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</a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Marriage and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown_Prince_of_Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown_Prince_of_Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Crown Prince of Prussia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crown_Prince_of_Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown_Prince_of_the_German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown_Prince_of_the_German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Crown Prince of the German Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crown_Prince_of_the_German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Illness and decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brief_reign_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brief_reign_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Brief reign and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brief_reign_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Titles, styles and honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Titles, styles and honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Titles and styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Frederick III, German Emperor</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" > 67 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III_van_Duitsland" title="Friedrich III van Duitsland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Friedrich III van Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB" title="فريدرش الثالث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريدرش الثالث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederico_III_d%27Alemanya" title="Frederico III d'Alemanya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Frederico III d'Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Fridrix" title="III Fridrix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="III Fridrix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="اۆچونجو فریدریش (امپراتور (آلمان) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اۆچونجو فریدریش (امپراتور (آلمان)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_3-s%C3%A8_(Tek-kok)" title="Friedrich 3-sè (Tek-kok) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Friedrich 3-sè (Tek-kok)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_III_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Фрыдрых III Гогенцолерн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыдрых III Гогенцолерн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_III" title="Фридрих III – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фридрих III" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederig_III_Alamagn" title="Frederig III Alamagn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frederig III Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_III_de_Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Frederic III de Prússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frederic III de Prússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrich_III._Prusk%C3%BD" title="Fridrich III. Pruský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fridrich III. Pruský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III,_ymerawdwr_yr_Almaen" title="Friedrich III, ymerawdwr yr Almaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Friedrich III, ymerawdwr yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_3._af_Tyskland" title="Frederik 3. af Tyskland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frederik 3. af Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III._(Deutsches_Reich)" title="Friedrich III. (Deutsches Reich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedrich III. (Deutsches Reich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III_(Saksa_keiser)" title="Friedrich III (Saksa keiser) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Friedrich III (Saksa keiser)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%C2%B4_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φρειδερίκος Γ´ της Γερμανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρειδερίκος Γ´ της Γερμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_III_de_Alemania" title="Federico III de Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Federico III de Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiko_la_3-a_(Germana_Regno)" title="Frederiko la 3-a (Germana Regno) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frederiko la 3-a (Germana Regno)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiko_III.a_Alemaniakoa" title="Frederiko III.a Alemaniakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frederiko III.a Alemaniakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فریدریش سوم، امپراتور آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریدریش سوم، امپراتور آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%AD%C3%B0rikur_3._kongur_av_Preussen,_t%C3%BDskur_keisari" title="Fríðrikur 3. kongur av Preussen, týskur keisari – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fríðrikur 3. kongur av Preussen, týskur keisari" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_III_(empereur_allemand)" title="Frédéric III (empereur allemand) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frédéric III (empereur allemand)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederico_III_de_Alema%C3%B1a" title="Frederico III de Alemaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frederico III de Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_3%EC%84%B8_(%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C)" title="프리드리히 3세 (독일 황제) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리드리히 3세 (독일 황제)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AD_III_(%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80)" title="Ֆրիդրիխ III (Գերմանիայի կայսր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրիդրիխ III (Գերմանիայի կայսր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_la_3ma_di_Germania" title="Friedrich la 3ma di Germania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Friedrich la 3ma di Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III_dari_Jerman" title="Friedrich III dari Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Friedrich III dari Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_3._%C3%9E%C3%BDskalandskeisari" title="Friðrik 3. Þýskalandskeisari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Friðrik 3. Þýskalandskeisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_III_di_Germania" title="Federico III di Germania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Federico III di Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="פרידריך השלישי, קיסר גרמניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרידריך השלישי, קיסר גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_III_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ფრიდრიხ III (გერმანიის იმპერია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრიდრიხ III (გერმანიის იმპერია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_III_(Imperator_Germaniae)" title="Fridericus III (Imperator Germaniae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus III (Imperator Germaniae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%ABdrihs_III_Hoencollerns" title="Frīdrihs III Hoencollerns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frīdrihs III Hoencollerns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III._vun_D%C3%A4itschland" title="Friedrich III. vun Däitschland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Friedrich III. vun Däitschland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frydrichas_III_(Vokietija)" title="Frydrichas III (Vokietija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Frydrichas III (Vokietija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Frigyes_n%C3%A9met_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="III. Frigyes német császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Frigyes német császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_III_(%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Фридрих III (Германија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фридрих III (Германија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F)" title="तिसरा फ्रीडरिश (जर्मन सम्राट) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तिसरा फ्रीडरिश (जर्मन सम्राट)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="فريدرش التالت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريدرش التالت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III,_Maharaja_Jerman" title="Friedrich III, Maharaja Jerman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Friedrich III, Maharaja Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_III_van_Pruisen" title="Frederik III van Pruisen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frederik III van Pruisen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%923%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="フリードリヒ3世 (ドイツ皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリードリヒ3世 (ドイツ皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III._(Tjiisklun)" title="Friedrich III. (Tjiisklun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Friedrich III. (Tjiisklun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_III_av_Tyskland" title="Fredrik III av Tyskland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fredrik III av Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_III_d%27Alemanha" title="Frederic III d'Alemanha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Frederic III d'Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_III" title="فریڈرک III – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فریڈرک III" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%90%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="درېیم فریدریک، جرمنی سترواک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="درېیم فریدریک، جرمنی سترواک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_III_Hohenzollern" title="Fryderyk III Hohenzollern – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fryderyk III Hohenzollern" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederico_III_da_Alemanha" title="Frederico III da Alemanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frederico III da Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrix_III_(Germaniya_imperator%C4%B1)" title="Fridrix III (Germaniya imperatorı) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Fridrix III (Germaniya imperatorı)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_al_III-lea_al_Germaniei" title="Frederic al III-lea al Germaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frederic al III-lea al Germaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_III_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Фридрих III (император Германии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фридрих III (император Германии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Frederick III, German Emperor" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frederick III, German Emperor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrich_III._(Nemecko)" title="Fridrich III. (Nemecko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fridrich III. (Nemecko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friderik_III._Nem%C5%A1ki" title="Friderik III. Nemški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Friderik III. Nemški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_III_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Фридрих III од Немачке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фридрих III од Немачке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_III_(Saksa)" title="Fredrik III (Saksa) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fredrik III (Saksa)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_III_av_Tyskland" title="Fredrik III av Tyskland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fredrik III av Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="จักรพรรดิฟรีดริชที่ 3 แห่งเยอรมนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิฟรีดริชที่ 3 แห่งเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Friedrich_(Alman_imparatoru)" title="III. Friedrich (Alman imparatoru) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="III. Friedrich (Alman imparatoru)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_III_(%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Фрідріх III (німецький імператор) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрідріх III (німецький імператор)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III,_Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Friedrich III, Hoàng đế Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Friedrich III, Hoàng đế Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="腓特烈三世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="腓特烈三世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%EF%BC%89" title="腓特烈三世（普鲁士） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="腓特烈三世（普鲁士）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普魯士) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腓特烈三世 (普魯士)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q58600#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German Emperor and King of Prussia in 1888</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Frederick III of Prussia. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Frederick III</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Friedrich_III_(cropped)(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Frederick, then Crown Prince, with a thick long beard and moustache and wearing military uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Emperor_Friedrich_III_%28cropped%29%282%29.png/220px-Emperor_Friedrich_III_%28cropped%29%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Emperor_Friedrich_III_%28cropped%29%282%29.png/330px-Emperor_Friedrich_III_%28cropped%29%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Emperor_Friedrich_III_%28cropped%29%282%29.png/440px-Emperor_Friedrich_III_%28cropped%29%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1181" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Frederick as Crown Prince, 1878</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Prussia">King of Prussia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">9 March 1888 – 15 June 1888</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I">Wilhelm I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Prince Frederick William of Prussia (1831-10-18)18 October 1831 <a href="/wiki/New_Palace,_Potsdam" title="New Palace, Potsdam">New Palace, Potsdam</a>, Prussia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 June 1888(1888-06-15) (aged 56) New Palace, Potsdam, Prussia, Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">18 June 1888 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Peace,_Potsdam#Kaiser_Friedrich_Mausoleum" title="Church of Peace, Potsdam">Kaiser Friedrich Mausoleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedenskirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedenskirche">Friedenskirche</a>, Potsdam</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, Princess Royal</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1858)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II, German Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Duchess_of_Saxe-Meiningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen">Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1862%E2%80%931929)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)">Prince Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sigismund_of_Prussia_(1864%E2%80%931866)" title="Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1864–1866)">Prince Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Viktoria_of_Prussia" title="Princess Viktoria of Prussia">Viktoria, Princess Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia_(1868%E2%80%931879)" title="Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1868–1879)">Prince Waldemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Prussia" title="Sophia of Prussia">Sophia, Queen of the Hellenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_of_Prussia" title="Princess Margaret of Prussia">Margaret, Landgravine of Hesse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl</li><li>English: Frederick William Nicholas Charles</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I, German Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augusta_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prussian_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian United">Prussian United</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_III%27s_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick III's signature"><img alt="Frederick III's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Friedrich_III%27s_Signature.svg/125px-Friedrich_III%27s_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Friedrich_III%27s_Signature.svg/188px-Friedrich_III%27s_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Friedrich_III%27s_Signature.svg/250px-Friedrich_III%27s_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="192" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile" style="background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #8888AA; border-spacing: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="font-weight:bold;">Prussian Royalty</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/270px-Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/360px-Greater_imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1484" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #C5C5DD; border-top: 1px solid #8888AA; border-bottom: 1px solid #8888AA; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px; text-align: left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick III</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; text-align: left;"> <dl><dt>Children</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Prussia" title="Princess Charlotte of Prussia">Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1862%E2%80%931929)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)">Prince Henry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sigismund_of_Prussia_(1864%E2%80%931866)" title="Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1864–1866)">Prince Sigismund</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Viktoria_of_Prussia" title="Princess Viktoria of Prussia">Princess Viktoria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia_(1868%E2%80%931879)" title="Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1868–1879)">Prince Waldemar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Prussia" title="Sophia of Prussia">Sophia, Queen of the Hellenes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_of_Prussia" title="Princess Margaret of Prussia">Margaret, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel</a></dd> <dt>Grandchildren</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia_(1889%E2%80%931945)" title="Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1889–1945)">Prince Waldemar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sigismund_of_Prussia_(1896%E2%80%931978)" title="Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1896–1978)">Prince Sigismund</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1900%E2%80%931904)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1900–1904)">Prince Heinrich</a></dd> <dt>Great Grandchildren</dt> <dd>Princess Barbara</dd> <dd>Prince Alfred</dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right: 5px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Hohenzollern_(Prussia)" title="Template:House of Hohenzollern (Prussia)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Hohenzollern_(Prussia)" title="Template talk:House of Hohenzollern (Prussia)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Hohenzollern_(Prussia)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Hohenzollern (Prussia)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Frederick III<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl; 18 October 1831 – 15 June 1888) was <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Prussia">King of Prussia</a> for 99 days between March and June 1888, during the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="Year of the Three Emperors">Year of the Three Emperors</a>. Known informally as "Fritz", he was the only son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I">Wilhelm I</a> and was raised in his family's tradition of military service. Following the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in 1871 his father, then King of Prussia, became German Emperor. Upon Wilhelm's death at the age of ninety on 9 March 1888, the thrones passed to Frederick, who had been German Crown Prince for seventeen years and Crown Prince of Prussia for twenty-seven years. Frederick was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Cancer_of_the_larynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer of the larynx">cancer of the larynx</a> when he died, aged fifty-six, following unsuccessful medical treatments for his condition. Frederick married <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, Princess Royal</a>, oldest child of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom</a>. The couple were well-matched; their shared <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">liberal</a> ideology led them to support progressive and democratic reform. Despite his family's <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">conservative</a> and militaristic background, Frederick had developed liberal tendencies as a result of his ties with Britain and his studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>, he often opposed the conservative Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, particularly in speaking out against Bismarck's policy of uniting Germany through force, and in urging that the power of the executive be curbed to the benefit of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a>. Liberals in both Germany and Great Britain hoped that as emperor, Frederick would move to institute democratic reforms in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. Frederick and Victoria were great admirers of <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>, Queen Victoria's husband. They planned to rule as <a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">joint monarchs</a>, as had Princess Victoria's parents, and to reform what they saw as flaws in the government. Fredrick planned to institute <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, transforming the Empire into a liberal <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> inspired by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, with ministers bound to the instructions of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a>, rather than the Emperor. However, Frederick's illness prevented him from effectively establishing policies and measures to achieve this, and such moves as he was able to make were later abandoned by his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>. The timing of Frederick's death and the brevity of his reign are important topics among historians. His premature demise is considered a potential turning point in German history; and whether or not he would have made the Empire more liberal if he had lived longer is still a popular discussion among historians. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nikolaus_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen,_ca_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nikolaus_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen%2C_ca_1841.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nikolaus_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen%2C_ca_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nikolaus_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen%2C_ca_1841.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nikolaus_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen%2C_ca_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nikolaus_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen%2C_ca_1841.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_Nikolaus_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen%2C_ca_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>Frederick William, ca. 1841</figcaption></figure> Frederick William was born in the <a href="/wiki/New_Palace_(Potsdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Palace (Potsdam)">New Palace</a> at <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> in Prussia on 18 October 1831.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> He was a scion of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>, rulers of Prussia, then the most powerful of the German states. Frederick's father, <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Prince Wilhelm</a>, was the second son of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">King Frederick Wilhelm III</a> and, having been raised in the military traditions of the Hohenzollerns, developed into a strict disciplinarian. William fell in love with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Elisa_Radziwill" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisa Radziwill">Elisa Radziwill</a>, a princess of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish nobility">Polish nobility</a>, but the court felt Elisa's rank was not suitable for the bride of a Prussian prince and forced a more suitable match.<a href="#cite_note-VdK-10-3">[2]</a> The woman selected to be his wife, Princess <a href="/wiki/Augusta_of_Saxe-Weimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta of Saxe-Weimar">Augusta of Saxe-Weimar</a>, had been raised in the more intellectual and artistic atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, which gave its citizens greater participation in politics and limited the powers of its rulers through a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorpalen19482-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKollander19951-5">[4]</a> Augusta was well known across Europe for her liberal views.<a href="#cite_note-VdK-11-6">[5]</a> Because of their differences, the couple did not have a happy marriage and,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorpalen19482-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKollander19951-5">[4]</a> as a result, Frederick grew up in a troubled household, which left him with memories of a lonely childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorpalen19482-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-VdK-12-7">[6]</a> He had one sister, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Prussia" title="Princess Louise of Prussia">Louise</a> (later Grand Duchess of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>), who was seven years his junior and very close to him. Frederick also had a very good relationship with his uncle, the future King Frederick William IV, who has been called "the romantic on the throne".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOster201360–65-8">[7]</a> Known informally as "Fritz",<a href="#cite_note-MacDonogh-17-9">[8]</a> Frederick grew up during a tumultuous political period as the concept of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">liberalism in Germany</a>, which evolved during the 1840s, was gaining widespread and enthusiastic support.<a href="#cite_note-Palmowski-43-10">[9]</a> The liberals sought a unified Germany and were <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarchists">constitutional monarchists</a> who desired a constitution to ensure equal protection under the law, the protection of property, and the safeguarding of basic civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-Sperber-64-11">[10]</a> Overall, the liberals desired a government ruled by popular representation.<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-1-12">[11]</a> When Frederick was 17, these emergent <a href="/wiki/Nationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalistic">nationalistic</a> and liberal sentiments sparked a <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">series of political uprisings</a> across the German states and elsewhere in Europe. In Germany, their goal was to protect freedoms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, and to create a German <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> and constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Palmowski-43-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sperber-128-129-13">[12]</a> Although the uprisings ultimately brought about no lasting changes, liberal sentiments remained an influential force in German politics throughout Frederick's life.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-554-14">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg/220px-Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg/330px-Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg/440px-Oskar_Begas_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption>Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia, 1867, by <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Begas" title="Oskar Begas">Oskar Begas</a></figcaption></figure> Despite the value placed by the Hohenzollern family on a traditional military education, Augusta insisted that her son also receive a classical education.<a href="#cite_note-VdK-12-7">[6]</a> Accordingly, Frederick was thoroughly tutored in both military traditions and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a>. His private tutor was <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Curtius" title="Ernst Curtius">Ernst Curtius</a>, a famous archaeologist.<a href="#cite_note-Fred-15">[14]</a> Frederick was a talented student, particularly good at foreign languages, becoming fluent in English and French, and studying Latin. He also studied history, geography, physics, music and religion, and excelled at gymnastics; as required of a Prussian prince, he became a very good rider.<a href="#cite_note-M-B-44-16">[15]</a> Hohenzollern princes were made familiar with the military traditions of their dynasty at an early age; Frederick was ten when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the First Guard Infantry Regiment of Foot. As he grew older, he was expected to maintain an active involvement in military affairs.<a href="#cite_note-M-B-14-17">[16]</a> However, at the age of 18, he broke with family tradition and entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> where he studied history, law and governance, and public policy. During his time at Bonn (1850–1852), his teachers included <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Ernst Moritz Arndt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Christoph_Dahlmann" title="Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann">Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fred-15">[14]</a> His time spent at the university, coupled with the influence of less conservative family members, were instrumental in his embrace of liberal beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols-7-18">[17]</a> In 1853, Frederick was initiated into <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> by his father, then <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Prince William of Prussia</a>, and would later become Master of the Order of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Landlodge_of_the_Freemasons_of_Germany" title="Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany">Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-speth-19">[18]</a> During his brief reign, he would serve as the patron of the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Germany" title="Freemasonry in Germany">German Freemasons</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage and family">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Germany_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of Germany family tree">Rulers of Germany family tree</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria,_Princess_Royal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal.jpg/170px-Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal.jpg/255px-Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal.jpg/340px-Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, Princess Royal</a>—eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom</a>—whom Frederick married in 1858</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Crown_Prince_of_Prussia_and_Prince_Wilhelm_II._at_Balmoral_Castle._-_Oct._1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Crown_Prince_of_Prussia_and_Prince_Wilhelm_II._at_Balmoral_Castle._-_Oct._1863.jpg/170px-The_Crown_Prince_of_Prussia_and_Prince_Wilhelm_II._at_Balmoral_Castle._-_Oct._1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Crown_Prince_of_Prussia_and_Prince_Wilhelm_II._at_Balmoral_Castle._-_Oct._1863.jpg/255px-The_Crown_Prince_of_Prussia_and_Prince_Wilhelm_II._at_Balmoral_Castle._-_Oct._1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Crown_Prince_of_Prussia_and_Prince_Wilhelm_II._at_Balmoral_Castle._-_Oct._1863.jpg/340px-The_Crown_Prince_of_Prussia_and_Prince_Wilhelm_II._at_Balmoral_Castle._-_Oct._1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Frederick and his son, Wilhelm, in October 1863 at Balmoral castle</figcaption></figure> Royal marriages of the 19th century were arranged to secure alliances and to maintain blood ties among the European nations. As early as 1851, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom</a> and her German-born husband, <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>, were making plans to marry their eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, Princess Royal</a>, to Frederick. The royal dynasty in Britain was predominantly German; there was little British blood in Queen Victoria, and none in her husband.<a href="#cite_note-VdK-15-20">[19]</a> They desired to maintain their family's blood ties to Germany, and Prince Albert further hoped that the marriage would lead to the liberalization and modernization of Prussia. King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a>, uncle of both Victoria and Albert, also favoured this pairing; he had long treasured <a href="/wiki/Baron_Stockmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Stockmar">Baron Stockmar</a>'s idea of a marriage alliance between Britain and Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-VdK-16-21">[20]</a> Frederick's father, Prince William, had no interest in the arrangement, hoping instead for a <a href="/wiki/Russian_grand_duchess" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian grand duchess">Russian grand duchess</a> as his daughter-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-VdK-15-20">[19]</a> However, Princess Augusta was greatly in favour of a match for her son that would bring closer connections with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonogh-17-9">[8]</a> In 1851, his mother sent Frederick to England, ostensibly to visit the <a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a> but in truth, she hoped that the cradle of liberalism and home of the industrial revolution would have a positive influence on her son. Prince Albert took Frederick under his wing during his stay but it was Albert's daughter, only eleven at the time, who guided the German prince around the Exhibition. Frederick only knew a few words of English, while Princess Victoria could converse fluently in German. He was impressed by her mix of innocence, intellectual curiosity and simplicity, and their meeting proved to be a success. A regular exchange of letters between Victoria and Frederick followed.<a href="#cite_note-Fred-15">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederico_da_Pr%C3%BAssia_-_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Frederico_da_Pr%C3%BAssia_-_1855.jpg/220px-Frederico_da_Pr%C3%BAssia_-_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Frederico_da_Pr%C3%BAssia_-_1855.jpg/330px-Frederico_da_Pr%C3%BAssia_-_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Frederico_da_Pr%C3%BAssia_-_1855.jpg/440px-Frederico_da_Pr%C3%BAssia_-_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Prince Frederick, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1855</figcaption></figure> Frederick proposed to Victoria in 1855, when she was 14 years old. The betrothal of the young couple was announced on 19 May 1857, at Buckingham Palace and the Prussian Court,<a href="#cite_note-VdK-31-22">[21]</a> and their marriage took place on 25 January 1858 in the Chapel Royal of <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Palace">St. James's Palace</a>, London. To mark the occasion, Frederick was promoted to major-general in the Prussian army. Although it was an arranged marriage, the newlyweds were compatible from the start and their marriage was a loving one;<a href="#cite_note-MacDonogh-17-18-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-VdK-43-24">[23]</a> Victoria too had received a liberal education and shared her husband's views. Of the two, Victoria was the dominant one in the relationship.<a href="#cite_note-Fred-15">[14]</a> The couple often resided at the <a href="/wiki/Kronprinzenpalais" title="Kronprinzenpalais">Crown Prince's Palace</a> and had eight children: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm</a> in 1859, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Duchess_of_Saxe-Meiningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen">Charlotte</a> in 1860, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Wilhelm_Heinrich_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Wilhelm Heinrich of Prussia">Henry</a> in 1862, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sigismund_of_Prussia_(1864-1866)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1864-1866)">Sigismund</a> in 1864, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Viktoria_of_Prussia" title="Princess Viktoria of Prussia">Victoria</a> in 1866, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia_(1868-1879)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1868-1879)">Waldemar</a> in 1868, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Prussia" title="Sophia of Prussia">Sophia</a> in 1870 and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_of_Prussia" title="Princess Margaret of Prussia">Margaret</a> in 1872. Sigismund died at the age of 2 and Waldemar at age 11,<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-21-25">[24]</a> and their eldest son, Wilhelm, suffered from a withered arm—probably <a href="/wiki/Erb%27s_Palsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Erb's Palsy">Erb's Palsy</a> due to his difficult and dangerous <a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">breech birth</a>, although it could have also resulted from a mild case of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-12-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacDonogh-22-27">[26]</a> Wilhelm, who became emperor after Frederick's death, shared none of his parents' liberal ideas; his mother viewed him as a "complete Prussian".<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-101-28">[27]</a> This difference in ideology created a rift between Wilhelm and his parents (which was exacerbated by Bismarck's interference), and relations between them were strained throughout their lives.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-101-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Röhl-xiii-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Emperor Frederick III was a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_State_Church_of_Prussia%27s_older_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces">Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/United_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="United Protestant">United Protestant</a> denomination, bringing together <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> believers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crown_Prince_of_Prussia">Crown Prince of Prussia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crown Prince of Prussia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_auf_dem_Hofball_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_auf_dem_Hofball_1878.jpg/170px-Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_auf_dem_Hofball_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_auf_dem_Hofball_1878.jpg/255px-Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_auf_dem_Hofball_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_auf_dem_Hofball_1878.jpg/340px-Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_auf_dem_Hofball_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>William allowed Frederick few official duties, such as attending balls and socializing with dignitaries (painting by <a href="/wiki/Anton_von_Werner" title="Anton von Werner">Anton von Werner</a>).</figcaption></figure> When his father succeeded to the Prussian throne as King William I on 2 January 1861, Frederick became the Crown Prince. Already twenty-nine years old, he would be Crown Prince for a further twenty-seven years. The new king was initially considered politically neutral; Frederick and Prussia's liberal elements hoped that he would usher in a new era of liberal policies. The liberals managed to greatly increase their majority in the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">Diet</a> (Landtag), but William soon showed that he preferred the conservative ways. On the other hand, Frederick declared himself in complete agreement with the "essential liberal policy for internal and foreign affairs".<a href="#cite_note-VdK-68-30">[29]</a> As Crown Prince, he had conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, the chancellor whom his father had appointed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[30]</a> Because William was a dogmatic soldier and unlikely to change his ideas at the age of sixty-four,<a href="#cite_note-VdK-61-32">[31]</a> he regularly clashed with the Diet over policies. In September 1862, one such disagreement almost led to Frederick being crowned and replacing his father as king; William threatened to abdicate when the Diet refused to fund his plans for the army's reorganization. Frederick was appalled by this action, and said that an abdication would "constitute a threat to the dynasty, country and Crown".<a href="#cite_note-Pakula-168-33">[32]</a> William reconsidered, and instead on the advice of Minister of War <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Roon" title="Albrecht von Roon">Albrecht von Roon</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, who had offered to push through the military reform even against the majority of the Diet, as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Prussia">Minister-President</a>. The appointment of Bismarck, an authoritarian who would often ignore or overrule the Diet, set Frederick on a collision course with his father and led to his exclusion from affairs of state for the rest of William's reign. Frederick insisted on bloodless "moral conquests", unifying Germany by liberal and peaceful means, but it was Bismarck's policy of <a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Iron_(speech)" title="Blood and Iron (speech)">blood and iron</a> that prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols-7-18">[17]</a> Frederick's protests against Bismarck's policies peaked at <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> on 4 June 1863, where at an official reception in the city he loudly denounced Bismarck's restrictions on freedom of the press.<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-11-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> He thereby made Bismarck his enemy and his father extremely angry.<a href="#cite_note-Fred-15">[14]</a> Consequently, Frederick was excluded from positions of political power throughout his father's reign. Retaining his military portfolio, he continued to represent Germany and its Emperor at ceremonies, weddings, and celebrations such as Queen Victoria's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Golden Jubilee</a> in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-VdK-130+-37">[36]</a> Frederick would spend a large portion of time in Britain, where Queen Victoria frequently allowed him to represent her at ceremonies and social functions.<a href="#cite_note-Pakula-69-38">[37]</a> Frederick fought in the wars against Denmark, Austria and France. Although he had opposed military action in each case, once war had started he supported the Prussian military wholeheartedly and took positions of command. Since he had no political influence at all, these were opportunities to prove himself.<a href="#cite_note-Fred-15">[14]</a> Frederick experienced his first combat in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a>. Appointed to supervise the supreme <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Graf_von_Wrangel" title="Friedrich Graf von Wrangel">Field Marshal Wrangel</a> and his staff, the Crown Prince tactfully managed disputes between Wrangel and the other officers. The Prussians and their <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> allies defeated the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Danes</a> and conquered the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, but after the war, they spent two years politicking to assume leadership of the German states. This culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>. Frederick "was the only member of the Prussian Crown Council to uphold the rights of the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VIII,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein">Duke of Augustenberg</a> and oppose the idea of a war with Austria which he described as fratricide." Although he supported unification and the restoration of the medieval empire, "Fritz could not accept that war was the right way to unite Germany."<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> However, when war with Austria broke out, Frederick accepted command of one of Prussia's three armies. He commanded the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Austro-Prussian_War)" title="Second Army (Austro-Prussian War)">Second Army</a>, with General <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Graf_von_Blumenthal" title="Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal">Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal</a> as his chief of staff. At first, the Austrian Army defeated the Second Army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trautenau" title="Battle of Trautenau">Battle of Trautenau</a> on 27 June 1866.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner189926–30-40">[39]</a> However, next day, Frederick ordered his divisions to attack the Austrian X Corps from early in the morning, which brought Prussia's victory. His plan was successful, leading the victory of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burkersdorf_(1866)" title="Battle of Burkersdorf (1866)">Battle of Burkersdorf</a>. On that day, when the two battles (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burkersdorf_(1866)" title="Battle of Burkersdorf (1866)">Battle of Burkersdorf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skalitz" title="Battle of Skalitz">Battle of Skalitz</a>) were fought by his Second Army, he was at Kosteletz in order to reach the battlefield easily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner189936–37-41">[40]</a> On 29 June, Frederick ordered his army to advance. He established his headquarters in Kaile. Now he reached the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner189940-42">[41]</a> On June 30, <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Helmuth von Moltke</a> ordered him to station his army in the Elbe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner189945-43">[42]</a> At Moltke's command, he didn't order the advance but, from 8 o'clock on July 3, his troops started the advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner189962–63-44">[43]</a> The timely arrival of his army was crucial to the Prussian victory in 1866 at the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Battle of Königgrätz">Battle of Königgrätz</a>, which won the war for Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-Lord-125-45">[44]</a> Nevertheless, the bloodshed caused him great dismay.<a href="#cite_note-Fred-15">[14]</a> A few days before Königgrätz, Frederick had written to his wife, expressing his hope that this would be the last war he would have to fight. On the third day of the battle he wrote to her again: "Who knows whether we may not have to wage a third war in order to keep what we have now won?"<a href="#cite_note-Pakula-98-46">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Prince_Frederick_William_of_Prussia_-_Illustrated_London_News_August_20,_1870.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Crown_Prince_Frederick_William_of_Prussia_-_Illustrated_London_News_August_20%2C_1870.PNG/170px-Crown_Prince_Frederick_William_of_Prussia_-_Illustrated_London_News_August_20%2C_1870.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Crown_Prince_Frederick_William_of_Prussia_-_Illustrated_London_News_August_20%2C_1870.PNG/255px-Crown_Prince_Frederick_William_of_Prussia_-_Illustrated_London_News_August_20%2C_1870.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Crown_Prince_Frederick_William_of_Prussia_-_Illustrated_London_News_August_20%2C_1870.PNG/340px-Crown_Prince_Frederick_William_of_Prussia_-_Illustrated_London_News_August_20%2C_1870.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="4197" /></a><figcaption>20 August 1870, <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a> celebrates the Crown Prince's <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> achievements</figcaption></figure> Four years later Frederick was in action again, this time during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870, in which he was once more paired with Blumenthal and commanded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Army_(Franco-Prussian_War)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Army (Franco-Prussian War) (page does not exist)">Third Army</a>, consisting of troops from the southern German states by some political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howard-60-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kollander-92-49">[48]</a> He was praised for his leadership after defeating the French at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1870)" title="Battle of Wissembourg (1870)">Wissembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rth_(1870)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Wörth (1870)">Wörth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-92-49">[48]</a> and met with further successes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan" title="Battle of Sedan">Battle of Sedan</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870-1871)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870-1871)">siege of Paris</a>. Frederick was promoted to field marshal on 28 October 1870. Frederick's humane treatment of his country's foes earned him their respect and the plaudits of neutral observers.<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-109-50">[49]</a> After the Battle of Wörth, a London journalist witnessed the Crown Prince's many visits to wounded Prussian soldiers and lauded his deeds, extolling the love and respect the soldiers held for Frederick. Following his victory, Frederick had remarked to two Paris journalists, "I do not like war gentlemen. If I should reign I would never make it."<a href="#cite_note-LondonNews-51">[50]</a> One French journalist remarked that "the Crown Prince has left countless traits of kindness and humanity in the land that he fought against."<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-109-50">[49]</a> For his behaviour and accomplishments, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> wrote a tribute to Frederick in July 1871, stating that "the Prince has won as much honour for his gentleness as for his prowess in the war".<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-109-50">[49]</a> After the war, Frederick was awarded with <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Grand Cross of the Iron Cross">Grand Cross of the Iron Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crown_Prince_of_the_German_Empire">Crown Prince of the German Empire</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Crown Prince of the German Empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_III_as_Kronprinz_-_in_GdK_uniform_by_Heinrich_von_Angeli_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friedrich_III_as_Kronprinz_-_in_GdK_uniform_by_Heinrich_von_Angeli_1874.jpg/170px-Friedrich_III_as_Kronprinz_-_in_GdK_uniform_by_Heinrich_von_Angeli_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friedrich_III_as_Kronprinz_-_in_GdK_uniform_by_Heinrich_von_Angeli_1874.jpg/255px-Friedrich_III_as_Kronprinz_-_in_GdK_uniform_by_Heinrich_von_Angeli_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friedrich_III_as_Kronprinz_-_in_GdK_uniform_by_Heinrich_von_Angeli_1874.jpg/340px-Friedrich_III_as_Kronprinz_-_in_GdK_uniform_by_Heinrich_von_Angeli_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Frederick as Crown Prince, 1874, by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Angeli" title="Heinrich von Angeli">Heinrich von Angeli</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_III_in_Garter_Ceremonial_Robes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Friedrich_III_in_Garter_Ceremonial_Robes.jpg/170px-Friedrich_III_in_Garter_Ceremonial_Robes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Friedrich_III_in_Garter_Ceremonial_Robes.jpg/255px-Friedrich_III_in_Garter_Ceremonial_Robes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Friedrich_III_in_Garter_Ceremonial_Robes.jpg/340px-Friedrich_III_in_Garter_Ceremonial_Robes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Friedrich III in <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Garter</a> Ceremonial Robes</figcaption></figure> In 1871, following Prussia's victories, the German states were united into the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, with William as the Emperor and Frederick as heir-apparent to the new <a href="/wiki/German_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="German monarchy">German monarchy</a>. Although William thought the day when he became Emperor the saddest of his life, Frederick was excited to be witness to a great day in German history.<a href="#cite_note-Fred-15">[14]</a> Bismarck, now <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(German_Reich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)">Chancellor</a>, disliked Frederick and distrusted the liberal attitudes of the Crown Prince and Princess. Often at odds with his father's and Bismarck's policies and actions, Frederick sided with the country's liberals<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-6-52">[51]</a> in their opposition to the expansion of the empire's army.<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-1-53">[52]</a> The Crown Prince also became involved in many public works projects, such as the establishment of schools and churches in the area of <a href="/wiki/Bornstedt_(Potsdam)" title="Bornstedt (Potsdam)">Bornstedt</a> near Potsdam.<a href="#cite_note-M-B-420-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-VdK-89-55">[54]</a> To assist his father's effort to turn Berlin, the capital city, into a great cultural centre, he was appointed Protector of Public Museums; it was largely due to Frederick that considerable artistic collections were acquired, housed in Berlin's new <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Friedrich_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Friedrich Museum">Kaiser Friedrich Museum</a> (later known as the Bode Museum) after his death.<a href="#cite_note-VdK-128-56">[55]</a> In 1878, when his father was incapacitated by injury from an assassination attempt, Frederick briefly took over his tasks but was soon relegated to the sidelines once again. His lack of influence affected him deeply, even causing him to contemplate suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Fred-15">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_(3._Fassung_1885).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/330px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/440px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Anton von Werner's depiction of William's proclamation as Emperor. Frederick is standing behind his father, while his brother-in-law, the Grand Duke of Baden leads the cheering.</figcaption></figure> During an effort led, between 1879 and 1881, by the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkisch">völkisch</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich von Treitschke</a> and the court chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Adolf Stoecker</a>, to dis-emancipate German Jews,<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> the Crown Prince and Crown Princess were in opposition, Victoria writing that she saw "Treitschke and his supporters as lunatics of the most dangerous sort", and opining that Pastor Stoecker properly belonged in an insane asylum.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-58">[57]</a> She went on to write that she felt ashamed of her adopted country because people like Treitschke and Stoecker "behave so hatefully towards people of a different faith and another race who become an integral part (and by no means the worst) of our nation!".<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-58">[57]</a> Clad in the uniform of a Prussian <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a>, Frederick, together with Victoria, attended a synagogue service in Berlin in 1880 to show support for tolerance in contrast to what Victoria called Treitschke's "disgraceful attacks".<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-58">[57]</a> Shortly afterward, Frederick gave a speech denouncing the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany#1815–1918" title="History of the Jews in Germany">anti-Semitic movement</a> in Germany as "a shameful blot on our time", adding that "We are ashamed of the Judenhetze [agitation against Jews] which has broken all bounds of decency in Berlin, but which seems to flourish under the protection of the Court clerics."<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-58">[57]</a> In 1881, Frederick and Victoria again attended a synagogue service, this time in <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> "to demonstrate as clearly as we can what our convictions are".<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-58">[57]</a> Frederick followed this up by giving a speech in which he spoke out for "poor, ill-treated Jews" of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-58">[57]</a> Frederick's mother-in-law, Queen Victoria, wrote to thank him for his speech, saying she was proud that her daughter had married someone like him, but within <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junker</a> circles, Frederick was widely criticised for his actions in support of the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-58">[57]</a> Prominent among the Crown Prince's critics was his eldest son, Wilhelm, who called his father a weak, cowardly man controlled by his British wife and the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-58">[57]</a> Beyond Wilhelm, many of the "reactionary and 'chauvinistic' circles in Germany" had, in the words of the British historian <a href="/wiki/John_C._G._R%C3%B6hl" title="John C. G. Röhl">John C. G. Röhl</a>, come to the "conviction that the Crown Prince and his liberal English wife were an alien, un-German force that must not be allowed to accede to the throne".<a href="#cite_note-Röhl-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness_and_decline">Illness and decline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Illness and decline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morell_Mackenzie_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Morell_Mackenzie_2.jpg/170px-Morell_Mackenzie_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Morell_Mackenzie_2.jpg/255px-Morell_Mackenzie_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Morell_Mackenzie_2.jpg/340px-Morell_Mackenzie_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="2756" /></a><figcaption>Morell Mackenzie, whose treatment of Frederick caused controversy</figcaption></figure> Frederick had been a heavy smoker for many years.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm-645,646-59">[58]</a> At a ball held by William on 31 January 1887, a guest reported the Crown Prince "was so hoarse that he could hardly say a word."<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm-645,646-59">[58]</a> His hoarseness continued through February, and was diagnosed as a thickening of the mucous membrane over the vocal cords, caused by "a chronic laryngeal catarrh."<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm-645,646-59">[58]</a> On 7 February, Frederick consulted a doctor, Karl Gerhardt, who scraped a wire across the membrane for 10 days in an attempt to remove thickened tissue. After the procedure proved unsuccessful, Gerhardt cauterised the left vocal cord with an electric wire on 15 March in an attempt to remove what was then thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fold_nodule" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal fold nodule">vocal fold nodule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm-645,646-59">[58]</a> Due to Frederick's highly inflamed throat, Gerhardt was unable to remove the entire growth. After several cauterisations, and with no signs of improvement, Frederick and his wife went to the spa of <a href="/wiki/Bad_Ems" title="Bad Ems">Bad Ems</a>, where he drank the mineral waters and underwent a regimen of gargles and inhaling fresh air, with no effect.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm-645,646-59">[58]</a> On 17 May, Gerhardt and other doctors, including <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Bergmann" title="Ernst von Bergmann">Ernst von Bergmann</a>, diagnosed the growth as <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer" title="Laryngeal cancer">laryngeal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm-645,646-59">[58]</a> Bergmann recommended consulting a leading British cancer specialist, <a href="/wiki/Morell_Mackenzie" title="Morell Mackenzie">Morell Mackenzie</a>; he also recommended a <a href="/wiki/Thyrotomy" title="Thyrotomy">thyrotomy</a> to gain better access to the inside of the larynx, followed by the complete removal of the larynx – a total <a href="/wiki/Laryngectomy" title="Laryngectomy">laryngectomy</a> – if the situation proved serious. While Victoria was informed of the need for an immediate operation, Frederick was not told.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_647-48-60">[59]</a> Despite the tentative diagnosis of cancer, the doctors hoped the growth would prove to be a benign <a href="/wiki/Epithelioma" title="Epithelioma">epithelioma</a>. A room on the top floor of the Crown Prince's palace was then equipped as an operating theatre, but Bergmann elected to put the operation on hold until Mackenzie could provide his assessment.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_647-48-60">[59]</a> Mackenzie arrived in Berlin on 20 May, but after examining Frederick recommended a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> of the growth to determine whether or not it was malignant. He conducted the biopsy the following morning, after which he sent tissue samples to the distinguished pathologist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> for microscopic examination. When Virchow was unable to detect any cancerous cells despite several separate analyses, Mackenzie declared his opposition to a laryngectomy being performed, as he felt it would be invariably fatal, and said he would assume charge of the case. He gave his assurance that Frederick would fully recover "in a few months."<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_649-50-61">[60]</a> While Gerhardt and Physician-General August Wegner concurred with Mackenzie, Bergmann and his colleague Adalbert Tobold held to their original diagnosis of cancer. In addition to Mackenzie's opinion, Bismarck strongly opposed any major operation on Frederick's throat, and pressed the Kaiser to veto it.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_649-50-61">[60]</a> On 9 June, Mackenzie again biopsied the growth and sent the samples to Virchow, who reported the following day that he was again unable to detect any signs of cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_649-50-61">[60]</a> On 13 June, the Crown Prince left Potsdam for London to attend his mother-in-law's Golden Jubilee and to consult Mackenzie. He never saw his father alive again. He was accompanied by Victoria and their three younger daughters, along with Gerhardt; on 29 June, Mackenzie reported that he had successfully operated at his Harley Street clinic, and had removed "nearly the entire growth."<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_654-62">[61]</a> Frederick spent July with his family at <a href="/wiki/Norris_Castle" title="Norris Castle">Norris Castle</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. However, when Frederick visited Mackenzie's office on 2 August for a follow-up examination, the growth had reappeared, necessitating its cauterisation the same day, and again on 8 August – an ominous indication that it was indeed malignant. Felix Semon, a distinguished German throat specialist with a practice in England, and who had been closely following Frederick's case, submitted a report to the German Foreign Secretary in which he strongly criticised Mackenzie's cauterisations, and gave his opinion that the growth, if not malignant, was suspect, and should continue to be biopsied and examined.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_656-57-63">[62]</a> On 9 August, Frederick travelled to <a href="/wiki/Braemar" title="Braemar">Braemar</a> in the Scottish Highlands with Dr. Mark Hovell, a senior surgeon at the Throat Hospital in London. Although a further examination by Mackenzie on 20 August revealed no sign of a recurrent growth, Frederick said he had the "constant feeling" of something "not right inside"; nonetheless, he asked Queen Victoria to knight Mackenzie, who duly received a knighthood in September.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_658-59-64">[63]</a> Despite the operations on his throat and having taken the sea air at <a href="/wiki/Cowes" title="Cowes">Cowes</a>, Frederick remained hoarse and was advised by Mackenzie to spend the coming winter on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Riviera" title="Italian Riviera">Italian Riviera</a>. In August, following reports that his father was gravely ill, he considered returning to Germany, but was dissuaded by his wife, and went to <a href="/wiki/Toblach" title="Toblach">Toblach</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> with his family, where Victoria had rented a house.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_659-62-65">[64]</a> He arrived in Toblach on 7 September, exhausted and hoarse.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_659-62-65">[64]</a> Concerned by Frederick's lack of visible improvement after a brief meeting with Frederick in Munich, <a href="/wiki/Philipp,_Prince_of_Eulenburg" title="Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg">Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg</a>, consulted the distinguished <a href="/wiki/Laryngologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngologist">laryngologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Joseph_Oertel" title="Max Joseph Oertel">Max Joseph Oertel</a>, who urged a drastic and thorough operation on Frederick's throat, and said he suspected a benign tumour which could soon become malignant.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_662-63-66">[65]</a> By this time, Mackenzie's treatment of Frederick was generating strong criticism. After a fortnight in Toblach, Mackenzie arrived to reexamine Frederick, who had continued to suffer from colds and hoarseness; in public, however, the doctor remained largely unconcerned, and attributed the hoarseness to a "momentary chill." However, he recommended that Frederick should leave Toblach for <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, to be followed by Victoria. The weather soon turned cold, and Frederick's throat caused him pain, for which he received cocaine injections.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_664-66-67">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_von_Bergmann_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ernst_von_Bergmann_1.jpg/220px-Ernst_von_Bergmann_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ernst_von_Bergmann_1.jpg/330px-Ernst_von_Bergmann_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ernst_von_Bergmann_1.jpg/440px-Ernst_von_Bergmann_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Professor Ernst von Bergmann, who attended to Frederick throughout his illness</figcaption></figure> Upon arriving in Venice, Frederick again caught cold; privately, Mackenzie was growing seriously concerned, having observed a continued tendency for Frederick's throat and larynx to swell. He forbade Frederick from speaking at any length, noting that if the Crown Prince insisted on speaking and contracted further colds, he could give him no more than three months to live.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_664-66-67">[66]</a> At the beginning of October, Victoria noted that "Fritz's throat is giving no cause for fresh anxiety & he really does take a little more care and speaks a little less."<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_671-73-68">[67]</a> On 6 October, Frederick, his family and Mackenzie left for a villa at <a href="/wiki/Baveno" title="Baveno">Baveno</a> on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>, with Mackenzie leaving Baveno on 8 October, after predicting Frederick's recovery "in 3 or 4 months," wrote Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_671-73-68">[67]</a> Their elder son Wilhelm joined them at Baveno on 17 October for Frederick's 56th birthday the following day.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_671-73-68">[67]</a> At the end of October, Frederick's condition abruptly worsened, with Victoria writing to her mother on 2 November that Frederick's throat was again inflamed, but not due to any cold, and that he was "very hoarse again" and easily became depressed about his health. General <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Waldersee" title="Alfred von Waldersee">Alfred von Waldersee</a> observed that Frederick's health had grave implications as if William died soon and his son succeeded, "a new Kaiser who is not allowed to speak is a virtual impossibility, quite apart from the fact that we desperately need a highly energetic one." His son Wilhelm reported to <a href="/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Saxony" title="Albert, King of Saxony">Albert, King of Saxony</a> that his father was frequently short-tempered and melancholic, though his voice appeared to have slightly improved, and that Frederick's throat was being treated by "blowing in a powder twice a day to soothe the larynx."<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_671-73-68">[67]</a> On 3 November, Frederick and his entourage departed for <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">San Remo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_671-73-68">[67]</a> At San Remo two days later, on 5 November, Frederick entirely lost his voice and experienced severe pain throughout his throat.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_690-91-69">[68]</a> Upon examination, Dr. Hovell discovered a new growth under the left vocal cord; when the news reached William and the German government, it caused great consternation. The following day, Mackenzie issued a bulletin stating that while there was no immediate danger to the Crown Prince, his illness had "unfortunately taken an unfavourable turn," and that he had requested advice from other specialists, including the Austrian professor of laryngology <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Schr%C3%B6tter" title="Leopold von Schrötter">Leopold Schrötter</a> and Dr. Hermann Krause of Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_690-91-69">[68]</a> On 9 November, Schrötter and Krause diagnosed the new growth as malignant, and said it was unlikely Frederick could live another year.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_690-91-69">[68]</a> All the doctors in attendance, including Mackenzie, now concluded that Frederick's disease was indeed laryngeal cancer, as new lesions had appeared on the right side of the larynx, and that an immediate and total laryngectomy was required to save his life; Moritz Schmidt, one of the doctors, subsequently said that the earlier growths found in May had also been cancerous.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_694-97-70">[69]</a> Frederick was devastated by the news, bursting into tears upon being informed by Mackenzie and crying, "To think I should have such a horrid disgusting illness ... I had so hoped to have been of use to my country. Why is Heaven so cruel to me? What have I done to be thus stricken and condemned?"<a href="#cite_note-Pakula-448-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_694-97-70">[69]</a> Even at this stage, however, Frederick, in a private discussion with his wife, decided against the laryngectomy as it was itself highly risky. He sent his doctors a written statement that he would remain in Italy and would only submit to a <a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">tracheotomy</a> if he was at risk of suffocating due to his condition.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_694-97-70">[69]</a> The news was greeted with shock in Berlin and generated further hatred against Victoria, now seen as a domineering "foreigner" who was manipulating her husband. Some politicians suggested that Frederick be made to relinquish his position in the line of succession in favour of his son Wilhelm, but Bismarck firmly stated that Frederick would succeed his ailing father "whether he is ill or not, [and] whether the K[aiser] is then unable permanently to perform his duties," would then be determined per the relevant provisions of the Prussian Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_702-05-72">[71]</a> Despite the renewed diagnosis of cancer, Frederick's condition appeared to improve after 5 November, and he became more optimistic; through January 1888 there remained some hope that the diagnosis was incorrect. Both Frederick and Victoria retained their faith in Mackenzie, who re-examined Frederick's throat several times in December and gave a good prognosis, again doubting whether the growths had been cancerous.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_699-701-73">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_-_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_-_Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz_-1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Photo_-_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_-_Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz_-1887.jpg/250px-Photo_-_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_-_Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz_-1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Photo_-_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_-_Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz_-1887.jpg/375px-Photo_-_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_-_Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz_-1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Photo_-_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_-_Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz_-1887.jpg/500px-Photo_-_Kronprinz_Friedrich_Wilhelm_-_Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz_-1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Crown Prince Frederick, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1887</figcaption></figure> On 26 December 1887, Frederick wrote that his "chronic catarrh" appeared to be taking "a turn for the better", and that "a further bond has been forged between our people and myself; may God preserve it by giving me, when I resume my duties, the capacity to prove myself worthy of the great trust that has been shown me!"<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_699-701-73">[72]</a> A week later, however, on 5 January 1888, his hoarseness and the swelling under his left vocal cord returned, with the previously unaffected right side of his throat becoming inflamed.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_773-77-74">[73]</a> He ran high fevers and began coughing violently, with his breathing becoming more laboured. The doctors diagnosed <a href="/wiki/Perichondritis" title="Perichondritis">perichondritis</a>, an infection of the throat membrane.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_773-77-74">[73]</a> Frederick again became unable to speak, and suffered violent headaches and insomnia.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_773-77-74">[73]</a> On 29 January, Mackenzie returned to San Remo from a trip to Spain, and after examining his patient recommended an immediate tracheotomy.<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie1888-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_778-782-76">[75]</a> The operation was conducted at 4 p.m. on 8 February, by which time Frederick was continually suffering from insomnia and "embarrassing bouts of suffocation".<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_778-782-76">[75]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_tube" title="Tracheal tube">tracheal tube</a> was fitted to allow Frederick to breathe;<a href="#cite_note-Sinc-204-77">[76]</a> for the remainder of his life he was unable to speak and often communicated through writing.<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-27-78">[77]</a> During the operation, Bergmann almost killed Frederick by missing the incision in the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> and forcing the cannula into the wrong place.<a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie1888-75">[74]</a> Frederick started to cough and bleed, and Bergmann placed his forefinger into the wound to enlarge it. The bleeding subsided after two hours, but Bergmann's actions resulted in an <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> in Frederick's neck, producing <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">pus</a> which would give Frederick discomfort for the remaining months of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Sinc-204-77">[76]</a> Later, Frederick would ask "Why did Bergmann put his finger in my throat?"<a href="#cite_note-Sinc-204-77">[76]</a> and complain that "Bergmann ill-treated [me]".<a href="#cite_note-Sinc-204-77">[76]</a> Even after the tracheotomy, Frederick continued to run high fevers and suffered from headaches and insomnia. His violent coughing continued, bringing up bloody <a href="/wiki/Sputum" title="Sputum">sputum</a>. Apart from Mackenzie, the other doctors, led by Bergmann, now held the firm opinion that the Crown Prince's disease was cancer and that it had possibly spread to his lungs. The diagnosis of laryngeal cancer was conclusively confirmed on 6 March, when the <a href="/wiki/Anatomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomist">anatomist</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Waldeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Waldeyer">Wilhelm Waldeyer</a>, who had come to San Remo, examined Frederick's sputum under a microscope and confirmed the presence of "so-called cancroid bodies...from a cancerous new growth" in the larynx. He further said that there were no signs of any growths in the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_778-782-76">[75]</a> Though it finally settled the question, Waldeyer's diagnosis threw all of Mackenzie's treatment of Frederick into doubt.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_778-782-76">[75]</a> The diagnosis and treatment of Frederick's fatal illness caused some medical controversy well into the next century.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brief_reign_and_death">Brief reign and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brief reign and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_mortem_portrait_of_Kaiser_Frederick_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Post_mortem_portrait_of_Kaiser_Frederick_III.jpg/330px-Post_mortem_portrait_of_Kaiser_Frederick_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Post_mortem_portrait_of_Kaiser_Frederick_III.jpg/495px-Post_mortem_portrait_of_Kaiser_Frederick_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Post_mortem_portrait_of_Kaiser_Frederick_III.jpg/660px-Post_mortem_portrait_of_Kaiser_Frederick_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="2260" /></a><figcaption>Post mortem portrait of Emperor Frederick III, 1888</figcaption></figure> Three days after Frederick was confirmed to be suffering from cancer, his father Emperor William I died aged 90 at 8:22 a.m. on 9 March 1888, upon which Frederick became German Emperor and King of Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_788-89-80">[79]</a> His son Wilhelm, now Crown Prince, telegraphed the news to his father in Italy. Later the same day, Frederick wrote in his diary that he had received the telegram upon returning from a walk, "...and so I have ascended the throne of my forefathers and of the German Kaiser! God help me fulfill my duties conscientiously and for the weal of my Fatherland, in both the narrower and the wider sense."<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_788-89-80">[79]</a> Germany's progressive elements hoped that William's death, and thus Frederick's succession, would usher the country into a new era governed along liberal lines.<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-1-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheehan-217-81">[80]</a> Logically, Frederick should have taken as his regnal name either Frederick I (if the Bismarckian empire was considered a new entity) or Frederick IV (if it was considered a continuation of the old <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, which had had three emperors named Frederick); he himself preferred the latter. However, on the advice of Bismarck that this would create legal problems, he opted to simply keep the same regnal name he had as king of Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_788-89-80">[79]</a> The new emperor reached Berlin at 11 p.m. on the night of 11 March; those who saw him were horrified by his "pitiful" appearance.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_790-91-82">[81]</a> The question now was how much longer the mortally ill emperor could be expected to live, and what, if anything, he could hope to achieve.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_788-89-80">[79]</a> In spite of his illness, Frederick did his best to fulfill his obligations as emperor. Immediately after the announcement of his accession, he took the ribbon and star of his Order of the Black Eagle from his uniform tunic and pinned it on the dress of his wife; he was determined to honor her position as empress.<a href="#cite_note-VdK-193-83">[82]</a> Too ill to march in his father's funeral procession, he was represented by Wilhelm, the new Crown Prince, while he watched, weeping, from his rooms in the <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlottenburg Palace">Charlottenburg Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_790-91-82">[81]</a> As the German Emperor, he officially received Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (his mother-in-law) and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway</a>, and attended the wedding of his son Prince Henry to his niece <a href="/wiki/Princess_Irene_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" title="Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine">Princess Irene</a>. However, Frederick reigned for only 99 days,<a href="#cite_note-Kitchen-214-84">[83]</a> and was unable to bring about much lasting change.<a href="#cite_note-Cecil-110-85">[84]</a> The majority of the German ruling elite viewed Frederick III's reign as merely a brief interim period before the accession of his son Wilhelm II to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_792-86">[85]</a> An edict he penned before he ascended to the throne that would limit the powers of the chancellor and monarch under the constitution was never put into effect,<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-147-87">[86]</a> although he did force <a href="/wiki/Robert_von_Puttkamer" title="Robert von Puttkamer">Robert von Puttkamer</a> to resign as Prussian <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Interior">Minister of the Interior</a> on 8 June, when evidence indicated that Puttkamer had interfered in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> elections. Dr. Mackenzie wrote that the emperor had "an almost overwhelming sense of the duties of his position".<a href="#cite_note-VdK-195-88">[87]</a> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala" title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala">Lord Napier</a>, Empress Victoria wrote "The Emperor is able to attend to his business, and do a great deal, but not being able to speak is, of course, most trying."<a href="#cite_note-VdK-196-89">[88]</a> Frederick had the fervour but not the time to accomplish his desires, lamenting in May 1888, "I cannot die ... What would happen to Germany?"<a href="#cite_note-Pakula-484-90">[89]</a> From April 1888, Frederick became so weak he was unable to walk, and was largely confined to his bed; his continual coughing brought up large quantities of pus. In early June, the cancer spread to and perforated his esophagus, preventing him from eating.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_823-25-91">[90]</a> He suffered from bouts of vomiting and ran high fevers, but remained alert enough to write a last diary entry on 11 June: "What's happening to me? I must get well again; I have so much to do!"<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_823-25-91">[90]</a> Frederick III died in Potsdam at 11:30 a.m. on 15 June 1888, and was succeeded by his 29-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Röhl_Young_Wilhelm_823-25-91">[90]</a> Frederick III is buried in a mausoleum attached to the <a href="/wiki/Friedenskirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedenskirche">Friedenskirche</a> in Potsdam.<a href="#cite_note-Wanckel-92">[91]</a> After his death, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> described him as the "<a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Barbarossa</a> of German liberalism".<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-xi-93">[92]</a> Empress Victoria went on to continue spreading Frederick's thoughts and ideals throughout Germany, but no longer had power within the government.<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-179-94">[93]</a> His premature demise is considered a potential turning point in German history.<a href="#cite_note-Tipton-175-95">[94]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_III_Mausoleum,_Potsdam,_Berlin,_Germany-LCCN2002713635.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Frederick_III_Mausoleum%2C_Potsdam%2C_Berlin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713635.jpg/220px-Frederick_III_Mausoleum%2C_Potsdam%2C_Berlin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713635.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Frederick_III_Mausoleum%2C_Potsdam%2C_Berlin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713635.jpg/330px-Frederick_III_Mausoleum%2C_Potsdam%2C_Berlin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Frederick_III_Mausoleum%2C_Potsdam%2C_Berlin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713635.jpg/440px-Frederick_III_Mausoleum%2C_Potsdam%2C_Berlin%2C_Germany-LCCN2002713635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3655" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Kaiser-Friedrich-Mausoleum (Potsdam): Frederick is entombed in this sarcophagus, which bears his likeness on top.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Prince_Friedrich_of_Prussia_1870_by_Sergei_Levitsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Crown_Prince_Friedrich_of_Prussia_1870_by_Sergei_Levitsky.jpg/170px-Crown_Prince_Friedrich_of_Prussia_1870_by_Sergei_Levitsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Crown_Prince_Friedrich_of_Prussia_1870_by_Sergei_Levitsky.jpg/255px-Crown_Prince_Friedrich_of_Prussia_1870_by_Sergei_Levitsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Crown_Prince_Friedrich_of_Prussia_1870_by_Sergei_Levitsky.jpg/340px-Crown_Prince_Friedrich_of_Prussia_1870_by_Sergei_Levitsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Frederick as Crown Prince, by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lvovich_Levitsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Lvovich Levitsky">Sergei Lvovich Levitsky</a>, 1870 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)</figcaption></figure> Although celebrated as a young man for his leadership and successes during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian</a> wars,<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-79-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-LondonNews-51">[50]</a> he nevertheless professed a hatred of warfare and was praised by friends and enemies alike for his humane conduct. Frederick believed a state should not act against the popular opinion of its inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-11-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-22-97">[96]</a> He had a long history of liberalism, and had discussed his ideas and intentions with Victoria and others before his reign. Admiring Prince Albert and the British parliamentary system,<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-1-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-3-98">[97]</a> Frederick and his wife planned to rule as co-monarchs and liberalize Germany through the appointment of more liberal ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FaragoSinclair-264-99">[98]</a> They intended to severely limit the office of Chancellor,<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-147-87">[86]</a> and reorganize Germany to include many elements of British liberalism. Many historians, including <a href="/wiki/William_Harbutt_Dawson" title="William Harbutt Dawson">William Harbutt Dawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Eyck" title="Erich Eyck">Erich Eyck</a>, consider that Frederick's early death put an end to the development of liberalism within the German Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-100">[99]</a> They believe that, given a longer reign and better health, Frederick might indeed have transformed Germany into a more <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal democratic">liberal democratic</a> country, and prevented its militaristic path toward war.<a href="#cite_note-Kitchen-214-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chalat-1307-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCullough-403-102">[101]</a> Dr. J. McCullough claims that Frederick would have averted <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>—and by extension the resulting <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-McCullough-403-102">[101]</a>—while other historians such as Michael Balfour go even further by postulating that, as the end of World War I directly affected the state of the world's development, the liberal German Emperor might also have prevented the rise of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and by extent, preventing the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Balfour-v-103">[102]</a> Author Michael Freund states outright that both world wars would have been averted had Frederick lived longer.<a href="#cite_note-Freund-9-104">[103]</a> Frederick's life inspired historian Frank Tipton to speculate: "What would have happened had his father died sooner or if he himself had lived longer?"<a href="#cite_note-Tipton-176-105">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_III_-_The_end_of_a_brave_life.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Friedrich_III_-_The_end_of_a_brave_life.jpg/220px-Friedrich_III_-_The_end_of_a_brave_life.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Friedrich_III_-_The_end_of_a_brave_life.jpg/330px-Friedrich_III_-_The_end_of_a_brave_life.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Friedrich_III_-_The_end_of_a_brave_life.jpg/440px-Friedrich_III_-_The_end_of_a_brave_life.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>United States magazine <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a> mourning the death of Frederick</figcaption></figure> Other historians, including <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mommsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Mommsen">Wilhelm Mommsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rosenberg" title="Arthur Rosenberg">Arthur Rosenberg</a>, oppose the idea that Frederick could have, or would have, liberalized Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-100">[99]</a> They believe that he would not have dared to oppose both his father's legacy and Bismarck to change Germany's course. A natural soldier, he was steeped in his family's strong military tradition, and had happily reported to his father since he joined the army at the age of ten.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonogh-17-9">[8]</a> Andreas Dorpalen notes that Frederick had complied with most of William's and Bismarck's policies early in his life, and would have been unlikely to change his behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-3-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-18-106">[105]</a> According to Arthur Rosenberg, despite his liberal tendencies Frederick still firmly believed in Bismarck and his system,<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-34-107">[106]</a> with Dorpalen adding that in any case Frederick had too weak and ineffectual a character to have brought about real change, regardless of how long he reigned.<a href="#cite_note-Sheehan-217-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-4-108">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_J._Sheehan" title="James J. Sheehan">James J. Sheehan</a> states that the political climate and party system of Germany during that period were too steeped in the old ways for Frederick to overcome with liberalization.<a href="#cite_note-Sheehan-216-109">[108]</a> Dorpalen also observes that Frederick's liberal persona may have been exaggerated after his death, to keep the liberal movement strong in Germany,<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-30-110">[109]</a> and he points out that the many mistakes made by Wilhelm II helped to paint his father in a more favorable light.<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-31-111">[110]</a> Frederick's children—Wilhelm in particular—held various political positions and greatly influenced Europe. Unlike his father, Wilhelm had not personally experienced the horrors of war, and he enthusiastically embraced his family's military heritage, coming under Bismarck's tutelage. The Chancellor, who disapproved of Frederick's and Victoria's liberal ways, felt bound to increase the tensions between Wilhelm and his parents.<a href="#cite_note-Feuchtwanger-243-112">[111]</a> Wilhelm grew up full of disdain for their opinions on government; shortly after his father's death he proclaimed that he would follow the path of his grandfather, William I, and made no reference to Frederick III.<a href="#cite_note-Kollander-178-113">[112]</a> Wilhelm II abandoned all of his father's policies and ideas, and eventually led Germany into World War I.<a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-2-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorpalen-31-111">[110]</a> Bismarck's plan of undermining Frederick and Victoria, and of using Wilhelm II as a tool for retaining his own power, led to his own downfall. As it turned out, Wilhelm did share his father's conviction that the position of the chancellor was too strong and should be modified in favour of a more powerful Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-Fred-15">[14]</a> Bismarck only realized this when Wilhelm II was about to dismiss him: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">All Bismarck's resources were deployed; he even asked Empress Victoria to use her influence with her son on his behalf. But the wizard had lost his magic; his spells were powerless because they were exerted on people who did not respect them, and he who had so signally disregarded Kant's command to use people as ends in themselves had too small a stock of loyalty to draw on. As <a href="/wiki/Lord_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> told Queen Victoria: 'The very qualities which Bismarck fostered in the Emperor in order to strengthen himself when the Emperor Frederick should come to the throne have been the qualities by which he has been overthrown.' The Empress, with what must have been a mixture of pity and triumph, told him that her influence with her son could not save him for he himself had destroyed it.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></blockquote> Churches honouring Frederick include the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Friedrich-Ged%C3%A4chtniskirche" title="Kaiser-Friedrich-Gedächtniskirche">Kaiser-Friedrich-Gedächtniskirche</a> in Berlin and the former <a href="/wiki/Kalthof_Church" title="Kalthof Church">Kalthof Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (Kaliningrad, Russia). <a href="/wiki/Mount_Frederick_William" title="Mount Frederick William">Mount Frederick William</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jervis_Inlet" title="Jervis Inlet">Jervis Inlet</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">British Columbia Coast</a> in Canada is named in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Frederick "described the Imperial Constitution as ingeniously contrived chaos."<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Balfour_(historian)" title="Michael Balfour (historian)">Michael Balfour</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Crown Prince and Princess shared the outlook of the <a href="/wiki/German_Progress_Party" title="German Progress Party">Progressive Party</a>, and Bismarck was haunted by the fear that should the old Emperor die—and he was now in his seventies—they would call on one of the Progressive leaders to become Chancellor. He sought to guard against such a turn by keeping the Crown Prince from a position of any influence and by using foul means as well as fair to make him unpopular.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles_and_honours">Titles, styles and honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Titles, styles and honours">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Titles and styles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>18 October 1831 – 2 January 1861: His Royal Highness Prince Frederick William of Prussia<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></li> <li>2 January 1861 – 18 January 1871: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Prussia<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></li> <li>18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888: His Imperial and Royal Highness The German Crown Prince, Crown Prince of Prussia<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></li> <li>9 March 1888 – 15 June 1888: His Majesty The German Emperor, King of Prussia<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>German decorations<a href="#cite_note-HofUndStaat-122">[121]</a></dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, 18 October 1841; with Collar, 1849<a href="#cite_note-prus-123">[122]</a></li> <li>Grand Commander's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern#Royal_House_Order" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">Royal House Order of Hohenzollern</a>, 1851; with Star, 11 September 1869; with Swords, 1873<a href="#cite_note-prus-123">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Grand Cross of the Red Eagle</a>, with Oak Leaves, 18 October 1861; with Swords, 1864<a href="#cite_note-prus-123">[122]</a></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Prussia)" title="Order of the Crown (Prussia)">Royal Crown Order</a>, 1st Class, 18 October 1861<a href="#cite_note-prus-123">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> (military), 29 June 1866; with Oak Leaves, 3 August 1866; Grand Cross, 20 September 1866; with Oak Leaves, 2 September 1873<a href="#cite_note-prus-123">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Grand Cross of the Iron Cross">Grand Cross of the Iron Cross</a>, 22 March 1871<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></li> <li>Service Award Cross</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png/23px-Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png/35px-Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png/45px-Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>: Cross of Honour of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern#Princely_House_Order" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">Princely House Order of Hohenzollern</a>, 1st Class with Swords</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/15px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/23px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/30px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Ascanian duchies</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Albert_the_Bear" title="Order of Albert the Bear">Order of Albert the Bear</a>, 14 February 1853; with Swords, 12 September 1864<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/46px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>:<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity" title="House Order of Fidelity">House Order of Fidelity</a>, 1850</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Z%C3%A4hringer_Lion" title="Order of the Zähringer Lion">Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion</a>, 1850</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Karl-Friedrich_Merit_Order" title="Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order">Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order</a>, 1867</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Hubert">Knight of St. Hubert</a>, 1853<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Max_Joseph" title="Military Order of Max Joseph">Military Order of Max Joseph</a>, 28 August 1870<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Henry_the_Lion" title="Order of Henry the Lion">Order of Henry the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><img alt="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Altenburg" title="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg"><img alt="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen"><img alt="Saxe-Meiningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order" title="Saxe-Ernestine House Order">Saxe-Ernestine House Order</a>, November 1854<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Hannover1865-130">[129]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Hanover)" title="Order of St. George (Hanover)">Knight of St. George</a>, 1858</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Royal Guelphic Order</a>, 1858</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_(Hesse-Kassel)" class="mw-redirect" title="House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse-Kassel)">Knight of the Golden Lion</a>, 16 April 1853<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/29px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/38px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a>:<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Order" title="Ludwig Order">Ludwig Order</a>, 11 October 1855</li> <li>Military Merit Cross for 1870/71, 15 March 1871</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Wendish_Crown" title="House Order of the Wendish Crown">Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown</a>, with Crown in Ore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Cross_(Mecklenburg-Schwerin)" title="Military Merit Cross (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)">Military Merit Cross</a>, 1st Class (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Schwerin</a>)</li> <li>Cross for Distinction in War (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Strelitz</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Golden Lion of Nassau">Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau</a>, March 1861<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/46px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis" title="House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis">Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig</a>, with Golden Crown, 17 April 1859; with Swords, 31 December 1870<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Grand Cross of the White Falcon</a>, 15 December 1848;<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> with Swords, 1870<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Knight of the Rue Crown</a>, 1857<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_St._Henry" title="Military Order of St. Henry">Military Order of St. Henry</a>, 1870<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg/23px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg/35px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg/45px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a>: Military Merit Medal</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Württemberg1873-139">[138]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown</a>, 1867</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Order_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Military Merit Order (Württemberg)">Military Merit Order</a>, 23 October 1870</li></ul></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Foreign decorations<a href="#cite_note-HofUndStaat-122">[121]</a></dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stephen_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Stephen of Hungary">Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen</a>, 1852<a href="#cite_note-austria-140">[139]</a></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Military Order of Maria Theresa">Military Order of Maria Theresa</a>, 1864<a href="#cite_note-austria-140">[139]</a></li> <li>Service Medal for Officers (25 years)</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a>, 6 May 1853<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="439" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Grand Cross of the Southern Cross</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, 19 August 1873<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, December 1856<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Grand Cross of the Redeemer</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of Kamehameha I (decoration)">Order of Kamehameha I</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>, 20 May 1880<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Guadalupe">Imperial Order of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_William_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Military William Order">Military William Order</a>, 23 August 1878<a href="#cite_note-Databank_dapperheidsonderscheidingen-145">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Distinction_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Order of Distinction (Ottoman Empire)">Order of Distinction</a>, in Diamonds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Order of Osmanieh</a>, 1st Class</li> <li>Gold <a href="/wiki/Imtiyaz_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Imtiyaz Medal">Imtiyaz Medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Tunisia</a>: Husainid Family Order</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/20px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/31px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/40px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a>: Order of the August Portrait, in Diamonds</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Two_Orders" title="Sash of the Two Orders">Sash of the Two Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword</a>, with Swords</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Double_Dragon" title="Order of the Double Dragon">Order of the Double Dragon</a>, Class I Grade I</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Grand Cross of the Star of Romania</a>, with Swords</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a>, September 1843<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, September 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the White Eagle (Russia)">Knight of the White Eagle</a>, September 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Knight of St. Anna</a>, 1st Class, September 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(House_of_Romanov)" title="Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)">Knight of St. Stanislaus</a>, 1st Class, September 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George" title="Order of St. George">Knight of St. George</a>, 4th Class, 1869; 2nd Class, 1870<a href="#cite_note-Army-147">[146]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>: Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_San_Marino" title="Order of San Marino">Order of San Marino</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1214" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Knight of the Annunciation</a>, 11 June 1850<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Savoy" title="Military Order of Savoy">Military Order of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valour" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Medal of Military Valour">Gold Medal of Military Valour</a>, 3 July 1866<a href="#cite_note-Decorato-149">[148]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%2C_2-3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Takovo" title="Order of the Cross of Takovo">Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Serbia)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)">Grand Cross of the White Eagle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Grand Cross of the White Elephant</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, 29 January 1862<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Laureate_Cross_of_Saint_Ferdinand" title="Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand">Military Order of St. Ferdinand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/21px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/32px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/41px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden-Norway</a>: <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_XIII" title="Order of Charles XIII">Order of Charles XIII</a>, 3 May 1858<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Knight of the Seraphim</a>, 8 January 1861<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Grand Cross of St. Olav</a>, 5 August 1873<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit" title="Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit">Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Stranger Knight of the Garter</a>, 28 January 1858<a href="#cite_note-p60-154">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath</a> (military), 25 January 1883<a href="#cite_note-p198-155">[154]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281863%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281863%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281863%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281863%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281863%E2%80%931905%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281863%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator" title="Order of the Liberator">Order of the Liberator</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Issue">edit</a>]</div> <table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Image</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg/90px-Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg/135px-Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg/180px-Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="5120" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II, German Emperor</a></td> <td>27 January 1859</td> <td>4 June 1941</td> <td>married (1), 27 February 1881, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Viktoria_of_Schleswig-Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein">Princess Auguste Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein</a>; died 1921; had <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">issue</a> (2), 9 November 1922, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Hermine_Reuss_of_Greiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz">Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz</a>, no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlotte,_Duchess_of_Saxe_Meiningen,_n%C3%A9e_Princess_of_Prussia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Charlotte%2C_Duchess_of_Saxe_Meiningen%2C_n%C3%A9e_Princess_of_Prussia.jpg/90px-Charlotte%2C_Duchess_of_Saxe_Meiningen%2C_n%C3%A9e_Princess_of_Prussia.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Charlotte%2C_Duchess_of_Saxe_Meiningen%2C_n%C3%A9e_Princess_of_Prussia.jpg/135px-Charlotte%2C_Duchess_of_Saxe_Meiningen%2C_n%C3%A9e_Princess_of_Prussia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Charlotte%2C_Duchess_of_Saxe_Meiningen%2C_n%C3%A9e_Princess_of_Prussia.jpg/180px-Charlotte%2C_Duchess_of_Saxe_Meiningen%2C_n%C3%A9e_Princess_of_Prussia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="700" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Duchess_of_Saxe-Meiningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen">Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen</a></td> <td>24 July 1860</td> <td>1 October 1919</td> <td>married, 18 February 1878, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_III,_Duke_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen">Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Henry_of_Prussia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia.jpg/90px-Prince_Henry_of_Prussia.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia.jpg/135px-Prince_Henry_of_Prussia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia.jpg/180px-Prince_Henry_of_Prussia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="5080" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1862%E2%80%931929)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)">Prince Henry of Prussia</a></td> <td>14 August 1862</td> <td>20 April 1929</td> <td>married, 24 May 1888, his first cousin <a href="/wiki/Princess_Irene_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" title="Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine">Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:H_Graf_-_Prinz_Sigismund_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_(Jan._1866).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/H_Graf_-_Prinz_Sigismund_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28Jan._1866%29.jpg/90px-H_Graf_-_Prinz_Sigismund_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28Jan._1866%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/H_Graf_-_Prinz_Sigismund_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28Jan._1866%29.jpg/135px-H_Graf_-_Prinz_Sigismund_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28Jan._1866%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/H_Graf_-_Prinz_Sigismund_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28Jan._1866%29.jpg/180px-H_Graf_-_Prinz_Sigismund_von_Preu%C3%9Fen_%28Jan._1866%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="952" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sigismund_of_Prussia_(1864%E2%80%931866)" title="Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1864–1866)">Prince Sigismund of Prussia</a></td> <td>15 September 1864</td> <td>18 June 1866</td> <td>died of <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> at 21 months. First grandchild of Queen Victoria to die. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikt%C3%B3ria_schaumburg%E2%80%93lippei_hercegn%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vikt%C3%B3ria_schaumburg%E2%80%93lippei_hercegn%C3%A9.jpg/90px-Vikt%C3%B3ria_schaumburg%E2%80%93lippei_hercegn%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vikt%C3%B3ria_schaumburg%E2%80%93lippei_hercegn%C3%A9.jpg/135px-Vikt%C3%B3ria_schaumburg%E2%80%93lippei_hercegn%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vikt%C3%B3ria_schaumburg%E2%80%93lippei_hercegn%C3%A9.jpg/180px-Vikt%C3%B3ria_schaumburg%E2%80%93lippei_hercegn%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="724" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Viktoria_of_Prussia" title="Princess Viktoria of Prussia">Viktoria, Princess Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe</a></td> <td>12 April 1866</td> <td>13 November 1929</td> <td>married (1), 19 November 1890, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolf_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe">Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe</a>; he died 1916; no issue (2), 19 November 1927, Alexander Zoubkov; no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia.jpg/90px-Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia.jpg/135px-Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia.jpg/180px-Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="1264" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia_(1868%E2%80%931879)" title="Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1868–1879)">Prince Waldemar of Prussia</a></td> <td>10 February 1868</td> <td>27 March 1879</td> <td>died of <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> at age 11 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophie_of_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sophie_of_Greece.jpg/90px-Sophie_of_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sophie_of_Greece.jpg/135px-Sophie_of_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sophie_of_Greece.jpg/180px-Sophie_of_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3414" data-file-height="5196" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Prussia" title="Sophia of Prussia">Sophia, Queen of the Hellenes</a></td> <td>14 June 1870</td> <td>13 January 1932</td> <td>married, 27 October 1889, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I,_King_of_the_Hellenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I, King of the Hellenes">Constantine I, King of the Hellenes</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/File:Margarida_Feodora_da_Pr%C3%BAssia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Margarida_Feodora_da_Pr%C3%BAssia.jpg/90px-Margarida_Feodora_da_Pr%C3%BAssia.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Margarida_Feodora_da_Pr%C3%BAssia.jpg/135px-Margarida_Feodora_da_Pr%C3%BAssia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Margarida_Feodora_da_Pr%C3%BAssia.jpg/180px-Margarida_Feodora_da_Pr%C3%BAssia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="707" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_of_Prussia" title="Princess Margaret of Prussia">Margaret, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel, Queen of Finland</a></td> <td>22 April 1872</td> <td>22 January 1954</td> <td>married, 25 January 1893, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Charles_of_Hesse" title="Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse">Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse</a>, king-elect of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a>, later Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel; had issue </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ancestry">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Frederick III, German Emperor</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Frederick William II of Prussia</a><a href="#cite_note-NDB-Friedrich_Wilhelm_III-158">[157]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a><a href="#cite_note-ADB-Wilhelm_I-156">[155]</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Frederica_Louisa_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt">Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt</a><a href="#cite_note-NDB-Friedrich_Wilhelm_III-158">[157]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I, German Emperor</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a><a href="#cite_note-NDB-Louise-159">[158]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a><a href="#cite_note-ADB-Wilhelm_I-156">[155]</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Friederike_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt">Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt</a><a href="#cite_note-NDB-Louise-159">[158]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Frederick III, German Emperor</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Karl_August,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a><a href="#cite_note-ADB-Karl_Friedrich-160">[159]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a><a href="#cite_note-NDB-Augusta-157">[156]</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_(1757%E2%80%931830)" title="Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (1757–1830)">Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt</a><a href="#cite_note-ADB-Karl_Friedrich-160">[159]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Augusta_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-Helmolt-161">[160]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Pavlovna,_Grand_Duchess_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a><a href="#cite_note-NDB-Augusta-157">[156]</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg</a><a href="#cite_note-Helmolt-161">[160]</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Legend_of_Old_Egypt" title="A Legend of Old Egypt">A Legend of Old Egypt</a>"—an 1888 <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> by <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Prus" title="Bolesław Prus">Bolesław Prus</a>, inspired by Frederick III's tragic premature death.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Also spelled Friedrich III </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=DEATH+OF+THE+EMPEROR+FREDERICK+III+OF+GERMANY.&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1888-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F6133230%2F283545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HofUndStaat-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HofUndStaat_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HofUndStaat_122-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lHkOAAAAYAAJ/page/n33">Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Preußen</a> (1886–87), Genealogy p.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-prus-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prus_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prus_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prus_123-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prus_123-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prus_123-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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Königl. Oberpostamt. 1867. p. 10. Retrieved 2019-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch+des+K%C3%B6nigreichs+Bayern&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nigl.+Oberpostamt&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJljAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuith1882" class="citation book cs1">Ruith, Max (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3bms&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021">Der K. Bayerische Militär-Max-Joseph-Orden</a>. 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cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goetz, Walter (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016233/images/index.html?seite=471">"Augusta"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a> (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 451–452</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augusta&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=451-452&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Goetz%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016233%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988">; (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn118651102.html">full text online</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NDB-Friedrich_Wilhelm_III-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NDB-Friedrich_Wilhelm_III_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDB-Friedrich_Wilhelm_III_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaussherr,_Hans1961" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haussherr, Hans (1961), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016321/images/index.html?seite=576">"Friedrich Wilhelm III"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a> (in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 560–563</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Wilhelm+III&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=560-563&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Haussherr%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016321%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988">; (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn118535986.html">full text online</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NDB-Louise-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NDB-Louise_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDB-Louise_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacks,_Silvia1987" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Backs, Silvia (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016333/images/index.html?seite=514">"Luise"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a> (in German), vol. 15, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 500–502</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luise&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=500-502&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Backs%2C+Silvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016333%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988">; (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn118575155.html">full text online</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-ADB-Karl_Friedrich-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADB-Karl_Friedrich_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB-Karl_Friedrich_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWülcker,_Ernst1882" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wülcker, Ernst (1882), "<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:ADB:Karl_Friedrich_(Gro%C3%9Fherzog_von_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach)" class="extiw" title="de:s:ADB:Karl Friedrich (Großherzog von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach)">Karl Friedrich (Großherzog von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach)</a>", <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie">Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</a> (in German), vol. 15, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 355–358</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karl+Friedrich+%28Gro%C3%9Fherzog+von+Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach%29&rft.btitle=Allgemeine+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=355-358&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1882&rft.au=W%C3%BClcker%2C+Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helmolt-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helmolt_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helmolt_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmolt1907" class="citation book cs1">Helmolt, Hans Ferdinand (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FEHTAAAAMAAJ">The World's History: South-eastern and eastern Europe</a>. W. Heinemann. chart between pp. 582–583.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+History%3A+South-eastern+and+eastern+Europe&rft.pages=chart+between+pp.+582-583&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Helmolt&rft.aufirst=Hans+Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_FEHTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1964" class="citation book cs1">Balfour, Michael (1964). The Kaiser and his Times. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3930-0661-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3930-0661-2"><bdi>978-0-3930-0661-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/807459">807459</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23264393M">23264393M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kaiser+and+his+Times&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F807459&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23264393M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-3930-0661-2&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecil1989" class="citation book cs1">Cecil, Lamar (1989). Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor 1859-1900. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1828-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1828-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-1828-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+II%3A+Prince+and+Emperor+1859-1900&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1828-2&rft.aulast=Cecil&rft.aufirst=Lamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalat1984" class="citation journal cs1">Chalat, Ned (October 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1288%2F00005537-198410000-00009">"Sir Morell Mackenzie Revisited"</a>. The Laryngoscope. 94 (10): 1307–1310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1288%2F00005537-198410000-00009">10.1288/00005537-198410000-00009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6384708">6384708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9353853">9353853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Laryngoscope&rft.atitle=Sir+Morell+Mackenzie+Revisited&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1307-1310&rft.date=1984-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9353853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6384708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1288%2F00005537-198410000-00009&rft.aulast=Chalat&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1288%252F00005537-198410000-00009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorti1957" class="citation book cs1">Corti, Egon (1957). The English Empress: A Study in the Relations Between Queen Victoria and Her Eldest Daughter, Empress Frederick of Germany. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60222037">60222037</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL10437417W">10437417W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Empress%3A+A+Study+in+the+Relations+Between+Queen+Victoria+and+Her+Eldest+Daughter%2C+Empress+Frederick+of+Germany&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60222037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL10437417W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Corti&rft.aufirst=Egon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorpalen1948" class="citation journal cs1">Dorpalen, Andreas (October 1948). "Emperor Frederick III and the German Liberal Movement". The American Historical Review. 54 (1): 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1841754">10.2307/1841754</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1841754">1841754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Emperor+Frederick+III+and+the+German+Liberal+Movement&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=1948-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1841754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1841754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dorpalen&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyosWolff1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_Dyos" title="Harold James Dyos">Dyos, H.</a>; Wolff, Michael (1999). The Victorian City. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-9323-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4151-9323-8"><bdi>978-0-4151-9323-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7485937M">7485937M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+City&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7485937M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-4151-9323-8&rft.aulast=Dyos&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitz2004" class="citation book cs1">Hitz, Charles W. (2004). Through the Rapids - The History of Princess Louisa Inlet. Kirkland, Washington: Sikta 2 Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9720-2550-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9720-2550-8"><bdi>978-0-9720-2550-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Rapids+-+The+History+of+Princess+Louisa+Inlet&rft.place=Kirkland%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Sikta+2+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9720-2550-8&rft.aulast=Hitz&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaragoSinclair1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ladislas_Farago" title="Ladislas Farago">Farago, Ladislas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sinclair" title="Andrew Sinclair">Sinclair, Andrew</a> (1981). Royal Web: The Story of Princess Victoria and Frederick of Prussia. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Web%3A+The+Story+of+Princess+Victoria+and+Frederick+of+Prussia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Book+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Farago&rft.aufirst=Ladislas&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuchtwanger2002" class="citation book cs1">Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHAzUxZt_dwC">Bismarck</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1614-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-1614-2"><bdi>978-0-4152-1614-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bismarck&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-1614-2&rft.aulast=Feuchtwanger&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHAzUxZt_dwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreund1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Freund, Michael (1966). Das Drama der 99 Tage (in German). Cologne: Kiepenheuer und Witsch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Drama+der+99+Tage&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=Kiepenheuer+und+Witsch&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2001" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2wEeRuei6AC">The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870–1871</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-6671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-6671-0"><bdi>978-0-4152-6671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco-Prussian+War%3A+The+German+Invasion+of+France%2C+1870%E2%80%931871&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-6671-0&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2wEeRuei6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd1976" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Denis (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tn2nAAAACAAJ">Eclipse of Kings: European Monarchies in the Twentieth Century</a>. New York: Stein and Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6857-0119-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6857-0119-5"><bdi>978-0-6857-0119-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2074280">2074280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eclipse+of+Kings%3A+European+Monarchies+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2074280&rft.isbn=978-0-6857-0119-5&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTn2nAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kitchen" title="Martin Kitchen">Kitchen, Martin</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521453417">The Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-5341-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-5341-7"><bdi>978-0-5214-5341-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46909896">46909896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+Germany&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46909896&rft.isbn=978-0-5214-5341-7&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521453417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollander1995" class="citation book cs1">Kollander, Patricia (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ODmUOa3aHrEC">Frederick III: Germany's Liberal Emperor</a>. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3132-9483-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3132-9483-9"><bdi>978-0-3132-9483-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+III%3A+Germany%27s+Liberal+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-3132-9483-9&rft.aulast=Kollander&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DODmUOa3aHrEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lord_(historian)" title="John Lord (historian)">Lord, John</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6EnX6OlWATQC">Beacon Lights of History Volume X</a>. Montana: Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-0920-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-0920-1"><bdi>978-1-4191-0920-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beacon+Lights+of+History+Volume+X&rft.place=Montana&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-0920-1&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6EnX6OlWATQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonogh2003" class="citation book cs1">MacDonogh, Giles (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHC0Sg81-HkC">The Last Kaiser: The Life of Wilhelm II</a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3123-0557-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3123-0557-4"><bdi>978-0-3123-0557-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Kaiser%3A+The+Life+of+Wilhelm+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-3123-0557-4&rft.aulast=MacDonogh&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHC0Sg81-HkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morell_Mackenzie" title="Morell Mackenzie">Mackenzie, Morell</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caseofemperorfre00mack/page/200">The case of Emperor Frederick III.: full official reports by the German physicians and by Sir Morell Mackenzie</a>. New York: Edgar S. Werner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+case+of+Emperor+Frederick+III.%3A+full+official+reports+by+the+German+physicians+and+by+Sir+Morell+Mackenzie&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Edgar+S.+Werner&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Morell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaseofemperorfre00mack%2Fpage%2F200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1930" class="citation journal cs1">McCullough, J. (March 1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC381777">"An Imperial Tragedy: Frederick III and the Letters of the Empress"</a>. The Canadian Medical Association Journal. 22 (3): 403–409. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC381777">381777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Imperial+Tragedy%3A+Frederick+III+and+the+Letters+of+the+Empress&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=403-409&rft.date=1930-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC381777%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC381777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2012" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Frank Lorenz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bNN89kVNNy0C">'Our Fritz': Emperor Frederick III and the Political Culture of Imperial Germany</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-6269-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-6269-6"><bdi>978-0-6740-6269-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Our+Fritz%27%3A+Emperor+Frederick+III+and+the+Political+Culture+of+Imperial+Germany&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-6740-6269-6&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Frank+Lorenz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbNN89kVNNy0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller-Bohn1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mueller-Bohn, Hermann (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0P1HAAACAAJ">Kaiser Friedrich der gütige: Vaterländisches Ehrenbuch</a> (in German). Berlin: Verlag Von Paul Kittel. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11475860">11475860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaiser+Friedrich+der+g%C3%BCtige%3A+Vaterl%C3%A4ndisches+Ehrenbuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Verlag+Von+Paul+Kittel&rft.date=1900&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11475860&rft.aulast=Mueller-Bohn&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0P1HAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1987" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearofthreekaise00jald">The Year of the Three Kaisers: Bismarck and the German Succession, 1887–88</a>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2520-1307-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2520-1307-2"><bdi>978-0-2520-1307-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+of+the+Three+Kaisers%3A+Bismarck+and+the+German+Succession%2C+1887%E2%80%9388&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-2520-1307-2&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearofthreekaise00jald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOster2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oster, Uwe A. (2013). "Zur Untätigkeit verdammt" [Condemned to Inactivity]. <a href="/wiki/Damals" title="Damals">Damals</a> (in German). 45 (3): 60–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Damals&rft.atitle=Zur+Unt%C3%A4tigkeit+verdammt&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=60-65&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Oster&rft.aufirst=Uwe+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakula1995" class="citation book cs1">Pakula, Hannah (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684808185">An Uncommon Woman – The Empress Frederick: Daughter of Queen Victoria, Wife of the Crown Prince of Prussia, Mother of Kaiser Wilhelm</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6848-0818-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6848-0818-5"><bdi>978-0-6848-0818-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59592048">59592048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Uncommon+Woman+%E2%80%93+The+Empress+Frederick%3A+Daughter+of+Queen+Victoria%2C+Wife+of+the+Crown+Prince+of+Prussia%2C+Mother+of+Kaiser+Wilhelm&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59592048&rft.isbn=978-0-6848-0818-5&rft.aulast=Pakula&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780684808185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmowski1999" class="citation book cs1">Palmowski, Jan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QhVGLkWgnbsC">Urban Liberalism in Imperial Germany</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-0750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-0750-4"><bdi>978-0-1982-0750-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Liberalism+in+Imperial+Germany&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-0750-4&rft.aulast=Palmowski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQhVGLkWgnbsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöhl1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_R%C3%B6hl" class="mw-redirect" title="John Röhl">Röhl, John</a> (1994). The Kaiser and His Court. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kaiser+and+His+Court&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hl&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöhl1998" class="citation book cs1">Röhl, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youngwilhelmkais00rohl">Young Wilhelm: The Kaiser's Early Life, 1859–1888</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-9752-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-9752-7"><bdi>978-0-5214-9752-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Wilhelm%3A+The+Kaiser%27s+Early+Life%2C+1859%E2%80%931888&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-5214-9752-7&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hl&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoungwilhelmkais00rohl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rosenberg" title="Arthur Rosenberg">Rosenberg, Arthur</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1RUBAAAAMAAJ">The Birth of the German Republic 1871-1918</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+German+Republic+1871-1918&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1RUBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Sheehan" title="James J. Sheehan">Sheehan, James</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIMOAAAACAAJ">German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5739-2606-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5739-2606-5"><bdi>978-1-5739-2606-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Liberalism+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-1-5739-2606-5&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIMOAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sinclair" title="Andrew Sinclair">Sinclair, Andrew</a> (1981). The Other Victoria: The Princess Royal and the Grand Game of Europe. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2977-7987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2977-7987-2"><bdi>978-0-2977-7987-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8845833">8845833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Victoria%3A+The+Princess+Royal+and+the+Grand+Game+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8845833&rft.isbn=978-0-2977-7987-2&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperber1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sperber" title="Jonathan Sperber">Sperber, Jonathan</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanrevoluti00sper">The European Revolutions, 1848-1851</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-8685-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-8685-2"><bdi>978-0-5213-8685-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Revolutions%2C+1848-1851&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-5213-8685-2&rft.aulast=Sperber&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeanrevoluti00sper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crown_Prince_Frederick_William_of_Prussia_-_Illustrated_London_News_August_20,_1870.PNG">"The Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a>. 20 August 1870. p. 185 – via Wikimedia Commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Crown+Prince+Frederick+William+of+Prussia&rft.pages=185&rft.date=1870-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ACrown_Prince_Frederick_William_of_Prussia_-_Illustrated_London_News_August_20%2C_1870.PNG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipton2003" class="citation book cs1">Tipton, Frank (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jgCcG3fQrMC">A History of Modern Germany Since 1815</a>. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4910-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4910-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-4910-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany+Since+1815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4910-8&rft.aulast=Tipton&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6jgCcG3fQrMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Kiste1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_der_Kiste" title="John Van der Kiste">Van der Kiste, John</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hF11AAAACAAJ">Frederick III: German Emperor 1888</a>. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9043-8777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9043-8777-3"><bdi>978-0-9043-8777-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10605825">10605825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+III%3A+German+Emperor+1888&rft.place=Gloucester&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10605825&rft.isbn=978-0-9043-8777-3&rft.aulast=Van+der+Kiste&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhF11AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanckel2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wanckel, Regine (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503023921/http://evkirchepotsdam.de/frieden/system.asp?target=%2FOffeneKirchen&template=main%2Ehtml">"Evangelische Friedenskirchgemeinde Potsdam"</a> (in German). Evkirchepotsdam.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evkirchepotsdam.de/frieden/system.asp?target=%2FOffeneKirchen&template=main%2Ehtml">the original</a> on 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2008-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evangelische+Friedenskirchgemeinde+Potsdam&rft.pub=Evkirchepotsdam.de&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wanckel&rft.aufirst=Regine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevkirchepotsdam.de%2Ffrieden%2Fsystem.asp%3Ftarget%3D%252FOffeneKirchen%26template%3Dmain%252Ehtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1899" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Arthur (1899). The Campaign of Königgrätz: A Study of the Austro-Prussian Conflict in the Light of the American Civil War.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaign+of+K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz%3A+A+Study+of+the+Austro-Prussian+Conflict+in+the+Light+of+the+American+Civil+War&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestman1968" class="citation book cs1">Westman, Stephan (1968). Surgeon with the Kaiser's Army. Kimber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7183-0021-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7183-0021-0"><bdi>978-0-7183-0021-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5656848M">5656848M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surgeon+with+the+Kaiser%27s+Army&rft.pub=Kimber&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5656848M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-7183-0021-0&rft.aulast=Westman&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16apGAAACAAJ">The War Diary of the Emperor Frederick III, (1870–1871)</a>. Written by Frederick III, translated and edited by Alfred Richard Allinson. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1927. This is the translated collection of the then–Crown Prince Frederick William's war diaries that he kept during the Franco-Prussian War.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwgfAAAAMAAJ&dq=Life%20of%20the%20Emperor%20Frederick&pg=PP1">Life of the Emperor Frederick</a>. Edited from the German of Margaretha Von Poschinger. New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1901.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Kiste2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_der_Kiste" title="John Van der Kiste">Van der Kiste, John</a> (2001). Dearest Vicky, Darling Fritz: Queen Victoria's Eldest Daughter and the German Emperor. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-750-93052-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-750-93052-9"><bdi>978-0-750-93052-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dearest+Vicky%2C+Darling+Fritz%3A+Queen+Victoria%27s+Eldest+Daughter+and+the+German+Emperor&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-750-93052-9&rft.aulast=Van+der+Kiste&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+III%2C+German+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_III.,_Deutscher_Kaiser" class="extiw" title="commons:Friedrich III., Deutscher Kaiser">Frederick III, German Emperor</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Emperor%2C%20Frederick%20III,%20German%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Frederick%20III,%20German%20Emperor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Emperor%2C%20Frederick%20III,%20German%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frederick%20III,%20German%20Emperor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Emperor%2C%20F%2E%20I%2E%20G%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Frederick%20III,%20German%20Emperor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Frederick%20III,%20German%20Emperor%22%29%20OR%20%28%221831-1888%22%20AND%20Emperor%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Frederick III, German Emperor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103222603/http://preussen.de/de/geschichte/1888_friedrich_iii..html">1888 Friedrich III</a> (in German)—Information about Frederick III from Preussen.de.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berfrois.com/2012/02/frank-lorenz-muller-frederick-iii/">"Myths and Counter-Myths"</a>, Frank Lorenz Müller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berfrois.com/">Berfrois</a>, 6 February 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/005620">Newspaper clippings about Frederick III, German Emperor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp52056">Portraits of Frederick III, Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58600#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Frederick III, German Emperor </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a></div>Born: 18 October 1831 Died: 15 June 1888 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">German Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Prussia">King of Prussia</a> 9 March 1888 – 15 June 1888 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">William II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="View this 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the German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (911–919) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> (919–962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1806)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Salm" title="Hermann of Salm">Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II/III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Berengar" title="Henry Berengar">Henry (VI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry (VII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Raspe" title="Henry Raspe">Henry (VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Holland" title="William II of Holland">William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Schwarzburg" title="Günther von Schwarzburg">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Rupert, King of the Romans">Rupert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (1806–1813)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire</a> (1848/1849)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a> (Imperial Regent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1850–1866)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1867–1871)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">William II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Prussia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Prussia" title="Template:Monarchs of Prussia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Prussia" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Prussia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Prussia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Prussia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Prussia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Prussia">Monarchs of Prussia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> (1525–1701)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert, Duke of Prussia">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Frederick,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia">Albert Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg">John Sigismund</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="George William, Elector of Brandenburg">George William</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a>1</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_1873-1918.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_1873-1918.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_1873-1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_1873-1918.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_1873-1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_1873-1918.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_1873-1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (1701–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Frederick William II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a>2</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick III</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">William II</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>1also <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Brandenburg">Elector of Brandenburg</a>; 2also <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Prussia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prussian_princes" title="Template:Prussian princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prussian_princes" title="Template talk:Prussian princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prussian_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prussian princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Prussia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Princes of Prussia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations are numbered from the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a> in 1701.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_William_of_Prussia" title="Prince Augustus William of Prussia">Prince Augustus William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1726%E2%80%931802)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802)">Prince Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Ferdinand_of_Prussia" title="Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia">Prince Augustus Ferdinand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Frederick William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1747%E2%80%931767)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1747–1767)">Prince Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_Ferdinand_of_Prussia_(1772%E2%80%931806)" title="Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1772–1806)">Prince Louis Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_of_Prussia" title="Prince Augustus of Prussia">Prince Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_Charles_of_Prussia" title="Prince Louis Charles of Prussia">Prince Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1781%E2%80%931846)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1781–1846)">Prince Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Wilhelm_of_Prussia_(1783%E2%80%931851)" title="Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1783–1851)">Prince William</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_of_Prussia" title="Prince Charles of Prussia">Prince Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Prussia_(1809%E2%80%931872)" title="Prince Albert of Prussia (1809–1872)">Prince Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Prussia_(1794%E2%80%931863)" title="Prince Frederick of Prussia (1794–1863)">Prince Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adalbert_of_Prussia_(1811%E2%80%931873)" title="Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1811–1873)">Prince Adalbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia_(1817%E2%80%931849)" title="Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1817–1849)">Prince Waldemar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Karl_of_Prussia_(1828%E2%80%931885)" title="Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–1885)">Prince Friedrich Karl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Prussia_(1837%E2%80%931906)" title="Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906)">Prince Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_of_Prussia" title="Prince Alexander of Prussia">Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Prussia" title="Prince George of Prussia">Prince George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1862%E2%80%931929)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)">Prince Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sigismund_of_Prussia_(1864%E2%80%931866)" title="Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1864–1866)">Prince Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia_(1868%E2%80%931879)" title="Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1868–1879)">Prince Waldemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Leopold_of_Prussia" title="Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia">Prince Friedrich Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Heinrich_Albrecht_of_Prussia" title="Prince Friedrich Heinrich Albrecht of Prussia">Prince Friedrich Heinrich Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joachim_Albert_of_Prussia" title="Prince Joachim Albert of Prussia">Prince Joachim Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Wilhelm_of_Prussia" title="Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia">Prince Friedrich Wilhelm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm,_German_Crown_Prince" title="Wilhelm, German Crown Prince">Crown Prince Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Eitel_Friedrich_of_Prussia" title="Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia">Prince Eitel Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adalbert_of_Prussia_(1884%E2%80%931948)" title="Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1884–1948)">Prince Adalbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_Wilhelm_of_Prussia" title="Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia">Prince August Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Oskar_of_Prussia" title="Prince Oskar of Prussia">Prince Oskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joachim_of_Prussia" title="Prince Joachim of Prussia">Prince Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia_(1889%E2%80%931945)" title="Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1889–1945)">Prince Waldemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sigismund_of_Prussia_(1896%E2%80%931978)" title="Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1896–1978)">Prince Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1900%E2%80%931904)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1900–1904)">Prince Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Sigismund_of_Prussia_(1891%E2%80%931927)" title="Prince Friedrich Sigismund of Prussia (1891–1927)">Prince Friedrich Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Karl_of_Prussia_(1893%E2%80%931917)" title="Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1893–1917)">Prince Frederick Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Leopold_of_Prussia_(1895%E2%80%931959)" title="Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia (1895–1959)">Prince Friedrich Leopold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Wilhelm_of_Prussia_(1906%E2%80%931940)" title="Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1906–1940)">Prince Wilhelm</a><a href="#ref_mor">^•</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Prussia" title="Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia">Prince Louis Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hubertus_of_Prussia" title="Prince Hubertus of Prussia">Prince Hubertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Prussia_(1911%E2%80%931966)" title="Prince Frederick of Prussia (1911–1966)">Prince Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Wilhelm_Victor_of_Prussia" title="Prince Wilhelm Victor of Prussia">Prince Wilhelm Viktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_Ferdinand_of_Prussia" title="Prince Alexander Ferdinand of Prussia">Prince Alexander Ferdinand</a><a href="#ref_mor">^•</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Karl_Prinz_von_Preussen" title="Wilhelm Karl Prinz von Preussen">Prince Wilhelm-Karl</a><a href="#ref_abolished">^§</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Karl_Franz_of_Prussia" title="Prince Karl Franz of Prussia">Prince Karl Franz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Prinz_von_Preussen" title="Michael Prinz von Preussen">Prince Michael</a><a href="#ref_abolished">^§</a> <a href="#ref_mor">^•</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Prinz_von_Preussen" title="Oskar Prinz von Preussen">Prince Oskar</a><a href="#ref_abolished">^§</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Prinz_von_Preussen" title="Franz Wilhelm Prinz von Preussen">Prince Franz Wilhelm</a><a href="#ref_abolished">^§</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Prinz_von_Preussen" title="Georg Friedrich Prinz von Preussen">Prince Georg Friedrich</a><a href="#ref_abolished">^§</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia</a><a href="#ref_abolished">^§</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="#ref_abolished">^§</a> born after the abolishment of monarchy by the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> <a href="#ref_mor">^•</a> Forfeit rights to the succession </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_State_of_Germany_(since_1871)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Germany" title="Template:Heads of State of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Heads of State of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of State of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_State_of_Germany_(since_1871)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Germany" title="List of heads of state of Germany">Heads of State of Germany (since 1871)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> (1871–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Emperors: <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick III</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> Presidents: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (Führer and Reichskanzler) • <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> (since 1949)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> (1949–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Stoph" title="Willi Stoph">Willi Stoph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Gerlach" title="Manfred Gerlach">Manfred Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Bergmann-Pohl" title="Sabine Bergmann-Pohl">Sabine Bergmann-Pohl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates acting holder</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Recipients_of_the_Grand_Cross" title="Template:Recipients of the Grand Cross"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Recipients_of_the_Grand_Cross" title="Template talk:Recipients of the Grand Cross"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Recipients_of_the_Grand_Cross" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Recipients of the Grand Cross"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Grand Cross of the Iron Cross">Grand Cross of the Iron Cross</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813 Grand Cross</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Freiherr_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow">Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogislav_Friedrich_Emanuel_von_Tauentzien" title="Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien">Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Yorck_von_Wartenburg" title="Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg">Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1870 Grand Cross</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Saxony" title="Albert, King of Saxony">Albert, King of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Karl_von_Goeben" title="August Karl von Goeben">August Karl von Goeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Freiherr_von_Manteuffel" title="Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel">Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Helmuth Graf von Moltke the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Karl_of_Prussia_(1828%E2%80%931885)" title="Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–1885)">Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_von_Werder" title="August von Werder">August Graf von Werder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Francis_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Frederick Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1914 Grand Cross</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Leopold of Bavaria">Prince Leopold of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">August von Mackensen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1939 Grand Cross</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>‡ <a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross">Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58600#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58600#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58600#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118535668">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50056870">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11343689m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11343689m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35104568">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2013747859&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070488363">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90594888">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvz47d21zq7bvn">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810552123005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/140243">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261484305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058602656006706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14665589">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04674924?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500238015">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=53139">ADK</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/h1245">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/827794">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118535668.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118535668">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/081134983">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6765wz8">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/351763">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&oldid=1255022176">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_III,_German_Emperor&oldid=1255022176</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Category:Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III, German 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[\"CITEREFJørgen_Pedersen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKollander1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLord2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonogh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackenzie1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMueller-Bohn1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOster2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPakula1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmowski1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuith1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRöhl1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRöhl1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSergey_Semenovich_Levin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheehan1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinclair1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperber1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaat_Hannover1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTipton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Kiste1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Kiste2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWanckel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestman1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWürttemberg1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF刑部芳則2017\"] = 1,\n [\"M._et_B._Wattel\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About-distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite ADB\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Frederick III German Emperor\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 13,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 13,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 7,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 14,\n [\"German monarchs\"] = 1,\n [\"Heads of State of Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"House of Hohenzollern (Prussia)\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"NDB\"] = 3,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Prussian princes\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Recipients of the Grand Cross\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rulers of Prussia\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spnd\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb5db9db6-7z7jv","timestamp":"20241126115318","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Frederick III, German 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