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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Baltic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Baltic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 The Baltic states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Baltic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 The Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Population displacement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11.1 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rape_during_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rape_during_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Rape during occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rape_during_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12.1 In Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12.2 In Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comfort_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comfort_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12.3 Comfort women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comfort_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Post-war tensions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war_tensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-war tensions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Malaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Indochina_(Vietnam,_Laos,_and_Cambodia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Indochina_(Vietnam,_Laos,_and_Cambodia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Indochina_(Vietnam,_Laos,_and_Cambodia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies_(Indonesia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_East_Indies_(Indonesia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies_(Indonesia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covert_operations_and_espionage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covert_operations_and_espionage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Covert operations and espionage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covert_operations_and_espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruitment_of_former_enemy_scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment_of_former_enemy_scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Recruitment of former enemy scientists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment_of_former_enemy_scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demise_of_the_League_of_Nations_and_the_founding_of_the_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demise_of_the_League_of_Nations_and_the_founding_of_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demise of the League of Nations and the founding of the United Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demise_of_the_League_of_Nations_and_the_founding_of_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unresolved_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unresolved_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Unresolved conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unresolved_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economic aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denazification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denazification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Denazification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denazification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unexploded_ordnance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unexploded_ordnance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Unexploded ordnance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unexploded_ordnance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Aftermath of World War II</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تداعيات ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تداعيات ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Последствия от Втората световна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Последствия от Втората световна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posguerra_de_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Posguerra de la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Posguerra de la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerraren_ondorioak" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerraren ondorioak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bigarren Mundu Gerraren ondorioak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="پیامدهای جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیامدهای جنگ جهانی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apr%C3%A8s-guerre" title="Après-guerre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Après-guerre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AC%ED%8C%8C" title="제2차 세계 대전의 여파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 세계 대전의 여파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմի հետևանքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմի հետևանքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posljedice_Drugog_svjetskog_rata" title="Posljedice Drugog svjetskog rata – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Posljedice Drugog svjetskog rata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseguenze_della_seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Conseguenze della seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conseguenze della seconda guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="दुसऱ्या महायुद्धाचे परिणाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुसऱ्या महायुद्धाचे परिणाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6%E3%81%AE%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF" title="第二次世界大戦の影響 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次世界大戦の影響" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%90_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%DB%90_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%90" title="د دویمې نړیوالې جګړې پایلې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د دویمې نړیوالې جګړې پایلې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequ%C3%AAncias_da_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Consequências da Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Consequências da Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urm%C4%83rile_celui_de-al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Urmările celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Urmările celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Последствия Второй мировой войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Последствия Второй мировой войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Последице Другог светског рата – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Последице Другог светског рата" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posljedice_Drugog_svjetskog_rata" title="Posljedice Drugog svjetskog rata – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Posljedice Drugog svjetskog rata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Наслідки Другої світової війни – 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Events after the end of the war in 1945</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:19.5em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Navigation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Campaigns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Equipment</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">Historiography</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:19.5em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timelines of World War II</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Chronological</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_preceding_World_War_II" title="Timeline of events preceding World War II">Prelude</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">in Europe</a>)</li></ul></div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aftermath</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945 onwards</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_Battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World War II Battles">Battles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By theatre</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">Battle of Europe air operations</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Eastern_Front_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II">Eastern Front</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_surrender_of_Axis_forces_at_the_end_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the surrender of Axis forces at the end of World War II">Surrender of the Axis armies</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_timelines" title="Template:WWII timelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_timelines" title="Template talk:WWII timelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_timelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII timelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The aftermath of World War II saw the rise of two <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (US). The aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was also defined by the rising threat of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear warfare</a>, the creation and implementation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organization</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> powers, most notably by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Japan</a>. Once <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allies during World War II</a>, the United States and the Soviet Union became competitors on the world stage and engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, so called because it never resulted in overt, declared total war between the two powers. It was instead characterized by <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_subversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political subversion">political subversion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and Asia were rebuilt through the American <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> fell under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_sphere_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet sphere of influence">Soviet sphere of influence</a> and eventually behind an "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>". Europe was divided into a US-led <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> and a USSR-led <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. Internationally, alliances with the two blocs gradually shifted, with some nations trying to stay out of the Cold War through the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. The war also saw a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a> between the two superpowers; part of the reason that the Cold War never became a "hot" war was that the Soviet Union and the United States had nuclear deterrents against each other, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually assured destruction">mutually assured destruction</a> standoff. As a consequence of the war, the Allies created the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, an organization for international cooperation and diplomacy, similar to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations</a>. Members of the United Nations agreed to outlaw <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars of aggression">wars of aggression</a> in an attempt to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Third_world_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world war">third world war</a>. The devastated great powers of Western Europe formed the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, which later evolved into the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and ultimately into the current <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. This effort primarily began as an attempt to avoid another war between <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a> by economic cooperation and integration, and a common market for important natural resources. The end of the war opened the way for decolonization from the great powers. Independence was granted to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (from the United Kingdom), <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (from the US), as well as <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and a number of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab nations">Arab nations</a> from specific Mandates which had been granted to great powers by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_Mandates" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations Mandates">League of Nations</a>. Independence for the nations of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> came in the 1960s. The aftermath of World War II saw the rise of communist influence in East Asia, with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> emerged <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">victorious</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in 1949. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediate_effects_of_World_War_II">Immediate effects of World War II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Immediate effects of World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_Warsaw,_capital_of_Poland,_January_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/300px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/450px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/600px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: Result of the war.</figcaption></figure> At the end of the war, millions of people were dead and millions more homeless, the European economies had collapsed, and much of Europe's industrial infrastructure had been destroyed. The German people as a whole, but its youth in particular, ended up being deeply scorched psychologically by the ordeal which they went through during the previous decade, from the time when the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> took power promising them a thousand years of world dominance, until their major cities were destroyed, turned to rubble by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> bombardments.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The trauma caused to them was multifaceted as it permeated all levels of society, by means of the systematic <a href="/wiki/Nazification" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazification">Nazification</a> of the country with the strategic creation of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda</a> which took over the media and all institutions, and put in place the systematic <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Children's propaganda in Nazi Germany">indoctrination of the very young</a> via the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a>. Then by the end of the war, once their major cities were devastated, ensued a widespread famine, which was followed by the wave of <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> which swept throughout their humiliated country, ending with the pervasive shame of their parents who believed in the illusive promises of their defeated <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, too, had been heavily affected. In response, in 1947, <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a> devised the "European Recovery Program", which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>. Under the plan, during 1948–1952 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> allocated US$13 billion (US$177 billion in 2023 dollars) for the <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">reconstruction</a> of the affected countries of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a></div> By the end of the war, the economy of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> was one of severe privation. More than a quarter of its national wealth had been consumed. Until the introduction in 1941 of <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> aid from the US, the UK had been spending its assets to purchase American equipment including aircraft and ships—over £437 million (equal to some £28 billion in 2024) on aircraft alone. Lend-Lease came just before its reserves were exhausted. Britain had placed 55% of its total labour force into war production. In spring 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> withdrew from the wartime coalition government, in an effort to oust <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, forcing a <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">general election</a>. Following a landslide victory, Labour held more than 60% of the seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> and formed a new government on 26 July 1945 under <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>. Britain's war debt was described by some in the American administration as a "millstone round the neck of the British economy". Although there were suggestions for an international conference to tackle the issue, in August 1945 the US announced unexpectedly that the Lend-Lease programme was to end immediately. The abrupt withdrawal of American Lend-Lease support to Britain on 2 September 1945 dealt a severe blow to the plans of the new government. It was only with the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_loan" title="Anglo-American loan">Anglo-American loan</a> by the United States to Great Britain on 15 July 1946 that some measure of economic stability was restored. However, the loan was made primarily to support British overseas expenditure in the immediate post-war years and not to implement the Labour government's policies for domestic welfare reforms and the <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of key industries. Although the loan was agreed on reasonable terms, its conditions included what proved to be damaging fiscal conditions for <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a>. From 1946 to 1948, the UK introduced bread rationing, which it had never done during the war.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg/220px-Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg/330px-Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg/440px-Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Ruins in Stalingrad, typical of the destruction in many Soviet cities.</figcaption></figure> The Soviet Union suffered enormous losses in the war against Germany. The Soviet population <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">decreased by about 27 million</a> during the war; of these, 8.7 million were combat deaths. The 19 million non-combat deaths had a variety of causes: starvation in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">siege of Leningrad</a>; conditions in German prisons and concentration camps; mass shootings of civilians; harsh labour in German industry; famine and disease; conditions in Soviet camps; and service in German or German-controlled military units fighting the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Soviet ex-<a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a> and civilians repatriated from abroad were suspected of having been Nazi collaborators, and 226,127 of them were sent to forced labour camps after scrutiny by Soviet intelligence, <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>. Many ex-POWs and young civilians were also conscripted to serve in the Red Army. Others worked in labour battalions to rebuild infrastructure destroyed during the war.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Casualties2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/250px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/375px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/500px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a></figcaption></figure> The economy had been devastated. Roughly a quarter of the Soviet Union's capital resources were destroyed, and industrial and agricultural output in 1945 fell far short of pre-war levels. To help rebuild the country, the Soviet government obtained limited credits from Britain and Sweden; it refused assistance offered by the United States under the Marshall Plan. Instead, the Soviet Union coerced Soviet-occupied Central and Eastern Europe to supply machinery and raw materials. Germany and former Nazi satellites made reparations to the Soviet Union. The reconstruction programme emphasised heavy industry to the detriment of agriculture and consumer goods. By 1953, steel production was twice its 1940 level, but the production of many consumer goods and foodstuffs was lower than it had been in the late 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The immediate post-war period in Europe was dominated by the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc#Countries_annexed_as_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Eastern Bloc">annexing</a>, or converting into <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Socialist Republics">Soviet Socialist Republics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-senn-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200643-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-wettig20-12">[12]</a> all the countries invaded and annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> driving the Germans out of central and eastern Europe. New <a href="/wiki/Satellite_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite states">satellite states</a> were set up by the Soviets in <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranville2004-13">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenville2005370–371-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Romania">Romania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997216–7-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook200117-17">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>; the last of these was created from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_zone_of_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet zone of occupation">Soviet zone of occupation</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettig200896–100-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> emerged as an independent Communist state allied but not aligned with the Soviet Union, owing to the independent nature of the military victory of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a>. The Allies established the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Commission" title="Far Eastern Commission">Far Eastern Commission</a> and Allied Council for <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> to administer their occupation of that country while the establishment <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a>, administered occupied Germany. In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> agreements, the Soviet Union occupied and subsequently annexed the strategic island of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">History of Germany (1945–1990)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" title="Forced labor of Germans after World War II">Forced labor of Germans after World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied_plans_for_German_industry_after_World_War_II" title="Allied plans for German industry after World War II">Allied plans for German industry after World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Former eastern territories of Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Germany" title="Legal status of Germany">Legal status of Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_reparations" title="World War II reparations">World War II reparations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Germany-1945.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/220px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/330px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/440px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption>Post-WW II <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">occupation zones</a> of Germany, in its 1937 borders, with territories east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> shown as annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union, plus the <a href="/wiki/Saar_protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar protectorate">Saar protectorate</a> and divided Berlin. <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> was formed by the Soviet Zone, while West Germany was formed by the American, British, and French zones in 1949 and the Saar in 1957.</figcaption></figure> In the east, the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> reverted to Czechoslovakia following the <a href="/wiki/European_Advisory_Commission" title="European Advisory Commission">European Advisory Commission</a>'s decision to delimit German territory to be the territory it held on 31 December 1937. Close to one-quarter of pre-war (1937) <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was de facto annexed by the Allies; roughly 10 million Germans were either expelled from this territory or not permitted to return to it if they had fled during the war. The remainder of Germany was partitioned into four zones of occupation, coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar</a> was detached and put in economic union with France in 1947. In 1949, the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> was created out of the Western zones. The Soviet zone became the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>. Germany paid <a href="/wiki/German_reparations_for_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German reparations for World War II">reparations</a> to the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union, mainly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Allied_plans_for_German_industry_after_World_War_II" title="Allied plans for German industry after World War II">dismantled factories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" title="Forced labor of Germans after World War II">forced labour</a>, and coal. The German <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> was to be reduced to its 1932 level.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years, the US and Britain pursued an "intellectual reparations" programme to harvest all technological and scientific know-how as well as all patents in Germany. The value of these amounted to around US$10 billion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995206-20">[20]</a> (US$156 billion in 2023 dollars). In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties, 1947</a>, reparations were also assessed from the countries of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-753,_Krefeld,_Hungerwinter,_Demonstration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-753%2C_Krefeld%2C_Hungerwinter%2C_Demonstration.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-753%2C_Krefeld%2C_Hungerwinter%2C_Demonstration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-753%2C_Krefeld%2C_Hungerwinter%2C_Demonstration.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-753%2C_Krefeld%2C_Hungerwinter%2C_Demonstration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-753%2C_Krefeld%2C_Hungerwinter%2C_Demonstration.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0527-0001-753%2C_Krefeld%2C_Hungerwinter%2C_Demonstration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>The hunger-winter of 1947. Thousands protest against the disastrous food situation. Sign says "we want coal. we want bread." (31 March 1947).</figcaption></figure> US policy in post-war Germany from April 1945 until July 1947 had been that no help should be given to the Germans in rebuilding their nation, save for the minimum required to mitigate starvation. The Allies' immediate post-war "industrial disarmament" plan for Germany had been to destroy Germany's capability to wage war by complete or partial de-industrialization. The first industrial plan for Germany, signed in 1946, required the destruction of 1,500 manufacturing plants to lower German heavy industry output to roughly 50% of its 1938 level. Dismantling of West German industry ended in 1951. By 1950, equipment had been removed from 706 <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing plants">manufacturing plants</a>, and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6.7 million tons.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> After lobbying by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> and Generals <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman administration</a> accepted that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_Germany" title="Reconstruction of Germany">reconstruction of the German industrial base</a> on which it had previously been dependent.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In July 1947, President Truman rescinded on "national security grounds"<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> the directive that had ordered the US occupation forces to "take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany." A new directive recognised that "[a]n orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> From mid-1946 onwards Germany received US government aid through the <a href="/wiki/GARIOA" title="GARIOA">GARIOA</a> programme. From 1948 onwards West Germany also became a minor beneficiary of the Marshall Plan. Volunteer organisations had initially been forbidden to send food, but in early 1946 the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Relief_Agencies_Licensed_to_Operate_in_Germany" title="Council of Relief Agencies Licensed to Operate in Germany">Council of Relief Agencies Licensed to Operate in Germany</a> was founded. The prohibition against sending <a href="/wiki/CARE_Package" title="CARE Package">CARE Packages</a> to individuals in Germany was rescinded on 5 June 1946. Following the German surrender, the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">International Red Cross</a> was prohibited from providing aid such as food or visiting POW camps for Germans inside Germany. However, after making approaches to the Allies in the autumn of 1945 it was allowed to investigate the camps in the UK and French occupation zones of Germany, as well as to provide relief to the prisoners held there. On 4 February 1946, the Red Cross was also permitted to visit and assist prisoners in the US occupation zone of Germany, although only with very small quantities of food. The Red Cross petitioned successfully for improvements to be made in the living conditions of German POWs.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Pursuit of Nazi collaborators § France</a></div> As <a href="/wiki/France_was_liberated" class="mw-redirect" title="France was liberated">France was liberated</a> from German occupation, an épuration (purge) of real and suspected Nazi collaborators began. At first this was undertaken in an extralegal manner by the French Resistance (called the épuration sauvage, "wild purge"). French women who had had romantic liaisons with German soldiers were publicly humiliated and had their heads shaved. There were also a wave of summary executions estimated to have killed about 10,000 people. When the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> established control, the Épuration légale ("legal purge") began. There were no international war crimes trials for French collaborators, who were tried in the domestic courts. Approximately 300,000 cases were investigated; 120,000 people were given various sentences including 6,763 death sentences (of which only 791 were carried out). Most convicts were given amnesty a few years later. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg/220px-Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg/330px-Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg/440px-Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Electoral ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></figcaption></figure> The aftermath of World War II left Italy with an anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist regime</a> for the previous twenty years. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 Italian constitutional referendum">1946 Italian constitutional referendum</a>, held on 2 June, a day celebrated since as <a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian monarchy">Italian monarchy</a> was abolished, having been associated with the deprivations of the war and the Fascist rule, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">North</a>, and Italy became a republic. This was the first time that Italian women voted at the national level, and the second time overall considering the local elections that were held a few months earlier in some cities.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a>'s son, King <a href="/wiki/Umberto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umberto II">Umberto II</a>, was forced to abdicate and exiled. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Republican Constitution</a> was approved on 1 January 1948, resulting from the work of a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a> formed by the representatives of all the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Unlike in Germany and Japan, no <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes tribunal">war crimes tribunals</a> were held against Italian military and political leaders, though the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian resistance">Italian resistance</a> <a href="/wiki/Summarily_executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Summarily executed">summarily executed</a> some of them (such as <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a>) at the end of the war; the <a href="/wiki/Togliatti_amnesty" title="Togliatti amnesty">Togliatti amnesty</a>, taking its name from the Communist Party secretary at the time, pardoned all wartime common and political crimes in 1946. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italians_leave_Pola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Italians_leave_Pola.jpg/220px-Italians_leave_Pola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Italians_leave_Pola.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> leave <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola</a> in 1947 during the <a href="/wiki/Istrian-Dalmatian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Istrian-Dalmatian exodus">Istrian-Dalmatian exodus</a></figcaption></figure> The 1947, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy">Treaty of Peace with Italy</a> spelled the end of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian colonial empire">Italian colonial empire</a>, along with other border revisions, like the transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Italian Islands of the Aegean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> and the transfer to <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a> of <a href="/wiki/La_Brigue" title="La Brigue">Briga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">Tenda</a>, as well than to minor revisions of the Franco-Italian border. Moreover, under the Treaty of Peace with Italy, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvarner" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvarner">Kvarner</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a> was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> causing the <a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a>, which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a>, choosing to maintain Italian citizenship,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> towards Italy, and in smaller numbers, towards the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rainews-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-ilgiornale-32">[32]</a> The 1947 Treaty of Peace compelled Italy to pay $360 million (US dollars at 1938 prices) in <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a>: $125 million to Yugoslavia, $105 million to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, $100 million to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, $25 million to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and $5 million to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. In 1954 the <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a>, an independent territory between northern Italy and Yugoslavia under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_16" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 16">direct responsibility</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, was divided between the two states, Italy and Yugoslavia. The Italian border that applies today has existed since 1975, when <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> was formally re-annexed to Italy after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Osimo" title="Treaty of Osimo">Treaty of Osimo</a>. In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> was made a <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">United Nations Trust Territory</a> under Italian administration until 1 July 1960. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a> had been annexed by Germany in 1938 (<a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, this union was banned by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>). Austria (called <a href="/wiki/Ostmark_(Austria)" title="Ostmark (Austria)">Ostmark</a> by the Germans) was separated from Germany and divided into four zones of occupation. With the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian State Treaty</a>, these zones reunited in 1955 to become the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Austria">Republic of Austria</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TTPI-locatormap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TTPI-locatormap.png/220px-TTPI-locatormap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/TTPI-locatormap.png 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> administered by the United States from 1947 to 1986</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/220px-seek%3D152-342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="536" data-mwtitle="342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Silent film footage taken in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and <a href="/wiki/Keloid" title="Keloid">keloid</a> scars.</figcaption></figure> Following the war, the Allies rescinded <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> pre-war annexations such as <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> became militarily occupied by the United States in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">south</a> and by the Soviet Union in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">north</a>. The Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> were returned to the United States. Burma, Malaya, and Singapore were returned to Britain and Indochina back to France. The Dutch East Indies was to be handed back to the Dutch but was resisted leading to the Indonesian war for independence. At the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> had secretly traded the Japanese Kurils and south Sakhalin to the Soviet Union in return for Soviet entry in the war with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The Soviet Union annexed the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>, provoking the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute" title="Kuril Islands dispute">Kuril Islands dispute</a>, which is ongoing, as Russia continues to occupy the islands. Hundreds of thousands of Japanese were forced to relocate to the Japanese main islands. Okinawa became a main US staging point. The US covered large areas of it with military bases and continued to occupy it until 1972, years after the end of the occupation of the main islands. The bases still remain. To skirt the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a>, the Allies classified many Japanese soldiers as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Surrendered_Personnel" title="Japanese Surrendered Personnel">Japanese Surrendered Personnel</a> (JSP) instead of POWs and used them as forced labour until 1947. The UK, France, and the Netherlands used JSP to support their military operations in the region after World War II. General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> established the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a>. The Allies collected reparations from Japan. To further remove Japan as a potential future military threat, the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Commission" title="Far Eastern Commission">Far Eastern Commission</a> decided to de-industrialise Japan, with the goal of reducing Japanese standard of living to what prevailed between 1930 and 1934.<a href="#cite_note-Frederick_H_1961_pp._531-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In the end, the de-industrialisation programme in Japan was implemented to a lesser degree than the one in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Frederick_H_1961_pp._531-34">[34]</a> Japan received emergency aid from <a href="/wiki/GARIOA" title="GARIOA">GARIOA</a>, as did Germany. In early 1946, the Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia were formed and permitted to supply Japanese with food and clothes. In April 1948 the Johnston Committee Report recommended that the economy of Japan should be reconstructed due to the high cost to US taxpayers of continuous emergency aid. Survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Hibakusha" title="Hibakusha">hibakusha</a> (被爆者), were ostracized by Japanese society. Japan provided no special assistance to these people until 1952.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> By the 65th anniversary of the bombings, total casualties from the initial attack and later deaths reached about 270,000 in Hiroshima<a href="#cite_note-Yomiuri_Shimbun-37">[37]</a> and 150,000 in Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> About 230,000 hibakusha were still alive as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Yomiuri_Shimbun-37">[37]</a> and about 2,200 were suffering from radiation-caused illnesses as of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> of 1939–1940, the Soviet Union invaded neutral <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and annexed some of its territory. <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">From 1941 until 1944</a>, Finland aligned itself with Nazi Germany in a failed effort to regain lost territories from the Soviets. Finland retained its independence following the war but remained subject to <a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Soviet-imposed constraints</a> in its domestic affairs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Baltic_states">The Baltic states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Baltic states">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a></div> In 1940 the Soviet Union invaded and annexed the neutral <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. In June 1941, the Soviet governments of the Baltic states carried out <a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">mass deportations</a> of "enemies of the people"; as a result, many treated the invading Nazis as liberators when they invaded only a week later. The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> promised self-determination to people deprived of it during the war. The <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, argued for a weaker interpretation of the Charter to permit the Soviet Union to continue to control the Baltic states.<a href="#cite_note-whitcomb-40">[40]</a> In March 1944 the US accepted Churchill's view that the Atlantic Charter did not apply to the Baltic states.<a href="#cite_note-whitcomb-40">[40]</a> With the return of Soviet troops at the end of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a> mounted a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a>. This continued until the mid-1950s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Philippines">The Philippines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a></div> An estimated one million military and civilian Filipinos were killed from all causes; of these 131,028 were listed as killed in seventy-two <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a> events. According to a United States analysis released years after the war, US casualties were 10,380 dead and 36,550 wounded; Japanese dead were 255,795.<a href="#cite_note-GRottman2002-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_displacement">Population displacement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population displacement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion" title="World War II evacuation and expulsion">World War II evacuation and expulsion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Canadians" title="Internment of Japanese Canadians">Internment of Japanese Canadians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertreibung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vertreibung.jpg/220px-Vertreibung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vertreibung.jpg/330px-Vertreibung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Vertreibung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Expulsion of Germans from the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></figcaption></figure> As a result of the new borders drawn by the victorious nations, large populations suddenly found themselves in hostile territory. The Soviet Union took over areas formerly controlled by Germany, Finland, Poland, and Japan. Poland lost the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> region (about half of its pre-War territory) and received <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">most of Germany east</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>, including the industrial regions of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. The German state of the Saar was temporarily a protectorate of France but later returned to German administration. As set forth at Potsdam, approximately 12 million people were expelled from Germany, including seven million from Germany proper, and three million from the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>. During the war, the United States government interned approximately 110,000 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> who lived along the Pacific coast of the United States in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-howmany-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadian_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Canadian internment">Canada interned</a> approximately 22,000 Japanese Canadians, 14,000 of whom were born in Canada. After the war, some internees chose to return to Japan, while most remained in North America. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> The Soviet Union expelled at least 2 million Poles from the east of the new border approximating the <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Line" title="Curzon Line">Curzon Line</a>. This estimate is uncertain as neither the Polish Communist government or the Soviet government kept track of the number of expelled people. The number of Polish citizens inhabiting Polish borderlands (<a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> region) was about 13 million before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out according to official Polish statistics. Polish citizens killed in the war that originated from the Polish borderlands territory (killed by either the German Nazi regime or the Soviet regime, or expelled to distant parts of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>) were accounted as Russian, Ukrainian or Belarusian casualties of war in official Soviet historiography. This fact imposes additional difficulties in making the correct estimation of the number of Polish citizens forcibly transferred after the war.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-44">[44]</a> The border change also reversed the results of the 1919–1920 <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>. Former Polish cities such as <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> came under control of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. Additionally, the Soviet Union transferred more than two million people within their own borders; these included Germans, Finns, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rape_during_occupation">Rape during occupation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rape during occupation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></div> As Soviet troops marched across the Balkans, they committed rapes and robberies in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199570–71-45">[45]</a> The population of Bulgaria was largely spared of this treatment, possibly due to a sense of ethnic kinship or to the leadership of Marshal <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tolbukhin" title="Fyodor Tolbukhin">Fyodor Tolbukhin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199570–71-45">[45]</a> The population of Germany was treated significantly worse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199571-46">[46]</a> Rape and murder of German civilians was as bad as, and sometimes worse than, Nazi propaganda had anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.41-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Political officers encouraged Soviet troops to seek revenge and terrorise the German population.<a href="#cite_note-Perry_Biddiscombe_1998,_p.260-49">[49]</a> On "the basis of Hochrechnungen (projections or estimations)", "1.9 million German women altogether were raped at the end of the war by Red Army soldiers."<a href="#cite_note-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.35-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elizabeth_Heineman_2003,_p.81-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Antony_Beevor_2002,_p.410-52">[52]</a> About one-third of all German women in Berlin were raped by Soviet forces.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.35-50">[50]</a> A substantial minority were raped multiple times.<a href="#cite_note-Antony_Beevor_2002,_p.410-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.34-53">[53]</a> In Berlin, contemporary hospital records indicate between 95,000 and 130,000 women were raped by Soviet troops.<a href="#cite_note-Antony_Beevor_2002,_p.410-52">[52]</a> About 10,000 of these women died, mostly by suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.35-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Antony_Beevor_2002,_p.410-52">[52]</a> Over 4.5 million Germans fled towards the West.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The Soviets initially had no rules against their troops "fraternising" with German women, but by 1947 they started to isolate their troops from the German population in an attempt to stop rape and robbery by the troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199592-55">[55]</a> Not all Soviet soldiers participated in these activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199583-56">[56]</a> Foreign reports of Soviet brutality were denounced[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] as false.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995102-57">[57]</a> Rape, robbery, and murder were blamed on German bandits impersonating Soviet soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995104-58">[58]</a> Some justified Soviet brutality towards German civilians based on previous brutality of German troops toward Russian civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995108-59">[59]</a> Until the reunification of Germany, East German histories virtually ignored the actions of Soviet troops, and Russian histories still tend to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark19952-60">[60]</a> Reports of mass rapes by Soviet troops were often dismissed as anti-Communist propaganda or the normal byproduct of war.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.35-50">[50]</a> Rapes also occurred under other Allied forces in Europe, though the majority were committed by Soviet troops.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.34-53">[53]</a> In a letter to the editor of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> published in September 1945, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">sergeant</a> wrote, "Our own Army and the British Army along with ours have done their share of looting and raping ... This offensive attitude among our troops is not at all general, but the percentage is large enough to have given our Army a pretty black name, and we too are considered an army of rapists."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Robert Lilly's analysis of military records led him to conclude about 14,000 rapes occurred in Britain, France, and Germany at the hands of US soldiers between 1942 and 1945.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Lilly assumed that only 5% of rapes by American soldiers were reported, making 17,000 GI rapes a possibility, while analysts estimate that 50% of (ordinary peacetime) rapes are reported.<a href="#cite_note-Alice_Kaplan_2005,_p.218-63">[63]</a> Supporting Lilly's lower figure is the "crucial difference" that for World War II military rapes "it was the commanding officer, not the victim, who brought charges".<a href="#cite_note-Alice_Kaplan_2005,_p.218-63">[63]</a> According to German historian <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Gebhardt" title="Miriam Gebhardt">Miriam Gebhardt</a>, as many as 190,000 women were raped by US soldiers in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> German soldiers left many <a href="/wiki/War_children" title="War children">war children</a> behind in nations such as France and Denmark, which were occupied for an extended period. After the war, the children and their mothers often suffered recriminations. In Norway, the "Tyskerunger" (German-kids) suffered greatly.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> During the Italian campaign, the <a href="/wiki/Goumier" class="mw-redirect" title="Goumier">Goumiers</a>, French Moroccan colonial troops attached to the French Expeditionary Forces, have been accused of committing rape and murder against the Italian peasant communities, mostly targeting civilian women and girls, as well as a few men and boys.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In Italy the victims of these acts were described as <a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a> meaning literally "Moroccaned" (or people who have been subjected to acts committed by Moroccans). According to Italian victims associations, a total of more than 7,000 civilians, including children, were raped by Goumiers.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Japan">In Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Rape during the occupation of Japan</a></div> In the first few weeks of the American military occupation of Japan, rape and other violent crime was widespread in naval ports like Yokohama and Yokosuka but declined shortly afterward. There were 1,336 reported rapes during the first 10 days of the occupation of Kanagawa prefecture.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Historian Toshiyuki Tanaka relates that in Yokohama, the capital of the prefecture, there were 119 known rapes in September 1945.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Historians Eiji Takemae and Robert Ricketts state that "When US paratroopers landed in Sapporo, an orgy of looting, sexual violence, and drunken brawling ensued. Gang rapes and other sex atrocities were not infrequent" and some of the rape victims committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Takemae_p67-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Eichelberger" title="Robert L. Eichelberger">General Robert L. Eichelberger</a>, the commander of the US Eighth Army, recorded that in the one instance when the Japanese formed a self-help vigilante guard to protect women from off-duty GIs, the Eighth Army ordered armoured vehicles in battle array into the streets and arrested the leaders, and the leaders received long prison terms.<a href="#cite_note-Takemae_p67-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> According to Takemae and Ricketts, members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">British Commonwealth Occupation Force</a> (BCOF) were also involved in rapes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A former prostitute recalled that as soon as Australian troops arrived in Kure in early 1946, they "dragged young women into their jeeps, took them to the mountain, and then raped them. I heard them screaming for help nearly every night". Such behavior was commonplace, but news of criminal activity by Occupation forces was quickly suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-Takemae_p67-71">[71]</a></blockquote> Rape committed by US soldiers occupying Okinawa was also a notable phenomenon. Okinawan historian Oshiro Masayasu (former director of the Okinawa Prefectural Historical Archives) writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Soon after the U.S. marines landed, all the women of a village on <a href="/wiki/Motobu_Peninsula" title="Motobu Peninsula">Motobu Peninsula</a> fell into the hands of American soldiers. At the time, there were only women, children and old people in the village, as all the young men had been mobilized for the war. Soon after landing, the marines "mopped up" the entire village, but found no signs of Japanese forces. Taking advantage of the situation, they started "hunting for women" in broad daylight and those who were hiding in the village or nearby air raid shelters were dragged out one after another.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></blockquote> According to Toshiyuki Tanaka, 76 cases of rape or rape-murder were reported during the first five years of the American occupation of Okinawa. However, he claims this is probably not the true figure, as most cases were unreported.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comfort_women">Comfort women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comfort women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></div> During World War II the Japanese military established brothels filled with "<a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>", a euphemism for the 200,000 girls and women who were forced into <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a> for Japanese soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In Confucian nations like Korea and China, where premarital sex is considered shameful, the subject of the "comfort women" was ignored for decades after 1945 as the victims were considered pariahs.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> comfort women brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_tensions">Post-war tensions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Post-war tensions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins of the Cold War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Cold War (1947–1948)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/220px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/330px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/440px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Soviet expansion, change of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>-<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> borders and creation of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> after World War II</figcaption></figure> The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union began to deteriorate even before the war was over,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>, Roosevelt, and Churchill exchanged a heated correspondence over whether the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a>, backed by Roosevelt and Churchill, or the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland">Provisional Government</a>, backed by Stalin, should be recognised. Stalin won.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> A number of allied leaders felt that war between the United States and the Soviet Union was likely. On 19 May 1945, American Under-Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grew" title="Joseph Grew">Joseph Grew</a> went so far as to say that it was inevitable.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On 5 March 1946, in his <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sinews_of_Peace" class="extiw" title="s:Sinews of Peace">"Sinews of Peace" (Iron Curtain)</a> speech at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_College_(Missouri)" title="Westminster College (Missouri)">Westminster College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Missouri" title="Fulton, Missouri">Fulton, Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> said "a shadow" had fallen over Europe. He described Stalin as having dropped an "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>" between East and West. Stalin responded by charging that co-existence between communist countries and the West was impossible.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In mid-1948 the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">imposed a blockade on the Western zone of occupation in Berlin</a>. Due to the rising tension in Europe and concerns over further Soviet expansion, American planners came up with a contingency plan code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dropshot" title="Operation Dropshot">Operation Dropshot</a> in 1949. It considered possible nuclear and conventional war with the Soviet Union and its allies in order to counter a Soviet takeover of Western Europe, the Near East and parts of Eastern Asia that they anticipated would begin around 1957. In response, the US would saturate the Soviet Union with atomic and high-explosive bombs, and then invade and occupy the country.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In later years, to reduce military expenditures while countering Soviet conventional strength, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> would adopt a strategy of <a href="/wiki/Massive_retaliation" title="Massive retaliation">massive retaliation</a>, relying on the threat of a US nuclear strike to prevent non-nuclear incursions by the Soviet Union in Europe and elsewhere. The approach entailed a major buildup of US nuclear forces and a corresponding reduction in America's non-nuclear ground and naval strength.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The Soviet Union viewed these developments as "atomic blackmail".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/330px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/440px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2239" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Big Three</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. Diplomatic relations between their three countries changed radically in the aftermath of World War II.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">civil war broke out</a> in 1946 between Anglo-American-supported royalist forces and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Army_of_Greece" title="Democratic Army of Greece">communist-led forces</a>, with the royalist forces emerging as the victors.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The US launched a massive programme of military and economic aid to Greece and to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, arising from a fear that the Soviet Union stood on the verge of breaking through the NATO defence line to the oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. On 12 March 1947, to gain <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congressional</a> support for the aid, President Truman described the aid as promoting <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in defence of the "<a href="/wiki/Free_World" title="Free World">Free World</a>", a principle that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The US sought to promote an economically strong and politically united Western Europe to counter the threat posed by the Soviet Union. This was done openly using tools such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Recovery_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="European Recovery Program">European Recovery Program</a>, which encouraged European economic integration. The <a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr</a>, designed to keep German industry down and controlled, evolved into the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, a founding pillar of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The United States also worked covertly to promote European integration, for example using the <a href="/wiki/American_Committee_on_United_Europe" title="American Committee on United Europe">American Committee on United Europe</a> to funnel funds to European federalist movements. In order to ensure that Western Europe could withstand the Soviet military threat, the <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a> was founded in 1948 and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1949. The first NATO Secretary General, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Ismay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Ismay">Lord Ismay</a>, famously stated the organisation's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down". However, without the manpower and industrial output of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> no conventional defence of Western Europe had any hope of succeeding. To remedy this, in 1950 the US sought to promote the <a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Defence Community">European Defence Community</a>, which would have included a rearmed West Germany. The attempt was dashed when the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a> rejected it. On 9 May 1955, West Germany was instead admitted to NATO; the immediate result was the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> five days later. The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> also saw the creation of propaganda and espionage organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Information_Research_Department" title="Information Research Department">Information Research Department</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gehlen_Organization" title="Gehlen Organization">Gehlen Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry for State Security</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicalization</a> and proliferation of numerous <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">far-left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organizations</a> in Western European countries (<a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_France" title="Terrorism in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Germany" title="Terrorism in Germany">West Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism in Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Spain" title="Terrorism in Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Drake_2021-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-Prager_2019-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balz_2015-93">[93]</a> with spillovers in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Balz_2015-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonization_1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/300px-Colonization_1945.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/450px-Colonization_1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/600px-Colonization_1945.png 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>World map of colonization at the end of the Second World War in 1945</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">Decolonisation of Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></div> In Asia, the surrender of Japanese forces was complicated by the split between East and West as well as by the movement toward national self-determination in European colonial territories. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></div> Decisions to decolonize <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> led to an agreement to a partition of the country along religious lines into two independent dominions: India and Pakistan. The partition resulted in communal violence and massive displacements of population. It is often described as the largest mass human migration and one of the largest refugee crises in history. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_relations" title="Cross-strait relations">Cross-strait relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Chinese man in military uniform, smiling and looking towards the left. He holds a sword in his left hand and has a medal in shape of a sun on his chest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg/170px-Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg/255px-Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg/340px-Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, leader of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></figcaption></figure> As agreed to at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. Soviet forces <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invaded Manchuria</a> which led to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> and expulsion of all <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Manchukuo" title="Evacuation of Manchukuo">Japanese settlers from the puppet state</a>. The Soviet Union dismantled the industrial base in Manchuria that the Japanese had built up and it subsequently became a base for the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> Chinese forces due to the area being under Soviet occupation. Following the end of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) party (led by generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>) and the Communist Chinese forces resumed <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">fighting each other</a>, which they had temporarily suspended in order to fight Japan. The fight against the Japanese occupiers had strengthened popular support among the Chinese people for the Communist forces while it weakened the KMT, which depleted its strength fighting them. Full-scale war between the KMT and CCF broke out in June 1946. Despite US support for the Kuomintang, Communist forces ultimately prevailed and they established the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) on the mainland. The KMT forces retreated to the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in 1949 where they established the Republic of China (ROC). With the Communist victory in the civil war, the Soviet Union gave up its claim to military bases in China that were given to it by its Western Allies at the end of World War II.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While large scale hostilities largely ceased by 1950, intermittent clashes occurred between the two from 1950 to 1979. Taiwan unilaterally declared the civil war over in 1991, but no formal peace treaty or truce has been signed and the PRC continues to officially see Taiwan as a breakaway province that rightfully belongs to it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> a few months after the conclusion of the Chinese Civil War and continued US support for the KMT were the main reasons that prevented the PRC from invading Taiwan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_war_1950-1953.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Korean_war_1950-1953.gif/170px-Korean_war_1950-1953.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Korean_war_1950-1953.gif/255px-Korean_war_1950-1953.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Korean_war_1950-1953.gif/340px-Korean_war_1950-1953.gif 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the border between the two Koreas, from the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Yalta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference of Yalta">Yalta</a> Soviet-American 38th parallel division to the stalemate of 1953 that was officially ended in 2018 by North Korean Kim Jong-Un and South Korean Moon Jae-In</figcaption></figure> At the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, the Allies agreed that an undivided post-war Korea would be placed under four-power multinational trusteeship. After Japan's surrender, this agreement was modified to a <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">joint Soviet-American occupation</a> of Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis_Wainstock_1999,_p.3-94">[94]</a> The agreement was that Korea would be divided and occupied by the Soviets from the north and the Americans from the south.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Korea, formerly <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">under Japanese rule</a>, and which had been partially occupied by the Red Army following the Soviet Union's entry into the war against Japan, was divided at the 38th parallel on the orders of the <a href="/wiki/US_War_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US War Department">US War Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis_Wainstock_1999,_p.3-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> A US military government in southern Korea was established in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The American military commander, <a href="/wiki/Lt._Gen." class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. Gen.">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/John_R._Hodge" title="John R. Hodge">John R. Hodge</a>, enlisted many former Japanese administrative officials to serve in this government.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> North of the military line, the Soviets administered the disarming and demobilisation of repatriated Korean nationalist guerrillas who had fought on the side of Chinese nationalists against the Japanese in Manchuria during World War II. Simultaneously, the Soviets enabled a build-up of heavy armaments to pro-communist forces in the north.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The military line became a political line in 1948, when separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel, each republic claiming to be the legitimate government of Korea. It culminated in the north invading the south, start of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> two years later. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaya">Malaya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Malaya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></div> Labour and civil unrest broke out in the <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British colony of Malaya</a> in 1946. A state of emergency was declared by the colonial authorities in 1948 with the outbreak of acts of terrorism. The situation deteriorated into a full-scale anti-colonial insurgency, or Anti-British National Liberation War as the insurgents referred to it, led by the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a> (MNLA), the military wing of the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The Malayan Emergency would endure for the next 12 years, ending in 1960. In 1967, communist leader <a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a> reopened hostilities, culminating in a <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">second emergency</a> that lasted until 1989. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Indochina_(Vietnam,_Laos,_and_Cambodia)">French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd,_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg/220px-Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg/330px-Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg/440px-Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> declaring the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> at the Ba Dinh Square on September 2nd, 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg/220px-Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg/330px-Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg/440px-Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>Captured French soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Điện Biên Phủ</a>, escorted by Vietnamese troops, 1954</figcaption></figure> Events during World War II in the colony of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> (consisting of the modern-day states of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>) set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> which in turn led to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. During World War II, the Vichy French aligned colonial authorities cooperated with the Japanese invaders. The communist-controlled <a href="/wiki/Common_front" title="Common front">common front</a> <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> (supported by the Allies) was formed among the Vietnamese in the colony in 1941 to fight for the independence of Vietnam, against both the Japanese and prewar French powers. After the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Famine_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Famine of 1945">Vietnamese Famine of 1945</a> support for the Viet Minh was bolstered as the front launched a rebellion, sacking rice warehouses and urging the Vietnamese to refuse to pay taxes. Because the French colonial authorities started to hold secret talks with the Free French, the Japanese interned them 9 March 1945. When Japan surrendered in August, this created a power vacuum, and the Viet Minh took power in the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a>, declaring the independent <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>. However, the Allies (including the Soviet Union) all agreed that the area belonged to the French. Nationalist Chinese forces moved in from the north and British from the south (as the French were unable to do so immediately themselves) and then handed power to the French, a process completed by March 1946. Attempts to integrate the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with French rule failed and the Viet Minh launched their rebellion against the French rule starting the First Indochina War that same year (the Viet Minh organized common fronts to fight the French in Laos and Cambodia). The war <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">ended</a> in 1954 with French withdrawal and a partition of Vietnam that was intended to be temporary until elections could be held. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam held the north while <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> formed into a separate republic in control of <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a> who was backed in his refusal to hold elections by the US. The communist party of the south eventually organized the common front <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">NLF</a> to fight to unite south and north under the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and thus began the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, which ended with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">conquering the South</a> in 1975. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_East_Indies_(Indonesia)">Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg/220px-IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg/330px-IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg/440px-IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A soldier of an Indian armoured regiment examines a light tank used by Indonesian nationalists and captured by British forces during the fighting in <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>.</figcaption></figure> Japan <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">invaded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">occupied</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> during the war and replaced the colonial government with a new administration. Although the top positions were held by Japanese officers, the internment of all Dutch citizens meant that Indonesians filled many leadership and administrative positions. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalist leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a> declared Indonesia as independent. A four-and-a-half-year struggle followed as the Dutch tried to re-establish their rule in colony, using a significant portion of their Marshall Plan aid to this end.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The Dutch were aided by British forces for the first phase of the conflict until the United Kingdom withdrew. The British also initially used 35,000 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Surrendered_Personnel" title="Japanese Surrendered Personnel">Japanese Surrendered Personnel</a> to support their military operations in Indonesia. Although Dutch forces re-occupied most of Indonesia, an Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla campaign">guerrilla campaign</a> supported by the majority of Indonesians ensured, and ultimately international opinion favoured independence. In December 1949, the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covert_operations_and_espionage">Covert operations and espionage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Covert operations and espionage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/U.S._intelligence_involvement_with_German_and_Japanese_war_criminals_after_World_War_II" title="U.S. intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II">U.S. intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bloodstone" title="Operation Bloodstone">Operation Bloodstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)" title="Ratlines (World War II)">Ratlines (World War II)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Offie" title="Carmel Offie">Carmel Offie</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandras_Lileikis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alexandras_Lileikis.jpg/170px-Alexandras_Lileikis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alexandras_Lileikis.jpg/255px-Alexandras_Lileikis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alexandras_Lileikis.jpg/340px-Alexandras_Lileikis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleksandras_Lileikis" title="Aleksandras Lileikis">Aleksandras Lileikis</a>, a Lithuanian collaborationist unit commander who oversaw the murder of 60,000 Jews in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, later worked for the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></figcaption></figure> British covert operations in the Baltic States, which began in 1944 against the Nazis, escalated following the war. In <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (known as MI6) recruited and trained Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians for the clandestine work in the Baltic states between 1948 and 1955. Leaders of the operation included <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Rebane" title="Alfons Rebane">Alfons Rebane</a>, Stasys Žymantas, and Rūdolfs Silarājs. The agents were transported under the cover of the "British Baltic Fishery Protection Service". They launched from British-occupied Germany, using a converted World War II <a href="/wiki/E-boat" title="E-boat">E-boat</a> captained and crewed by former members of the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">wartime German navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> British intelligence also trained and infiltrated anti-communist agents into Soviet Union from across the Finnish border, with orders to assassinate Soviet officials.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In the end, counter-intelligence supplied to the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a> allowed the KGB to penetrate and ultimately gain control of MI6's entire intelligence network in the Baltic states.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> would later damage the reputation gained by the US during its successes in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-A_Story_Still_to_Be_Told-107">[107]</a> The KGB believed that the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> rather than Europe was the arena in which it could win the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Moscow would in later years fuel an arms buildup in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. In later years, African countries used as proxies in the Cold War would often become "failed states" of their own.<a href="#cite_note-A_Story_Still_to_Be_Told-107">[107]</a> In 2014, The New York Times reported that "In the decades after World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) and other United States agencies employed at least a thousand Nazis as Cold War spies and informants and, as recently as the 1990s, concealed the government's ties to some still living in America, newly disclosed records and interviews show."<a href="#cite_note-nazis-109">[109]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a>, "The CIA's central concern [in recruiting former Nazi collaborators] was not so much the extent of the criminal's guilt as the likelihood that the agent's criminal past could remain a secret."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>: 365  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruitment_of_former_enemy_scientists">Recruitment of former enemy scientists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Recruitment of former enemy scientists">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_Start_einer_V2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>V-2 rocket launching at <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>, on the Baltic German coast (1943).</figcaption></figure> When the divisions of postwar Europe began to emerge, the war crimes programmes and denazification policies of Britain and the United States were relaxed in favour of recruiting German scientists, especially nuclear and long-range rocket scientists.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Many of these, prior to their capture, had worked on developing the German V-2 long-range rocket at the Baltic coast German Army Research Center <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>. Western Allied occupation force officers in Germany were ordered to refuse to cooperate with the Soviets in sharing captured wartime secret weapons,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> the recovery for which, specifically in regards to advanced German aviation technology and personnel, the British had sent the <a href="/wiki/Fedden_Mission" title="Fedden Mission">Fedden Mission</a> into Germany to contact its aviation technology centers and key personnel, paralleled by the United States with its own <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lusty" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Lusty">Operation Lusty</a> aviation technology personnel and knowledge recovery program. In <a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a>, beginning in 1945, the United States imported 1,600 German scientists and technicians, as part of the intellectual reparations owed to the US and the UK, including about $10 billion (US$156 billion in 2023 dollars) in patents and industrial processes.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In late 1945, three German rocket-scientist groups arrived in the US for duty at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bliss,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Bliss, Texas">Fort Bliss, Texas</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Proving_Grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="White Sands Proving Grounds">White Sands Proving Grounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, as "War Department Special Employees".<a href="#cite_note-Huzel-114">[114]</a> The wartime activities of some Operation Paperclip scientists would later be investigated.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rudolph" title="Arthur Rudolph">Arthur Rudolph</a> left the United States in 1984, in order to not be prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt1987-116">[116]</a> Similarly, Georg Rickhey, who came to the United States under Operation Paperclip in 1946, was returned to Germany to stand trial at the <a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittelbau-Dora">Mittelbau-Dora</a> war crimes trial in 1947. Following his acquittal, he returned to the United States in 1948 and eventually became a US citizen.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The Soviets began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim</a> in 1946. <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> and Soviet army units effectively deported thousands of military-related technical specialists from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone">Soviet occupation zone</a> of post-war Germany to the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995220-118">[118]</a> The Soviets used 92 trains to transport the specialists and their families, an estimated 10,000–15,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995227-119">[119]</a> Much related equipment was also moved, the aim being to virtually transplant research and production centres, such as the relocated <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> centre at <a href="/wiki/Mittelwerk" title="Mittelwerk">Mittelwerk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a>, from Germany to the Soviet Union. Among the people moved were <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Gr%C3%B6ttrup" title="Helmut Gröttrup">Helmut Gröttrup</a> and about two hundred scientists and technicians from <a href="/wiki/Mittelwerk" title="Mittelwerk">Mittelwerk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995221-120">[120]</a> Personnel were also taken from <a href="/wiki/AEG_(German_company)" title="AEG (German company)">AEG</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>'s Stassfurt jet propulsion group, <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>'s Leuna chemical works, <a href="/wiki/Junkers" title="Junkers">Junkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Schott AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siebel" title="Siebel">Siebel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss AG</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995222-121">[121]</a> The operation was commanded by NKVD deputy <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Colonel General Serov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995227-119">[119]</a> outside the control of the local <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany" title="Soviet Military Administration in Germany">Soviet Military Administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995223-122">[122]</a> The major reason for the operation was the Soviet fear of being condemned for noncompliance with <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> agreements on the liquidation of German military installations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199525-123">[123]</a> Some Western observers thought Operation Osoaviakhim was a retaliation for the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Unity Party">Socialist Unity Party</a> in elections, though Osoaviakhim was clearly planned before that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995225-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demise_of_the_League_of_Nations_and_the_founding_of_the_United_Nations">Demise of the League of Nations and the founding of the United Nations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Demise of the League of Nations and the founding of the United Nations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18-IV-1946.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/18-IV-1946.png/500px-18-IV-1946.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/18-IV-1946.png/750px-18-IV-1946.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/18-IV-1946.png/1000px-18-IV-1946.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>World map showing <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states of the United Nations</a> (in green and blue) and <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">member states of the League of Nations</a> (in green and red) on 18 April 1946, when the League of Nations ceased to exist.</figcaption></figure> As a general consequence of the war and in an effort to maintain international peace,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> the Allies formed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN), which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The UN replaced the defunct <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> (LN) as an intergovernmental organization. The LN was formally dissolved on 20 April 1946 but had in practice ceased to function in 1939, being unable to stop the outbreak of World War II. The UN inherited some of the bodies of the LN, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>, mostly territories that had changed hands in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, became <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_trust_territories" title="United Nations trust territories">United Nations trust territories</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>, an exception, was still governed under terms of the original mandate. As the successor body to the League, the UN still assumed a supervisory role over the territory. The <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a>, a semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a> that was partly overseen by the League, became part of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. The UN adopted The <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in 1948, "as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations." The Soviet Union abstained from voting on adoption of the declaration. The US did not <a href="/wiki/Ratify" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratify">ratify</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">social and economic rights</a> sections.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The five major Allied powers were given permanent membership in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. The permanent members can <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> any <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">United Nations Security Council resolution</a>, the only UN decisions that are binding according to <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. The five powers at the time of founding were: the United States of America, the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. The Republic of China lost the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and retreated to the island of Taiwan by 1950 but continued to be a permanent member of the Council even though the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> state in control of mainland China was the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC). This was changed in 1971 when the PRC was given the permanent membership previously held by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>. Russia inherited the permanent membership of the Soviet Union in 1991 after the dissolution of that state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unresolved_conflicts">Unresolved conflicts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Unresolved conflicts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Marcos_and_Hiroo_Onoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/President_Marcos_and_Hiroo_Onoda.jpg/220px-President_Marcos_and_Hiroo_Onoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/President_Marcos_and_Hiroo_Onoda.jpg/330px-President_Marcos_and_Hiroo_Onoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/President_Marcos_and_Hiroo_Onoda.jpg/440px-President_Marcos_and_Hiroo_Onoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Japanese soldier <a href="/wiki/Hiroo_Onoda" title="Hiroo Onoda">Hiroo Onoda</a> offering his military sword to Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> on the day of his surrender, 11 March 1974</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdouts</a> persisted on various islands in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific Theatre</a> until at least 1974. Although all hostilities are now resolved, a peace treaty has never been signed <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Japan–Russia relations">between Japan and Russia</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute" title="Kuril Islands dispute">Kuril Islands dispute</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_aftermath">Economic aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economic aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–World War II economic expansion</a></div> By the end of the war, the <a href="/wiki/European_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="European economy">European economy</a> had collapsed with some 70% of its industrial infrastructure destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The property damage in the Soviet Union consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, and 31,850 industrial establishments.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The strength of the economic recovery following the war varied throughout the world, though in general, it was quite robust, particularly in the United States. In Europe, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, after having continued to decline economically during the first years of the Allied occupation, later experienced a <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">remarkable recovery</a>, and had by the end of the 1950s doubled production from its pre-war levels.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Italy came out of the war in poor economic condition,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> but by the 1950s, the Italian economy was marked by stability and high growth.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> France rebounded quickly and enjoyed rapid economic growth and modernisation under the <a href="/wiki/Monnet_Plan" title="Monnet Plan">Monnet Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The UK, by contrast, was in a state of economic ruin after the war<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> and continued to experience relative economic decline for decades to follow.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The Soviet Union also experienced a rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Japan experienced <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">rapid</a> economic growth, becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> China, following the conclusion of its civil war, was essentially bankrupt. By 1953, economic restoration seemed fairly successful as production had resumed pre-war levels.<a href="#cite_note-lonely_planet-138">[138]</a> Although China's growth rate mostly persisted, it was severely disrupted by the economic experiments of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, due to the resulting famine that caused the deaths of 15 to 55 million people.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the end of the war, the United States produced roughly half of the world's industrial output. The US, of course, had been spared industrial and civilian devastation. Further, much of its pre-war industry had been converted to wartime usage. As a result, with its industrial and civilian base in much better shape than most of the world, the US embarked on an economic expansion unseen in human history. US <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> increased from $228 billion in 1945 to just under $1.7 trillion in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denazification">Denazification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Denazification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_involved_in_the_Holocaust" title="List of companies involved in the Holocaust">List of companies involved in the Holocaust</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_gegen_Altnazis_im_Westen,_Berlin_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Propaganda_gegen_Altnazis_im_Westen%2C_Berlin_1957.jpg/220px-Propaganda_gegen_Altnazis_im_Westen%2C_Berlin_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Propaganda_gegen_Altnazis_im_Westen%2C_Berlin_1957.jpg/330px-Propaganda_gegen_Altnazis_im_Westen%2C_Berlin_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Propaganda_gegen_Altnazis_im_Westen%2C_Berlin_1957.jpg/440px-Propaganda_gegen_Altnazis_im_Westen%2C_Berlin_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption>East German propaganda poster in 1957</figcaption></figure> In 1951 several laws were passed, ending the denazification. As a result, many people with a former Nazi past ended up again in the political apparatus of West Germany. West German President <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a> and Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a> were both former members of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. In 1957, 77% of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Justice_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany)">West German Ministry of Justice</a>'s senior officials were former Nazi Party members.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Konrad Adenauer's State Secretary <a href="/wiki/Hans_Globke" title="Hans Globke">Hans Globke</a> had played a major role in drafting antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Race_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Race Laws">Nuremberg Race Laws</a> in Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unexploded_ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Unexploded ordnance">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a> continues to pose a danger in the present day. In 2017 fifty thousand people were evacuated from Hanover so <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era bombs could be defused.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> As of 2023, it is still thought that thousands of unexploded bombs remain from World War II.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> When <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ended scientists did not have procedures for safe disposal of chemical arsenals. At the direction of the UK, US and Russia, chemical weapons were loaded onto ships by the metric ton and dumped into the sea. The exact locations of the dumping are not known due to poor record keeping, but it is estimated that 1 million metric tons of chemical weapons remain on the ocean floor where they are rusting and pose the risk of leaks. <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> mustard exposure has been reported in some parts of coastal Italy and sulfur mustard bombs have been found as far as <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, likely brought in with the <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> cargo.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demobilization_of_United_States_Armed_Forces_after_World_War_II" title="Demobilization of United States Armed Forces after World War II">Demobilization of United States Armed Forces after World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_River_Conference_of_1948" title="Danube River Conference of 1948">Danube River Conference of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II_in_Bavaria" title="Aftermath of World War II in Bavaria">Aftermath of World War II in Bavaria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dartcenter.org/content/germany-and-post-war-trauma">"Germany and Post-War Trauma, by Nina Tietzel, January 31, 2005"</a>. The Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96253-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96253-1"><bdi>978-0-275-96253-1</bdi></a>. <q>Churchill suggested that the principles of the Atlantic Charter ought not be construed so as to deny Russia the frontier occupied when Germany attacked in 1941.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+in+Retrospect%3A+The+Formative+Years&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96253-1&rft.aulast=Whitcomb&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLq4oruub3gC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRottman2002-41"><a href="#cite_ref-GRottman2002_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&q=Killed%20philippines%20world%20war%20II&pg=PA318">World War 2 Pacific island guide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0"><bdi>978-0-313-31395-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071125/https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&q=Killed%20philippines%20world%20war%20II&pg=PA318">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2012-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+2+Pacific+island+guide&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31395-0&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DChyilRml0hcC%26q%3DKilled%2520philippines%2520world%2520war%2520II%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013151636/http://www.nps.gov/manz/">"Manzanar National Historic Site"</a>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/manz/">the original</a> on 2010-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Manzanar+National+Historic+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmanz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-howmany-43"><a href="#cite_ref-howmany_43-0">^</a> Various primary and secondary sources list counts between persons. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (1982). <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Playground" title="God's Playground">God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/558">558</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231053525" title="Special:BookSources/0231053525"><bdi>0231053525</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+A+History+of+Poland+in+Two+Volumes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=558&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0231053525&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199570–71-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark199570–71_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark199570–71_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199571-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark199571_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.41-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.41_47-0">^</a> West Germany Under Construction: Politics, Society, and Culture in the Adenauer Era, Robert G. Moeller, Univ. of Michigan Press, 1997, p.41 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949–1968 Hanna Schissler, Princeton University Press, 2001, p.93 </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry_Biddiscombe_1998,_p.260-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Perry_Biddiscombe_1998,_p.260_49-0">^</a> Werwolf!: The History of the National Socialist Guerrilla Movement, 1944–1946, Perry Biddiscombe, University of Toronto Press, 1998, p.260 </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.35-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.35_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.35_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.35_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.35_50-3">d</a> West Germany Under Construction: Politics, Society, and Culture in the Adenauer Era, Robert G. Moeller, Univ. of Michigan Press, 1997, p.35 </li> <li id="cite_note-Elizabeth_Heineman_2003,_p.81-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Elizabeth_Heineman_2003,_p.81_51-0">^</a> "What difference does a husband make? Women and marital status in Nazi and postwar Germany", Elizabeth Heineman, Univ. of California Press, 2003, p.81 </li> <li id="cite_note-Antony_Beevor_2002,_p.410-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antony_Beevor_2002,_p.410_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antony_Beevor_2002,_p.410_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antony_Beevor_2002,_p.410_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antony_Beevor_2002,_p.410_52-3">d</a> Berlin: The Downfall, 1945, Antony Beevor, Viking, 2002, p.410 </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.34-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.34_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_G._Moeller_1997,_p.34_53-1">b</a> West Germany under construction: politics, society, and culture in the Adenauer era, Robert G. Moeller, Univ. of Michigan Press, 1997, p.34 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949–1968 Hanna Schissler, Princeton University Press, 2001, p.27 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199592-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark199592_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark199583-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark199583_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995102-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995102_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995104-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995104_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark1995108-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark1995108_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark19952-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark19952_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark1995">Naimark 1995</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Dear Editor: Letters to Time Magazine, 1923–1984, Phil Pearman, Salem House, 1985, p.75 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Politicization of Sexual Violence: From Abolitionism to Peacekeeping, Carol Harrington, Ashgate Pub., 2010, p.80 </li> <li id="cite_note-Alice_Kaplan_2005,_p.218-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alice_Kaplan_2005,_p.218_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alice_Kaplan_2005,_p.218_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2005" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Alice (12 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXosaqz_iUgC">The Interpreter</a>. 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Retrieved 2007-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Norway%27s+%22lebensborn%22&rft.date=2001-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fcrossing_continents%2F1691452.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan" class="citation web cs1">Duncan, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194232/http://members.iinet.net.au/~gduncan/massacres_axis.html">"Italy: Rampage on Monte Cassino"</a>. George Duncan's Massacres and Atrocities of World War II. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.iinet.net.au/~gduncan/massacres_axis.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-02-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Duncan%27s+Massacres+and+Atrocities+of+World+War+II&rft.atitle=Italy%3A+Rampage+on+Monte+Cassino&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.iinet.net.au%2F~gduncan%2Fmassacres_axis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cassino2000.com/cdsc/studi/archivio/n07/n07p09.html">"1952: Il caso delle "marocchinate" al Parlamento"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029042229/http://www.cassino2000.com/cdsc/studi/archivio/n07/n07p09.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-29. 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Retrieved 2013-05-20. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Tanaka, Yuki; Tanaka, Toshiyuki (2003), Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II, Routledge, p.111 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-30275-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-30275-3">0-203-30275-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Tanaka, Yuki; Tanaka, Toshiyuki (2003), Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II, Routledge, p.112 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-30275-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-30275-3">0-203-30275-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict2008" class="citation news cs1">Benedict, Helen (14 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518145847/http://inthesetimes.com/article/3848/">"Why soldiers rape"</a>. <a href="/wiki/In_These_Times_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="In These Times (publication)">In These Times</a>. 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Japan Focus (The Asia-Pacific Journal). 5 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320150717/http://japanfocus.org/-Tessa-Morris_Suzuki/2373">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Focus+%28The+Asia-Pacific+Journal%29&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+%27Comfort+Women%27%3A+It%27s+time+for+the+truth+%28in+the+ordinary%2C+everyday+sense+of+the+word%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.aulast=Morris-Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanfocus.org%2F-Tessa-Morris_Suzuki%2F2373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabe1999" class="citation journal cs1">Watanabe, Kazuko (1999). "Trafficking in Women's Bodies, Then and Now: The Issue of Military "Comfort Women"". Women's Studies Quarterly. 27 (1/2): 23–24. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003395">40003395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Trafficking+in+Women%27s+Bodies%2C+Then+and+Now%3A+The+Issue+of+Military+%22Comfort+Women%22&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=23-24&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40003395%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Kazuko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Brouwer2005" class="citation book cs1">de Brouwer, Anne-Marie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JhY8ROsA39kC">Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence</a>. Intersentia. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5095-533-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-5095-533-9"><bdi>90-5095-533-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071113/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhY8ROsA39kC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2021-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supranational+Criminal+Prosecution+of+Sexual+Violence&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Intersentia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-5095-533-9&rft.aulast=de+Brouwer&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJhY8ROsA39kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantowicz2000" class="citation book cs1">Kantowicz, Edward R (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant/page/6">Coming Apart, Coming Together</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4456-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4456-1"><bdi>0-8028-4456-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+Apart%2C+Coming+Together&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8028-4456-1&rft.aulast=Kantowicz&rft.aufirst=Edward+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomingapartcomin0000kant%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Stewart Richardson, Secret History of World War II, New York: Richardson & Steirman, 1986, p.vi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931933-05-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-931933-05-6">0-931933-05-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Yefim Chernyak and Vic Schneierson, Ambient Conflicts: History of Relations between Countries with Different Social Systems, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8285-3757-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8285-3757-7">0-8285-3757-7</a>, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1987, p. 360 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChallenerGrewJohnsonHooker1953" class="citation journal cs1">Challener, R. 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World Politics. 5 (2): 263–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2008984">10.2307/2008984</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2008984">2008984</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153437935">153437935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Career+Diplomat%3A+the+Record+of+Joseph+C.+Grew&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=263-279&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153437935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2008984%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2008984&rft.aulast=Challener&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft.au=Grew%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+W.&rft.au=Hooker%2C+N.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Anthony Cave Brown, Dropshot: The United States Plan for War with the Soviet Union in 1957, New York: Dial Press, 1978, p.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Cave Brown, op cit, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Continment, New York: Oxford University Press, pp.127–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Walter LaFeber, America, Russia and the Cold War 1945–1966, New York: John Wiley, 1968, pp.123–200 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Chernyak, op cit, p.359 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Christopher M Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece 1941–1949, London: Hart-Davis 1976, pp.3–34, 76–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittner" class="citation web cs1">Wittner, Lawrence S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/18719.html">"How Presidents Use the Term "Democracy" as a Marketing Tool"</a>. History News Network. Retrieved 2010-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+News+Network&rft.atitle=How+Presidents+Use+the+Term+%22Democracy%22+as+a+Marketing+Tool&rft.aulast=Wittner&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F18719.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drake_2021-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Drake_2021_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2021" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Richard (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xG0cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36">"The Two Faces of Italian Terrorism: 1969–1974"</a>. The Revolutionary Mystique and Terrorism in Contemporary Italy (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. 36–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253057143" title="Special:BookSources/9780253057143"><bdi>9780253057143</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2020050360">2020050360</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071116/https://books.google.com/books?id=xG0cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. 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Augustus Martin">Martin, Gus</a>; Prager, Fynnwin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f8p-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">"Part II: The Terrorists – Terror from Below: Terrorism by Dissidents"</a>. Terrorism: An International Perspective. <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Oaks,_California" title="Thousand Oaks, California">Thousand Oaks, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 189–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526459954" title="Special:BookSources/9781526459954"><bdi>9781526459954</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018948259">2018948259</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071113/https://books.google.com/books?id=f8p-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2021-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+The+Terrorists+%E2%80%93+Terror+from+Below%3A+Terrorism+by+Dissidents&rft.btitle=Terrorism%3A+An+International+Perspective&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=189-193&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018948259&rft.isbn=9781526459954&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft.au=Prager%2C+Fynnwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df8p-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2018" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Simon (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2V9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">"Post-War Italian Politics: Stasis and Chaos"</a>. Terror Vanquished: The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism. <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>: Center for Security Policy Studies at the <a href="/wiki/Schar_School_of_Policy_and_Government" title="Schar School of Policy and Government">Schar School of Policy and Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>). pp. 30–42, 48–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7329478-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7329478-0-1"><bdi>978-1-7329478-0-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018955266">2018955266</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071114/https://books.google.com/books?id=z2V9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. 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In Law, Randall D. (ed.). The Routledge History of Terrorism. Routledge Histories (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 297–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367867058" title="Special:BookSources/9780367867058"><bdi>9780367867058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014039877">2014039877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+III%3A+Terrorism+in+the+Twentieth+Century+%E2%80%93+Militant+Organizations+in+Western+Europe+in+the+1970s+and+1980s&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+History+of+Terrorism&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.series=Routledge+Histories&rft.pages=297-314&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014039877&rft.isbn=9780367867058&rft.aulast=Balz&rft.aufirst=Hanno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZCsBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennis_Wainstock_1999,_p.3-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_Wainstock_1999,_p.3_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_Wainstock_1999,_p.3_94-1">b</a> Dennis Wainstock, Truman, McArthur and the Korean War, Greenwood, 1999, p.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Dennis Wainstock, Truman, McArthur and the Korean War, Greenwood, 1999, pp.3, 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Jon Halliday and Bruce Cumings, Korea: The unknown war, London: Viking, 1988, pp. 10, 16, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-81903-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-81903-4">0-670-81903-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Edward Grant Meade, American military government in Korea, : King's Crown Press 1951, p.78 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> A. Wigfall Green, The Epic of Korea, Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1950, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Walter G Hermes, Truce Tent and Fighting Front, Washington, D.C.: US Army Center of Military History, 1992, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> James M Minnich, The North Korean People's Army: origins and current tactics, Naval Institute Press, 2005 pp.4–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Mohamed Amin and Malcolm Caldwell (eds.), The Making of a Neo Colony, London: Spokesman Books, 1977, footnote, p. 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahin2003" class="citation book cs1">Kahin, George Mcturnan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDgBBzWQ2DAC&q=Netherlands+Marhsall+plan+aid+indonesia&pg=PA403">Nationalism and revolution in Indonesia — Google Books</a>. SEAP Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-734-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-734-7"><bdi>978-0-87727-734-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071036/https://books.google.com/books?id=WDgBBzWQ2DAC&q=Netherlands+Marhsall+plan+aid+indonesia&pg=PA403">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2009-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+revolution+in+Indonesia+%E2%80%94+Google+Books&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-734-7&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=George+Mcturnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDgBBzWQ2DAC%26q%3DNetherlands%2BMarhsall%2Bplan%2Baid%2Bindonesia%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/nyt-u-s-hired-over-1-000-ex-nazi-spies-1.5320583">"U.S. Recruited Over 1,000 ex-Nazis as anti-Communist Spies, NY Times Reports"</a>. Haaretz. 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Journal of Intelligence History vol. 1, no. 2 (Winter 2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Tom Bower, The Red Web: MI6 and the KGB, London: Aurum, 1989, pp. 19, 22–3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85410-080-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85410-080-7">1-85410-080-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Bower, (1989) pp. 38, 49, 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Story_Still_to_Be_Told-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Story_Still_to_Be_Told_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Story_Still_to_Be_Told_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudt" class="citation news cs1">Judt, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2006/03/23/a-story-still-to-be-told/">"A Story Still to Be Told"</a>. 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Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress. Polity. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-1299-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-1299-7"><bdi>0-7456-1299-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Politics%3A+Adjustment+Under+Duress&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7456-1299-7&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=Newell%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullNewell2005" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James (2005). Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress. Polity. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-1299-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-1299-7"><bdi>0-7456-1299-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Politics%3A+Adjustment+Under+Duress&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7456-1299-7&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=Newell%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrop1992" class="citation book cs1">Harrop, Martin (1992). Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34579-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34579-0"><bdi>0-521-34579-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Policy+in+Liberal+Democracies&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-34579-0&rft.aulast=Harrop&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDornbuschNöllingLayard1993" class="citation book cs1">Dornbusch, Rüdiger; Nölling, Wilhelm; Layard, P. Richard G (1993). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-04136-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-04136-7"><bdi>0-262-04136-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar+Economic+Reconstruction+and+Lessons+for+the+East+Today&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-262-04136-7&rft.aulast=Dornbusch&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.au=N%C3%B6lling%2C+Wilhelm&rft.au=Layard%2C+P.+Richard+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmadi-Coffin2002" class="citation book cs1">Emadi-Coffin, Barbara (2002). Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance. Routledge. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19540-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19540-3"><bdi>0-415-19540-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+International+Organization%3A+Deregulation+and+Global+Governance&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-19540-3&rft.aulast=Emadi-Coffin&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Alan (1993). Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34579-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34579-0"><bdi>0-521-34579-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Policy+in+Liberal+Democracies&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-34579-0&rft.aulast=Harrop&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lonely_planet-138"><a href="#cite_ref-lonely_planet_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2007" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Damian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetchin00dami/page/51">China</a>. 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The Daily Telegraph. 10 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223605/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/10/germanys-post-war-justice-ministry-was-infested-with-nazis-prote/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+post-war+justice+ministry+was+infested+with+Nazis+protecting+former+comrades%2C+study+reveals&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F10%2F10%2Fgermanys-post-war-justice-ministry-was-infested-with-nazis-prote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Tetens, T.H. The New Germany and the Old Nazis, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 37–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/unexploded-ordnance-in-germany-a-legacy-of-the-allied-forces/g-38741131">"Unexploded ordnance in Germany – a legacy of the Allied Forces"</a>. DW. July 5, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621191452/https://www.dw.com/en/unexploded-ordnance-in-germany-a-legacy-of-the-allied-forces/g-38741131">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Unexploded+ordnance+in+Germany+%E2%80%93+a+legacy+of+the+Allied+Forces&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Funexploded-ordnance-in-germany-a-legacy-of-the-allied-forces%2Fg-38741131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-64005022">"World War Two: Thousands of bombs still left unexploded"</a>. December 26, 2022 – via www.bbc.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+War+Two%3A+Thousands+of+bombs+still+left+unexploded&rft.date=2022-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-64005022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2016" class="citation news cs1">Curry, Andrew (November 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/decaying-weapons-world-war-II-threaten-waters-worldwide-180961046/">"Chemical Weapons Dumped in the Ocean After World War II Could Threaten Waters Worldwide"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623072633/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/decaying-weapons-world-war-II-threaten-waters-worldwide-180961046/">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Chemical+Weapons+Dumped+in+the+Ocean+After+World+War+II+Could+Threaten+Waters+Worldwide&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fdecaying-weapons-world-war-II-threaten-waters-worldwide-180961046%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2001" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bernard A (2001). Cook, Bernard A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ox_gXq2jpdYC">Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Garland_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland Publishing">Garland Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1336-6"><bdi>978-0-8153-1336-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45736680">45736680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+since+1945%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Focm45736680&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-1336-6&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Bernard+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dox_gXq2jpdYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton1997" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, R. J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IlVRg6M7jkC">Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century-- and After</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16422-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16422-1"><bdi>978-0-415-16422-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century--+and+After&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16422-1&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IlVRg6M7jkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2003" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, Richard J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IlVRg6M7jkC">Eastern Europe in the twentieth century - and after</a> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16422-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16422-1"><bdi>978-0-415-16422-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+in+the+twentieth+century+-+and+after&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16422-1&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IlVRg6M7jkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranville2004" class="citation book cs1">Granville, Johanna C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RkaWTipqnecC">The first domino: international decision making during the Hungarian crisis of 1956</a>. Eastern European studies. College Station: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-298-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-298-0"><bdi>978-1-58544-298-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+domino%3A+international+decision+making+during+the+Hungarian+crisis+of+1956&rft.place=College+Station&rft.series=Eastern+European+studies&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-298-0&rft.aulast=Granville&rft.aufirst=Johanna+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRkaWTipqnecC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenville2000" class="citation book cs1">Grenville, John A. S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofworldin0000gren">A history of the world in the twentieth century</a>. Cambridge, Mass: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00280-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00280-7"><bdi>978-0-674-00280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+world+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00280-7&rft.aulast=Grenville&rft.aufirst=John+A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofworldin0000gren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenville2005" class="citation book cs1">Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005). A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28954-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28954-8"><bdi>0-415-28954-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+from+the+20th+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-28954-8&rft.aulast=Grenville&rft.aufirst=John+Ashley+Soames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark1995" class="citation book cs1">Naimark, Norman M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVSjHNKUKoEC">The Russians in Germany: a history of the Soviet Zone of occupation, 1945-1949</a>. Cambridge, Mass: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78405-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78405-5"><bdi>978-0-674-78405-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russians+in+Germany%3A+a+history+of+the+Soviet+Zone+of+occupation%2C+1945-1949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-674-78405-5&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVSjHNKUKoEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GCFUqBRZ-QC">Stalin's wars: from World War to Cold War, 1939-1953</a>. New Haven [Conn.] ; London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11204-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70673207">70673207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+wars%3A+from+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939-1953&rft.place=New+Haven+%5BConn.%5D+%3B+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Focm70673207&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11204-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5GCFUqBRZ-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettig2008" class="citation book cs1">Wettig, Gerhard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O8TdLzwLtOcC">Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: the emergence and development of East-West conflict, 1939-1953</a>. The Harvard Cold War Studies Book series. Landham (Md): <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5542-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe%3A+the+emergence+and+development+of+East-West+conflict%2C+1939-1953&rft.place=Landham+%28Md%29&rft.series=The+Harvard+Cold+War+Studies+Book+series&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6&rft.aulast=Wettig&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO8TdLzwLtOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Black, Monica. A Demon-Haunted Land: Witches, Wonder Doctors, and the Ghosts of the Past in Post–WWII Germany (Metropolitan Books, 2020).</li> <li>Gatrell, Peter. The unsettling of Europe: the great migration, 1945 to the present (Penguin UK, 2019).</li> <li>Hilton, Laura J. "Who was 'worthy'? How empathy drove policy decisions about the uprooted in occupied Germany, 1945–1948". Holocaust and Genocide Studies 32.1 (2018): 8–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/56376121/HGSArticle2018Hilton.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Hoffmann, Steven A. "Japan: Foreign Occupation and Democratic Transition". in Establishing Democracies (Routledge, 2021) pp. 115–148.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIatrides1981" class="citation book cs1">Iatrides, John O, ed. (1981). Greece in the 1940s: A Nation in Crisis. Hanover and London: University Press of New England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+in+the+1940s%3A+A+Nation+in+Crisis&rft.pub=Hanover+and+London%3A+University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1989" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Howard (1989). A New Kind of War: America's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Kind+of+War%3A+America%27s+Global+Strategy+and+the+Truman+Doctrine+in+Greece&rft.pub=London%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kehoe, Thomas J., and Elizabeth M. Greenhalgh. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/jxhaokk67rgcjb65hkuxsjabtm/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/79D8B76B5D4E5AA5D44BAF2994FB78BE/S0145553220000255a.pdf/div-class-title-bias-in-the-treatment-of-non-germans-in-the-british-and-american-military-government-courts-in-occupied-germany-1945-46-div.pdf">Bias in the Treatment of Non-Germans in the British and American Military Government Courts in Occupied Germany, 1945–46</a>". Social Science History 44.4 (2020): 641–666.</li> <li>Konrád, Ota, Boris Barth, and Jaromír Mrňka. "Reshaping the Nation: An Introduction to the Collective Identities and Post-war Violence in Europe, 1944–1948". in Collective Identities and Post-War Violence in Europe, 1944–48 (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2022) pp. 1–16.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaar1992" class="citation book cs1">Laar, Mart (1992). War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944–1956. Translated by Ets, Tiina. Foreword by Parming, Tönu. Howells House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929590-08-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-929590-08-2"><bdi>0-929590-08-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Woods%3A+Estonia%27s+Struggle+for+Survival%2C+1944%E2%80%931956&rft.pub=Howells+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-929590-08-2&rft.aulast=Laar&rft.aufirst=Mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2013" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Keith (2013). Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250033567" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250033567"><bdi>978-1250033567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Savage+Continent%3A+Europe+in+the+Aftermath+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1250033567&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAftermath+of+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lundtofte, Henrik. "Purges, Patriotism, and Political Violence: The Danish Case 1944–1945". in Collective Identities and Post-War Violence in Europe, 1944–48 (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2022) pp. 129–164.</li> <li>McClellan, Dorothy. S., and Knez, Nikola. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dorothy-Mcclellan/publication/327828530_Post-World_War_II_Forced_Repatriations_to_Yugoslavia_Genocide's_Legacy_for_Democratic_Nation_Building/links/5ec81d2a299bf1c09ad5997b/Post-World-War-II-Forced-Repatriations-to-Yugoslavia-Genocides-Legacy-for-Democratic-Nation-Building.pdf">Post-World War II Forced Repatriations to Yugoslavia: Genocide's Legacy for Democratic Nation Building</a>". International Journal of Social Sciences 7.2 (2018): 62–91.</li> <li>Mayers, David. America and the postwar world: Remaking international society, 1945–1956 (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li>Naimark, Norman M. "Violence in the European Interregnum, 1944–1947". in Collective Identities and Post-War Violence in Europe, 1944–48 (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2022) pp. 17–33.</li> <li>Piketty, Guillaume. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl:/2441/5617ngvr8a9em9r6lbum76i25n/resources/2018-piketty-from-the-capitoline-hill-to-the-tarpeian-rock-free-french-coming-out-of-war.pdf">From the Capitoline Hill to the Tarpeian Rock? Free French coming out of war</a>". European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 25.2 (2018): 354–373. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421084712/https://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl:/2441/5617ngvr8a9em9r6lbum76i25n/resources/2018-piketty-from-the-capitoline-hill-to-the-tarpeian-rock-free-french-coming-out-of-war.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Pritchard, Gareth. "East-Central Europe: From Nazi rule to communism, 1943–1948". in The Routledge History of the Second World War (Routledge, 2021) pp. 671–686.</li> <li>Strupp, Christoph. "The Port of Hamburg in the 1940s and 1950s: Physical Reconstruction and Political Restructuring in the Aftermath of World War II". Journal of Urban History 47.2 (2021): 354–372.</li> <li>Szulc, Tad (1990). Then and Now: How the World Has Changed since W.W. II. New York: W. Morrow & Co. 515 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-07558-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-07558-4">0-688-07558-4</a>.</li> <li>Tippner, Anja. "Postcatastrophic entanglement? Contemporary Czech writers remember the holocaust and post-war ethnic cleansing". Memory Studies 14.1 (2021): 80–94.</li> <li>Ward, Robert E., and Yoshikazu Sakamoto, eds. Democratizing Japan: The Allied Occupation (University of Hawaii Press, 2019).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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