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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 14:33, 30 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/166.181.89.0" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/166.181.89.0" data-mw-revid="1260392681"><bdi>166.181.89.0</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:166.181.89.0" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:166.181.89.0">talk</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Protestantism">→<bdi dir="ltr">Protestantism</bdi></a></span>)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&diff=prev&oldid=1260392681" title="Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&direction=prev&oldid=1260392681" title="Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg/330px-Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg/440px-Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sts._Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Lubumbashi" title="Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi">Cathedral of Saints Pierre and Paul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a>, dating to the Belgian colonial period</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the majority religion of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and is professed by a majority of the population. </p><p>According to the 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom, an estimated 48.1% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (including evangelical Christians and the Church of Jesus Christ on Earth) and 47.3% are <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>. Other Christian groups include Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the Greek Orthodox Church.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_with_John_McKittrick,_Congo,_ca._1889-1891_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS12-25).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Group_with_John_McKittrick%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1889-1891_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS12-25%29.jpg/220px-Group_with_John_McKittrick%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1889-1891_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS12-25%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Group_with_John_McKittrick%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1889-1891_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS12-25%29.jpg/330px-Group_with_John_McKittrick%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1889-1891_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS12-25%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Group_with_John_McKittrick%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1889-1891_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS12-25%29.jpg/440px-Group_with_John_McKittrick%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1889-1891_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS12-25%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="3061" /></a><figcaption>Congolese converts to Protestantism with white missionaries at the <a href="/wiki/Congo-Balolo_Mission" title="Congo-Balolo Mission">Congo-Balolo Mission</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1889</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of Christianity in the area of the modern-day Congo is closely linked to the history of <a href="/wiki/Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Western European colonialism and colonization">European colonial expansion</a>. </p><p>The earliest evidence for the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian religious practices</a> in the area of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> dates to the late 15th century. In 1491, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_I_of_Kongo" title="João I of Kongo">King Nzinga</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongo Kingdom">Kongo Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> converted to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, taking the <a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> João, after coming into contact with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese colonial explorers</a>. The conversion facilitated trade with the Portuguese and increased the status of the Kongo Kingdom in the eyes of European states. <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Kongo" title="Afonso I of Kongo">Afonso I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>1506–43) even travelled to Europe where he studied religion. The Kongo Kingdom adopted a form of Catholicism and was recognised by the Papacy, preserving the beliefs for nearly 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest expansion of Christianity occurred under <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> colonial rule. In 1885, Belgium's monarch, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II</a>, established a personal colony in Central Africa known as the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> which, in 1908, was annexed by Belgium as the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>. Under both the Free State and Belgian regimes, <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missions</a> were encouraged to work in the Congo as part of the <a href="/wiki/Civilising_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilising mission">civilising mission</a> which served as the colonial project's justification to European public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995453_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995453-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missionaries played an important role in providing schooling during the colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995453_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995453-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic mission, for example, helped to establish the Congo's first university, <a href="/wiki/Lovanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovanium">Lovanium</a>, in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995458_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995458-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the post-independence period, distrust between the Churches and the state grew, exacerbated in the early 1970s by attempts by the new <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zairean</a> government to secularise education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995467_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995467-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2014, sporadic outbreaks of violence against Christians have occurred in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> as part of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a>. Massacres of approximately 645 people have been perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Central_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – Central Africa Province">Islamic State – Central Africa Province</a>) rebel group which <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">has been largely forced out</a> of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_denomination">By denomination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By denomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christianity by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Continents_colour2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Continents_colour2.svg/150px-Continents_colour2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Continents_colour2.svg/225px-Continents_colour2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Continents_colour2.svg/300px-Continents_colour2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Algeria" title="Christianity in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Angola" title="Christianity in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Benin" title="Christianity in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Botswana" title="Christianity in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Christianity in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burundi" title="Christianity in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cape_Verde" title="Christianity in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Comoros" title="Christianity in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti" title="Christianity in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Christianity in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eritrea" title="Christianity in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Gambia" title="Christianity in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ghana" title="Christianity in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Christianity in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Christianity in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Madagascar" title="Christianity in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malawi" title="Christianity in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritania" title="Christianity in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritius" title="Christianity in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco" title="Christianity in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Namibia" title="Christianity in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Niger" title="Christianity in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Christianity in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia" title="Christianity in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Africa" title="Christianity in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tanzania" title="Christianity in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zambia" title="Christianity in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zimbabwe" title="Christianity in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bhutan" title="Christianity in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brunei" title="Christianity in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> 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href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_by_country" title="Template:Christianity by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_by_country" title="Template talk:Christianity by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>For much of the colonial period, Catholic missions received preferential treatment and a subsidy from the state denied to missions from other denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970236–7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970236–7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> estimated that 50 percent of the Congo's total population were Roman Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the Pew Research Centre provided the estimate of 47.3 percent or over 31 million people, or 2.8 percent of the world's Catholic population.<sup id="cite_ref-PEW_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, that estimate was steady at 47.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_in_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Christ in Congo">Church of Christ in Congo</a></div> <p>The first Protestant mission in the Congo was sent by the British <a href="/wiki/BMS_World_Mission" title="BMS World Mission">Baptist Missionary Society</a> and arrived in 1878, shortly before the creation of the Congo Free State.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970234_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970234-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the colonial period, Protestant missions maintained a difficult relationship with the colonial authorities. Most Belgian officials were Catholics and distrusted Protestant missionaries, which were often foreigners from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, but were unable to expel them under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970234–6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970234–6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, it was estimated that 20 percent of the Congo's population were Protestant, excluding <a href="/wiki/Kimbanguism" title="Kimbanguism">Kimbanguists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA2016_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pew Center provides a considerably higher estimate the number of Protestants (including Kimbanguists) at nearly 32 million or 48 percent of the population, representing 4 percent of the world's Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-PEW_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2020 the estimate was 48.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 28 million Pentecostals and Charismatics in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-v233_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v233-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimbanguism">Kimbanguism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kimbanguism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_de_Nkamba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Temple_de_Nkamba.JPG/220px-Temple_de_Nkamba.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Temple_de_Nkamba.JPG/330px-Temple_de_Nkamba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Temple_de_Nkamba.JPG/440px-Temple_de_Nkamba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kimbanguism" title="Kimbanguism">Kimbanguists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nkamba" title="Nkamba">Nkamba</a>, the spiritual centre of the sect, in <a href="/wiki/Bas-Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-Congo">Bas-Congo</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kimbanguism" title="Kimbanguism">Kimbanguism</a></div> <p>Kimbanguism, officially the Church of Jesus Christ on Earth by His Special Envoy Simon Kimbangu, is a major <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> indigenous to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It holds that <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kimbangu" title="Simon Kimbangu">Simon Kimbangu</a> (1887–1951) was a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> but shares commonalities with <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> Christianity. It is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Nkamba" title="Nkamba">Nkamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Central" title="Kongo Central">Kongo Central</a> which was Kimbangu's birthplace and is known as "New Jerusalem". It is estimated that as many as 10 percent of the Congo's population are followers.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA2016_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>The Pew Center estimates the Congo's population of "Other Christians" at 260,000.<sup id="cite_ref-PEW_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fewer than 0.1 percent of the population are <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Orthodox Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PEW_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chrysostomos_Papasarantopoulos" title="Chrysostomos Papasarantopoulos">Chrysostomos Papasarantopoulos</a> was notably influential in spreading Orthodox Christianity in the Congo over 1970–1972. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_Religion">Freedom of Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Freedom of Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, DRC was scored as 3 out of 4 for religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year, it was ranked as the 37th worst country to be a Christian. This was mainly due to ADF/ISCAP and other terrorist activity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongo Kingdom">Kongo Kingdom</a> was located on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> in parts of modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/240282-CONGO-DEM-REP-2020-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf">"US State Dept 2020 report: DRC, International Religious Freedom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Department of State</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=US+State+Dept+2020+report%3A+DRC%2C+International+Religious+Freedom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F05%2F240282-CONGO-DEM-REP-2020-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Emma George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acko/hd_acko.htm">"African Christianity in Kongo"</a>. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (Metropolitan Museum of Art)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Christianity+in+Kongo&rft.pub=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History+%28Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%29&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Emma+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Facko%2Fhd_acko.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995453-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995453_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995453_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1995">Boyle 1995</a>, p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995458-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995458_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1995">Boyle 1995</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995467-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995467_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1995">Boyle 1995</a>, p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035502/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/08/19/villages-obliterated-as-christian-persecution-grows-in-eastern-congo/">"Villages 'obliterated' as Christian persecution grows in eastern Congo"</a>. <i>The Catholic Herald</i>. 19 Aug 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/08/19/villages-obliterated-as-christian-persecution-grows-in-eastern-congo/">the original</a> on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=Villages+%27obliterated%27+as+Christian+persecution+grows+in+eastern+Congo&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicherald.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F08%2F19%2Fvillages-obliterated-as-christian-persecution-grows-in-eastern-congo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970236–7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970236–7_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkowitz1970">Markowitz 1970</a>, pp. 236–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA2016-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2016_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2016_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA2016_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/">"Congo, Democratic Republic of the (People and Society)"</a>. CIA World Fact Book. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo%2C+Democratic+Republic+of+the+%28People+and+Society%29&rft.pub=CIA+World+Fact+Book&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcongo-democratic-republic-of-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEW-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEW_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEW_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEW_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEW_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/interactives/global-christianity/#/Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo,Catholic">"Global Christianity"</a>. Pew Research Centre. 1 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Centre&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Finteractives%2Fglobal-christianity%2F%23%2FDemocratic%2520Republic%2520of%2520the%2520Congo%2CCatholic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/240282-CONGO-DEM-REP-2020-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf">"US State Dept 2020 report: DRC, International Religious Freedom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Department of State</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=US+State+Dept+2020+report%3A+DRC%2C+International+Religious+Freedom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F05%2F240282-CONGO-DEM-REP-2020-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970234-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970234_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkowitz1970">Markowitz 1970</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970234–6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowitz1970234–6_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkowitz1970">Markowitz 1970</a>, pp. 234–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/240282-CONGO-DEM-REP-2020-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf">"US State Dept 2020 report: DRC, International Religious Freedom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Department of State</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=US+State+Dept+2020+report%3A+DRC%2C+International+Religious+Freedom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F05%2F240282-CONGO-DEM-REP-2020-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v233-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v233_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurlo2023" class="citation book cs1">Zurlo, G.A. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqzNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235"><i>Women in World Christianity: Building and Sustaining a Global Movement</i></a>. Wiley. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-87478-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-87478-2"><bdi>978-1-119-87478-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+World+Christianity%3A+Building+and+Sustaining+a+Global+Movement&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-119-87478-2&rft.aulast=Zurlo&rft.aufirst=G.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPqzNEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/democratic-republic-congo/freedom-world/2023">Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-01</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/drc/">Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-01</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1995" class="citation journal cs1">Boyle, Patrick M. (1995). "School Wars: Church, State, and the Death of the Congo". <i>Journal of Modern African Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 451–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00021200">10.1017/S0022278X00021200</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/161485">161485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=School+Wars%3A+Church%2C+State%2C+and+the+Death+of+the+Congo&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=451-68&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00021200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F161485%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Patrick+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkowitz1970" class="citation journal cs1">Markowitz, Marvin D. (1970). "The Missions and Political Development in the Congo". <i>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 234–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1158884">10.2307/1158884</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1158884">1158884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Missions+and+Political+Development+in+the+Congo&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=234-47&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1158884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1158884%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Markowitz&rft.aufirst=Marvin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkowitz1973" class="citation book cs1">Markowitz, Marvin D. (1973). <i>Cross and Sword: the political role of Christian missions in the Belgian Congo, 1908-1960</i>. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817911416" title="Special:BookSources/9780817911416"><bdi>9780817911416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross+and+Sword%3A+the+political+role+of+Christian+missions+in+the+Belgian+Congo%2C+1908-1960&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780817911416&rft.aulast=Markowitz&rft.aufirst=Marvin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External 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Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burundi" title="Christianity in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cape_Verde" title="Christianity in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Comoros" title="Christianity in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti" title="Christianity in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Christianity in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eritrea" title="Christianity in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Gambia" title="Christianity in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ghana" title="Christianity in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Christianity in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Christianity in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Madagascar" title="Christianity in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malawi" title="Christianity in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritania" title="Christianity in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritius" title="Christianity in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco" title="Christianity in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Namibia" title="Christianity in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Niger" title="Christianity in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Christianity in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia" title="Christianity in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Africa" title="Christianity in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tanzania" title="Christianity in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zambia" title="Christianity in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zimbabwe" title="Christianity in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somaliland" title="Christianity in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&oldid=1260392681">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&oldid=1260392681</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" 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