Does lysergic acid link the Salem witch trials and a Catholic saint? | Opinion

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window.dataLayer.push({'Catchline':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Synopsis':'The ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, first celebrated in Ireland around 2000 years ago, marked summer’s end and the winter’s beginning, eventually begetting All Hallows’ Eve. This year, Tourism Ireland launched an ad campaign proclaiming the nation as the ‘home of Halloween’. However, a return to the roots of Halloween likely won’t slow the rush to its ‘unofficial hometown’ of Salem, Massachusetts, in the US which saw over one million visitors in October 2023. Modern day Salem’s popularity as a festive fall destination is connected to the notorious witch trials of Salem Village in 1692–1693 – events that saw 200 people accused of practising witchcraft and 20 of them, mostly women, executed.'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Standfirst':'A fungal factor may have been the common cause of witch hunts and St Anthony’s fire'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Answer':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Source':undefined}); //window.dataLayer.push({'Refs':'1. N P Spanos, J. Hist. Behav. Sci., 1983, 19, 358 (DOI: 10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:43.0.CO;2-G)2. L R Caporael, Science, 1976, 192, 21 (DOI: 10.1126/science.769159)3. M R Lee, J. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb., 2009, 39, 1794. P L Schiff Jr, Am. J. Pharm. Educ., 2006, 70, 98 (DOI: 10.5688/aj700598)5. A Grzybowski, K Pawlikowska-Łagód, A Polak, Clin. Dermatol., 2021, 39, 1088 (DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.07.009)6. M J Eadie, Lancet Neurol., 2003, 2, 429 (DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00439-3)7. I R Innes, Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother., 1962, 19, 120 (DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01432.x)8. A J Akinboye, K Kim, S Choi, I Yang, J.-G. Lee, Food Sci. Biotechnol., 2023, 32, 1133 (DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01295-0)9. J N Wilford, Salem Witch Hunts in 1692 Linked to LSD‐Like Agent, The New York Times, 197610. N P Spanos and J Gottlieb, Science, 1976, 194, 1390 (DOI: 10.1126/science.795029)11. M Matossian, Am. Sci., 1982, 70, 35512. L S Mundra et al., JAMA Dermatol., 2016, 152, 540 (DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.4863)13. G Cervellin, U Longobardi and G Lippi, Acta Biomed., 2020, 92, e2021008 (DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92i1.9015)'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Refs':'1. N P Spanos, J. Hist. Behav. Sci., 1983, 19, 358 (DOI: 10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:43.0.CO;2-G)2. L R Caporael, Science, 1976, 192, 21 (DOI: 10.1126/science.769159)3. M R Lee, J. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb., 2009, 39, 1794. P L Schiff Jr, Am. J. Pharm. Educ., 2006, 70, 98 (DOI: 10.5688/aj700598)5. A Grzybowski, K Pawlikowska-Łagód, A Polak, Clin. Dermatol., 2021, 39, 1088 (DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.07.009)6. M J Eadie, Lancet Neurol., 2003, 2, 429 (DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00439-3)7. I R Innes, Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother., 1962, 19, 120 (DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01432.x)8. A J Akinboye, K Kim, S Choi, I Yang, J.-G. Lee, Food Sci. Biotechnol., 2023, 32, 1133 (DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01295-0)9. J N Wilford, Salem Witch Hunts in 1692 Linked to LSD‐Like Agent, The New York Times, 197610. N P Spanos and J Gottlieb, Science, 1976, 194, 1390 (DOI: 10.1126/science.795029)11. M Matossian, Am. Sci., 1982, 70, 35512. L S Mundra et al., JAMA Dermatol., 2016, 152, 540 (DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.4863)13. G Cervellin, U Longobardi and G Lippi, Acta Biomed., 2020, 92, e2021008 (DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92i1.9015)' !== undefined ? '1. N P Spanos, J. Hist. Behav. Sci., 1983, 19, 358 (DOI: 10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:43.0.CO;2-G)2. L R Caporael, Science, 1976, 192, 21 (DOI: 10.1126/science.769159)3. M R Lee, J. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb., 2009, 39, 1794. P L Schiff Jr, Am. J. Pharm. Educ., 2006, 70, 98 (DOI: 10.5688/aj700598)5. A Grzybowski, K Pawlikowska-Łagód, A Polak, Clin. Dermatol., 2021, 39, 1088 (DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.07.009)6. M J Eadie, Lancet Neurol., 2003, 2, 429 (DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00439-3)7. I R Innes, Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother., 1962, 19, 120 (DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01432.x)8. A J Akinboye, K Kim, S Choi, I Yang, J.-G. Lee, Food Sci. Biotechnol., 2023, 32, 1133 (DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01295-0)9. J N Wilford, Salem Witch Hunts in 1692 Linked to LSD‐Like Agent, The New York Times, 197610. N P Spanos and J Gottlieb, Science, 1976, 194, 1390 (DOI: 10.1126/science.795029)11. M Matossian, Am. Sci., 1982, 70, 35512. L S Mundra et al., JAMA Dermatol., 2016, 152, 540 (DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.4863)13. G Cervellin, U Longobardi and G Lippi, Acta Biomed., 2020, 92, e2021008 (DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92i1.9015)'.slice(0,100) : undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Class':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Credits':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Postscript':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNav':'|Main Navigation|Opinion|'}); window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNavCurrent':'Opinion'}); window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNavCode':'|1|101609|'}); window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNavCodeCurrent':'101609'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Categories':'|Biochemistry|Forensics|Trace Analysis|Divert me|Requires attention|'}); window.dataLayer.push({'CategoryCodes':'|146|556|785|115816|116057|'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Tags':'|Halloween|'}); window.dataLayer.push({'UserNeedsCodes':'|115816|'}); window.dataLayer.push({'OverrideCodes':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Bylines':'|Raychelle Burks|'}); window.dataLayer.push({'FirstByline':'|Raychelle Burks|' !== undefined ? 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if (call.status !== 200) { return } else { var html = await call.text(); if (html == "") { return } else { document.getElementById('inlineRelated').innerHTML = "<h3>Related stories</h3><ul>" + html + "</ul>" } } })() }, "CSSClass":"", "MinHeight":400 }, //NEWLETTER ONECLICK WIDGET - Signed out - RHC or inline { "Type":"CustomContent", "Position":"PreferRight", "Sticky":false, "Group":"Widget_NL_Oneclick_SignedOut", "Repeat":false, "InsertIfNoRHCSpace":false, "HTML":"<div class=\"newsletterSignup-widget\" data-ajax-load-content=\"\" data-url=\"/newslettersingleclick?wid=2084\" data-cache-bust=\"true\"></div>", //"CustomEventName":"NLSignedOutInit", "Javascript":function(elem,container,slotconfig,adcounter,counter,repeat){ console.log('newsletter single click with span'); $(window).trigger('abacus:readjusrhcheight',[event, elem]); }, //"CSSClass":"newsletterSignup", "MinHeight":350 }, //NEWLETTER ONECLICK WIDGET - Signed in or out - Re:action { "Type":"CustomContent", "Position":"PreferRight", "Sticky":false, "Group":"Widget_NL_Oneclick_Reaction", "Repeat":false, "InsertIfNoRHCSpace":false, "HTML":"<div class=\"newsletterSignup-widget\" data-ajax-load-content=\"\" data-url=\"/newslettersingleclick?wid=2084\" data-cache-bust=\"true\"></div>", //"CustomEventName":"NLSignedOutInit", "Javascript":function(elem,container,slotconfig,adcounter,counter,repeat){ console.log('newsletter single click with span'); $(window).trigger('abacus:readjusrhcheight',[event, elem]); }, //"CSSClass":"newsletterSignup", "MinHeight":350 }, //PUZZLES NEWLETTER ONECLICK WIDGET - Signed out - RHC or inline { "Type":"CustomContent", "Position":"PreferRight", "Sticky":false, "Group":"Widget_NL_Puzzles_Oneclick_SignedOut", "Repeat":false, "InsertIfNoRHCSpace":false, "HTML":"<div class=\"newsletterSignup-widget\" data-ajax-load-content=\"\" data-url=\"/newslettersingleclick?wid=2085\" data-cache-bust=\"true\"></div>", //"CustomEventName":"NLSignedOutInit", "Javascript":function(elem,container,slotconfig,adcounter,counter,repeat){ console.log('newsletter single click with span'); $(window).trigger('abacus:readjusrhcheight',[event, elem]); }, //"CSSClass":"newsletterSignup", "MinHeight":350 }, //NEWLETTER WIDGET - Signed out - RHC or inline { "Type":"CustomContent", "Position":"PreferRight", "Sticky":false, "Group":"Widget_NL_SignedOut", "Repeat":false, "InsertIfNoRHCSpace":false, "HTML":"<div class=\"nl-promo-wrapper\"><div class=\"nl-promo-img\"><img alt=\"email newsletter\" src=\"https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/200xAny/P/web/o/c/j/email_newsletter.png\"></div><div class=\"nl-promo-text\"><h2>Our newsletters</h2><p>Create your free account to receive personalised content alerts and Re:action, our weekly newsletter of the top chemical science stories handpicked from a range of magazines, journals and websites alongside insight and analysis from our expert editorial team.</p></div><div class=\"nl-promo-button\"><a class=\"button\" href=\"https://account.chemistryworld.com/register?campaigncode=CWregnlpromo2304&returl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryworld.com%2F\">Create account</a></div></div>", "CustomEventName":"NLSignedOutInit", "Javascript":function(elem,container,slotconfig,adcounter,counter,repeat){ $(window).trigger('abacus:readjusrhcheight',[event, elem]); }, //"CSSClass":"newsletterSignup", "MinHeight":350 }, //NEWLETTER ONECLICK WIDGET - Industry { "Type":"CustomContent", "Position":"PreferRight", "Sticky":false, "Group":"Widget_NL_Oneclick_Industry", "Repeat":false, "InsertIfNoRHCSpace":false, "HTML":"<div class=\"newsletterSignup-widget\" data-ajax-load-content=\"\" data-url=\"/newslettersingleclick?wid=2097\" data-cache-bust=\"true\"></div>", //"CustomEventName":"NLSignedOutInit", "Javascript":function(elem,container,slotconfig,adcounter,counter,repeat){ console.log('newsletter single click with span'); $(window).trigger('abacus:readjusrhcheight',[event, elem]); }, //"CSSClass":"newsletterSignup", "MinHeight":350 }, //GAM ADVERT - MPU Bottom (repeats, in RHC or inline) { "Type":"GAMAdvert", "Position":"PreferRight", "Group":"Ads", "AdUnit":"/97414310/MPU_Bottom", "RefreshDelaySeconds":30, "Sticky":true, "Repeat":true, "Refresh":false, "InsertIfNoRHCSpace":false, "AdUnitSizesInlineDesktop":[[336,280],[300,250],[200,200],[250,250],[320,100],[320,50]], "AdUnitSizesInlineMobile":[[336,280],[300,250],[200,200],[250,250],[320,100],[320,50]], "AdUnitSizesRHC":[[300,1050],[300,600],[120,600],[160,600],[336,280],[300,250],[200,200],[250,250],[320,100],[320,50]], "CSSClass":"wvc-custom-ad", "ExtraHTML":"<div class=\"ad-text\">Advertisement</div>" } ], "Overrides":[ // StoryType-[type code] // StoryCategoriesCodes-[code] // StoryFormat-[code] // StoryLayout-[code] // StoryWidth-[full-width / standard] // StoryId-[code] // StoryFullNavPath-[nav code level 1]-[nav code level 2]-[nav code level …] { //If Full width story, increase spacing before first insertion" "Conditions":"StoryWidth-full-width", "Operator":"And", "Settings":{ "DesktopElementSpacingFirst":6, "MobileElementSpacingFirst":6 } }, { //If Category is quick/cryptic crossword =Insert Oneclick widget at bottom" "Conditions":"StoryCategoriesCodes-115804,StoryCategoriesCodes-115803", "Operator":"Or", "Settings":{ "RemoveGroupsInline":"Ads,Related_Content,Widget_NL_SignedIn,Widget_NL_Oneclick_SignedOut,Widget_MP", "AddGroupsInline":"Widget_NL_Puzzles_Oneclick_SignedOut", "DesktopElementSpacingFirst":1, "MobileElementSpacingFirst":1 } }, { //If Category is wordoku =Insert Oneclick widget after "Conditions":"StoryCategoriesCodes-583", "Operator":"And", "Settings":{ "RemoveGroupsInline":"Ads,Related_Content,Widget_NL_SignedIn,Widget_NL_Oneclick_SignedOut,Widget_MP", "AddGroupsInline":"Widget_NL_Puzzles_Oneclick_SignedOut", "DesktopElementSpacingFirst":3, "MobileElementSpacingFirst":3 } }, { //Sign up to reaction page = Insert Oneclick widget after 1 para "Conditions":"StoryId-4016206", "Operator":"And", "Settings":{ "RemoveGroupsInline":"Ads,Related_Content,Widget_NL_SignedIn,Widget_NL_Oneclick_SignedOut,Widget_MP", "AddGroupsInline":"Widget_NL_Oneclick_Reaction", "DesktopElementSpacingFirst":1, "MobileElementSpacingFirst":1 } }, { //If category or nav is industry = Select industry one-click widget "Conditions":"StoryCategoriesCodes-39,StoryFullNavPath-101608", "Operator":"Or", "Settings":{ "RemoveGroupsAll":"Widget_NL_SignedIn,Widget_NL_Oneclick_SignedOut", "AddGroupsAll":"Widget_NL_Oneclick_Industry" } }, { //If Category="Remove advert slots (inline)" "Conditions":"StoryCategoriesCodes-115793", "Operator":"And", "Settings":{ "RemoveGroupsInline":"Ads" } }, { //If Category="Remove all slots (inline)" "Conditions":"StoryCategoriesCodes-115794", "Operator":"And", "Settings":{ "RemoveGroupsInline":"Ads,Related_Content,Widget_NL_Oneclick_SignedOut,Widget_NL_Oneclick_Industry,Widget_NL_Puzzles_Oneclick_SignedOut,Widget_NL_Oneclick_Reaction" } }, { //If Category="Remove related reads" "Conditions":"StoryCategoriesCodes-115798", "Operator":"And", "Settings":{ "RemoveGroupsInline":"Related_Content" } } /* { //If Category="Slots (inline) - Off" "Conditions":"StoryCategoriesCodes-999999", "Operator":"And", "Settings":{ "RemoveGroupsInline":"Ads,Widgets" } }, { //If Category="Advert slots (all) - Off" "Conditions":"StoryCategoriesCodes-999999", "Operator":"And", "Settings":{ "RemoveGroupsAll":"Ads" } }, { //If Category="Advert slots (RHC) - Off" "Conditions":"StoryCategoriesCodes-999999", "Operator":"And", "Settings":{ "RemoveGroupsRHC":"Ads" } }, { //If Category="Advert slots (inline) - Off" "Conditions":"StoryCategoriesCodes-999999", "Operator":"And", "Settings":{ "RemoveGroupsInline":"Ads" } }*/ ] } typeof advanceData!=='undefined'? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsAll = "Widget_NL_Oneclick_SignedOut" : EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsAll = "Widget_NL_SignedIn" </script> <style> .story-inlinecontent-placeholder-inner .newsletterSignup-widget { margin-bottom: 2rem; } </style> <script> $(window).trigger("wvcfe:globalenhancedadvertsinit", [event, EnhancedAdvertisingConfig]); (function(w, d) { if(window.NodeList && !NodeList.prototype.forEach) { NodeList.prototype.forEach = Array.prototype.forEach; } d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(event) { if(EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.Slots) { var enhAdDebug = false; if( localStorage.getItem('enh-ads-debug') == 'true' ) enhAdDebug = true; var sp = 'story-inlinecontent-placeholder'; var supportedTypes = ['gamadvert', 'customcontent']; var supportedPositions = ['inline', 'preferright', 'right']; var isDesktopResolution = w.matchMedia("screen and (min-width: 1023px)").matches; var isStoryFullLayout = d.body.classList.contains('story-full-layout'); var inlineCounter = 1; var rhcCounter = 1; var inlineAdCounter = 1; var rhcAdCounter = 1; var ticking = false; $('#story.enhanced-advertising .storytext > div.webonly').each( function(){ var t = $(this); t.replaceWith( t.html() ); }); var storyCustomContentPlaceholders = d.querySelectorAll('#story.enhanced-advertising .storytext > *'); var maxRHCSlotsToFitIn = 0; var matches = function(el, selector) { return (el.matches || el.matchesSelector || el.msMatchesSelector || el.mozMatchesSelector || el.webkitMatchesSelector || el.oMatchesSelector).call(el, selector); }; var getClosestParent = function(elem, selector) { for(; elem && elem !== d; elem = elem.parentNode) { if(matches(elem, selector)) { return elem; } } return null; }; var storyType = dataLayer ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.StoryTypeCode && el.StoryTypeCode != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return 'StoryType-' + el.StoryTypeCode; }).join('') : ''; var storyFormat = dataLayer ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.StoryFormatCode && el.StoryFormatCode != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return 'StoryFormat-' + el.StoryFormatCode; }).join('') : ''; var storyLayout = dataLayer ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.StoryLayoutCode && el.StoryLayoutCode != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return 'StoryLayout-' + el.StoryLayoutCode; }).join('') : ''; //PWVD-780 var storyWidth = dataLayer ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.StoryWidth && el.StoryWidth != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return 'StoryWidth-' + el.StoryWidth; }).join('') : ''; var storyFullNavPath = dataLayer ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.StoryFullNavPath && el.StoryFullNavPath != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.StoryFullNavPath; }).join('').split('|').filter(function(el) { return el && el != 'null'; }).join('-') : ''; var storyCategoriesCodes = dataLayer ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.StoryCategoriesCodes && el.StoryCategoriesCodes != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.StoryCategoriesCodes; }).join('').split('|').filter(function(el) { return el && el != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return 'StoryCategoriesCodes-' + el; }) : []; var storyID = dataLayer ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.StoryID && el.StoryID != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return 'StoryID-' + el.StoryID; }).filter(function(el) { return el && el != 'null' && el != 'StoryID-'; }).join('') : ''; storyFullNavPath = (storyFullNavPath ? 'StoryFullNavPath-' + storyFullNavPath : ''); var allDataLayerFilters = storyCategoriesCodes.concat([storyType, storyFormat, storyLayout, storyWidth, storyFullNavPath, storyID]).map(function(m) { return m.toLowerCase(); }); EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RHCMinHeightForSlotInsert = (EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RHCMinHeightForSlotInsert || 800); EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RHCMinHeightForStickyAd = (EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RHCMinHeightForStickyAd || 250); if('Overrides' in EnhancedAdvertisingConfig) { if(EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.Overrides) { var overrides = EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.Overrides; var andOperator = function() { return (override.Conditions.toLowerCase().split(',').filter(function(el) { return el && el; }).every(function(el) { return allDataLayerFilters.indexOf(el) != -1; })); }; var orOperator = function(el) { return (override.Conditions.toLowerCase().split(',').filter(function(el) { return el && el; }).some(function(el) { return allDataLayerFilters.indexOf(el) != -1; })); }; for(var i = 0, iL = overrides.length; i < iL; i++) { var override = overrides[i]; var operatorFilter; if(override.Operator && override.Operator.toLowerCase() == 'and') { operatorFilter = andOperator; } else { operatorFilter = orOperator; } if(operatorFilter()) { if('Settings' in override) { if(override.Settings) { var settings = override.Settings; if('AddGroupsAll' in settings && settings.AddGroupsAll && isString(settings.AddGroupsAll)) { if(settings.AddGroupsAll.toLowerCase().toLowerCase().indexOf('[all]') != -1) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsAll = '[all]'; } else { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsAll += ',' + settings.AddGroupsAll.toLowerCase(); } } if('AddGroupsInline' in settings && settings.AddGroupsInline && isString(settings.AddGroupsInline)) { if(settings.AddGroupsInline.toLowerCase().toLowerCase().indexOf('[all]') != -1) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsInline = '[all]'; } else { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsInline += ',' + settings.AddGroupsInline.toLowerCase(); } } if('AddGroupsRHC' in settings && settings.AddGroupsRHC && isString(settings.AddGroupsRHC)) { if(settings.AddGroupsRHC.toLowerCase().toLowerCase().indexOf('[all]') != -1) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsRHC = '[all]'; } else { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsRHC += ',' + settings.AddGroupsRHC.toLowerCase(); } } if('RemoveGroupsAll' in settings && settings.RemoveGroupsAll && isString(settings.RemoveGroupsAll)) { if(settings.RemoveGroupsAll.toLowerCase().toLowerCase().indexOf('[all]') != -1) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsAll = '[all]'; } else { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsAll += ',' + settings.RemoveGroupsAll.toLowerCase(); } } if('RemoveGroupsInline' in settings && settings.RemoveGroupsInline && isString(settings.RemoveGroupsInline)) { if(settings.RemoveGroupsInline.toLowerCase().toLowerCase().indexOf('[all]') != -1) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsInline = '[all]'; } else { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsInline += ',' + settings.RemoveGroupsInline.toLowerCase(); } } if('RemoveGroupsRHC' in settings && settings.RemoveGroupsRHC && isString(settings.RemoveGroupsRHC)) { if(settings.RemoveGroupsRHC.toLowerCase().toLowerCase().indexOf('[all]') != -1) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsRHC = '[all]'; } else { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsRHC += ',' + settings.RemoveGroupsRHC.toLowerCase(); } } if('Repeat' in settings && isBoolean(settings.Repeat)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRepeat = settings.Repeat; } if('DesktopMaxInlineSlots' in settings && isNumberPositiveOrZero(settings.DesktopMaxInlineSlots)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsDesktopMaxInlineSlots = settings.DesktopMaxInlineSlots; } if('MobileMaxInlineSlots' in settings && isNumberPositiveOrZero(settings.MobileMaxInlineSlots)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsMobileMaxInlineSlots = settings.MobileMaxInlineSlots; } if('DesktopMinRHCSlots' in settings && isNumberPositiveOrZero(settings.DesktopMinRHCSlots)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsDesktopMinRHCSlots = settings.DesktopMinRHCSlots; } if('MobileMinRHCSlots' in settings && isNumberPositiveOrZero(settings.MobileMinRHCSlots)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsMobileMinRHCSlots = settings.MobileMinRHCSlots; } if('DesktopMaxRHCSlots' in settings && isNumberPositiveOrZero(settings.DesktopMaxRHCSlots)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsDesktopMaxRHCSlots = settings.DesktopMaxRHCSlots; } if('MobileMaxRHCSlots' in settings && isNumberPositiveOrZero(settings.MobileMaxRHCSlots)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsMobileMaxRHCSlots = settings.MobileMaxRHCSlots; } if('DesktopElementSpacingFirst' in settings && settings.DesktopElementSpacingFirst && isNumberPositive(settings.DesktopElementSpacingFirst)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsDesktopElementSpacingFirst = settings.DesktopElementSpacingFirst; } if('MobileElementSpacingFirst' in settings && settings.MobileElementSpacingFirst && isNumberPositive(settings.MobileElementSpacingFirst)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsMobileElementSpacingFirst = settings.MobileElementSpacingFirst; } if('DesktopElementSpacing' in settings && settings.DesktopElementSpacing && isNumberPositive(settings.DesktopElementSpacing)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsDesktopElementSpacing = settings.DesktopElementSpacing; } if('MobileElementSpacing' in settings && settings.MobileElementSpacing && isNumberPositive(settings.MobileElementSpacing)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsMobileElementSpacing = settings.MobileElementSpacing; } if('RHCMinHeightForSlotInsert' in settings && settings.RHCMinHeightForSlotInsert && isNumberPositive(settings.RHCMinHeightForSlotInsert)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RHCMinHeightForSlotInsert = settings.RHCMinHeightForSlotInsert; } if('RHCMinHeightForStickyAd' in settings && settings.RHCMinHeightForStickyAd && isNumberPositive(settings.RHCMinHeightForStickyAd)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RHCMinHeightForStickyAd = settings.RHCMinHeightForStickyAd; } if('CollapseEmptyDivs' in settings && isBoolean(settings.CollapseEmptyDivs)) { EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.CollapseEmptyDivs = settings.CollapseEmptyDivs; } } } } } } } var paragraphThreshold = isDesktopResolution ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsDesktopElementSpacing : EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsMobileElementSpacing; var paragraphFirstThreshold = isDesktopResolution ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsDesktopElementSpacingFirst : EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsMobileElementSpacingFirst; var maxInlineSlots = isDesktopResolution ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsDesktopMaxInlineSlots : EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsMobileMaxInlineSlots; var minRHCSlots = isDesktopResolution ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsDesktopMinRHCSlots : EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsMobileMinRHCSlots; var maxRHCSlots = isDesktopResolution ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsDesktopMaxRHCSlots : EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsMobileMaxRHCSlots; var allAddGroups = (EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsAll ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsAll : "").split(',').filter(function(f) { return f; }).filter(function(x, i, a) { return a.indexOf(x) === i; }); var allAddInlineGroups = [].concat(allAddGroups, (EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsInline ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsInline : "").split(',')).map(function(m) { return m.toLowerCase(); }).filter(function(f) { return f; }).filter(function(x, i, a) { return a.indexOf(x) === i; }); var allAddRHCGroups = [].concat(allAddGroups, (EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsRHC ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsAddGroupsRHC : "").split(',')).map(function(m) { return m.toLowerCase(); }).filter(function(f) { return f; }).filter(function(x, i, a) { return a.indexOf(x) === i; }); var allRemoveGroups = (EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsAll ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsAll : "").split(',').filter(function(f) { return f; }).filter(function(x, i, a) { return a.indexOf(x) === i; }); var allRemoveInlineGroups = [].concat(allRemoveGroups, (EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsInline ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsInline : "").split(',')).map(function(m) { return m.toLowerCase(); }).filter(function(f) { return f; }).filter(function(x, i, a) { return a.indexOf(x) === i; }); var allRemoveRHCGroups = [].concat(allRemoveGroups, (EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsRHC ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.StoryDynamicSlotsRemoveGroupsRHC : "").split(',')).map(function(m) { return m.toLowerCase(); }).filter(function(f) { return f; }).filter(function(x, i, a) { return a.indexOf(x) === i; }); EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.Slots = EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.Slots.map(function(x, i) { x.Used = false; x.Index = i; if('Type' in x) { if(supportedTypes.indexOf(x.Type.toString().toLowerCase()) != -1) { x.Type = x.Type.toString().toLowerCase(); } else { x.Type = 'customcontent'; } } else { x.Type = 'customcontent'; } if('Position' in x) { if(supportedPositions.indexOf(x.Position.toString().toLowerCase()) != -1) { x.Position = x.Position.toString().toLowerCase(); } else { x.Position = 'inline'; } } else { x.Position = 'inline'; } if('CSSClass' in x) { x.CSSClass = x.CSSClass.toString().split(' ').join(',').split(',').filter(function(e) { return e && e; }).join(' '); } else { x.CSSClass = ''; } if('Group' in x) { x.Group = x.Group.toString().split(' ').join(',').split(',').filter(function(e) { return e && e; }).join(','); } else { x.Group = ''; } if('Sticky' in x) { if(x.Sticky.toString().toLowerCase() == 'true') { x.Sticky = true; } else { x.Sticky = false; } } else { x.Sticky = false; } if('InsertIfNoRHCSpace' in x) { if(x.InsertIfNoRHCSpace.toString().toLowerCase() == 'true') { x.InsertIfNoRHCSpace = true; } else { x.InsertIfNoRHCSpace = false; } } else { x.InsertIfNoRHCSpace = false; } if('MinHeight' in x) { x.MinHeight = parseInt(x.MinHeight.toString()); } else { x.MinHeight = 0; } if('NoBackfill' in x) { if(x.NoBackfill.toString().toLowerCase() == 'true') { x.NoBackfill = true; } else { x.NoBackfill = false; } } else { x.NoBackfill = false; } if('Refresh' in x) { if(x.Refresh.toString().toLowerCase() == 'true') { x.Refresh = true; } else { x.Refresh = false; } } else { x.Refresh = false; } if('ExtraHTML' in x) { if(x.ExtraHTML.toString()) { x.ExtraHTML = x.ExtraHTML.toString(); } else { x.ExtraHTML = ''; } } else { x.ExtraHTML = ''; } if('CustomEventName' in x) { if(x.CustomEventName.toString()) { x.CustomEventName = x.CustomEventName.toString(); } else { x.CustomEventName = ''; } } else { x.CustomEventName = ''; } if('Javascript' in x) { if(x.Javascript) { if(typeof x.Javascript === 'function') { x.Javascript = x.Javascript; } } else { x.Javascript = ''; } } else { x.Javascript = ''; } if('AdUnit' in x) { if(x.AdUnit.toString()) { x.AdUnit = x.AdUnit.toString(); } else { x.AdUnit = ''; } } else { x.AdUnit = ''; } if('AdUnitSizesInlineMobile' in x) { x.AdUnitSizesInlineMobile = x.AdUnitSizesInlineMobile; } else if('GAMAdUnitSizesInlineMobileDefault' in EnhancedAdvertisingConfig) { x.AdUnitSizesInlineMobile = EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.GAMAdUnitSizesInlineMobileDefault } if('AdUnitSizesInlineDesktop' in x) { x.AdUnitSizesInlineDesktop = x.AdUnitSizesInlineDesktop; } else if('GAMAdUnitSizesInlineDesktopDefault' in EnhancedAdvertisingConfig) { x.AdUnitSizesInlineDesktop = EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.GAMAdUnitSizesInlineDesktopDefault; } if('AdUnitSizesRHC' in x) { x.AdUnitSizesRHC = x.AdUnitSizesRHC; } else if('GAMAdUnitSizesRHCDefault' in EnhancedAdvertisingConfig) { x.AdUnitSizesRHC = EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.GAMAdUnitSizesRHCDefault; } if('RefreshDelaySeconds' in x) { x.RefreshDelaySeconds = parseInt(x.RefreshDelaySeconds.toString(), 10); } else { x.RefreshDelaySeconds = 30; } return x; }); var storyInlineContent = EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.Slots.filter(function(el) { return el && (el.Position.toLowerCase() == "inline" || ((!isDesktopResolution || isStoryFullLayout) && el.Position.toLowerCase() == "preferright")) && (el.Group || "").split(',').filter(function(subel) { return subel && subel != undefined; }).map(function(subel) { return subel.toLowerCase(); }).some(function(subel) { return allAddInlineGroups.indexOf(subel) != -1 || allAddInlineGroups.indexOf('[all]') != -1; }) && !(el.Group || "").split(',').filter(function(subel) { return subel && subel != undefined; }).map(function(subel) { return subel.toLowerCase(); }).some(function(subel) { return allRemoveInlineGroups.indexOf(subel) != -1 || allRemoveInlineGroups.indexOf('[all]') != -1; }); }); var storyRHCContent = isDesktopResolution ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.Slots.filter(function(el) { return el && (el.Position.toLowerCase() == "right" || (isDesktopResolution && !isStoryFullLayout && el.Position.toLowerCase() == "preferright")) && (el.Group || "").split(',').filter(function(subel) { return subel && subel != undefined; }).map(function(subel) { return subel.toLowerCase(); }).some(function(subel) { return allAddRHCGroups.indexOf(subel) != -1 || allAddRHCGroups.indexOf('[all]') != -1; }) && !(el.Group || "").split(',').filter(function(subel) { return subel && subel != undefined; }).map(function(subel) { return subel.toLowerCase(); }).some(function(subel) { return allRemoveRHCGroups.indexOf(subel) != -1 || allRemoveRHCGroups.indexOf('[all]') != -1; }); }) : []; storyInlineContent.forEach( (c, ix) => c.inlineIndex = ix ); storyRHCContent.forEach( (c, ix) => c.rhcIndex = ix ); var googletag = w.googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; if( isNumberPositive(maxInlineSlots) ){ //PWVD-781 for(var tmpCounter = 0, i = 0, eL = storyCustomContentPlaceholders.length, adThresholdCounter = 1; i < eL; i++) { var currentIsPara = matches(storyCustomContentPlaceholders[i], 'p:not([class])'); var nextIsPara = (i + 1 < eL) && matches(storyCustomContentPlaceholders[i + 1], 'p:not([class])'); if( currentIsPara && !nextIsPara ){ //PWVD-897 - count paragraphs followed by any other element if(adThresholdCounter < (tmpCounter == 0 ? paragraphFirstThreshold : paragraphThreshold)) { adThresholdCounter++; continue; } } else if( currentIsPara && nextIsPara ) { if(adThresholdCounter < (tmpCounter == 0 ? paragraphFirstThreshold : paragraphThreshold)) { adThresholdCounter++; continue; } tmpCounter++; adThresholdCounter = 1; storyCustomContentPlaceholders[i].outerHTML = storyCustomContentPlaceholders[i].outerHTML + "<div class=\"story-inlinecontent-placeholder story-inlinecontent-placeholder-init item-notin-viewport\" data-storyinlinecontainer=\"" + tmpCounter + "\"><div class=\"story-inlinecontent-placeholder-inner\" data-id=\"story-inline-item-" + tmpCounter + "\" data-storyinlineitem=\"" + tmpCounter + "\"></div></div>"; if(tmpCounter >= maxInlineSlots && maxInlineSlots) break; } } } if(d.querySelector('#story.enhanced-advertising:not(.story-full-layout) #rightcolumn_sleeve')) { if(!(d.body.id == "story" || d.body.id == "story_custom") && !d.querySelector('.storytext div.table-full:not(.initialized)')) { w.addEventListener("abacus:storytexttablefull:finished", function(e) { adjustRHCHeightAndInitialAds(); }, true); } else { adjustRHCHeightAndInitialAds(); } } if('IntersectionObserver' in w && 'IntersectionObserverEntry' in w && 'intersectionRatio' in w.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype) { d.querySelectorAll('.story-inlinecontent-placeholder.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-init').forEach(function(el) { if(el) { var inlineAdsObserver = new IntersectionObserver(function(entries) { return inlineAdsObserverCallback(entries); }, { root: null, rootMargin: "50px 0px 50px 0px", threshold: [0, 0.01, 0.99, 1] }); inlineAdsObserver.observe(el); } }); var inlineAdsObserverCallback = function(entries) { return entries.forEach(function(entry, i) { if(entry.isIntersecting) { entry.target.classList.remove('item-notin-viewport'); entry.target.classList.add('item-in-viewport'); } else { entry.target.classList.remove('item-in-viewport'); entry.target.classList.add('item-notin-viewport'); } }); }; d.querySelectorAll('.storytext-end, #rhcreflow-extra-end').forEach(function(el) { if(el) { var adsInViewportObserver = new IntersectionObserver(function(entries) { return adsInViewportObserverCallback(entries); }, { root: null, rootMargin: "0px 0px 200px 0px", threshold: [1] }); adsInViewportObserver.observe(el); } }); var adsInViewportObserverCallback = function(entries) { return entries.forEach(function(entry, i) { if(entry.isIntersecting) { if(entry.target.classList.contains('storytext-end') && d.body.classList.contains('enhanced-advertising-inline-init')) { d.body.classList.add('enhanced-advertising-storytext-endreached'); } // RHC is empty at load time so it always fires as in viewport, need to check whether rhc ads slots already init if(entry.target.classList.contains('rhcreflow-extra-end') && d.body.classList.contains('enhanced-advertising-rhc-init')) { d.body.classList.add('enhanced-advertising-rhc-endreached'); } /* if(entry.target.id === 'rhcreflow-extra'){ //Fix for issue when RHC is not in initial viewport if( location.host.indexOf('abasoftaws.co.uk') > 0 ) console.log('New observer callback'); readjusRHCHeight(); } */ } }); }; } var inlineEl = d.querySelector('.story-inlinecontent-placeholder.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-init:not(.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-completed):not(.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-processing)'); if(inlineEl) { googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; googletag.cmd.push(function() { d.body.classList.add('enhanced-advertising-inline-init'); insertInlineSlot(inlineEl); console.log('Init inline ad slot load'); }); } function slotRender(event){ var el, slot = event.slot, slotId = slot.getSlotElementId(); if(enhAdDebug) console.log('Slot render: ' + slotId); if(slotId == 'custom-inline'){ el = document.querySelector(`div.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-inner[data-id="story-inline-item-${event.dataId}"]`); //Get inline slot (does not have ID) //if(!el) // el = document.querySelector(`div.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-inner[data-id="story-inline-item-${event.inlineIndex+1}"]`); } else el = d.getElementById(slotId); if(el) { var minHeight = 0; var parentInlineNode = getClosestParent(el, '.story-inlinecontent-placeholder'); var parentRHCNode = getClosestParent(el, '.story-rhccontent-placeholder'); if(parentInlineNode || parentRHCNode) { var classList = el.classList; if(parentInlineNode) { parentInlineNode.classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-ad'); var index = parseInt(parentInlineNode.hasAttribute('data-index') ? parentInlineNode.getAttribute('data-index') : '0', 10); if(!event.isEmpty) { classList.add('ad'); classList.add('mob-ad-50'); classList.add('ad-story-inline'); classList.add('ad-story-inline-notempty'); parentInlineNode.classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-ad-size-' + event.size.join('x')); parentInlineNode.setAttribute('data-slot', slot.getAdUnitPath()); var currentInlineSlot = storyInlineContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Index == index; }); if(currentInlineSlot.length) { minHeight = currentInlineSlot[0].MinHeight; if(currentInlineSlot[0].Repeat == false) { currentInlineSlot[0].Used = true; } } else { console.log('Slot with index [data-index="' + index + '"] was not found'); } parentInlineNode.classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-finished'); insertInlineSlot(d.querySelector('.story-inlinecontent-placeholder.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-init:not(.story-inlinecontent-processing)')); } else { classList.add('ad-story-inline-isempty'); var currentInlineSlot = storyInlineContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Index == index; }); if(currentInlineSlot.length) { minHeight = currentInlineSlot[0].MinHeight; currentInlineSlot[0].Used = true; } else { console.log('Slot with index [data-index="' + index + '"] was not found'); } if(parentInlineNode && parentInlineNode.hasAttribute('data-nobackfill')) { if(parentInlineNode.getAttribute('data-nobackfill') == '1') { updateInlinePlaceholderClasses(parentInlineNode, event.isEmpty, minHeight); if(!storyInlineContent.some(function(el) { return el.Used == false; })) { finalizeRemainingEmptyInlineSlotContainers(parentInlineNode.classList, true); } else { insertInlineSlot(d.querySelector('.story-inlinecontent-placeholder.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-init:not(.story-inlinecontent-processing)')); } initRHCHeightCalc(); return; } } // Move to next from the list if( storyInlineContent.some( function(e){ return e.Used == false; } ) ) { if(enhAdDebug) console.log('slotRender: parentInlineNode: Move to next from the list') var adRetryCssClass = 'ad-story-inline-retry'; var nextInlineSlotList = storyInlineContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Index > index && e.Used == false; }); if(!nextInlineSlotList.length) { // select repeatable ads nextInlineSlotList = storyInlineContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Used == false && e.Index > index && e.Repeat == true; }); if(!nextInlineSlotList.length) { // if no repeatable ads by indexed order then start from the beginning or just pick any existing nextInlineSlotList = storyInlineContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Used == false && e.Repeat == true; }); if(!nextInlineSlotList.length) { // no more ads to add d.body.classList.add('enhanced-advertising-inline-runoutofslots'); finalizeRemainingEmptyInlineSlotContainers(parentInlineNode.classList, true); updateInlinePlaceholderClasses(parentInlineNode, event.isEmpty, minHeight); initRHCHeightCalc(); return; } } } var mapInlineAdItem = nextInlineSlotList[0]; var refresh = EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.Refresh; googletag.destroySlots([slot]); if(mapInlineAdItem.Refresh) { refresh = mapInlineAdItem.Refresh; } if(mapInlineAdItem.Repeat) { parentInlineNode.classList.remove('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-repeat-false'); parentInlineNode.classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-repeat-true'); } else { parentInlineNode.classList.remove('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-repeat-true'); parentInlineNode.classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-repeat-false'); } var mapInlineAdItemSlot = googletag.defineSlot(mapInlineAdItem.AdUnit, isDesktopResolution ? mapInlineAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineDesktop : mapInlineAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineMobile, slotId); if(mapInlineAdItemSlot) { mapInlineAdItemSlot.defineSizeMapping(googletag.sizeMapping().build()).setTargeting('refresh', (refresh ? 'true' : 'false')).setTargeting('refreshdelayseconds', mapInlineAdItem.RefreshDelaySeconds || (isDesktopResolution ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RefreshDelaySecondsDefaultDesktop : EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RefreshDelaySecondsDefaultMobile)).setCollapseEmptyDiv(EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.CollapseEmptyDivs, false).addService(googletag.pubads()); } else { console.warn('Something wrong with inline ad slot \'' + slotId + '\', size(s) \'' + (isDesktopResolution ? mapInlineAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineDesktop : mapInlineAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineMobile).join('x') + '\', path \'' + mapInlineAdItem.AdUnit + '\''); } googletag.display(slotId); el.classList.add(adRetryCssClass); parentInlineNode.setAttribute('data-index', mapInlineAdItem.Index); if(mapInlineAdItem.ExtraHTML) { var extraHTMLEl = parentInlineNode.querySelector('.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-ad-extrahtml'); if(extraHTMLEl) { extraHTMLEl.innerHTML = mapInlineAdItem.ExtraHTML; } } else { var extraHTMLEl = parentInlineNode.querySelector('.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-ad-extrahtml'); if(extraHTMLEl) { extraHTMLEl.innerHTML = ''; } } } else { // no slots to add.. finalizeRemainingEmptyInlineSlotContainers(parentInlineNode.classList, true); } } } else if(parentRHCNode) { parentRHCNode.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad'); var index = parseInt(parentRHCNode.hasAttribute('data-index') ? parentRHCNode.getAttribute('data-index') : '0', 10); if(!event.isEmpty) { classList.add('ad-rhc'); classList.add('ad-story-rhc'); classList.add('ad-story-rhc-notempty'); parentRHCNode.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad-size-' + event.size.join('x')); parentRHCNode.setAttribute('data-slot', slot.getAdUnitPath()); var currentRHCSlot = storyRHCContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Index == index; }); if(currentRHCSlot.length) { minHeight = currentRHCSlot[0].MinHeight; if(currentRHCSlot[0].Repeat == false) { currentRHCSlot[0].Used = true; } if(currentRHCSlot[0].InsertIfNoRHCSpace) { currentRHCSlot[0].InsertIfNoRHCSpace = false; } } else { console.log('Slot with index [data-index="' + index + '"] was not found'); } parentRHCNode.classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-isempty'); parentRHCNode.classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-notempty'); parentRHCNode.classList.add((event.isEmpty ? 'story-rhccontent-placeholder-isempty' : 'story-rhccontent-placeholder-notempty')); parentRHCNode.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad-completed'); parentRHCNode.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-finished'); var canAddRHC = isStoryTextTallerThanRHC(); if( ( index > 0 && !d.body.classList.contains('enhanced-advertising-inline-completed') && parentRHCNode.classList.contains('story-rhccontent-placeholder-canbesticky') ) || ( canAddRHC.canAdd && parentRHCNode.classList.contains('story-rhccontent-placeholder-canbesticky') && canAddRHC.delta > EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RHCMinHeightForStickyAd ) ){ parentRHCNode.classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-canbesticky'); parentRHCNode.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-sticky'); } } else { classList.add('ad-story-rhc-isempty'); var currentRHCSlot = storyRHCContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Index == index; }); if(currentRHCSlot.length) { currentRHCSlot[0].Used = true; } else { console.log('Slot with index [data-index="' + index + '"] was not found'); } if(parentRHCNode && parentRHCNode.hasAttribute('data-nobackfill')) { if(parentRHCNode.getAttribute('data-nobackfill') == '1') { updateRHCPlaceholderClasses(parentRHCNode, event.isEmpty); if(!storyRHCContent.some(function(el) { return el.Used == false; })) { d.body.classList.add('enhanced-advertising-rhc-runoutofslots'); finalizeRemainingEmptyRHCSlotContainers(parentRHCNode.classList, true); } initRHCHeightCalc(); return; } } // Move to next from the list if(enhAdDebug){ console.log('slotRender: parentRHCNode: storyRHCContent: index: ' + index); console.log(storyRHCContent); } if(storyRHCContent.some(function(e) { return e.Used == false; })) { var adRetryCssClass = 'ad-story-rhc-retry'; var nextRHCSlotList = storyRHCContent.filter(function(e) { if(enhAdDebug) console.log('%c Current index: ' + e.Index + ', slot data index: ' + index, 'color: #0C6') return e.Index > index && e.Used == false; }); if(enhAdDebug){ console.log('%c slotRender: parentRHCNode: Moved to next from the list', 'color: #06C'); console.log(nextRHCSlotList); } if(!nextRHCSlotList.length) { // select repeatable ads nextRHCSlotList = storyRHCContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Used == false && e.Index > index && e.Repeat == true; }); if(!nextRHCSlotList.length) { // if no repeatable ads by indexed order then start from the beginning or just pick any existing nextRHCSlotList = storyRHCContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Used == false && e.Repeat == true; }); if(!nextRHCSlotList.length) { // no more ads to add finalizeRemainingEmptyRHCSlotContainers(parentRHCNode.classList, false); //updateRHCPlaceholderClasses(parentRHCNode, event.isEmpty, minHeight); updateRHCPlaceholderClasses(parentRHCNode, event.isEmpty); initRHCHeightCalc(); return; } } } var mapRHCAdItem = nextRHCSlotList[0]; var refresh = EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.Refresh; googletag.destroySlots([slot]); if(mapRHCAdItem.Refresh) { refresh = mapRHCAdItem.Refresh; } if(mapRHCAdItem.Repeat) { parentRHCNode.classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-repeat-false'); parentRHCNode.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-repeat-true'); } else { parentRHCNode.classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-repeat-true'); parentRHCNode.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-repeat-false'); } if(mapRHCAdItem.Type == 'customcontent'){ //Custom content (RSCCS-540) if(enhAdDebug) console.log('Next RHC config item is custom content'); adjustRHCHeightAndInitialAds(); } else if(mapRHCAdItem.AdUnit){ //Google ad var mapInlineAdItemSlot = googletag.defineSlot(mapRHCAdItem.AdUnit, isDesktopResolution ? mapRHCAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineDesktop : mapRHCAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineMobile, slotId); if(mapInlineAdItemSlot) { mapInlineAdItemSlot.defineSizeMapping( googletag.sizeMapping().build() ).setTargeting( 'refresh', (refresh ? 'true' : 'false') ).setTargeting( 'refreshdelayseconds', mapRHCAdItem.RefreshDelaySeconds || (isDesktopResolution ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RefreshDelaySecondsDefaultDesktop : EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RefreshDelaySecondsDefaultMobile) ).setCollapseEmptyDiv( EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.CollapseEmptyDivs, false ).addService( googletag.pubads() ); } else { console.warn('SlotRender: Something wrong with RHC ad slot \'' + slotId + '\', size(s) \'' + (isDesktopResolution ? mapRHCAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineDesktop : mapRHCAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineMobile).join('x') + '\', path \'' + mapRHCAdItem.AdUnit + '\''); } googletag.display(slotId); } el.classList.add(adRetryCssClass); parentRHCNode.setAttribute('data-index', mapRHCAdItem.Index); if(mapRHCAdItem.ExtraHTML) { var extraHTMLEl = parentRHCNode.querySelector('.story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad-extrahtml'); if(extraHTMLEl) { extraHTMLEl.innerHTML = mapRHCAdItem.ExtraHTML; } } else { var extraHTMLEl = parentRHCNode.querySelector('.story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad-extrahtml'); if(extraHTMLEl) { extraHTMLEl.innerHTML = ''; } } } else { // no slots to add.. finalizeRemainingEmptyRHCSlotContainers(parentRHCNode.classList, false); } } } if(parentInlineNode) { updateInlinePlaceholderClasses(parentInlineNode, event.isEmpty, minHeight); } else { //updateRHCPlaceholderClasses(parentRHCNode, event.isEmpty, minHeight); updateRHCPlaceholderClasses(parentRHCNode, event.isEmpty); } } } initRHCHeightCalc(); } googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRequested', function(event) { var slot = event.slot; var el = d.getElementById(slot.getSlotElementId()); if(el) { var parentInlineNode = getClosestParent(el, '.story-inlinecontent-placeholder'); var parentRHCNode = getClosestParent(el, '.story-rhccontent-placeholder'); if(parentInlineNode || parentRHCNode) { if(parentInlineNode) { parentInlineNode.classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-ad-init'); } else { parentRHCNode.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad-init'); } } } }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { var sId = event.slot.getSlotElementId(); if( enhAdDebug && sId.includes('story-rhcad') || sId.includes('story-inlinead') ){ console.log(`%c Slot RENDER END (${sId})`, 'color: #FE2ACA'); console.log(event); //loadOrRender(sId, 'render', event); } slotRender(event); }); if(enhAdDebug){ //Track slot load events googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotOnload', (evLoad) => { var sId = evLoad.slot.getSlotElementId(); if( sId.includes('story-rhcad') || sId.includes('story-inlinead') ){ console.log(`%c Slot LOAD (${ evLoad.slot.getSlotElementId() })`, 'color: #C00;'); console.log(event); //loadOrRender(sId, 'load'); } }); } googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotVisibilityChanged', function(event) { var slot = event.slot; if(slot.getTargeting('refresh').indexOf('true') > -1 && event.inViewPercentage > 0) { var el = d.getElementById(slot.getSlotElementId()); var parentStoryInlineNode = getClosestParent(el, '.ad-story-inline'); var parentStoryRHCNode = getClosestParent(el, '.ad-story-rhc'); if(parentStoryInlineNode || parentStoryRHCNode) { if(parentStoryInlineNode) { var inlineEl = getClosestParent(el, '.story-inlinecontent-placeholder'); if(inlineEl) { if(inlineEl.hasAttribute('data-shouldrefresh')) { var shouldRefresh = inlineEl.getAttribute('data-shouldrefresh'); if(shouldRefresh && shouldRefresh == '1') { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().refresh([slot], { changeCorrelator: false }); }); var classList = parentStoryInlineNode.classList; var cssClassName = 'ad-story-inline-refreshed-'; var cssClassCounter = 1; for(var i = 0, c = parentStoryInlineNode.className.split(' '), iL = c.length; i < iL; i++) { var v = c[i]; if(v.indexOf(cssClassName) != -1) { cssClassCounter = parseInt(v.split(cssClassName).join(''), 10) + 1; classList.remove(v); break; } } classList.add(cssClassName + cssClassCounter); classList.add('ad-story-inline-refreshed'); inlineEl.setAttribute('data-shouldrefresh', '0'); } } } } else { var rhcEl = getClosestParent(el, '.story-rhccontent-placeholder'); if(rhcEl) { if(rhcEl.hasAttribute('data-shouldrefresh')) { var shouldRefresh = rhcEl.getAttribute('data-shouldrefresh'); if(shouldRefresh && shouldRefresh == '1') { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().refresh([slot], { changeCorrelator: false }); }); var classList = parentStoryRHCNode.classList; var cssClassName = 'ad-story-rhc-refreshed-'; var cssClassCounter = 1; for(var i = 0, c = parentStoryRHCNode.className.split(' '), iL = c.length; i < iL; i++) { var v = c[i]; if(v.indexOf(cssClassName) != -1) { cssClassCounter = parseInt(v.split(cssClassName).join(''), 10) + 1; classList.remove(v); break; } } classList.add(cssClassName + cssClassCounter); classList.add('ad-story-rhc-refreshed'); rhcEl.setAttribute('data-shouldrefresh', '0'); } } } } } } }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function(event) { var slot = event.slot; if(slot.getTargeting('refresh').indexOf('true') > -1) { var refreshdelayseconds = slot.getTargeting('refreshdelayseconds').length ? parseInt(slot.getTargeting('refreshdelayseconds')[0], 10) : 0; if(refreshdelayseconds) { setTimeout(function() { var el = d.getElementById(slot.getSlotElementId()); var parentStoryInlineNode = getClosestParent(el, '.ad-story-inline'); var parentStoryRHCNode = getClosestParent(el, '.ad-story-rhc'); if(parentStoryInlineNode) { var inlineEl = getClosestParent(el, '.story-inlinecontent-placeholder'); if(inlineEl) { if(inlineEl.classList.contains('item-in-viewport')) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().refresh([slot], { changeCorrelator: false }); }); var classList = parentStoryInlineNode.classList; var cssClassName = 'ad-story-inline-refreshed-'; var cssClassCounter = 1; for(var i = 0, c = parentStoryInlineNode.className.split(' '), iL = c.length; i < iL; i++) { var v = c[i]; if(v.indexOf(cssClassName) != -1) { cssClassCounter = parseInt(v.split(cssClassName).join(''), 10) + 1; classList.remove(v); break; } } classList.add(cssClassName + cssClassCounter); inlineEl.setAttribute('data-shouldrefresh', '0'); } else { inlineEl.setAttribute('data-shouldrefresh', '1'); } } } else if(parentStoryRHCNode) { var rhcEl = getClosestParent(el, '.story-rhccontent-placeholder'); if(rhcEl) { if(rhcEl.classList.contains('item-in-viewport')) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().refresh([slot], { changeCorrelator: false }); }); var classList = parentStoryRHCNode.classList; var cssClassName = 'ad-story-rhc-refreshed-'; var cssClassCounter = 1; for(var i = 0, c = parentStoryRHCNode.className.split(' '), iL = c.length; i < iL; i++) { var v = c[i]; if(v.indexOf(cssClassName) != -1) { cssClassCounter = parseInt(v.split(cssClassName).join(''), 10) + 1; classList.remove(v); break; } } classList.add(cssClassName + cssClassCounter); rhcEl.setAttribute('data-shouldrefresh', '0'); } else { rhcEl.setAttribute('data-shouldrefresh', '1'); } } } }, refreshdelayseconds * 1000); } else { console.log('Ad refresh delay in seconds is incorrect (slot: ' + slot.getSlotElementId() + '): ', refreshdelayseconds); } } }); }); function isBoolean(n) { return !!n === n; } function isNumber(n) { return +n === n; } function isString(n) { return '' + n === n; } function isNumberPositive(n) { return +n === n && n > 0; } function isNumberPositiveOrZero(n) { return +n === n && n >= 0; } function isArrayOfArrays(a) { return a.every(function(x) { return Array.isArray(x); }); } function getAbsoluteHeight(element) { if(!element) return 0; var styles = w.getComputedStyle(element); var margin = parseFloat(styles['margin-top']) + parseFloat(styles['margin-bottom']); var minHeight = element.clientHeight; return Math.ceil(minHeight ? minHeight + margin : element.offsetHeight + margin); } function updateRHCContainerState() { var classList = d.body.classList; if(!d.querySelectorAll('#rhcreflow-extra .story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed').length) { d.body.classList.add('enhanced-advertising-rhc-empty'); } else { d.body.classList.remove('enhanced-advertising-rhc-empty'); } } function insertRHCSlot(el) { if(el) { el.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-processing'); } if(el && storyRHCContent.some(function(e) { return e.Used == false; })) { var classList = el.classList; var placeholder = el.querySelector('[data-id]'); var tempFilteredRHCAds = storyRHCContent; if(placeholder) { var elemsIndexes = d.querySelectorAll('.story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed[data-index]'); var slotIndex = elemsIndexes.length ? parseInt(elemsIndexes[elemsIndexes.length - 1].getAttribute('data-index'), 10) : -1; tempFilteredRHCAds = storyRHCContent.filter(function(e) { return slotIndex < e.Index && e.Used == false; }); if(!tempFilteredRHCAds.length) { tempFilteredRHCAds = storyRHCContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Used == false && slotIndex < e.Index && e.Repeat == true; }); } if(!tempFilteredRHCAds.length) { tempFilteredRHCAds = storyRHCContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Used == false && e.Repeat == true; }); } if(!tempFilteredRHCAds.length) { finalizeRemainingEmptyRHCSlotContainers(classList, false); return; } var mapRHCAdItem = tempFilteredRHCAds[0]; classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-init'); classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-processing'); classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed'); if(mapRHCAdItem.CSSClass) { mapRHCAdItem.CSSClass.split(' ').forEach(function(elem) { if(elem) { classList.add(elem); } }); } if(mapRHCAdItem.Type == 'gamadvert') { if(placeholder) { var refresh = EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.Refresh; el.setAttribute('data-storycustomcontent', '0'); if(mapRHCAdItem.Sticky) { classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-canbesticky'); placeholder.classList.add('sticky'); } if(mapRHCAdItem.NoBackfill) { el.setAttribute('data-nobackfill', '1'); } else { el.setAttribute('data-nobackfill', '0'); } if(mapRHCAdItem.Refresh) { refresh = mapRHCAdItem.Refresh; } var mapRHCAdItemSlot = googletag.defineSlot(mapRHCAdItem.AdUnit, mapRHCAdItem.AdUnitSizesRHC, 'story-rhcad-' + rhcAdCounter); if(mapRHCAdItemSlot) { mapRHCAdItemSlot.defineSizeMapping(googletag.sizeMapping().build()).setTargeting('refresh', (refresh ? 'true' : 'false')).setTargeting('refreshdelayseconds', mapRHCAdItem.RefreshDelaySeconds || (isDesktopResolution ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RefreshDelaySecondsDefaultDesktop : EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RefreshDelaySecondsDefaultMobile)).setCollapseEmptyDiv(EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.CollapseEmptyDivs, false).addService(googletag.pubads()); } else { console.warn('Something wrong with rhc ad slot \'' + 'story-rhcad-' + rhcAdCounter + '\', size(s) \'' + mapRHCAdItem.AdUnitSizesRHC.join('x') + '\', path \'' + mapRHCAdItem.AdUnit + '\''); } if(refresh) { el.setAttribute('data-shouldrefresh', '0'); classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-refresh-true'); } else { classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-refresh-false'); } classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad'); placeholder.id = 'story-rhcad-' + rhcAdCounter; placeholder.outerHTML = '<div class="story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad-extrahtml">' + mapRHCAdItem.ExtraHTML + '</div>' + placeholder.outerHTML; el.setAttribute('data-slot', mapRHCAdItem.AdUnit); googletag.display('story-rhcad-' + rhcAdCounter); $(w).trigger("wvcfe:storyrhcaditeminit", [$(el), $(placeholder), mapRHCAdItem, rhcAdCounter, rhcCounter, false, 'rhc', mapRHCAdItem.Type]); if(mapRHCAdItem.CustomEventName) { $(w).trigger(mapRHCAdItem.CustomEventName, [el, placeholder, mapRHCAdItem, rhcAdCounter, rhcCounter, false, 'rhc', mapRHCAdItem.Type]); } if(mapRHCAdItem.Javascript) { if(typeof mapRHCAdItem.Javascript === 'function') { mapRHCAdItem.Javascript.call(this, el, placeholder, mapRHCAdItem, rhcAdCounter, rhcCounter, false, 'rhc', mapRHCAdItem.Type); } } rhcAdCounter++; } } else if(mapRHCAdItem.Type == 'customcontent') { el.setAttribute('data-storycustomcontent', '1'); classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-customcontent'); if(placeholder) { placeholder.innerHTML = mapRHCAdItem.HTML; classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-notempty'); $(w).trigger("wvcfe:storyrhcitemajaxinit", [$(el), $(placeholder), mapRHCAdItem, rhcCounter, false, 'rhc', mapRHCAdItem.Type]); if(mapRHCAdItem.CustomEventName) { $(w).trigger(mapRHCAdItem.CustomEventName, [$(el), $(placeholder), mapRHCAdItem, rhcCounter, false, 'rhc', mapRHCAdItem.Type]); } if(mapRHCAdItem.Javascript) { if(typeof mapRHCAdItem.Javascript === 'function') { mapRHCAdItem.Javascript.call(this, el, placeholder, mapRHCAdItem, rhcCounter, false, 'rhc', mapRHCAdItem.Type); } } el.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-finished'); } } el.setAttribute('data-index', mapRHCAdItem.Index); rhcCounter++; } else { console.log('Missing placeholder: [data-id="story-rhc-item-' + rhcCounter + '"]'); } } else if(el) { // All slots are used, mark current slot placeholder and the rest ones as completed and used var classList = el.classList; finalizeRemainingEmptyRHCSlotContainers(classList, false); } else { console.log('Missing RHC element'); } } function insertInlineSlot(el) { if(el) { el.classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-processing'); } if(el && storyInlineContent.some(function(e) { return e.Used == false; })) { var classList = el.classList; var placeholder = el.querySelector('[data-id]'); var tempFilteredInlineAds = storyInlineContent; if(placeholder) { var elemsIndexes = d.querySelectorAll('.story-inlinecontent-placeholder.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-completed[data-index]'); var slotIndex = elemsIndexes.length ? parseInt(elemsIndexes[elemsIndexes.length - 1].getAttribute('data-index'), 10) : -1; tempFilteredInlineAds = storyInlineContent.filter(function(e){ return slotIndex < e.Index && e.Used == false; }); if(!tempFilteredInlineAds.length) { tempFilteredInlineAds = storyInlineContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Used == false && slotIndex < e.Index && e.Repeat == true; }); if(!tempFilteredInlineAds.length) { // start from the first repeatable ad index tempFilteredInlineAds = storyInlineContent.filter(function(e) { return e.Used == false && e.Repeat == true; }); if(!tempFilteredInlineAds.length) { finalizeRemainingEmptyInlineSlotContainers(classList, true); return; } } } var mapInlineAdItem = tempFilteredInlineAds[0]; classList.remove('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-init'); classList.remove('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-processing'); classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-completed'); if(mapInlineAdItem.CSSClass) { mapInlineAdItem.CSSClass.split(' ').forEach(function(elem) { if(elem) { classList.add(elem); } }); } if(mapInlineAdItem.Type == 'gamadvert') { var refresh = EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.Refresh; el.setAttribute('data-storycustomcontent', '0'); el.classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-ad'); if(mapInlineAdItem.Sticky) { classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-sticky'); placeholder.classList.add('sticky'); } if(mapInlineAdItem.NoBackfill) { el.setAttribute('data-nobackfill', '1'); } else { el.setAttribute('data-nobackfill', '0'); } if(mapInlineAdItem.Repeat) { classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-repeat-true'); } else { classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-repeat-false'); } if(mapInlineAdItem.Refresh) { refresh = mapInlineAdItem.Refresh; } var mapInlineAdItemSlot = googletag.defineSlot(mapInlineAdItem.AdUnit, isDesktopResolution ? mapInlineAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineDesktop : mapInlineAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineMobile, 'story-inlinead-' + inlineAdCounter); if(mapInlineAdItemSlot) { mapInlineAdItemSlot.defineSizeMapping(googletag.sizeMapping().build()).setTargeting('refresh', (refresh ? 'true' : 'false')).setTargeting('refreshdelayseconds', mapInlineAdItem.RefreshDelaySeconds || (isDesktopResolution ? EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RefreshDelaySecondsDefaultDesktop : EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RefreshDelaySecondsDefaultMobile)).setCollapseEmptyDiv(EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.CollapseEmptyDivs, false).addService(googletag.pubads()); } else { console.warn('Something wrong with inline ad slot \'' + 'story-inlinead-' + inlineAdCounter + '\', size(s) \'' + (isDesktopResolution ? mapInlineAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineDesktop : mapInlineAdItem.AdUnitSizesInlineMobile).join('x') + '\', path \'' + mapInlineAdItem.AdUnit + '\''); } if(refresh) { el.setAttribute('data-shouldrefresh', '0'); classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-refresh-true'); } else { classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-refresh-false'); } placeholder.id = 'story-inlinead-' + inlineAdCounter; placeholder.outerHTML = '<div class="story-inlinecontent-placeholder-ad-extrahtml">' + mapInlineAdItem.ExtraHTML + '</div>' + placeholder.outerHTML; el.setAttribute('data-slot', mapInlineAdItem.AdUnit); googletag.display('story-inlinead-' + inlineAdCounter); $(w).trigger("wvcfe:storyinlineaditeminit", [$(el), $(placeholder), mapInlineAdItem, inlineAdCounter, inlineCounter, false, 'inline', mapInlineAdItem.Type]); if(mapInlineAdItem.CustomEventName) { $(w).trigger(mapInlineAdItem.CustomEventName, [el, placeholder, mapInlineAdItem, inlineAdCounter, inlineCounter, false, 'inline', mapInlineAdItem.Type]); } if(mapInlineAdItem.Javascript) { if(typeof mapInlineAdItem.Javascript === 'function') { mapInlineAdItem.Javascript.call(this, el, placeholder, mapInlineAdItem, inlineAdCounter, inlineCounter, false, 'inline', mapInlineAdItem.Type); } } inlineAdCounter++; } else if(mapInlineAdItem.Type == 'customcontent') { el.setAttribute('data-storycustomcontent', '1'); el.classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-customcontent'); placeholder.innerHTML = mapInlineAdItem.HTML; $(w).trigger("wvcfe:storyinlineitemajaxinit", [$(el), $(placeholder), mapInlineAdItem, inlineCounter, false, 'inline', mapInlineAdItem.Type]); if(mapInlineAdItem.CustomEventName) { $(w).trigger(mapInlineAdItem.CustomEventName, [$(el), $(placeholder), mapInlineAdItem, inlineCounter, false, 'inline', mapInlineAdItem.Type]); } if(mapInlineAdItem.Javascript) { if(typeof mapInlineAdItem.Javascript === 'function') { mapInlineAdItem.Javascript.call(this, el, placeholder, mapInlineAdItem, inlineCounter, false, 'inline', mapInlineAdItem.Type.toLowerCase()); } } el.classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-finished'); var inlineCustomEvent = { dataId: (mapInlineAdItem.Index+1), slot: { getSlotElementId: function(){ return 'custom-inline'; }, getAdUnitPath: function(){return 'custom-inline'} }, isEmpty: false, size:[0,0] }; el.setAttribute('data-index', mapInlineAdItem.Index); slotRender(inlineCustomEvent); //$(w).trigger('abacus:inlinecontentrender', inlineCustomEvent); } el.setAttribute('data-index', mapInlineAdItem.Index); //el.setAttribute('data-index', inlineCounter); inlineCounter++; } else { console.log('Missing placeholder: [data-id="story-inline-item-' + inlineCounter + '"]'); } } else if(el) { // All slots are used, mark current slot placeholder and the rest ones as completed and used var classList = el.classList; finalizeRemainingEmptyInlineSlotContainers(classList, true); } else { console.log('Missing inline element'); } } function finalizeRemainingEmptyRHCSlotContainers(classList, processremaining) { classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-init'); classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-processing'); classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed'); classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-isempty'); classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-runoutofslots'); classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-finished'); if(processremaining) { for(var i = 0, elems = d.querySelectorAll('.story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-init:not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-processing)'), iL = elems.length; i < iL; i++) { var e = elems[i]; if(e) { var c = e.classList; c.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-init'); c.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed'); c.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-isempty'); c.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-runoutofslots'); c.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-finished'); } } } } function finalizeRemainingEmptyInlineSlotContainers(classList, processremaining) { classList.remove('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-init'); classList.remove('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-processing'); classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-completed'); classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-isempty'); classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-runoutofslots'); classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-finished'); if(processremaining) { for(var i = 0, elems = d.querySelectorAll('.story-inlinecontent-placeholder.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-init:not(.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-processing)'), iL = elems.length; i < iL; i++) { var e = elems[i]; if(e) { var c = e.classList; c.remove('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-init'); c.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-completed'); c.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-isempty'); c.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-runoutofslots'); c.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-finished'); } } } } function updateInlinePlaceholderClasses(node, status, minHeight) { node.classList.remove('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-isempty'); node.classList.remove('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-notempty'); node.classList.add((status ? 'story-inlinecontent-placeholder-isempty' : 'story-inlinecontent-placeholder-notempty')); node.classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-ad-completed'); if(!status) { var computedMinHeightValue = w.getComputedStyle(node).minHeight || 0; var computedMinHeight = parseInt(computedMinHeightValue, 10); if(minHeight > computedMinHeight) { node.style.minHeight = minHeight + 'px'; } } } function updateRHCPlaceholderClasses(node, status) { node.classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad-init'); node.classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-isempty'); node.classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-notempty'); node.classList.add((status ? 'story-rhccontent-placeholder-isempty' : 'story-rhccontent-placeholder-notempty')); node.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad-completed'); } function initRHCHeightCalc() { updateRHCFirstandLastItemStyles(); // readjust height if no in progress/loading ads as the height might change on storytext or RHC if(!d.querySelectorAll('#rhcreflow-extra .story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed.story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad-init').length) { readjusRHCHeight(); } else { setTimeout(function() { initRHCHeightCalc(); }, 0); } } function isInViewport(element) { var rect = element.getBoundingClientRect(); var height = w.innerHeight || d.documentElement.clientHeight; var width = w.innerWidth || d.documentElement.clientWidth; return ( rect.right >= 0 && rect.bottom >= 0 && rect.left <= width && rect.top <= height ); } function processElementsInViewport() { var adsInlinePlaceholders = d.querySelectorAll('.storytext .story-inlinecontent-placeholder'); //PWVD-893 : change from rhccontent var adsRHCPlaceholders = d.querySelectorAll('#rhcreflow-extra .story-rhccontent-placeholder'); if(adsInlinePlaceholders || adsRHCPlaceholders) { if(adsInlinePlaceholders) { adsInlinePlaceholders.forEach(function(el) { var classList = el.classList; if(!isInViewport(el)) { classList.remove('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-isinviewport'); classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-isnotinviewport'); } else { classList.remove('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-isnotinviewport'); classList.add('story-inlinecontent-placeholder-isinviewport'); } }); } else { adsRHCPlaceholders.forEach(function(el) { var classList = el.classList; if(!isInViewport(el)) { classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-isinviewport'); classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-isnotinviewport'); } else { classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-isnotinviewport'); classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-isinviewport'); } }); } } } function adjustRHCHeightAndInitialAds() { var output = []; var googletag = w.googletag || {}; var rhcreflowExtra = d.querySelector('#rhcreflow-extra'); if(rhcreflowExtra) { rhcreflowExtra.innerHTML = ''; minRHCSlotsToFitIn = (minRHCSlots > 0 ? minRHCSlots : 2); maxRHCSlotsToFitIn = (maxRHCSlots > 0 ? maxRHCSlots : 0); for(var i = 0, iL = Math.max(storyRHCContent.length, maxRHCSlotsToFitIn); i < iL; i++) { rhcCounter = i + 1; output.push("<div class=\"story-rhccontent-placeholder story-rhccontent-placeholder-init item-notin-viewport\" data-storyrhccontainer=\"" + rhcCounter + "\"><div class=\"story-rhccontent-placeholder-inner\" data-id=\"story-rhc-item-" + rhcCounter + "\" data-storyrhcitem=\"" + rhcCounter + "\"></div></div>"); if(rhcCounter >= maxRHCSlotsToFitIn) break; } d.querySelector('#rhcreflow-extra').innerHTML = output.join(''); if('IntersectionObserver' in w && 'IntersectionObserverEntry' in w && 'intersectionRatio' in w.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype) { d.querySelectorAll('.story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-init').forEach(function(el) { if(el) { observer = new IntersectionObserver(function(entries) { return observerCallback(entries); }, { root: null, rootMargin: "50px 0px 50px 0px", threshold: [0, 0.01, 0.99, 1] }); observer.observe(el); } }); var observerCallback = function(entries) { return entries.forEach(function(entry, i) { if(entry.isIntersecting) { entry.target.classList.remove('item-notin-viewport'); entry.target.classList.add('item-in-viewport'); } else { entry.target.classList.remove('item-in-viewport'); entry.target.classList.add('item-notin-viewport'); } }); } } googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var rhcEl = d.querySelector('.story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-init:not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed):not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-processing)'); var hasAnyRHCLoadedBefore = d.querySelectorAll('.story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed'); if(rhcEl && !hasAnyRHCLoadedBefore.length) { insertRHCSlot(rhcEl); d.body.classList.add('enhanced-advertising-rhc-init'); } }); updateRHCContainerState(); } } function isStoryTextTallerThanRHC() { var calcHeight = 0; if(w.matchMedia("screen and (min-width: 1023px)").matches && !d.body.classList.contains('story-full-layout')) { var h = 0, colmain = d.getElementById('colmain').clientHeight; d.querySelectorAll('#rightcolumn_sleeve > *:not(#rhcreflow-extra)').forEach(function(item) { h = getAbsoluteHeight(item); item.setAttribute('data-height', h); calcHeight += h; }); d.querySelectorAll('#rhcreflow-extra > *').forEach(function(item) { h = getAbsoluteHeight(item); item.setAttribute('data-height', h); calcHeight += h; }); return { "canAdd": colmain > calcHeight, "delta": colmain - calcHeight }; } else { return { "canAdd": false, "delta": 0 }; } } function canAddRHCItem() { // check whether inline and RHC ads finished loading, otherwise ignore var storyRHCSlotHeight = EnhancedAdvertisingConfig.RHCMinHeightForSlotInsert; var calcHeight = 0; if(w.matchMedia("screen and (min-width: 1023px)").matches && !d.body.classList.contains('story-full-layout')) { var h = 0, innerChild = 0; d.querySelectorAll('#rightcolumn_sleeve > *:not(#rhcreflow-extra)').forEach(function(item) { h = getAbsoluteHeight(item); item.setAttribute('data-height', h); calcHeight += h; }); d.querySelectorAll('#rhcreflow-extra > *').forEach(function(item) { //innerChild = (item || item.querySelector('.story-rhccontent-placeholder-inner') || item.firstChild); //h = getAbsoluteHeight(innerChild); //if (h == 0) { // h = getAbsoluteHeight(item); //} h = getAbsoluteHeight(item); item.setAttribute('data-height', h); calcHeight += h; }); var result = { "canAddRHCItem": d.getElementById('colmain').clientHeight > calcHeight + storyRHCSlotHeight, "colmainTaller": d.getElementById('colmain').clientHeight > calcHeight }; return result; } else { return { "canAddRHCItem": false, "colmainTaller": false }; } } function readjusRHCHeight() { if(w.matchMedia("screen and (min-width: 1023px)").matches && !d.body.classList.contains('story-full-layout')) { d.getElementById('rightcolumn_sleeve').style.minHeight = d.getElementById('colmain').clientHeight + 'px'; } var elemsIndexes = d.querySelectorAll('.story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed[data-index]'); var slotIndex = elemsIndexes.length ? parseInt(elemsIndexes[elemsIndexes.length - 1].getAttribute('data-index'), 10) : -1; var rhcEl = d.querySelector('.story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-init:not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed):not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-processing)'); var canAdd = canAddRHCItem(); var hasInsertIfNoRHCSpace = storyRHCContent.some(function(e) { return e.InsertIfNoRHCSpace == true && e.Used == false && e.Index > slotIndex; }); if(!rhcEl || (!canAdd.canAddRHCItem && !hasInsertIfNoRHCSpace && !d.querySelectorAll('.story-inlinecontent-placeholder.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-init:not(.story-inlinecontent-processing)').length)) { d.body.classList.add('enhanced-advertising-rhc-completed'); } else { d.body.classList.remove('enhanced-advertising-rhc-completed'); } //var rhcElementsInitialised = d.querySelectorAll('.story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed:not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-init):not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-processing):not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-finished)'); var rhcElementsInitialised = d.querySelectorAll('.story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed:not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-init):not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-processing):not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-finished):not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-isempty)'); //var rhcElemInit = $('.story-rhccontent-placeholder.story-rhccontent-placeholder-completed'); //PWVD-749 //var classesToExclude = ['init', 'processing', 'finished'].map( cls => '.story-rhccontent-placeholder-' + cls); //, 'isempty' //rhcElemInit = rhcElemInit.find( classesToExclude.join(',') ).remove(); if(rhcEl && (canAdd.canAddRHCItem || hasInsertIfNoRHCSpace) && rhcElementsInitialised.length == 0) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { insertRHCSlot(rhcEl); }); } } function updateRHCFirstandLastItemStyles() { d.querySelectorAll('#rhcreflow-extra > *:not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-init):not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-processing):not(.story-rhccontent-placeholder-isempty)').forEach(function(item, index, data) { item.classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-first'); item.classList.remove('story-rhccontent-placeholder-last'); if(index == 0) { item.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-first'); } if(index == data.length - 1) { item.classList.add('story-rhccontent-placeholder-last'); } }); if((d.querySelectorAll('.storytext .story-inlinecontent-placeholder.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-completed').length == d.querySelectorAll('.storytext .story-inlinecontent-placeholder.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-finished').length) && !d.querySelectorAll('.storytext .story-inlinecontent-placeholder.story-inlinecontent-placeholder-init').length) { d.body.classList.add('enhanced-advertising-inline-completed'); } else { d.body.classList.remove('enhanced-advertising-inline-completed'); } } w.addEventListener('scroll', function(e) { if(!ticking) { w.requestAnimationFrame(function() { processElementsInViewport(); readjusRHCHeight(); ticking = false; }); ticking = true; } }, true); w.addEventListener('resize', function(e) { if(!ticking) { w.requestAnimationFrame(function() { processElementsInViewport(); readjusRHCHeight(); ticking = false; }); ticking = true; } }, true); w.addEventListener("abacus:loadcontent:complete", function(evt, context) { readjusRHCHeight(); }, true); if(d.querySelector('#story .storytext img.lazyload')) { d.addEventListener('lazyloaded', function(e) { if(w.googletag && googletag.apiReady) { if(getClosestParent(e.target, '.storytext')) { readjusRHCHeight(); } } }); } w.addEventListener("abacus:advertb:loaded", function(evt, context) { readjusRHCHeight(); }, true); w.addEventListener("abacus:gamadvert:loaded", function(evt, context) { readjusRHCHeight(); }, true); w.addEventListener("abacus:readjusrhcheight", function(evt, context) { readjusRHCHeight(); }, true); //w.addEventListener('abacus:inlinecontentrender', function(customEvent) { // slotRender(customEvent); //}, true); } }); })(window, document); </script>   <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/css/story_2024.css?v=202407161007" media="print" onload="this.media='all'">  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.setAttributeNode(d.createAttribute('data-ot-ignore'));j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MS3J9G');</script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PPW2GJH');</script>    <script type='text/javascript'> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var isStory = document.querySelector('body#story') != null; var isSpin = document.querySelector('body#spin2') != null; var isAvStory = document.querySelector('body#story.story-style-6, body#story.story-style-5') != null; var isOther = (!isSpin && !isStory && !isAvStory); /* || Size Mapping || */ var mapMpuAD = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]]). build(); var mapMpuB = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([1024, 0], [[300, 1050], [300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250]]). addSize([0, 0], [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]]). build(); var mapMpuCEF = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([1024, 0], [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250]]). addSize([0, 0], [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]]). build(); var mapLeaderboard = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([1024, 0], [[970, 250], [980, 90], [980, 120], [970, 90], [728, 90]]). addSize([768, 0], [[728, 90], [468, 60]]). addSize([0, 0], [[320, 100], [320, 50]]). build(); /* || Targeting for all slots || */ googletag.pubads().setTargeting('UserState', ((typeof advanceData === 'undefined' || advanceData === null)) ? 'Signed out' : 'Signed in'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('UserSubState', ((typeof advanceData === 'undefined' || advanceData === null) && (IPState.useripstate)) ? 'IP signed out' : (typeof advanceData === 'undefined' || advanceData === null) ? 'Casual' : (advanceData !== undefined && advanceData.imis !== undefined) ? 'Member' : (advanceData !== undefined && advanceData.products !== undefined) ? 'Subscriber' : (advanceData !== undefined && (IPState.useripstate)) ? 'IP signed in' : 'Registered'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('PrimaryNav', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.PrimaryNavCurrent && el.PrimaryNavCurrent != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.PrimaryNavCurrent; }).join('') : ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('PageTitle', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.Title && el.Title != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.Title; }).join('') : ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('HasReferrer', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.HasReferrer && el.HasReferrer != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.HasReferrer; }).join('') : ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('IPAccess', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.IPAccess && el.IPAccess != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.IPAccess; }).join('') : ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('IPOrg', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.IPOrg && el.IPOrg != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.IPOrg; }).join('') : ''); if (isStory) { googletag.pubads().setTargeting('StoryID', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.StoryID && el.StoryID != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.StoryID; }).join('') : ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('Bylines', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.Bylines && el.Bylines != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.Bylines; }).join('') : ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('Categories', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.Categories && el.Categories != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.Categories; }).join('') : ''); }; /* || Define and call slots for specific pages || */ /* Story */ if (isStory) { // Leaderboard Top googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/Leaderboard_Top', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()); //Leaderboard bottom googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_Bottom_Leaderboard', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1579525223270-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU C googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_Related', [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-5'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuCEF). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU D googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_Comments', [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-3'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuAD). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU E googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_More', [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-4'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuCEF). addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 4, renderMarginPercent: 2, mobileScaling: 2.0 }); googletag.enableServices(); }; /* SPIN */ if (isSpin) { var slots = [ // Leaderboard Top googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/Leaderboard_Top', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()), // Leaderboard Inline 1 googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_1', [[320, 50], [970, 90], [970, 250], [980, 90], [980, 120], [468, 60], [320, 100], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-1') .defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard) .setCollapseEmptyDiv(true) .addService(googletag.pubads()), // Leaderboard Inline 2 googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_2', [[320, 50], [970, 90], [970, 250], [980, 90], [980, 120], [468, 60], [320, 100], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-2') .defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard) .setCollapseEmptyDiv(true) .addService(googletag.pubads()), // Leaderboard Inline 3 googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_3', [[320, 50], [970, 90], [970, 250], [980, 90], [980, 120], [468, 60], [320, 100], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-3') .defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard) .setCollapseEmptyDiv(true) .addService(googletag.pubads()) ]; googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); googletag.pubads().refresh([slots[0]]); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 4, renderMarginPercent: 2, mobileScaling: 2.0 }); googletag.pubads().refresh([slots[1], slots[2], slots[3]]); }; // AV story if (isAvStory) { // Leaderboard Top googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/Leaderboard_Top', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()); //Leaderboard bottom googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_Bottom_Leaderboard', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1579525223270-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU A googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/MPU_Top', [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-2'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuAD). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU C googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_Related', [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-5'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuCEF). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU D googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_Comments', [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-3'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuAD). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU E googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_More', [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-4'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuCEF). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU F googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_AV', [[300, 250], [160, 600], [300, 600], [320, 50], [200, 200], [320, 100], [250, 250], [336, 280], [120, 600]], 'div-gpt-ad-1594300296324-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuCEF). addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 4, renderMarginPercent: 2, mobileScaling: 2.0 }); googletag.enableServices(); }; /* Other pages (not enhanced ads) */ if (isOther) { var slots = [ // Leaderboard Top googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/Leaderboard_Top', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()), // MPU A googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/MPU_Top', [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-2'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuAD). addService(googletag.pubads()), // MPU B googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/MPU_Bottom', [[300, 1050], [300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-1'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuB). addService(googletag.pubads()) ]; googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); googletag.pubads().refresh([slots[0]]); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 4, renderMarginPercent: 2, mobileScaling: 2.0 }); googletag.pubads().refresh([slots[1], slots[2]]); }; }); </script> </head> <body id="story" class="M1-master js-disabled story-style-1 story-format-1021 story-type-1106 enhanced-advertising enhanced-advertising-rhc-empty">  <noscript><iframe 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title="Share this by email"></a></li> </ul> <ul class="pageOptions_right"> <li aria-live="polite"><a href="#commentsJump" class="commentButton scrollTo"><div class="commentCount"><span class="commentText commentHidden">No comments</span></div> <div class="commentIcon"> </div></a></li> <li class=" last" aria-live="polite" data-cache-bust="true" data-ajax-load-content="" data-url="/4020399/bookmark"> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="articleWrapper"> <div class="articleContent"> <div class="standfirst"><p>A fungal factor may have been the common cause of witch hunts and St Anthony’s fire</p></div><div class="storytext"><p class="MsoNormal">The ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/celtic-origins-trick-treating-halloween-180984916/">first celebrated in Ireland around 2000 years ago</a>, marked summer’s end and the winter’s beginning, eventually begetting All Hallows’ Eve. This year, <a href="https://www.ireland.com/en-GB/features/ireland-home-of-halloween/"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Tourism Ireland</span></a> launched an ad campaign proclaiming the nation as the ‘home of Halloween’. However, a return to the roots of Halloween likely won’t slow the rush to its ‘unofficial hometown’ of Salem, Massachusetts, in the US which saw <a href="https://patch.com/massachusetts/salem/salem-halloween-2023-record-1-2-million-visitors-invade-witch-city">over one million visitors in October 2023</a>. Modern day Salem’s popularity as a festive fall destination is connected to the notorious <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-the-salem-witch-trials-175162489/">witch trials of Salem Village in 1692–1693</a> – events that saw 200 people accused of practising witchcraft and 20 of them, mostly women, executed.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span></span><span>Salem’s outbreak of accusations began when a small set of children ‘began to behave strangely and eventually accused neighbours of having bewitched them’.<sup>1</sup> The circle of accusers expanded, spurring a witch hunt in the New England colony just as three centuries of <a href="https://www.thecollector.com/european-witch-hunting/">witch hunting in Europe were sunsetting</a>. Pinpointing a single cause for these events is impossible and numerous contributing factors to Salem’s trials have been identified including long-brewing <a href="https://pages.vassar.edu/realarchaeology/2019/12/08/the-salem-witch-trials-a-case-of-mass-hysteria/">family and social tensions</a>, <a href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/possessed-salem-witch-trials">religious extremism</a>, <a href="https://www.nesl.edu/blog/detail/a-true-legal-horror-story-the-laws-leading-to-the-salem-witch-trials">legal failings</a>, xenophobia, <a href="https://www.teenvogue.com/story/what-were-the-salem-witch-trials">misogyny</a>, and mass paranoia.</span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Debate as to the role that <em>Ergotismus convulsivus </em>played in the Salem witch trials has raged on</span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoNormal"><span></span><span>In April 1976, behavioral psychologist Linnda Caporael wrote an article in <em>Science</em> that suggested a new factor – the fungus <em>Claviceps purpura</em>.<sup>2</sup> This ergot fungi infects a variety of grains - with rye being particularly susceptible – and produces an array of pharmacologically active alkaloids.<sup>3,4</sup> Toxicosis can result from the consumption of infected grains in two terrifying forms - <em>Ergotismus gangraenosus </em> and <em>Ergotismus convulsivus</em>.<sup><span style="color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">5,</span></sup><sup>6</sup> These forms reflect, in part, the varying chemical actions of ergot alkaloids but they are also dependent upon how ergot alkaloids are ingested. Food preparation methods influence which ergot alkaloids are ingested and in what amounts, resulting in qualitative and quantitative differences in their effects.<sup>6</sup></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Ergot alkaloids are typically simple amides of <span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal;"></span><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">d</span>-(+)-lysergic acid or more complicated ergopeptides comprised of <span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">d</span>-(+)-lysergic acid linked via an amide bond to a short peptide, such as <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/ergotamine/1017416.article"><span style="color: #1155cc;">ergotamine</span></a>.<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/Bj6FdS/spUk+IKbW+wQzB+N3cy+0Zse"><sup><span style="color: black; text-decoration-line: none;">4</span></sup></a> <a href="/3004672.article">Albert Hoffmann’s</a> infamous experiment in combining <span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">d</span>-(+)-lysergic acid with different amines is a testament to their potency, resulting in the powerful hallucinogen <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/lsd-lysergic-acid-diethylamide/3005838.article"><span style="color: #1155cc;">lysergic acid diethylamide</span></a> (LSD).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span></span><span>While LSD is not present in the stew of alkaloids <em>C. purpura</em> produces, other of its alkaloids can affect the central nervous system, act upon smooth muscle in a range of organs, or cause general gastrointestinal (GI) upset.<sup>7,8</sup> The resulting symptoms – convulsions, muscle spasms, delirium, hallucinations and GI maladies – herald <em>Ergotismus convulsivus. </em> Did this form of ergotism (possibly from tainted local rye) contribute to the strange behaviours of the initial Salem witchcraft accusers, the behaviour of various adults in the community, and the general panic of the witch hunt? Caporael’s exploration of these questions immediately made a splash that included front page coverage in the <em>New York Times</em>.<sup>9</sup> Since Caporael’s initial work, debate as to the role, if any, that <em>Ergotismus convulsivus </em> played in the Salem witch trials has raged on.<sup>10–12</sup> The debate will continue as definitive answers are beyond reach in part because chemical analysis of relevant materials is an impossibility. As pointed out in a <em>Vox</em> exploration of this debate, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2015/10/29/9620542/salem-witch-trials-ergotism">‘we can’t do a forensic examination of a 300-year-old piece of bread’</a>.</span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>The process of tissue death was accompanied by an intense burning pain, likely earning it the name ‘St. Anthony’s fire’</span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoNormal">While the role of ergot alkaloids in the witch hunts is contentious, their place among the saints is much clearer. <em>Ergotismus gangraenosus </em> has been referred to as St. Anthony’s Fire for centuries, ever since Pope Bonifacius VIII instituted a monastic order in St Anthony’s name in Vienne, France.<sup><span>1</span></sup><sup>3</sup></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>The monks of this order dedicated themselves to caring for the sick and their monastery became a pilgrimage centre for sufferers of skin disease such as <em>Ergotismus gangraenosus, </em> which plagued the region. Both a blessing and curse, ergotamine is a potent vasoconstrictor that is therapeutically useful in preventing vascular headaches like migraines. When ergotamine is ingested for too long or at too high a dose, blood is cut off to tissues leading to painful <a href="https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=134&contentid=151"><span style="color: #1155cc;">dry gangrene</span></a> with the affected area suffering necrosis.<sup>5,13</sup></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span></span><span>This process of tissue death was accompanied by an intense burning pain, likely earning it the name ‘St. Anthony’s fire’. Yet <em>Ergotismus gangraenosus </em> is not the only disease referred to by this name. Depending on the location and time period, two other diseases have resided under the umbrella of St. Anthony’s fire. These include <a href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/erysipelas"><span style="color: #1155cc;">erysipelas</span></a>, often caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci that occurs on the face and legs, along with <a href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/herpesviruses/herpes-zoster#Treatment_v1019826"><span style="color: #1155cc;">herpes zoster</span></a> whose rash typically strikes the chest and lower back first.<sup>13</sup></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">While we are not free from these fires in the modern age, they can be mitigated or eliminated with careful screening, antibiotics, and antivirals. A comforting reality in the face of historical horrors.</p></div><div id="storytext-end" class="storytext-end"></div><div class="storyMeta"><h3>References</h3><p>1. N P Spanos, <em>J. Hist. Behav. Sci.</em>, 1983, 19, 358 (DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<358::AID-JHBS2300190405>3.0.CO;2-G">10.1002/1520-6696(198310)19:4<358::AID-JHBS2300190405>3.0.CO;2-G</a>)</p> <p>2. L R Caporael, <em>Science</em>, 1976, <strong>192</strong>, 21 (DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.769159">10.1126/science.769159</a><a href="http://paperpile.com/b/Bj6FdS/p8SF">)</a></p> <p>3. <a href="https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/journal/issue/journal_39_2/lee.pdf">M R Lee, <em>J. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb.</em>, 2009, 39, 179</a></p> <p>4. P L Schiff Jr,<em> Am. J. Pharm. Educ.</em>, 2006, 70<a href="http://paperpile.com/b/Bj6FdS/spUk">, </a>98 (DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5688/aj700598">10.5688/aj700598</a>)</p> <p>5. A Grzybowski, K Pawlikowska-Łagód, A Polak, <em>Clin. Dermatol.</em>, 2021, 39, 1088 (DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.07.009">10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.07.009</a>)</p> <p>6. M J Eadie, <em>Lancet Neurol.</em>, 2003, 2, 429 (DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00439-3">10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00439-3</a>)</p> <p>7. I R Innes, <em>Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother.</em>, 1962, 19, 120 (DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01432.x">10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01432.x</a>)</p> <p>8. A J Akinboye, K Kim, S Choi, I Yang, J.-G. Lee, <em>Food Sci. Biotechnol.</em>, 2023, <a href="http://paperpile.com/b/Bj6FdS/frTx">32</a><a href="http://paperpile.com/b/Bj6FdS/frTx">, 1133 (DOI: </a><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10068-023-01295-0">10.1007/s10068-023-01295-0</a>)</p> <p>9. J N Wilford, Salem Witch Hunts in 1692 Linked to LSD‐Like Agent, <em>The New York Times</em>, 1976</p> <p>10. N P Spanos and J Gottlieb, <em>Science</em>, 1976, 194, 1390 (DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.795029)</p>">10.1126/science.795029)</a></p> <p>11. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27851542">M Matossian, <em>Am. Sci</em>., 1982, 70, 355</a></p> <p>12. L S Mundra <em>et al</em><a href="http://paperpile.com/b/Bj6FdS/VvsW">.</a>, <em>JAMA Dermatol.</em>, 2016, 152, 540 (DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.4863">10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.4863</a>)</p> <p>13. G Cervellin, U Longobardi and G Lippi, <em>Acta Biomed.</em>, 2020, 92, e2021008 (DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92i1.9015">10.23750/abm.v92i1.9015</a>)</p></div><div class="storyAuthorComponent"><div class="storyAuthor"><div class="storyAuthorContainer"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/raychelle-burks/1900.bio" rel="author" class="authorPicture"><img alt="Raychelle Burks" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:767px) 74px, 112px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/112x112/P/Pictures%2Fweb%2Fo%2Fq%2Fh%2F02_RaychelleBurks.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/74x74/P/Pictures%2Fweb%2Fo%2Fq%2Fh%2F02_RaychelleBurks.jpg 74w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/112x112/P/Pictures%2Fweb%2Fo%2Fq%2Fh%2F02_RaychelleBurks.jpg 112w" width="74" height="74" class="lazyloaded" /></a><div class="storyAuthorDetails"><span class="author"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/raychelle-burks/1900.bio" rel="author">Raychelle 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Does lysergic acid link the Salem witch trials and a Catholic saint? | Opinion | Chemistry World