family+Phocidae+%28Earless+Seals%29&rft.au=B.+Stewart&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=180%E2%80%93182&rft.isbn=978-84-96553-93-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lynxeds.com%2Fproduct%2Fhandbook-of-the-mammals-of-the-world-volume-4%2F"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson&Reeder-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson&Reeder_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">D.E. Wilson & D.M. Reeder (redaktorzy): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14001058">Genus <i>Phoca</i></a>. [w:] <i>Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3)</i> [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. [dostęp 2021-05-22]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amw-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amw_11-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amw_11-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amw_11-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amw_11-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-amw_11-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Class Mammalia. W: Lynx Nature Books: <i>All the Mammals of the World</i>. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 2023, s. 680. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788416728664" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788416728664">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-84-16728-66-4</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Class+Mammalia&rft.au=Lynx+Nature+Books&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=680&rft.isbn=978-84-16728-66-4"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655688_532]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655688_532]_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1904">Palmer 1904 ↓</a></span>, s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655688">532</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655248_92]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655248_92]_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1904">Palmer 1904 ↓</a></span>, s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655248">92</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655272_116]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655272_116]_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1904">Palmer 1904 ↓</a></span>, s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655272">116</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655310_154]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655310_154]_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1904">Palmer 1904 ↓</a></span>, s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45655310">154</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFPalmer1904[http://books.google.com/books?id=ApMeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA307_307]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[http://books.google.com/books?id=ApMeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA307_307]_16-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFPalmer1904[http://books.google.com/books?id=ApMeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA307_307]_16-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1904">Palmer 1904 ↓</a></span>, s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ApMeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA307">307</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mdd-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mdd_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">N. Upham, C. Burgin, J. Widness, M. Becker, C. Parker, S. Liphardt, I. Rochon & D. Huckaby: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/tree.html">Treeview of Mammalian Taxonomy Hierarchy</a>. [w:] <i>ASM Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11)</i> [on-line]. American Society of Mammalogists. [dostęp 2023-12-19]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/en">Home</a>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [dostęp 2024-07-09]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-new-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-new_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">E.T. Newton. <em>On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags</em>. „Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society”. 46 (1–4), s. 446, 1890. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1890.046.01-04.29">10.1144/GSL.JGS.1890.046.01-04.29</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+some+new+mammals+from+the+Red+and+Norwich+Crags&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.date=1890&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.au=E.T.+Newton&rft.pages=446&rft_id=info:doi/10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1890.046.01-04.29"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gad-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gad_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">D.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">D.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Gadzhiev</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">D.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">D.</span></span>, <i>[Późnosarmacka fauna hipparionowa z Eldaru]</i>, [w:] Praca doktorska, Baku: Azerbejdżańska Akademia Nauk, 1961, s. 1–37<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.place=Baku&rft.atitle=%26%2391%3BP%C3%B3%C5%BAnosarmacka+fauna+hipparionowa+z+Eldaru%26%2393%3B&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.aulast=Gadzhiev&rft.date=1961&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Praca+doktorska&rft.pub=Azerbejd%C5%BCa%C5%84ska+Akademia+Nauk" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku rosyjskim (русский)">ros.</abbr>)</span>.<span class="problemy problemy-w-cytuj" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="">???</span></cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFPalmer1904"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sherman_Palmer" title="Theodore Sherman Palmer">T.S. Palmer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88553#page/9/mode/1up"><em>Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals</em></a>. „North American Fauna”. 23, s. 1–984, 1904. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Index+Generum+Mammalium%3A+a+List+of+the+Genera+and+Families+of+Mammals&rft.jtitle=North+American+Fauna&rft.date=1904&rft.volume=23&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft.pages=1%E2%80%93984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F88553%23page%2F9%2Fmode%2F1up"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">takson</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph684172">ph684172</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532118205171">987007532118205171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div>Identyfikatory zewnętrzne:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46559161">46559161</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P846" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P846">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2433485">2433485</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3151" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3151">identyfikator iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/41707">41707</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180641">180641</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P685" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P685">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9717">9717</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P842" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P842">identyfikator taksonu Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=36936">36936</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/63MGG">63MGG</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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