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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Origin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetics_and_genomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics_and_genomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Genetics and genomics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics_and_genomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Related ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Soviet period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_maps_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_maps_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Historical maps of Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_maps_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic/national_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic/national_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ethnic/national identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic/national_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ukrainians</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFners" title="Oekraïners – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oekraïners" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="أوكرانيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوكرانيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraineses" title="Ucraineses – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ucraineses" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Украинал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Украинал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraynal%C4%B1lar" title="Ukraynalılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ukraynalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اوکراینالی‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوکراینالی‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Украиндар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Украиндар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Украінцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Украінцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Украінцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Украінцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Украинци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Украинци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinci" title="Ukrajinci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ukrajinci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Украиншууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Украиншууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%AFnesos" title="Ucraïnesos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ucraïnesos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Украинсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Украинсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinci" title="Ukrajinci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ukrajinci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wcreiniaid" title="Wcreiniaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wcreiniaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainere" title="Ukrainere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ukrainere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainer" title="Ukrainer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ukrainer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainlased" title="Ukrainlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ukrainlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Ουκρανοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουκρανοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_ucraniano" title="Pueblo ucraniano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo ucraniano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainoj" title="Ukrainoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ukrainoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainar" title="Ukrainar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ukrainar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اوکراینی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوکراینی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainiens" title="Ukrainiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ukrainiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFners" title="Oekraïners – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oekraïners" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Acr%C3%A1naigh" title="Úcránaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Úcránaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ookraanee" title="Ookraanee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ookraanee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainn%C3%A4r" title="Ukrainnär – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Ukrainnär" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_ucra%C3%ADno" title="Pobo ucraíno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo ucraíno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Ukraina-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ukraina-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B8" title="우크라이나인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우크라이나인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուկրաինացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուկրաինացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinci" title="Ukrajinci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ukrajinci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainani" title="Ukrainani – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ukrainani" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Ukraina" title="Orang Ukraina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Украинаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Украинаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraini" title="Ucraini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ucraini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אוקראינים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוקראינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Украинлиле – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Украинлиле" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უკრაინელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უკრაინელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Украиндар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Украиндар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Украиндер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Украиндер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainios" title="Ukrainios – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ukrainios" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraini" title="Ucraini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ucraini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrai%C5%86i" title="Ukraiņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ukraiņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Украинар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Украинар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainie%C4%8Diai" title="Ukrainiečiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ukrainiečiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFnesj" title="Oekraïnesj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oekraïnesj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukr%C3%A1nok" title="Ukránok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ukránok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Украинци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Украинци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrainiana_(vahoaka)" title="Okrainiana (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Okrainiana (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="უკრაინალეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უკრაინალეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اوكرانيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوكرانيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Ukraine" title="Orang Ukraine – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82" title="Украинецт – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Украинецт" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Украинчууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Украинчууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFners" title="Oekraïners – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oekraïners" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E4%BA%BA" title="ウクライナ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウクライナ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Украинаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Украинаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainere" title="Ukrainere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ukrainere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainarar" title="Ukrainarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ukrainarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainlar" title="Ukrainlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ukrainlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrai%C5%84cy" title="Ukraińcy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ukraińcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucranianos" title="Ucranianos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ucranianos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraineni" title="Ucraineni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ucraineni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%97" title="Українцї – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Українцї" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Украинцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Украинцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Украиннар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Украиннар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ukrainians" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainasit" title="Ukrainasit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ukrainasit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ukrainians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinci" title="Ukrajinci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ukrajinci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinci" title="Ukrajinci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ukrajinci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Оукраиньци – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Оукраиньци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئوکراینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئوکراینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Украјинци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Украјинци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajinci" title="Ukrajinci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ukrajinci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainalaiset" title="Ukrainalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ukrainalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainare" title="Ukrainare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ukrainare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="உக்ரைனியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உக்ரைனியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Украиннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Украиннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="ชาวยูเครน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวยูเครน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Укроинҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Укроинҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%AA%E1%8F%82" title="ᎠᏂᏳᎧᏪᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏳᎧᏪᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraynal%C4%B1lar" title="Ukraynalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ukraynalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81" title="Украинъёс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Украинъёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96" title="Українці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Українці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="یوکرینی 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group and civic nation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ukrani" title="Ukrani">Ukrani</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ukrainians (disambiguation)">Ukrainians (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid 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You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ukrainians" title="Special:EditPage/Ukrainians">editing it</a>. (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ukrainians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="uk">Українці</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 46 million<a href="#cite_note-УКРАЇНЦІ-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Ukrainian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Map_of_the_Ukrainian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_Ukrainian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Map_of_the_Ukrainian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/390px-Map_of_the_Ukrainian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Map_of_the_Ukrainian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/520px-Map_of_the_Ukrainian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> 37,541,700 (2001)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,864,000 (2023)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,651,918 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,359,655 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,125,000 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,028,492 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600,000–1,500,000 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">636,282 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">387,000 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">347,183 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">305,000 (2007)<a href="#cite_note-Ucrania.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Article-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">251,923 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">228,637 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></th><td class="infobox-data">181,035 (2014)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">159,656 (2019)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_17854/">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">124,602 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">115,840 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">111,726 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">106,697 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">95,000 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,699 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">45,051 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">38,791 (2014)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32,000 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000–90,000 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23,414 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23,183 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22,263 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21,509 (2009)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,691 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,248 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,144 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000–40,000 (2014)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,145 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,069 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,996 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-KSH-39">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000–15,000 (1990)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,681 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian Sign Language</a><a href="#cite_note-UTOG-46">[46]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ukraine" title="Catholic Church in Ukraine">Catholicism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Ukraine" title="Latin Church in Ukraine">Latin Catholicism</a>) minority</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_people" title="Category:Ukrainian people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/160px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/240px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/320px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="461" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ukrainians">List of Ukrainians</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian culture">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Ukraine" title="Theater in Ukraine">Theater</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ukraine" title="Protestantism in Ukraine">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Ukraine">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith_in_Ukraine" title="Slavic Native Faith in Ukraine">Slavic Native Faith</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Sub-national groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolyans" title="Podolyans">Podolyans</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Closely-related peoples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_nationality" title="History of Ukrainian nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ukrainian rulers">Rulers</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukrainians" title="Template:Ukrainians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukrainians" title="Template talk:Ukrainians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ukrainians (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: українці, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: ukraintsi, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[ʊkrɐˈjinʲts⁽ʲ⁾i]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> are an <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Their native tongue is <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, and the majority adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. By total population, the Ukrainians form the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> ethnic group after the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-УКРАЇНЦІ-1">[1]</a> Historically, under rule from various realms, the Ukrainians have been given various names by their rulers.<a href="#cite_note-rulers-48">[48]</a> Some of the states that have governed over the Ukrainian people include the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. The East Slavic population inhabiting the territories of modern-day Ukraine were known as <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>, referring to the territory of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>; the Ukrainians living under the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> were known as Little Russians, named after the territory of <a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The ethnonym Ukrainian (a term associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a>) was adopted following the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_revival" title="Ukrainian national revival">Ukrainian national revival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Their affinity with the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks#Ukrainian_Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> is frequently emphasized, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Ukraine" title="National anthem of Ukraine">Ukrainian national anthem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Citizen_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen of Ukraine">Citizens of Ukraine</a> are also called Ukrainians regardless of their ethnic origin,<a href="#cite_note-multiethnic-52">[52]</a> and Ukrainian nationals identify themselves as a <a href="/wiki/Civic_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic nation">civic nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine" title="Name of Ukraine">Name of Ukraine</a></div> The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) is derived from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Chronicle" title="Kievan Chronicle">Kievan Chronicle</a> under the year 1187. The terms Ukrainiany (first recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Volhynian_Chronicle" title="Galician–Volhynian Chronicle">Galician–Volhynian Chronicle</a> under the year 1268<a href="#cite_note-56">[a]</a>), Ukrainnyky, and even narod ukrainskyi (the Ukrainian people) were used sporadically before Ukraintsi attained currency under the influence of the writings of Ukrainian activists in Russian-ruled Ukraine in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> From the 14th to the 16th centuries the western portions of the European part of what is now known as Russia, plus the territories of northern Ukraine and Belarus (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>) were largely known as Rus, continuing the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. People of these territories were usually called <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Rus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Rusyns</a> (known as Ruthenians in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and Central Europe).<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> is, like modern Russian and Belarusian, a descendent of Old East Slavic.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In Western and Central Europe it was known by the exonym "Ruthenian". In the 16th and 17th centuries, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a>, names of Ukraine and Ukrainian began to be used in Sloboda Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> After the decline of the Zaporozhian Sich and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russian</a> hegemony in Left Bank Ukraine, Ukrainians became more widely known by Russians as "Little Russians", with the majority of Ukrainian élites espousing <a href="/wiki/Little_Russian_identity" title="Little Russian identity">Little Russian identity</a> and adopting the Russian language (as Ukrainian was outlawed in almost all contexts).<a href="#cite_note-luchenko.com-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-http://litopys.org.ua-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-64">[63]</a> This exonym (regarded now as a humiliating imperialist imposition) did not spread widely among the peasantry which constituted the majority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Plokhy2008-65">[64]</a> Ukrainian peasants still referred to their country as "Ukraine" (a name associated with the Zaporozhian Sich, with the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a> and with their struggle against Poles, Russians, Turks and Crimean Tatars) and to themselves and their language as <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Ruthenians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-http://litopys.org.ua-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-64">[63]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] With the publication of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kotliarevsky" title="Ivan Kotliarevsky">Ivan Kotliarevsky</a>'s Eneyida (Aeneid) in 1798, which established the modern <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a>, and with the subsequent Romantic revival of national traditions and culture, the ethnonym Ukrainians and the notion of a Ukrainian language came into more prominence at the beginning of the 19th century and gradually replaced the words "Rusyns" and "Ruthenian(s)". In areas outside the control of the Russian/Soviet state until the mid-20th century (<a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>), Ukrainians were known by their pre-existing names for much longer.<a href="#cite_note-luchenko.com-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-http://litopys.org.ua-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolczuk2001-66">[65]</a> The appellation Ukrainians initially came into common usage in <a href="/wiki/Central_Ukraine" title="Central Ukraine">Central Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> and did not take hold in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> until the latter part of the 19th century, in <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Transcarpathia</a> until the 1930s, and in the <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region" title="Prešov Region">Prešov Region</a> until the late 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) derives from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in 1187.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Several scientific theories attempt to explain the <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the term. According to the traditional theory, it derives from the Proto-Slavic root *kraj-, which has two meanings, one meaning the homeland as in "nash rodnoi kraj" (our homeland), and the other "edge, border", and originally had the sense of "periphery", "borderland" or "frontier region".<a href="#cite_note-litopys.org.ua-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-gaida-75">[74]</a> According to another theory, the term ukraina should be distinguished from the term okraina: whereas the latter term means "borderland", the former one has the meaning of "cut-off piece of land", thus acquiring the connotation of "our land", "land allotted to us".<a href="#cite_note-litopys.org.ua-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In the last three centuries the population of Ukraine experienced periods of <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>, but preserved a common culture and a sense of common identity.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopediaofukraine.com-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uk1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Uk1920.png/220px-Uk1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Uk1920.png/330px-Uk1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Uk1920.png/440px-Uk1920.png 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="1803" /></a><figcaption>Settlement of Ukrainians around the world in 1920</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic-Ukrainians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ethnic-Ukrainians.jpg/220px-Ethnic-Ukrainians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ethnic-Ukrainians.jpg/330px-Ethnic-Ukrainians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ethnic-Ukrainians.jpg/440px-Ethnic-Ukrainians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>"Ethnographical Map of Ukraine" printed just after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Land inhabited by a plurality of ethnic Ukrainians is colored rose (not to be confused with the color given to <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, also rose).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg/220px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg/330px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg/440px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Population of ethnic Ukrainians in Ukraine by <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a> (2001)</figcaption></figure>Most ethnic Ukrainians live in Ukraine, where they make up over three-quarters of the population. The largest population of Ukrainians outside of Ukraine lives in Russia where about 1.9 million Russian citizens identify as Ukrainian, while millions of others (primarily in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Federal_District" title="Southern Federal District">southern Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>) have some Ukrainian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-rus2010-79">[78]</a> The inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a>, for example, have vacillated among three identities: Ukrainian, Russian (an identity supported by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Soviet regime</a>), and "<a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Ukrainians_IEU-80">[79]</a> Approximately 800,000 people of Ukrainian ancestry live in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> in an area known historically as "<a href="/wiki/Green_Ukraine" title="Green Ukraine">Green Ukraine</a>".<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In a 2011 national poll of Ukraine, 49% of Ukrainians said they had relatives living in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-al-jazeera-82">[81]</a> According to some previous assumptions,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] an estimated number of almost 2.4 million people of Ukrainian origin live in North America (1,359,655 in Canada and 1,028,492 in the United States). Large numbers of Ukrainians live in Brazil (600,000),<a href="#cite_note-83">[b]</a> Kazakhstan (338,022), Moldova (325,235), Argentina (305,000), (Germany) (272,000), Italy (234,354), Belarus (225,734), Uzbekistan (124,602), the Czech Republic (110,245), Spain (90,530–100,000) and Romania (51,703–200,000). There are also large Ukrainian communities in such countries as Latvia, Portugal, France, Australia, Paraguay, the UK, Israel, Slovakia, Kyrgyzstan, Austria, Uruguay and the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. Generally, the Ukrainian diaspora is present in more than one hundred and twenty countries of the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The number of Ukrainians in Poland amounted to some 51,000 people in 2011 (according to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_census_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish census of 2011">Polish Census</a>).<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Since 2014, the country has experienced a large increase in immigration from Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> More recent data put the number of Ukrainian migrant workers at 1.2<a href="#cite_note-interia-87">[85]</a> – 1.3 million in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[c]</a> In the last decades of the 19th century, many Ukrainians were forced by the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a> to move to the Asian regions of Russia, while many of their counterpart Slavs under <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> rule emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> seeking work and better economic opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Today, large ethnic Ukrainian minorities reside in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Russia" title="Ukrainians in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians" title="Ukrainian Brazilians">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, Italy and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Argentine">Argentina</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to some sources, around 20 million people outside Ukraine identify as having Ukrainian ethnicity,<a href="#cite_note-ucc.ca-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> however the official data of the respective countries calculated together does not show more than 10 million. Ukrainians have one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diasporas</a> in the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Ukraine">Prehistoric Ukraine</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> emerged from the undifferentiated <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">early Slavs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations">Slavic migrations</a> of the 6th and 7th centuries CE. The state of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a> united the East Slavs during the 9th to 13th centuries. East Slavic tribes cited[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] as "proto-Ukrainian" include the <a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drevlyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Drevlyans">Derevlianians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polianians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Siverianians</a> and the less significant <a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Ulychians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivertsians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> and 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> authors named two groups that lived in the south-east of Europe: Sclavins (western Slavs) and <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a>. Polianians are identified as the founders of the city of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> and as playing the key role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' state.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> At the beginning of the 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> used the waterways of Eastern Europe for military raids and trade, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a>. Until the 11th century these Varangians also served as key mercenary troops for a number of princes in medieval Kiev, as well as for some of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperors</a>, while others occupied key administrative positions in Kievan Rus' society, and eventually became slavicized.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Besides other cultural traces, several Ukrainian names show traces of <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> origins as a result of influences from that period.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Differentiation between separate East Slavic groups began to emerge in the later medieval period, and an East Slavic <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> developed within the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language</a> emerging as a written standard. The active development of a concept of a Ukrainian nation and the Ukrainian language began with the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian National Revival">Ukrainian National Revival</a> in the early 19th century in times when Ruthenians (Русини) changed their name due to the region name. In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet era</a> (1917–1991), <a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">official historiography</a> emphasized "the cultural unity of 'proto-Ukrainians' and 'proto-Russians' in the fifth and sixth centuries".<a href="#cite_note-Yekelchyk2004-100">[97]</a> A poll conducted in April 2022 by "<a href="/wiki/Rating_(sociological_group)" title="Rating (sociological group)">Rating</a>" found that the vast majority (91%) of Ukrainians (excluding the <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine</a>) do not support the thesis that "Russians and Ukrainians are <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">one people</a>".<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics_and_genomics">Genetics and genomics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Early_Neolithic_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Early_Neolithic_migrations.jpg/220px-Map_of_Early_Neolithic_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Early_Neolithic_migrations.jpg/330px-Map_of_Early_Neolithic_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Early_Neolithic_migrations.jpg/440px-Map_of_Early_Neolithic_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4680" data-file-height="3052" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic migrations <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5000–4000 BC. The people of the Proto-Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog culture</a> were the result of a genetic admixture between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern European hunter-gatherers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus hunter-gatherers</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ukrainians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:<a href="#cite_note-Indo-European-102">[99]</a> Mesolithic <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a> culture;<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> who migrated from Anatolia during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> 9,000 years ago;<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Steppe pastoralists</a> who expanded into Europe from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> 5,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Indo-European-102">[99]</a> In a survey of 97 genomes for diversity in full genome sequences among self-identified Ukrainians from Ukraine, a study identified more than 13 million genetic variants, representing about a quarter of the total genetic diversity discovered in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Among these nearly 500,000 are previously undocumented and likely to be unique for this population. Medically relevant mutations whose prevalence in the Ukrainian genomes differed significantly compared to other European genome sequences, particularly from Western Europe and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> Ukrainian genomes form a single cluster positioned between the Northern on one side, and Western European populations on the other.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7804371/">[4]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principal_Component_Analysis_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Principal_Component_Analysis_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.png/220px-Principal_Component_Analysis_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Principal_Component_Analysis_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.png/330px-Principal_Component_Analysis_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Principal_Component_Analysis_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.png/440px-Principal_Component_Analysis_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.png 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Principal Component Analysis of European populations from the Genome Ukraine Project</figcaption></figure> There was a significant overlap with Central European populations as well as with people from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_plot_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Structure_plot_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.jpg/220px-Structure_plot_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Structure_plot_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.jpg/330px-Structure_plot_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Structure_plot_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.jpg/440px-Structure_plot_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption>Structure plot of European populations from the Genome Ukraine Project</figcaption></figure> In addition to the close geographic distance between these populations, this may also reflect the insufficient representation of samples from the surrounding populations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Ukrainian gene-pool includes the following Y-<a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroups</a>, in order from the most prevalent:<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R1a" class="mw-redirect" title="R1a">R1a</a> (43%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2a</a> (23%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R1b" class="mw-redirect" title="R1b">R1b</a> (8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E1b1b" class="mw-redirect" title="E1b1b">E1b1b</a> (7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253" title="Haplogroup I-M253">I1</a> (5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" title="Haplogroup N-M231">N1</a> (5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">J2</a> (4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G</a> (3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184" title="Haplogroup T-M184">T</a> (1%)</li></ul> Roughly all R1a Ukrainians carry <a href="/wiki/R1a" class="mw-redirect" title="R1a">R1a</a>-Z282; R1a-Z282 has been found significantly only in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Luca_Giacomo_Benincasa_Popa_2006_pp._132–139-108">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a> is the only region in Ukraine where Haplogroup I2a occurs more frequently than R1a, much less frequent even in <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast" title="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast">Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> In comparison to their northern and eastern neighbors, Ukrainians have a similar percentage of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a"> Haplogroup R1a-Z280</a> (43%) in their population—compare <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> and (55%, 46%, and 42% respectively). Populations in Eastern Europe which have never been Slavic do as well. Ukrainians in Chernivtsi Oblast (near the Romanian border) have a higher percentage of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)">I2a</a> as opposed to R1a, which is typical of the Balkan region, but a smaller percentage than Russians of the N1c1 lineage found among Finno-Ugric, Baltic, and Siberian populations, and also less <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> than <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Semino2000-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Varzari2006-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pericic2005-112">[109]</a> In terms of haplogroup distribution, the genetic pattern of Ukrainians most closely resembles that of Belarusians. The presence of the N1c lineage is explained by a contribution of the assimilated <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugric</a> tribes.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_ethnic_groups">Related ethnic groups</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine">Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huculi_1902.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Huculi_1902.png/200px-Huculi_1902.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Huculi_1902.png/300px-Huculi_1902.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Huculi_1902.png/400px-Huculi_1902.png 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a>, living in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian mountains</a>, 1902</figcaption></figure> Within Ukraine and adjacent areas, there are several other distinct ethnic sub-groups, especially in western Ukraine: places like <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Zakarpattia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Halychyna</a>. Among them the most known are <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a> (otherwise known as <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Carpatho-Rusyns</a> – a derivative of Carpathian <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>), each with particular areas of settlement, dialect, dress, and folk traditions.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of Ukraine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> Ukraine has had a very turbulent history, a fact explained by its geographical position. In the 9th century the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> conquered the proto-Slavic tribes on the territory of today's Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia and laid the groundwork for the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> state. The ancestors of the Ukrainian nation such as <a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polianians</a> had an important role in the development and culturalization of Kievan Rus' state. The internecine wars between Rus' princes, which began after the death of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> led to the political fragmentation of the state into a number of principalities. The quarreling between the princes left Kievan Rus' vulnerable to foreign attacks, and the invasion of the Mongols in 1236. and 1240. finally destroyed the state. Another important state in the history of the Ukrainians is the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a> (1199–1349).<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> The third important state for Ukrainians is the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a>. The Cossacks of <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_(region)" title="Zaporizhzhia (region)">Zaporizhzhia</a> since the late 15th century controlled the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Tatars of Crimea</a>, with the fortified capital, <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a>. Hetman <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> is one of the most celebrated and at the same time most controversial political figures in Ukraine's early-modern history. A brilliant military leader, his greatest achievement in the process of national revolution was the formation of the Cossack Hetmanate state of the Zaporozhian Host (1648–1782). The period of the <a href="/wiki/The_Ruin_(Ukrainian_history)" title="The Ruin (Ukrainian history)">Ruin</a> in the late 17th century in the history of Ukraine is characterized by the disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline. During the Ruin Ukraine became divided along the Dnieper River into <a href="/wiki/Left-Bank_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-Bank Ukraine">Left-Bank Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-Bank_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-Bank Ukraine">Right-Bank Ukraine</a>, and the two-halves became hostile to each other. Ukrainian leaders during the period are considered to have been largely opportunists and men of little vision who could not muster broad popular support for their policies.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> There were roughly 4 million Ukrainians at the end of the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> At the final stages of the First World War, a powerful struggle for an independent Ukrainian state developed in the central Ukrainian territories, which, until 1917, were part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. The newly established Ukrainian government, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Rada" title="Central Rada">Central Rada</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a>, issued four universals, the Fourth of which, dated 22 January 1918, declared the independence and sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian National Republic">Ukrainian National Republic</a> (UNR) on 25 January 1918. The session of the Central Rada on 29 April 1918 ratified the Constitution of the UNR and elected Hrushevsky president.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopediaofukraine.com-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_period">Soviet period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization#Early_1930s_(reversal_of_Ukrainization_policies)" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization § Early 1930s (reversal of Ukrainization policies)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famine_Kharkov_girl_and_goat_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Famine_Kharkov_girl_and_goat_1933.jpg/220px-Famine_Kharkov_girl_and_goat_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Famine_Kharkov_girl_and_goat_1933.jpg/330px-Famine_Kharkov_girl_and_goat_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Famine_Kharkov_girl_and_goat_1933.jpg/440px-Famine_Kharkov_girl_and_goat_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A girl in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></figcaption></figure>During the 1920s, under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Skrypnyk" title="Mykola Skrypnyk">Mykola Skrypnyk</a>, Soviet leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the Ukrainian culture and language. Ukrainisation was part of the Soviet-wide policy of <a href="/wiki/Korenisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenisation">Korenisation</a> (literally indigenisation).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During 1932–1933, millions of Ukrainians were starved to death by the Soviet regime which led to a <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> The Soviet regime remained silent about the Holodomor and provided no aid to the victims or the survivors. But news and information about what was going on reached the West and evoked public responses in Polish-ruled Western Ukraine and in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a>. Since the 1990s the independent Ukrainian state, particularly under President <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a>, the Ukrainian mass media and academic institutions, many foreign governments, most Ukrainian scholars, and many foreign scholars have viewed and written about the Holodomor as genocide and issued official declarations and publications to that effect. Modern scholarly estimates of the direct loss of human life due to the <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> range between 2.6 million<a href="#cite_note-Vallin-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vallin2-123">[120]</a> (3–3.5 million)<a href="#cite_note-HowMany-124">[121]</a> and 12 million<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> although much higher numbers are usually published in the media and cited in political debates.<a href="#cite_note-finn-126">[123]</a> As of March 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">parliament of Ukraine</a> and the governments of several countries, including the United States have recognized the Holodomor as an act of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[d]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Galicia" title="Eastern Galicia">Eastern Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> with their Ukrainian population became part of Soviet Ukraine. When the German armies invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, those regions temporarily became part of the Nazi-controlled <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a>. In total, the number of ethnic Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million. The pro-Soviet partisan guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians. Of the estimated 8.6 million Soviet troop losses, 1.4 million were ethnic Ukrainians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1943, under the command of Roman Shukhevych, UPA began the ethnic cleansing. Shukhevych was one of the perpetrators of the Galicia-Volhynia massacres of tens of thousands of Polish civilians. It is unclear to what extent Shuchevych was responsible for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia, but he certainly condoned them after some time, and also directed the massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia. Historian Per Anders Rudling has accused the Ukrainian diaspora and Ukrainian academics of "ignoring, glossing over, or outright denying" his role in this and other war crimes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_maps_of_Ukraine">Historical maps of Ukraine</h3></div> The Ukrainian state has occupied a number of territories since its initial foundation. Most of these territories have been located within Eastern Europe, however, as depicted in the maps in the gallery below, has also at times extended well into <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and South-Eastern Europe. At times there has also been a distinct lack of a Ukrainian state, as its territories were on a number of occasions, annexed by its more powerful neighbours. <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="border:1px solid #ddd; float:center; margin:5px 5px 0 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; padding:5px;">Historical maps of Ukraine and its predecessors </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European territory inhabited by East Slavic tribes in 8th and 9th century."><img alt="European territory inhabited by East Slavic tribes in 8th and 9th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/135px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/203px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/270px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">European territory inhabited by East Slavic tribes in 8th and 9th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historical map of Kievan Rus' and territory of Ukraine: last 20 years of the state (1220–1240)."><img alt="Historical map of Kievan Rus' and territory of Ukraine: last 20 years of the state (1220–1240)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg/135px-001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg/203px-001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg/270px-001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="2856" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historical map of Kievan Rus' and territory of Ukraine: last 20 years of the state (1220–1240).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245–1349)."><img alt="The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245–1349)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg/135px-Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg/203px-Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg/270px-Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="2856" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a> or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245–1349).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_Rus_and_Samogitia_1434.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historical map of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus' (Ukraine) and Samogitia until 1434."><img alt="Historical map of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus' (Ukraine) and Samogitia until 1434." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_Rus_and_Samogitia_1434.jpg/135px-Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_Rus_and_Samogitia_1434.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_Rus_and_Samogitia_1434.jpg/203px-Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_Rus_and_Samogitia_1434.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_Rus_and_Samogitia_1434.jpg/270px-Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_Rus_and_Samogitia_1434.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historical map of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, Rus' (Ukraine) and Samogitia until 1434.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_Lithuanian_Ruthenian_Commonwealth_1658_historical_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658)."><img alt="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Polish_Lithuanian_Ruthenian_Commonwealth_1658_historical_map.jpg/135px-Polish_Lithuanian_Ruthenian_Commonwealth_1658_historical_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Polish_Lithuanian_Ruthenian_Commonwealth_1658_historical_map.jpg/203px-Polish_Lithuanian_Ruthenian_Commonwealth_1658_historical_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Polish_Lithuanian_Ruthenian_Commonwealth_1658_historical_map.jpg/270px-Polish_Lithuanian_Ruthenian_Commonwealth_1658_historical_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="932" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Ruthenian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth</a> or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under rule of Russian Empire (1751)."><img alt="Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under rule of Russian Empire (1751)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg/135px-007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg/203px-007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg/270px-007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under rule of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1751).</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic/national_identity">Ethnic/national identity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cossack_Mamay_1728.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cossack_Mamay_1728.jpg/220px-Cossack_Mamay_1728.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cossack_Mamay_1728.jpg/330px-Cossack_Mamay_1728.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cossack_Mamay_1728.jpg/440px-Cossack_Mamay_1728.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="3165" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Mamay" title="Cossack Mamay">Cossack Mamay</a>, one of several <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personifications</a> of Ukrainians.</figcaption></figure> The watershed period in the development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness was the struggle for independence during the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> from 1917 to 1921.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> A concerted effort to reverse the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness was begun by the regime of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in the late 1920s, and continued with minor interruptions until the most recent times. The man-made <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Famine of 1932–33</a>, the deportations of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a>, the physical annihilation of the nationally conscious intelligentsia, and terror in general were used to destroy and subdue the Ukrainian nation.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Even after Joseph Stalin's death the concept of a Russified though multiethnic Soviet people was officially promoted, according to which the non-Russian nations were relegated to second-class status[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Despite this, many Ukrainians played prominent roles in the Soviet Union, including such public figures as <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semen Tymoshenko</a>. The creation of a sovereign and independent Ukraine in 1991, however, pointed to the failure of the policy of the "merging of nations" and to the enduring strength of the Ukrainian national consciousness. Today, one of the consequences of these acts is <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainophobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a> is especially present in southeastern Ukraine where there is a significant Russian minority. Historical colonization of Ukraine is one reason that creates confusion about national identity to this day.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> Many citizens of Ukraine have adopted the Ukrainian national identity in the past 20 years. According to the concept of nationality dominant in Eastern Europe the Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> Attempts to introduce a territorial-political concept of Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (presented by political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Lypynsky" title="Vyacheslav Lypynsky">Vyacheslav Lypynsky</a>) were unsuccessful until the 1990s. Territorial loyalty has also been manifested by the historical national minorities living in Ukraine. The official declaration of Ukrainian sovereignty of 16 July 1990 stated that "citizens of the Republic of all nationalities constitute the people of Ukraine."<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture of Ukraine</a></div> Due to Ukraine's geographical location, its culture primarily exhibits Eastern European influence as well as Central European to an extent (primarily in the western region). Over the years it has been influenced by movements such as those brought about during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the Renaissance. Today, the country is somewhat culturally divided with the western regions bearing a stronger Central European influence and the eastern regions showing a significant Russian influence. A strong <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian culture</a> was predominant for many centuries, although Ukraine was also the center of conflict between the Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic spheres of influence.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kotliarevsky" title="Ivan Kotliarevsky">Ivan Kotliarevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine" title="Russification of Ukraine">Russification of Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg/200px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg/300px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg/400px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Population of those whose mother tongue is Ukrainian in Ukraine (2001). The Russian linguistic influence in the south and east is noticeable.</figcaption></figure> Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukraі́nska móva) is the sole <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-rulers-48">[48]</a> It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. Written Ukrainian uses the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Ukrainian alphabet</a>, one of many based on the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> The language is a lineal descendant of the colloquial <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Slavic language">Old East Slavic language</a> of the medieval state of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, which first split into <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ukrainian-136">[132]</a>: 2–3  The Ruthenian languages then evolved into modern-day Ukrainian, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ukrainian-136">[132]</a>: 53–60  In modern-day Ukraine, most of its population are also fluent in Russian and many use it as their native tongue.<a href="#cite_note-multiethnic-52">[52]</a> Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian. Yet, there is more <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with Belarusian,<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> and a very close <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">lexical distance</a> between the two.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a>: 13  Historically, state-inforced <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The oppression continued in various ways while Ukraine was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> However, the language continued to be used throughout the country, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">western part</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/236px-80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/354px-80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/472px-80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3603" /></a><figcaption>The historic <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_Kyiv" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv">Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ukraine was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> tribes until <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine rite</a> Christianity was introduced by the turn of the first millennium. It was imagined by later writers who sought to put Kievan Rus' Christianity on the same level of primacy as Byzantine Christianity that <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Apostle Andrew</a> himself had visited the site where the city of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> would be later built.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, it was only by the 10th century that the emerging state, the Kievan Rus', became influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>; the first known conversion was by the Princess <a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Saint Olga</a> who came to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 945 or 957. Several years later, her grandson, Prince <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir</a> baptised his people in the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper River</a>. This began a long history of the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> in Ruthenia (Ukraine).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.JPG/190px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.JPG/285px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.JPG/379px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Lviv Central Baptist Church</figcaption></figure> Ukrainians are majority <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> Christians, and they form the <a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">second largest ethno-linguistic group among Eastern Orthodox</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Pew20152016-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> Ukrainians have their own autocephalous <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine" title="Epiphanius I of Ukraine">Metropolitan Epiphanius</a>, where it is the most common church and in the small areas of Ukraine the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church</a> who were under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Moscow Patriarchate</a> is the smaller common. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> impacted the religious identity of some Ukrainians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/266px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/399px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/532px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7358" data-file-height="4633" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Lviv" title="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv">St. George's Cathedral, Lviv</a></figcaption></figure> In the Western region known as <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Halychyna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Rite Catholic Churches</a> has a strong membership. Since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> there has been a growth of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches (<a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>)<a href="#cite_note-144">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> There are also ethnic minorities that practice other religions, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>). Also, some Ukrainians are members of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>. A 2020 survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Razumkov_Centre" title="Razumkov Centre">Razumkov Centre</a> found that majority of Ukrainian populations was adhering to Christianity (81.9%). Of these Christians, 75.4% are Eastern Orthodox (34% of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and 13.8% of the Moscow Patriarchate, and 27.6% are simply Orthodox), 8.2% are Greek Catholics, 7.1% are simply Christians, a further 1.9% are Protestants and 0.4% are <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Ukraine" title="Latin Church in Ukraine">Latin Catholics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> As of 2016, 16.3% of the population does not claim a religious affiliation, and 1.7% adheres to other religions.<a href="#cite_note-Razumkov2016-147">[142]</a> According to the same survey, 70% of the population of Ukraine declared to be believers, but do not belong to any church. 8.8% do not identify themselves with any of the denominations, and another 5.6% identified themselves as non-believers.<a href="#cite_note-Razumkov2016-147">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borscht_served.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Borscht_served.jpg/220px-Borscht_served.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Borscht_served.jpg/330px-Borscht_served.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Borscht_served.jpg/440px-Borscht_served.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3636" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a> with <a href="/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)" title="Smetana (dairy product)">smetana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">sour cream</a>)</figcaption></figure> Ukrainian cuisine has been formed by the nation's tumultuous history, geography, culture and social customs. <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chicken</a> is the most consumed type of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, accounting for about half of the meat intake. It is followed by <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a>: 12  Vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beetroot" title="Beetroot">beetroots</a> are widely consumed.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled vegetables</a> are considered a delicacy.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salo_(food)" title="Salo (food)">Salo</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">cured</a> pork fat, is considered the national delicacy.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> Widely used <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> include <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">chives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hercules-153">[148]</a> Ukraine is often called the "<a href="/wiki/Breadbasket#Europe" title="Breadbasket">Breadbasket of Europe</a>", and its plentiful <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> resources such as <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> play an important part in its cuisine; essential in making various kinds of bread.<a href="#cite_note-bbccuisine-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">Chernozem</a>, the country's black-colored highly fertile soil, produces some of the world's most flavorful crops.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> Popular traditional dishes <a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">varenyky</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dumpling#European#Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Dumpling">dumpling</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nalysnyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalysnyky">nalysnyky</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">crêpe</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_soup" title="Cabbage soup">kapusnyak</a> (cabbage <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a>), nudli (dumpling <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a>), <a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">borscht</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sour_soups" title="List of sour soups">sour soup</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Go%C5%82%C4%85bki" title="Gołąbki">holubtsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabbage_roll" title="Cabbage roll">cabbage roll</a>).<a href="#cite_note-bbccuisine-154">[149]</a> Among traditional baked goods are decorated <a href="/wiki/Korovai" title="Korovai">korovai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paska_(bread)" title="Paska (bread)">paska</a> (<a href="/wiki/Easter_bread" title="Easter bread">easter bread</a>).<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> Ukrainian specialties also include <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev" title="Chicken Kiev">Chicken Kiev</a><a href="#cite_note-hercules-153">[148]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_cake" title="Kyiv cake">Kyiv cake</a>. Popular drinks include uzvar (<a href="/wiki/Kompot" title="Kompot">kompot</a>),<a href="#cite_note-hercules-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-hill-158">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ryazhenka" title="Ryazhenka">ryazhanka</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">horilka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hercules-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-hill-158">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquor</a> (spirits) are the most consumed type of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid-160">[155]</a> Alcohol consumption has seen a stark decrease, though by per capita, it remains <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">among the highest the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid-160">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB.jpg/330px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB.jpg/440px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3717" data-file-height="3808" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Opera_and_Ballet_Theatre" title="Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre">Odesa Opera House</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music of Ukraine</a></div> Ukrainian music incorporates a diversity of external cultural influences. It also has a very strong indigenous <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> and Christian uniqueness whose elements were used among many neighboring nations.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Ukrainian folk oral literature, poetry, and songs (such as the dumas) are among the most distinctive ethnocultural features of Ukrainians as a people. Religious music existed in Ukraine before the official adoption of Christianity, in the form of plainsong "obychnyi spiv" or "musica practica". Traditional Ukrainian music is easily recognized by its somewhat melancholy tone. It first became known outside of Ukraine during the 15th century as musicians from Ukraine would perform before the royal courts in Poland (latter in Russia).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A large number of famous musicians around the world was educated or born in Ukraine, among them are famous names like <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Bortniansky" title="Dmitry Bortniansky">Dmitry Bortniansky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myroslav_Skoryk" title="Myroslav Skoryk">Myroslav Skoryk</a>, etc. Ukraine is also the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, home to its first professional music academy, which opened in the mid-18th century and produced numerous early musicians and composers.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Ukrainian dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopak_at_Rapid_Trident_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hopak_at_Rapid_Trident_2014.jpg/220px-Hopak_at_Rapid_Trident_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hopak_at_Rapid_Trident_2014.jpg/330px-Hopak_at_Rapid_Trident_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hopak_at_Rapid_Trident_2014.jpg/440px-Hopak_at_Rapid_Trident_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3491" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian dance <a href="/wiki/Hopak" title="Hopak">Hopak</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Ukrainian dance</a> refers to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dances</a> of the peoples of Ukraine. Today, Ukrainian dance is primarily represented by what <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklorists</a> and dance historians refer to as "Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dances", which are stylized representations of traditional dances and their characteristic movements that have been choreographed for <a href="/wiki/Concert_dance" title="Concert dance">concert dance</a> performances. This stylized art form has so permeated the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">culture of Ukraine</a>, that very few purely traditional forms of Ukrainian dance remain today.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ukrainian dance is often described as energetic, fast-paced, and entertaining, and along with traditional Easter eggs (<a href="/wiki/Pysanky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanky">pysanky</a>), it is a characteristic example of Ukrainian culture recognized and appreciated throughout the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine">Coat of arms of Ukraine</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/86px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/129px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/172px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="461" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine">Coat of arms of Ukraine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ukraine"><img alt="Flag of Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/180px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/240px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag of Ukraine</a></div> </li> </ul> Ukraine's national symbols include <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">its flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine">its coat of arms</a>. The national flag of Ukraine is a blue and yellow bicolour rectangle. The colour fields are of same form and equal size. The colours of the flag represent a blue sky above yellow fields of wheat.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> The flag was designed for the convention of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Ruthenian_Council" title="Supreme Ruthenian Council">Supreme Ruthenian Council</a>, meeting in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> in October 1848. Its colours were based on the coat-of-arms of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine">Coat of arms of Ukraine</a> features the same colours found on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Ukrainian flag</a>: a blue <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a> with yellow <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a>—the symbol of ancient <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="East Slavic people">East Slavic</a> tribes that once lived in Ukraine, later adopted by <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a> rulers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ukrainian_history" title="Bibliography of Ukrainian history">Bibliography of Ukrainian history</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainians&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ukrainian rulers">List of Ukrainian rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ukrainians">List of Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_population_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet population transfer">Soviet population transfers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">Ukrainian dialects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> In the context of a Polish raid on Kholm (modern <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a>), capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Volhynian_Chronicle" title="Galician–Volhynian Chronicle">Galician–Volhynian Chronicle</a> notes sub anno 1268 (6776): "The Poles began to raid around Kholm (...) but they did not take anything, for [the people] had fled into the city, because the Лѧхове Оукраинѧнѣ" (Liakhove Ukrainianĕ, literally "Polish Ukrainians", "Ukrainian Poles" or "border Poles") "had let them know [that they enemy was coming]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakhnovets1989426-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerfecky197385-55">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Prudent%C3%B3polis" title="Prudentópolis">Prudentópolis</a>, Brazil. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Ukrainian citizens may take up employment in Poland without obtaining a work permit for a maximum period of 6 months within a year on the basis of a declaration of intention to entrust a job to a foreigner. In 2016, over 1.262 million such declarations were issued for Ukrainian nationals.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.migrant.info.pl/Documents_entitling_a_foreigner_to_work_in_Poland.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105173345/https://www.migrant.info.pl/Documents_entitling_a_foreigner_to_work_in_Poland.html">Archived</a> 5 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Milion-Ukraincow-zasililo-polski-rynek-pracy-w-2016-roku-7503408.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410133722/https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Milion-Ukraincow-zasililo-polski-rynek-pracy-w-2016-roku-7503408.html">Archived</a> 10 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml">"Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150819141112/http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml">Archived</a> 19 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), 16 (according to <a href="/wiki/Korrespondent" title="Korrespondent">Korrespondent</a>, Russian edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002-posle-prodolzhitelnyh-debatov-sejm-latvii-priznal-golodomor-genocidom-ukraincev">"После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806162817/http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002-posle-prodolzhitelnyh-debatov-sejm-latvii-priznal-golodomor-genocidom-ukraincev">Archived</a> 6 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002-posle-prodolzhitelnyh-debatov-sejm-latvii-priznal-golodomor-genocidom-ukraincev">"Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців"</a> ) </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> For more information, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">History of Christianity in Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion in Ukraine</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-УКРАЇНЦІ-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-УКРАЇНЦІ_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-УКРАЇНЦІ_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Ukraintsi">"УКРАЇНЦІ"</a>. resource.history.org.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020175531/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Ukraintsi">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=resource.history.org.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%87%D0%9D%D0%A6%D0%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresource.history.org.ua%2Fcgi-bin%2Feiu%2Fhistory.exe%3FZ21ID%3D%26I21DBN%3DEIU%26P21DBN%3DEIU%26S21STN%3D1%26S21REF%3D10%26S21FMT%3Deiu_all%26C21COM%3DS%26S21CNR%3D20%26S21P01%3D0%26S21P02%3D0%26S21P03%3DTRN%3D%26S21COLORTERMS%3D0%26S21STR%3DUkraintsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706003257/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/">"Number and composition population of Ukraine: population census 2001"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">State Statistics Committee of Ukraine</a>. 5 December 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality">the original</a> on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Statistics+Committee+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Number+and+composition+population+of+Ukraine%3A+population+census+2001&rft.date=2001-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Fnationality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/statystyki-eksperymentalne/kapital-ludzki/populacja-cudzoziemcow-w-polsce-w-czasie-covid-19,12,1.html">"Populacja cudzoziemców w Polsce w czasie COVID-19"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120135627/https://stat.gov.pl/statystyki-eksperymentalne/kapital-ludzki/populacja-cudzoziemcow-w-polsce-w-czasie-covid-19,12,1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022. 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"The Fate of the "Ruthenian or Little Russian" (Ukrainian) Language in Austrian Galicia (1772–1867)". <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Ukrainian Studies">Harvard Ukrainian Studies</a>. 35 (1/4). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute</a>: 87–104. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983536">44983536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Fate+of+the+%22Ruthenian+or+Little+Russian%22+%28Ukrainian%29+Language+in+Austrian+Galicia+%281772%E2%80%931867%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=87-104&rft.date=2017%2F2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44983536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Boeck2004–2005" class="citation journal cs1">J. Boeck, Brian (2004–2005). "What's in a Name? Semantic Separation and the Rise of the Ukrainian National Name". <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Ukrainian Studies">Harvard Ukrainian Studies</a>. 27 (1/4). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute</a>: 33–65. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036861">41036861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+Semantic+Separation+and+the+Rise+of+the+Ukrainian+National+Name&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=33-65&rft.date=2004%2F2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036861%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=J.+Boeck&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSysyn1991" class="citation journal cs1">Sysyn, Frank (1991). "The Reemergence of the Ukrainian Nation and Cossack Mythology". <a href="/wiki/Social_Research_(journal)" title="Social Research (journal)">Social Research</a>. 58 (4). <a href="/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Johns Hopkins University Press">The Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 845–864. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40970677">40970677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=The+Reemergence+of+the+Ukrainian+Nation+and+Cossack+Mythology&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=845-864&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40970677%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sysyn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiethnic-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multiethnic_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiethnic_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulyk2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kulyk, Volodymyr (21 October 2022). "Is Ukraine a Multiethnic Country?". <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a>. 81 (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 299–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fslr.2022.152">10.1017/slr.2022.152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Is+Ukraine+a+Multiethnic+Country%3F&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299-323&rft.date=2022-10-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fslr.2022.152&rft.aulast=Kulyk&rft.aufirst=Volodymyr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappeler2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Kappeler" title="Andreas Kappeler">Kappeler, Andreas</a> (2023). Ungleiche Brüder: Russen und Ukrainer vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. München: C.H.Beck oHG. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-80042-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-80042-9"><bdi>978-3-406-80042-9</bdi></a>. <q>..., dass sich die Ukrainer in postsowjetischer Zeit zunehmend als politische Nation, als Willensnation, die mehrere ethnische und sprachliche Gruppen umfasst, verstehen.</q> [... in the post-Soviet era, Ukrainians increasingly see themselves as a political nation, a nation by will (Willensnation, <a href="/wiki/Civic_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic nation">civic nation</a>) that includes several ethnic and linguistic groups.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ungleiche+Br%C3%BCder%3A+Russen+und+Ukrainer+vom+Mittelalter+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=C.H.Beck+oHG&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-406-80042-9&rft.aulast=Kappeler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakhnovets1989426-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakhnovets1989426_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMakhnovets1989">Makhnovets 1989</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerfecky197385-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerfecky197385_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerfecky1973">Perfecky 1973</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_1">"Ukrainians and the Ukrainian Language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>. 2001. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukrainians+and+the+Ukrainian+Language&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fpeople.asp%23Topic_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_9">"The Ukrainian Highlanders: Hutsuls, Boikos, and Lemkos"</a>. People. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 July 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014517/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_9">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. <q>The oldest recorded names used for the Ukrainians are Rusyny, Rusychi, and Rusy (from Rus').</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=The+Ukrainian+Highlanders%3A+Hutsuls%2C+Boikos%2C+and+Lemkos&rft.date=1990-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fpeople.asp%23Topic_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Yermolenko S. Y. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um26.htm">History of the Ukrainian literary language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003215442/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um26.htm">Archived</a> 3 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // <a href="/wiki/Potebnia_Institute_of_Linguistics" title="Potebnia Institute of Linguistics">Potebnia Institute of Linguistics</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">NASU</a>). In Ukrainian </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Rusanivsky V. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um27.htm">History of the Ukrainian language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409173100/http://www.litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um27.htm">Archived</a> 9 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // Potebnia Institute of Linguistics (NASU). In Ukrainian </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Wilson, Andrew. Ukrainian nationalism in the 1990s: a minority faith. Cambridge University Press, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-luchenko.com-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luchenko.com_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-luchenko.com_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuchenko2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luchenko, Valentyn (11 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309161655/http://luchenko.com/index.php?id=301&itemid=50&option=com_content&task=view"><bdi lang="uk">Походження назви "Україна"</bdi></a> [Origin of the name "Ukraine"] (in Ukrainian). luchenko.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luchenko.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=301&Itemid=50">the original</a> on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8+%22%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%22&rft.pub=luchenko.com&rft.date=2009-02-11&rft.aulast=Luchenko&rft.aufirst=Valentyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fluchenko.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D301%26Itemid%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-http://litopys.org.ua-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-http://litopys.org.ua_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-http://litopys.org.ua_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-http://litopys.org.ua_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/"><bdi lang="uk">Історія України IX-XVIII ст. Першоджерела та інтерпретації</bdi></a> [History of Ukraine IX-XVIII centuries. Primary Sources and Interpretations] (in Ukrainian). Litopys.org.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121210163342/http://litopys.org.ua/anton/ant18.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+IX-XVIII+%D1%81%D1%82.+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.pub=Litopys.org.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitopys.org.ua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm"><bdi lang="uk">Україна. Русь. Назви території і народу</bdi></a> [Ukraine. Rus'. Names of territories and nationality]. Encyclopedia of Ukraine – I (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. Litopys.org.ua. 1949. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211082051/http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0.+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C.+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D1%96+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine+%E2%80%93+I&rft.pub=Litopys.org.ua&rft.date=1949&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitopys.org.ua%2Frizne%2Fnazva_eu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plokhy2008-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Plokhy2008_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerhii_Plokhy2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Serhii_Plokhii" class="mw-redirect" title="Serhii Plokhii">Serhii Plokhy</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainerussiarep0000plok">Ukraine and Russia: Representations of the Past</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainerussiarep0000plok/page/139">139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9327-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9327-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-9327-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine+and+Russia%3A+Representations+of+the+Past&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9327-1&rft.au=Serhii+Plokhy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fukrainerussiarep0000plok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolczuk2001-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolczuk2001_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKataryna_Wolczuk2001" class="citation book cs1">Kataryna Wolczuk (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj3WXcl_kcoC&pg=PA32">The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation</a>. Central European University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-25-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-25-1"><bdi>978-963-9241-25-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410143409/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj3WXcl_kcoC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moulding+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Constitutional+Politics+of+State+Formation&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-25-1&rft.au=Kataryna+Wolczuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFj3WXcl_kcoC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAll6UkrainianNationalCongress.htm">"All-Ukrainian National Congress"</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211327/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAll6UkrainianNationalCongress.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. 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Encyclopediaofukraine.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211332/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUniversalsoftheCentralRada.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. 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Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruthenians&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Himka%2C+John-Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CR%255CU%255CRuthenians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> "A historic name for Ukrainians corresponding to the Ukrainian rusyny" </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev,_VasylVytanovych,_Illia1993" class="citation web cs1">Lev, Vasyl; Vytanovych, Illia (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPopulismWesternUkrainian.htm">"Populism, Western Ukrainian"</a>. 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Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (CIUS) (University of Alberta/University of Toronto). </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml">Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051255/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Ukrainian Weekly. 4 May 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-al-jazeera-82"><a href="#cite_ref-al-jazeera_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/ethnopolitics-doesn-work-ukraine-190409093526620.html">"Why ethnopolitics doesn't work in Ukraine"</a>. al-Jazeera. 9 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418161131/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/ethnopolitics-doesn-work-ukraine-190409093526620.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Why+ethnopolitics+doesn%27t+work+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2Fethnopolitics-doesn-work-ukraine-190409093526620.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf">"Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011. Materiał na konferencję prasową w dniu 29. 01. 2013"</a> (PDF). stat.gov.pl. <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Office_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Statistical Office of Poland">Central Statistical Office of Poland</a>. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515165423/https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Przynale%C5%BCno%C5%9B%C4%87+narodowo-etniczna+ludno%C5%9Bci+%E2%80%93+wyniki+spisu+ludno%C5%9Bci+i+mieszka%C5%84+2011.+Materia%C5%82+na+konferencj%C4%99+prasow%C4%85+w+dniu+29.+01.+2013&rft.pages=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.pl%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fgus%2FPrzynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2015-10-19/migration-ukrainians-times-crisis">"The migration of Ukrainians in times of crisis"</a>. 19 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194712/https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2015-10-19/migration-ukrainians-times-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+migration+of+Ukrainians+in+times+of+crisis&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osw.waw.pl%2Fen%2Fpublikacje%2Fosw-commentary%2F2015-10-19%2Fmigration-ukrainians-times-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/3xu6a6/there_is_almost_as_many_ukrainian_immigrants_in/">"There is almost as many Ukrainian immigrants in Poland as 2015 refugees in Europe. r/europe"</a>. reddit. 22 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408142823/https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/3xu6a6/there_is_almost_as_many_ukrainian_immigrants_in/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reddit&rft.atitle=There+is+almost+as+many+Ukrainian+immigrants+in+Poland+as+2015+refugees+in+Europe.+r%2Feurope&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Feurope%2Fcomments%2F3xu6a6%2Fthere_is_almost_as_many_ukrainian_immigrants_in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-interia-87"><a href="#cite_ref-interia_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://praca.interia.pl/news-w-polsce-pracuje-ponad-milion-ukraincow,nId,2391654">"Over 1.2 million Ukrainians working in Poland"</a>. praca.interia.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102211446/https://praca.interia.pl/news-w-polsce-pracuje-ponad-milion-ukraincow,nId,2391654">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=praca.interia.pl&rft.atitle=Over+1.2+million+Ukrainians+working+in+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpraca.interia.pl%2Fnews-w-polsce-pracuje-ponad-milion-ukraincow%2CnId%2C2391654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-06/million-migrants-fleeing-putin-score-a-policy-jackpot-for-poland">"Poland Can't Get Enough of Ukrainian Migrants"</a>. Bloomberg L.P. 6 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116125947/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-06/million-migrants-fleeing-putin-score-a-policy-jackpot-for-poland">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+Can%27t+Get+Enough+of+Ukrainian+Migrants&rft.pub=Bloomberg+L.P.&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-03-06%2Fmillion-migrants-fleeing-putin-score-a-policy-jackpot-for-poland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians_Map.jpg">"See map: Ukrainians: World Distribution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917163527/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians_Map.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=See+map%3A+Ukrainians%3A+World+Distribution&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fpicturedisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpic%255CU%255CK%255CUkrainians_Map.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucc.ca-91"><a href="#cite_ref-ucc.ca_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ca/2010/05/25/support-the-ukrainian-world-congress-connecting-ukrainians-around-the-world/">"UWC continually and diligently defends the interests of over 20 million Ukrainians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress" title="Ukrainian Canadian Congress">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a>. 25 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225162019/http://www.ucc.ca/2010/05/25/support-the-ukrainian-world-congress-connecting-ukrainians-around-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UWC+continually+and+diligently+defends+the+interests+of+over+20+million+Ukrainians&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Canadian+Congress&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ca%2F2010%2F05%2F25%2Fsupport-the-ukrainian-world-congress-connecting-ukrainians-around-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105155543/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=168280">"Ukrainian diaspora abroad makes up over 20 million"</a>. Ukrinform.ua. 28 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=168280">the original</a> on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+diaspora+abroad+makes+up+over+20+million&rft.pub=Ukrinform.ua&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.ua%2Feng%2Forder%2F%3Fid%3D168280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070329005214/http://www.ukraine-travel-advisor.com/ukraine-people.html">"20 million Ukrainians live in 46 different countries of the world"</a>. Ukraine-travel-advisor.com. 5 December 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukraine-travel-advisor.com/ukraine-people.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+million+Ukrainians+live+in+46+different+countries+of+the+world&rft.pub=Ukraine-travel-advisor.com&rft.date=2001-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukraine-travel-advisor.com%2Fukraine-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolodymyr_KubijovycDanylo_Husar_Struk1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Volodymyr Kubijovyc; Danylo Husar Struk, eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm">"Ukrainians"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (CIUS) (University of Alberta/University of Toronto). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090354/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm%20">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2009. <q>From the 7th century AD on, proto-Ukrainian tribes are known to have inhabited Ukrainian territory: the Volhynians, Derevlianians, Polianians, and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians, Tivertsians, and White Croatians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukrainians&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+of+Ukrainian+Studies+%28CIUS%29+%28University+of+Alberta%2FUniversity+of+Toronto%29&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CU%255CK%255CUkrainians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolianians.htm">"Polianians (poliany)"</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211419/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolianians.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polianians+%28poliany%29&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CP%255CO%255CPolianians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhukovsky,_Arkadii" class="citation web cs1">Zhukovsky, Arkadii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarangians.htm">"Varangians"</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211425/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarangians.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. <q>...Varangians assimilated rapidly with the local population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varangians&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.au=Zhukovsky%2C+Arkadii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CV%255CA%255CVarangians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm">"Kyivan Rus'"</a>. www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031245/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023. <q>According to some sources, the first Varangian rulers of Rus' were Askold and Dyr.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.atitle=Kyivan+Rus%27&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CK%255CY%255CKyivanRushDA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhor_Lysyj2005" class="citation news cs1">Ihor Lysyj (10 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211434/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2005/280528.shtml">"The Viking "drakkar" and the Kozak "chaika""</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Weekly" title="The Ukrainian Weekly">The Ukrainian Weekly</a>. 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Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 7 January 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211502/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHutsuls.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Ukrainian+ethnic+group+which+until+1946+lived+in+the+most+western+part+of+Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Hutsuls&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.date=1919-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CH%255CU%255CHutsuls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLemkos.htm">"A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine – Lemkos"</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 August 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211509/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLemkos.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Ukrainian+ethnic+group+which+until+1946+lived+in+the+most+western+part+of+Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Lemkos&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.date=1945-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CL%255CE%255CLemkos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CY%5CA%5CYaroslavtheWise.htm">"Grand prince of Kyiv from 1019; son of Grand Prince Volodymyr the Great and Princess Rohnida of Polatsk"</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211513/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CY%5CA%5CYaroslavtheWise.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+prince+of+Kyiv+from+1019%3B+son+of+Grand+Prince+Volodymyr+the+Great+and+Princess+Rohnida+of+Polatsk&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CY%255CA%255CYaroslavtheWise.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm">"The first state to arise among the Eastern Slavs"</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211518/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+first+state+to+arise+among+the+Eastern+Slavs&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CK%255CY%255CKyivanRushDA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia6VolhyniaPrincipalityof.htm">"A state founded in 1199 by Roman Mstyslavych, the prince of Volhynia from 1170, who united Galicia and Volhynia under his rule"</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185446/http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?addbutton=pages%5Cg%5Ca%5Cgalicia6volhyniaprincipalityof.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+state+founded+in+1199+by+Roman+Mstyslavych%2C+the+prince+of+Volhynia+from+1170%2C+who+united+Galicia+and+Volhynia+under+his+rule&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CG%255CA%255CGalicia6VolhyniaPrincipalityof.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuin.htm">"The disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline – Ruina"</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116035648/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020. 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BBC News. 24 November 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vallin-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Vallin_122-0">^</a> France Meslè et Jacques Vallin avec des contributions de Vladimir Shkolnikov, Serhii Pyrozhkov et Serguei Adamets, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/">Mortalite et cause de dècès en Ukraine au XX siècle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613015349/https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/">Archived</a> 13 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p.28, see also France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ined.fr/en/publications/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/">France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917220447/https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/">Archived</a> 17 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Population and societies, N°413, juin 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vallin2-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Vallin2_123-0">^</a> Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00324720215934">A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323205135/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00324720215934">Archived</a> 23 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Population Studies">Population Studies</a>, Vol. 56, No. 3. (November 2002), pp. 249–264 </li> <li id="cite_note-HowMany-124"><a href="#cite_ref-HowMany_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kulchytsky, Stanislav (23–29 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128150638/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/420/36833"><bdi lang="ru">Сколько нас погибло от Голодомора 1933 года?</bdi></a> [How many of us died from Holodomor in 1933?]. <a href="/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerkalo Nedeli">Zerkalo Nedeli</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com:80/nn/show/420/36833">the original</a> on 28 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zerkalo+Nedeli&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+1933+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%3F&rft.date=2002-11-23%2F2002-11-29&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zerkalo-nedeli.com%3A80%2Fnn%2Fshow%2F420%2F36833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kulchytsky, Stanislav (23–29 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030201130718/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/420/36833/"><bdi lang="uk">Скільки нас загинуло під Голодомору 1933 року?</bdi></a> [How many of us died during the Holodomor 1933?]. <a href="/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerkalo Nedeli">Zerkalo Nedeli</a> (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/420/36833/">the original</a> on 1 February 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zerkalo+Nedeli&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83+1933+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%3F&rft.date=2002-11-23%2F2002-11-29&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zn.kiev.ua%2Fie%2Fshow%2F420%2F36833%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Rosefielde, Steven. "Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929–1949." Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 385–409 </li> <li id="cite_note-finn-126"><a href="#cite_ref-finn_126-0">^</a> Peter Finn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html?sub=new">Aftermath of a Soviet Famine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021072458/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html?sub=new">Archived</a> 21 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 27 April 2008, "There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed." </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm">"Ukrainian National Republic"</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211233234/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+National+Republic&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CU%255CK%255CUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamine6Genocideof1932hD73.htm">"Famine-Genocide of 1932–3 (Голодомор; Holodomor)"</a>. 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Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211707/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/alphasearch.asp?q=music">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Institute+of+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Music+Elements&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Falphasearch.asp%3Fq%3Dmusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/Culture.asp#Topic_3">"Ukrainian Wandering Bards: Kobzars, Bandurysts, and Lirnyks"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 March 2016. <q>The artistic tradition of Ukrainian wandering bards, the kobzars (kobza players), bandurysts (bandura players), and lirnyks (lira players) is one of the most distinctive elements of Ukraine's cultural heritage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+Wandering+Bards%3A+Kobzars%2C+Bandurysts%2C+and+Lirnyks&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+of+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2FCulture.asp%23Topic_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515005555/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/ukraine/en_US">"Ukraine is the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former Russian Empire"</a>. National Geographic Society. 2012. 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Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flag+of+Ukraine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.au=Whitney+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fflag-of-Ukraine%23949947.hook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613014250/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/up-flag.html">"Flag of Ukraine"</a>. The World Factbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/up-flag.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Flag+of+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fflags%2Fup-flag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_Andrew2012" class="citation web cs1">Weeks, Andrew (29 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/FLAGS/ua-flhis.html#ori">"Ukraine – History of the Flag"</a>. Crwflags.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920000602/https://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/FLAGS/ua-flhis.html#ori">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+History+of+the+Flag&rft.pub=Crwflags.com&rft.date=2012-12-29&rft.au=Weeks%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2FFOTW%2FFLAGS%2Fua-flhis.html%23ori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Volhynian_Chronicle" title="Galician–Volhynian Chronicle">Galician–Volhynian Chronicle</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1292) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerfecky1973" class="citation book cs1">Perfecky, George A. (1973). The Hypatian Codex Part Two: The Galician–Volynian Chronicle. An annotated translation by George A. Perfecky. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902306">902306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hypatian+Codex+Part+Two%3A+The+Galician%E2%80%93Volynian+Chronicle.+An+annotated+translation+by+George+A.+Perfecky&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Wilhelm+Fink+Verlag&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902306&rft.aulast=Perfecky&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakhnovets1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Makhnovets" title="Leonid Makhnovets">Makhnovets, Leonid</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/litop/lit.htm">Літопис Руський за Іпатським списком</a> [Rus' Chronicle according to the Hypatian Codex] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Dnipro. p. 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-308-00052-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-308-00052-2"><bdi>5-308-00052-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%86%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=591&rft.pub=Dnipro&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=5-308-00052-2&rft.aulast=Makhnovets&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitopys.org.ua%2Flitop%2Flit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"> — A modern annotated Ukrainian translation of the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle based on the <a href="/wiki/Hypatian_Codex" title="Hypatian Codex">Hypatian Codex</a> with comments from the <a href="/wiki/Khlebnikov_Codex" title="Khlebnikov Codex">Khlebnikov Codex</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1996). A History of Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09309-4"><bdi>978-0-300-09309-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09309-4&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(historian)" title="Andrew Wilson (historian)">Wilson, Andrew</a> (2002). The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09309-4"><bdi>978-0-300-09309-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ukrainians%3A+Unexpected+Nation&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09309-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Vasyl Balushok, "How Rusyns Became Ukrainians", <a href="/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerkalo Nedeli">Zerkalo Nedeli</a> (the Mirror Weekly), July 2005. Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125025057/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/show/555/50610/">in Russian</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051112171542/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/555/50610/">in Ukrainian</a>.</li> <li>Vasyl Balushok, "When was the Ukrainian nation born?", <a href="/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerkalo Nedeli">Zerkalo Nedeli</a> (the Mirror Weekly), 23 April – 6 May 2005. Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050426004858/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/543/49862/">in Russian</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104020412/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/543/49862/">in Ukrainian</a>.</li> <li>Dmytro Kyianskyi, "We are more "Russian" then they are: history without myths and sensationalism", <a href="/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerkalo Nedeli">Zerkalo Nedeli</a> (the Mirror Weekly), 27 January – 2 February 2001. Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125043717/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/328/29376/">in Russian</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051106071949/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/328/29376/">in Ukrainian</a>.</li> <li>Oleg Chirkov, "External migration – the main reason for the presence of a non-Ukrainian ethnic population in contemporary Ukraine". <a href="/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerkalo Nedeli">Zerkalo Nedeli</a> (the Mirror Weekly), 26 January – 1 February 2002. Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051201052452/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/378/33582/">in Russian</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051105214750/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/378/33582/">in Ukrainian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halyna_Lozko" title="Halyna Lozko">Halyna Lozko</a>, "Ukrainian ethnology. Ethnographic division of Ukraine" Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interklasa.pl/portal/dokumenty/r_mowa/strony_ukr02/etnografia/et01.htm">in Ukrainian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407191016/http://www.interklasa.pl/portal/dokumenty/r_mowa/strony_ukr02/etnografia/et01.htm">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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class="external text" href="http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/">Ukrainian World Congress.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrainiandiaspora.ca/">Ukrainian diaspora in Canada and the U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209124848/http://www.ukrainiandiaspora.ca/">Archived</a> 9 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm">Ukrainians</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/osc01/images/osc05a.html">Races of Europe 1942–1943</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anesi.com/rmap2.jpg">Hammond's Racial map of Europe, 1919</a> "National Alumni" 1920, vol.7</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030105195047/http://coletta.de/kolonien/Die%20Voelker%20Europas%201914%20xxl.jpg">Peoples of Europe / Die Voelker Europas 1914</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303112904/http://cla.calpoly.edu/~mriedlsp/History315/Maps/map2.html">Ethno-Linguistic Map of Europe Before 1914</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404043154/https://www2.bc.edu/~heineman/maps/ethnic.jpg">Linguistic Divisions of Europe in 1914</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestkievguide.com/illuminating-ukrainian-anthropology-typical-physical-traits-of-ukrainians/">Illuminating Ukrainian Anthropology: Typical Physical Traits of Ukrainians</a> (in English) June, 2023</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyaba" title="Kuyaba">Kuyaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Revolution and War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukrainian National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Ukraine" title="National parks of Ukraine">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Ukraine" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of nature reserves of Ukraine">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Populated places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine" title="List of longest rivers of Ukraine">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine" title="List of mountains in Ukraine">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Ukraine" title="List of waterfalls in Ukraine">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ukraine" title="List of islands of Ukraine">Islands and sandbars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">Hryvnia (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchanges_in_Ukraine" title="Stock exchanges in Ukraine">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Ukraine" title="Electricity in Ukraine">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ukraine" title="Science and technology in Ukraine">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Society of Ukraine">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Ukraine" title="Gender inequality in Ukraine">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu pandemic</a> (2009-10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ukraine" title="Crime in Ukraine">Crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ukraine">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ukraine" title="Human trafficking in Ukraine">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine" title="Minorities in Ukraine">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ukraine" title="Prostitution in Ukraine">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian baroque">Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Ukraine" title="Arts of Ukraine">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cultural icons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Kazka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobzar" title="Kobzar">Kobzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ukraine" title="Mass media in Ukraine">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Immigration to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censuses_in_Ukraine" title="Censuses in Ukraine">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_ethnic_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic ethnic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Latvia" title="Belarusians in Latvia">Belarusian Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Lithuania" title="Belarusians in Lithuania">Belarusian Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusian Russians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)" title="Gurans (Transbaikal people)">Gurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyms" title="Karyms">Karyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryuns" title="Goryuns">Goryuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenschik" title="Kamenschik">Kamenschiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polekhs" title="Polekhs">Polekhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_old-settlers" title="Russian old-settlers">Starozhily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns_of_Romania" title="Rusyns of Romania">Rusyn Romanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podolyans" title="Podolyans">Podolyans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/100px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/150px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/200px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chods" title="Chods">Chods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie#Kociewians" title="Kociewie">Kociewians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhrpolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends_of_Texas" title="Wends of Texas">Texas Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania" title="Bosniaks in Albania">Bosniak Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Croatia" title="Bosniaks of Croatia">Bosniak Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Kosovo" title="Bosniaks in Kosovo">Bosniak Kosovars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Montenegro" title="Bosniaks of Montenegro">Bosniak Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Serbia" title="Bosniaks of Serbia">Bosniak Serbians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Bulgarians" title="Anatolian Bulgarians">Anatolian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Bulgarians" title="Bessarabian Bulgarians">Bessarabian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania" title="Bulgarians in Albania">Bulgarian Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Croatia" title="Bulgarians in Croatia">Bulgarian Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Hungary" title="Bulgarians in Hungary">Bulgarian Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Italy" title="Bulgarians in Italy">Bulgarian Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians" title="Thracian Bulgarians">Thracian Bulgarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Burgenland Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croat Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krashovani" title="Krashovani">Krashovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania" title="Macedonians in Albania">Albanian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria" title="Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijaks" title="Mijaks">Mijaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Torbeši</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Ethnic Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resia,_Friuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Resia, Friuli">Resians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of North Macedonia">Macedonian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro" title="Serbs of Montenegro">Montenegrin Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Vojvodina" title="Serbs in Vojvodina">Vojvodina Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serb Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopi" title="Shopi">Shopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_of_Croatia" title="Slovenes of Croatia">Croatian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovenes" title="Hungarian Slovenes">Hungarian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Italian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenes" title="Prekmurje Slovenes">Prekmurje Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavia_Friulana" title="Slavia Friulana">Venetian Slavs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44806#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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