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harassment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_and_HDP_harassment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Civil service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate_purge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_purge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Immediate purge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_purge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_cultural_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_cultural_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Forced cultural changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_cultural_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petitioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petitioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Petitioners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petitioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traveling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traveling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Traveling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traveling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Extradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purges_by_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purges_by_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Purges by numbers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purges_by_numbers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Purges by numbers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Purges_by_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_purges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_purges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Initial purges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_purges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_purges,_mass_suspensions_and_mass_arrests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_purges,_mass_suspensions_and_mass_arrests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Later purges, mass suspensions and mass arrests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_purges,_mass_suspensions_and_mass_arrests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.7 2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.8 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.9 2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Human rights </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human rights subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identification_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Identification methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fetometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fetometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Fetometer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fetometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detainees'_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detainees'_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Detainees' conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detainees'_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosecution_of_lawyers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosecution_of_lawyers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Prosecution of lawyers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosecution_of_lawyers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_of_human_rights_activists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_of_human_rights_activists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Arrest of human rights activists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_of_human_rights_activists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nightwatchmen_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nightwatchmen_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Nightwatchmen system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nightwatchmen_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 International </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-School_closures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_closures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 School closures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_closures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_operations_and_abductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_operations_and_abductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Foreign operations and abductions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_operations_and_abductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Accession of Turkey to the European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 University associations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 United Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Historical light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Political sciences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Purges in Turkey following the 2016 Turkish coup attempt</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_(2016%E2%80%93%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%86)" title="عمليات التطهير التركية (2016–الآن) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمليات التطهير التركية (2016–الآن)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cistky_v_Turecku_(2016)" title="Čistky v Turecku (2016) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čistky v Turecku (2016)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%9Fnahmen_nach_dem_Putschversuch_in_der_T%C3%BCrkei_2016" title="Maßnahmen nach dem Putschversuch in der Türkei 2016 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maßnahmen nach dem Putschversuch in der Türkei 2016" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%AD%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_2016_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εκκαθαρίσεις έπειτα από την απόπειρα πραξικοπήματος του 2016 στην Τουρκία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκκαθαρίσεις έπειτα από την απόπειρα πραξικοπήματος του 2016 στην Τουρκία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgas_en_Turqu%C3%ADa_de_2016" title="Purgas en Turquía de 2016 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Purgas en Turquía de 2016" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B6" title="پاکسازی در ترکیه پس از کودتای ۲۰۱۶ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاکسازی در ترکیه پس از کودتای ۲۰۱۶" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purges_suivant_la_tentative_de_coup_d%27%C3%89tat_de_2016_en_Turquie" title="Purges suivant la tentative de coup d'État de 2016 en Turquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Purges suivant la tentative de coup d'État de 2016 en Turquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembersihan_Turki_2016%E2%80%932017" title="Pembersihan Turki 2016–2017 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembersihan Turki 2016–2017" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_2016_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Политические чистки в Турции после военного путча 2016 года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политические чистки в Турции после военного путча 2016 года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Turkish_purges" title="2016 Turkish purges – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="2016 Turkish purges" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A1%D9%A6-%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7)" title="پاکتاوکردن لە تورکیا (٢٠١٦-ئێستا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاکتاوکردن لە تورکیا (٢٠١٦-ئێستا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98_2016/17." title="Чистке у Турској 2016/17. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чистке у Турској 2016/17." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cistke_u_Turskoj_2016." title="Čistke u Turskoj 2016. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čistke u Turskoj 2016." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">2016–present purges in Turkey</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/AKP%E2%80%93G%C3%BClen_movement_conflict" title="AKP–Gülen movement conflict">AKP–Gülen movement conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/310px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/465px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/620px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="721" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.5%;left:37.923%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ankara</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.357%;left:18.25%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Istanbul</div></div></div></div><div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">Purges in Turkey following the 2016 Turkish coup attempt (Turkey)</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">16 July 2016 – ongoing (disputed)<a href="#cite_note-NPRpurges-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-DWpurges-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-eupurges-4">[4]</a> (8 years, 4 months, 1 week and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Nationwide; cities with high civil servant populations (<a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Status</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Over 160,000 judges, teachers, police and civil servants suspended or dismissed, together with about 77,000 formally arrested.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government of Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish Land Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Turkish Naval Forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Gendarmerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Gendarmerie">Turkish Gendarmerie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%B0TEM" class="mw-redirect" title="JİTEM">JİTEM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">General Directorate of Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87evik_Kuvvet" title="Çevik Kuvvet">Riot Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Special_Operation_Department" title="Police Special Operation Department">Police Special Operation Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)">National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a></li></ul></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a><div><ul><li>Stated supporters of <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> in civil service, education, journalism, judiciary and military</li><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home_Council" title="Peace at Home Council">Peace at Home Council</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/PKK" class="mw-redirect" title="PKK">PKK</a> supporters</li><li>Later extended to opposition <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Equality_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party">DEM Party</a> supporters</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulusi_Akar" title="Hulusi Akar">Hulusi Akar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_D%C3%BCndar" title="Ümit Dündar">Ümit Dündar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_G%C3%BCler" title="Yaşar Güler">Yaşar Güler</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div> <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> (alleged by Turkey) </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244901718"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Loyalists of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">National Intelligence Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Judiciary in Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish National Police">National Police</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> None</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Over 80,000 arrested or detained, 150,000 dismissed<a href="#cite_note-Reuteur200620-9">[9]</a> (nearing 10% of public employees<a href="#cite_note-OECD2012-10">[10]</a>)</li> <li>15,846 detained<a href="#cite_note-guardian.ng-11">[11]</a> (10,012 soldiers, 1,481 judiciary members)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-military_says_8,651-13">[13]</a></li> <li>8,133 of the detained had been arrested<a href="#cite_note-reeling-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_shut_down_in_the_2016_Turkish_purges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of educational institutions shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges">15 universities, 1,043 private schools</a>, 1,229 charities and foundations, 19 trade unions, 35 medical institutions, <a href="/wiki/List_of_media_outlets_shut_down_in_the_2016_Turkish_purges" title="List of media outlets shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges">16 television channels, 23 radio stations, 45 daily newspapers, 15 magazines and 29 publishing houses</a> were shut down.</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Since 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> has conducted a series of <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">purges</a>, enabled by a <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_and_state_of_emergency_in_Turkey" title="Martial law and state of emergency in Turkey">state of emergency</a> in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">failed coup attempt</a> on 15 July that year.<a href="#cite_note-NPRpurges-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-DWpurges-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-eupurges-4">[4]</a> The purges began with the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> personnel reportedly linked to the coup attempt but arrests were expanded to include other elements of the Turkish military, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Turkey" title="Ministries of Turkey">civil servants</a> and private citizens. These later actions reflected a power struggle between <a href="/wiki/Secularist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularist">secularist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> political elites in Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> affected people who were not active in nor aware of the coup, but who the government claimed were connected with the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a>, an opposition group which the government blamed for the coup. Possession of books authored by Gülen was considered valid evidence of such a connection and cause for arrest.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Tens of thousands of public servants and soldiers were purged in the first week following the coup.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-tr-purge-20">[20]</a> For example, on 16 July 2016, just one day after the coup was foiled, 2,745 judges were dismissed and detained.<a href="#cite_note-judiciary_purge_AP-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-dailysabah_purge-22">[22]</a> This was followed by the dismissal, detention or suspension of over 100,000 officials,<a href="#cite_note-NYT2-tr-purge-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN2154-25">[25]</a> a figure that had increased to over 110,000 by early November 2016,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> over 125,000 after the 22 November decree,<a href="#cite_note-nyt161122-27">[27]</a> reaching at least 135,000 with the January decrees, about 160,000 after the suspensions and arrests decree of April 29<a href="#cite_note-Reuters0430-28">[28]</a> and 180,000 after a massive dismissal decree in July 2018. Collectively about 10% of Turkey's 2 million public employees were removed as a result of the purges.<a href="#cite_note-OECD2012-10">[10]</a> Purged citizens are prevented from working again for the government, which has led in many cases to destitution.<a href="#cite_note-pri.org-29">[29]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">business sector</a>, the government forcefully seized assets of over a thousand companies, worth between $11 billion<a href="#cite_note-20170722NYT-30">[30]</a> and $50–60 billion,<a href="#cite_note-Perrier_20180622-31">[31]</a> on the charge of being related to Gülen and the coup.<a href="#cite_note-20170722NYT-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Goods and services produced by such companies were subject to boycott by the public.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The purges also extend to the media, with television channels, newspapers and other media outlets that were seen as critical of the government being shut down, critical <a href="/wiki/List_of_arrested_journalists_in_Turkey" title="List of arrested journalists in Turkey">journalists being arrested</a> and <a href="/wiki/Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey" title="Block of Wikipedia in Turkey">Wikipedia being blocked</a>, from April 2017 to January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Since early September 2016, the post-coup emergency state extended to purging <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> groups,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> including the dismissal of over 11,000 Kurdish teachers<a href="#cite_note-BBCTeachers-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-dwTeachers-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndependentTeachers-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-VoATeachers-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-UKHO2018-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNNTeachers-46">[46]</a> and dozens of elected mayors<a href="#cite_note-UKHO2018-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT4/11/16-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and arrest of the co-chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> (HDP)<a href="#cite_note-GuardianLeaders-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-APLeaders-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTLeaders-52">[52]</a> for alleged links with the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK).<a href="#cite_note-2016.09_antikurds-53">[53]</a> In August 2018, the Turkish Parliament approved a new "anti-terror" law to replace the state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeerapurges-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-japantimespurges-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> In January 2014, during a <a href="/wiki/2013_corruption_scandal_in_Turkey" title="2013 corruption scandal in Turkey">major corruption inquiry</a> in Turkey, 96 judges and prosecutors, including the chief prosecutor of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huseyin_Bas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huseyin Bas (page does not exist)">Huseyin Bas</a>, were transferred to new locations, ending the investigations. Bas was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>. Altogether 120 judges and prosecutors were reassigned.<a href="#cite_note-ThReut_halt_investigation-57">[57]</a> At the time, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> described the events as "the biggest purge of the judiciary in [Turkey's] history".<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_biggest_purge-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThReut_purge_intensifies-59">[59]</a> From 2014 to mid-2016, repeated purges of civilian, military and judicial officials took place in Turkey, mainly aimed at followers of <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a>, a former colleague of the Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRW_background-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sectors_affected">Sectors affected</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sectors affected">edit</a>]</div> During the first post-coup speech Erdoğan could address to the nation upon landing at <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk airport">Atatürk airport</a>, he said, "This uprising is a gift from God to us because this will be a reason to cleanse our army".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> An extensive purge of the Turkish civil service began with Erdoğan warning his opponents that "they will pay a heavy price for this."<a href="#cite_note-NYT_countercoup-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> described the purges as a "counter-coup" and expected Erdoğan to "become more vengeful and obsessed with control than ever, exploiting the crisis not just to punish mutinous soldiers but to further quash whatever dissent is left in Turkey".<a href="#cite_note-NYT_countercoup-64">[64]</a> On 18 July, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> urged Turkish authorities to halt the increasing crackdown on its citizens, indicating that the crackdown was meant to "suppress dissent". French Foreign Minister and former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Jean-Marc Ayrault</a> voiced concern, warning against a "political system which turns away from democracy".<a href="#cite_note-FT-purges-65">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> have been reported as failing to condemn the coup and resulting violence, due to disagreement between Egypt and other Security Council members on the wording of a resolution in that direction.<a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2364246_%C4%B0smet_Y%C4%B1lmaz_und_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_im_Januar_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2364246_%C4%B0smet_Y%C4%B1lmaz_und_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_im_Januar_2016.jpg/220px-2364246_%C4%B0smet_Y%C4%B1lmaz_und_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_im_Januar_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2364246_%C4%B0smet_Y%C4%B1lmaz_und_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_im_Januar_2016.jpg/330px-2364246_%C4%B0smet_Y%C4%B1lmaz_und_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_im_Januar_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2364246_%C4%B0smet_Y%C4%B1lmaz_und_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_im_Januar_2016.jpg/440px-2364246_%C4%B0smet_Y%C4%B1lmaz_und_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_im_Januar_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>General Bekir Ercan Van (far left), the commander of <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">Incirlik Air Base</a>, was stated of complicity in the attempted coup.</figcaption></figure> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a> announced on 16 July 2016 that 2,839 soldiers of various ranks had been arrested.<a href="#cite_note-ntvbast-67">[67]</a> Among those arrested were at least 34 generals or admirals.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A number of students of the <a href="/wiki/Kuleli_Military_High_School" title="Kuleli Military High School">Kuleli Military High School</a>, enough to fill five buses, were also arrested.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> By 18 July 2016, a total of 103 generals and admirals have been detained by Turkish authorities in connection with the coup.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya-generals-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-RTE-generals-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasemin_%C3%96zata_%C3%87etinkaya" title="Yasemin Özata Çetinkaya">Yasemin Özata Çetinkaya</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Sinop_Province" title="Sinop Province">Sinop Province</a>, was removed from her duty and her husband, a colonel in the Turkish army, arrested.<a href="#cite_note-t24_140yargitay-72">[72]</a> Turkish military conducted a raid on the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force_Academy" title="Turkish Air Force Academy">Turkish Air Force Academy</a> in Istanbul as well.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-airforceraid-73">[73]</a> Major General Cahit Bakir, who commanded Turkish forces under <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and Brigadier General Sener Topuc, responsible for education and aid in Afghanistan, have been detained by authorities in Dubai in connection with Turkey's failed coup.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> General Bekir Ercan Van, the commander of <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">Incirlik Air Base</a>, which the U.S. uses to carry out <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">airstrikes against ISIL</a>, was arrested by Turkish authorities for his stated role in plotting the failed military coup. He sought <a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">asylum from the United States</a> but was denied.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_and_judiciary">Police and judiciary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Police and judiciary">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Court_of_Cassation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Turkish_Court_of_Cassation.jpg/240px-Turkish_Court_of_Cassation.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Turkish_Court_of_Cassation.jpg/360px-Turkish_Court_of_Cassation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Turkish_Court_of_Cassation.jpg/480px-Turkish_Court_of_Cassation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The building of the Turkish Court of Cassation in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 16 July 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Board_of_Judges_and_Prosecutors" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors">Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors</a> of Turkey (HSYK) removed 2,745 Turkish judges from duty and ordered their detention.<a href="#cite_note-judiciary_purge_AP-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-dailysabah_purge-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2700judges-76">[76]</a> Of these <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">judges</a>, 541 were in administrative judiciary and 2,204 were in criminal judiciary. This amounted to approximately 36% of all judges in Turkey at the time.<a href="#cite_note-hsyk_admin_vs_crim-77">[77]</a> Two judges from the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court of Turkey</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alparslan_Altan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alparslan Altan (page does not exist)">Alparslan Altan</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erdal_Tercan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erdal Tercan (page does not exist)">Erdal Tercan</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdal_Tercan" class="extiw" title="tr:Erdal Tercan">tr</a>], were detained by Turkish authorities for stated ties with the Gülen movement,<a href="#cite_note-DailySabah-judges-78">[78]</a> while 5 members of the HSYK had their membership revoked and 10 members of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Council of State">Turkish Council of State</a> were arrested on charges of being members of the parallel state.<a href="#cite_note-HSYK_5_members_removed-79">[79]</a> Furthermore, arrest warrants were issued for 48 members of the Council of State and 140 members of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a>. By 18 July 2016, the Turkish government had suspended 8,777 government officials across the country for stated links to the coup perpetrators. Among those suspended include 7,899 police officers, 614 gendarmerie officers, 47 district governors and 30 regional governors.<a href="#cite_note-Hürriyet-policepurge-80">[80]</a> As of 19 July 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit">[update]</a>, 755 judges and prosecutors had been arrested in relation to the coup attempt.<a href="#cite_note-DW_755_judiciary_arrests-81">[81]</a> In January 2019, former chairman of Turkey's Judges and Prosecutors Association (YARSAV<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>), recipient of human rights awards and judge <a href="/wiki/Murat_Arslan" title="Murat Arslan">Murat Arslan</a> have been condemned to 10 years in prison for "participation to a terrorist organisation". No violent action or call for violence was reported, the statement being based on an anonymous denunciation and the presence of <a href="/wiki/ByLock_(Application)" class="mw-redirect" title="ByLock (Application)">ByLock</a> on his smartphone, an application he denies having installed on his phone.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y%C3%BCksekda%C4%9F_and_Demirta%C5%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Y%C3%BCksekda%C4%9F_and_Demirta%C5%9F.jpg/220px-Y%C3%BCksekda%C4%9F_and_Demirta%C5%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Y%C3%BCksekda%C4%9F_and_Demirta%C5%9F.jpg/330px-Y%C3%BCksekda%C4%9F_and_Demirta%C5%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Y%C3%BCksekda%C4%9F_and_Demirta%C5%9F.jpg/440px-Y%C3%BCksekda%C4%9F_and_Demirta%C5%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Opposition politicians <a href="/wiki/Selahattin_Demirtas" class="mw-redirect" title="Selahattin Demirtas">Selahattin Demirtas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figen_Y%C3%BCksekda%C4%9F" title="Figen Yüksekdağ">Figen Yüksekdağ</a> had been arrested on terrorism charges</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">July 2016 attempt coup</a> and first purges of the military, the Turkish government used the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#State_of_emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">state of emergency</a> to introduce amendments into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkey_municipalities_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkey municipalities law (page does not exist)">Turkey's municipalities law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> Articles 45 and 57 were introduced, which allow to remove an elected mayor from his duty. Before only a final conviction was reason enough to remove a mayor.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Avni_Mutlu" title="Hüseyin Avni Mutlu">Hüseyin Avni Mutlu</a>, ex-governor of İstanbul, was dismissed on 19 July 2016.<a href="#cite_note-cumhuriyet-85">[85]</a> Deputy Mayor of Istanbul's <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli" title="Şişli">Şişli District</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemil_Canda%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cemil Candaş (page does not exist)">Cemil Candaş</a> (<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemil_Canda%C5%9F" class="extiw" title="tr:Cemil Candaş">tr</a>), was shot in the head in his office by an unidentified assailant on 18 July 2016. Meanwhile, Turkish parliament was evacuated due to unidentified security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Independent-aftershock-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_and_HDP_harassment">Elections and HDP harassment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elections and HDP harassment">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_local_elections" title="2014 Turkish local elections">2014 Turkish local elections</a>, the sister party of the HDP, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peace and Democracy Party">Peace and Democracy Party</a> (BDP) won 97 district municipalities out of 1351 and 2 <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">metropolitan municipalities</a> out of 30. Starting in September 2016, the purges pushed upon the largely Kurdish political formations HDP and BDP. About a third of the HDP members, more than 11,000 people were detained, more than 3000 of them were formally arrested,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> while also 94 democratically elected mayors have been expelled from their posts.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> 2014's elected mayors were removed, detained, and subjected to politically motivated prosecutions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-89">[89]</a> Elected mayors were replaced by government's appointees.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> Municipal councils were not formally dissolved, but were not gathered anymore to hold their democratic and managerial functions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-89">[89]</a> In October 2018, President Erdogan vowed to seize all municipalities the HDP could win in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">2019 Turkish local elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-89">[89]</a> By March 2020, out of the 65 municipalities won by social-democrate HDP during the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">2019 Turkish local elections</a>, 46 municipalities (69%) had been seized by Turkish government.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[91]</a> The dismissal and municipal seizures are believed to be purely politically motivated, using ill-defined accusation of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[91]</a> Local human right activist comment that "terrorism in Turkey [is] so vague, broad, and ambiguous that anybody critical of the government can easily be criminalized as a terrorist"<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[91]</a> while dismissals, arrests, prosecutions, and condemnations are based on "trumped-up terrorism charges".<a href="#cite_note-:1-89">[89]</a> Since 2014, over 90 municipalities have been seized.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[91]</a> Dismissed mayors, part of the HDP movement who repeatedly stated opposition to PKK-TSK violences,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> were later arrested on charges of "membership to a terror organization."<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[91]</a> These removals have been described as a violation of people's democratic vote.<a href="#cite_note-:1-89">[89]</a> The at the time HDP co-heads <a href="/wiki/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F" title="Selahattin Demirtaş">Selahattin Demirtaş</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figen_Y%C3%BCksekda%C4%9F" title="Figen Yüksekdağ">Figen Yüksekdağ</a> were jailed and the prosecution was seeking up to 142 years for Demirtaş and 83 years for Yüksekdaĝ imprisonment. The main charge is the allegation of "managing a terrorist organization [(the HDP)]".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> As of May 2020, both politicians remain arrested.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_service">Civil service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil service">edit</a>]</div> Following a series of arrests and purges throughout the government, Prime Minister Yıldırım announced on 18 July 2016 that annual leave for all civil servants was suspended, and all those on leave were to return to work. Over three million civil servants were affected. In addition, public sector employees were banned from leaving the country.<a href="#cite_note-Independent-Suspension-96">[96]</a> By the evening of 19 July 2016, the number of public sector employees suspended had reached 49,321. In the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance (Turkey)">Ministry of Finance</a>, more than 1500 employees were suspended. In the Prime Ministry, 257 employees, including six advisers, were suspended. The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Presidency of Religious Affairs</a> suspended 492 employees, among them three provincial <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">muftis</a>. The numbers of suspended personnel in the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">National Intelligence Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Family_and_Social_Policy_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Family and Social Policy (Turkey)">Ministry of Family and Social Policy</a> were 100 and 393 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> On 20 July 2016, the Youth and Sports Minister <a href="/wiki/Akif_%C3%87a%C4%9Fatay_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Akif Çağatay Kılıç">Akif Çağatay Kılıç</a> announced that 245 personnel within his ministry had been laid off. The Energy Ministry reports 300 employees were let go, and the Customs Ministry indicated 184 employees were dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_shut_down_in_the_2016_Turkish_purges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of educational institutions shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges">List of educational institutions shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immediate_purge">Immediate purge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Immediate purge">edit</a>]</div> By far the greatest purge was in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Education (Turkey)">Ministry of National Education</a>, where 15,200 education ministry officials were suspended.<a href="#cite_note-BBCTeachers-41">[41]</a> The licenses of 21,000 teachers in the private sector were also cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-BBCTeachers-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)" title="Council of Higher Education (Turkey)">Council of Higher Education</a> asked all <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">deans</a> of state and private universities, numbering 1577, to resign. 626 educational institutions, mostly private, were shut down.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Burdur" title="Burdur">Burdur</a>, one school, one <a href="/wiki/Cram_school" title="Cram school">cram school</a> and four student hostels were shut down on 20 July.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In addition, a travel ban was placed on academics, preventing them from leaving the country.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On 23 July 2016, Turkish authorities shut down 1,043 private schools, 1,229 charities and foundations, 19 trade unions, 15 universities and 35 medical institutions in his first emergency decree under the newly adopted <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">emergency legislation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forced_cultural_changes">Forced cultural changes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Forced cultural changes">edit</a>]</div> Academics have reported pre-2016 coup's changes in academic leadership, and sharp growing pressure after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_Gezi_park_protests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 Gezi park protests (page does not exist)">2013 Gezi park protests</a> and 2016 coup.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20190724-104">[104]</a> Dean and academic management have pressured professors and students to align with conservative values and teachings.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20190724-104">[104]</a> Activities, associations and student clubs have been closed under similar pressure. Conservative students are empowered to denounce non-conservative activities.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20190724-104">[104]</a> Academic grants and tenures are reported to be filtered according to political affiliations and connections.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20190724-104">[104]</a> Teachers have reported a forced change in political, academic, and critical culture, with firing and exclusion of traditional academic profiles, with worries about the long-term effect of such change and academic purge on the expertise and tone of both Turkey's researches and governmental statutes, culture and policies.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20190724-104">[104]</a> While private university are technically allowed to hire purged academics, many reports private university been scared to hire them, increasing the economic exclusion.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20190724-104">[104]</a> Academics have been subjects to travel bans.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20190724-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Petitioners">Petitioners</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Petitioners">edit</a>]</div> About one thousand scholars and human right experts who had earlier petitioned for the end of military operations in South East Turkey, Afrin and Syria have faced systematic punitive consequences via public agencies, including interrogations, judicial prosecutions, firing from jobs, arrests, trials and condemnations for "terrorist propaganda".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The signatories have been subject to 2000 routine judicial hearings with usual 15 months suspended jail sentence, with no acquittal reported and about 30 actual imprisonments.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20190724-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_media_purge_after_the_failed_July_2016_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Turkey's media purge after the failed July 2016 coup d'état">Turkey's media purge after the failed July 2016 coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_media_outlets_shut_down_in_the_2016_Turkish_purges" title="List of media outlets shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges">List of media outlets shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media freedom in Turkey">Media freedom in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/220px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/330px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg/440px-Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Turkish journalists protesting imprisonment of their colleagues on <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a>, 10 December 2016</figcaption></figure> The licenses of 24 radio and television channels and the press cards of 34 journalists reported of being linked to Gülen were revoked.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Two people were arrested for praising the coup attempt and <a href="/wiki/Article_299_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 299 (Turkish Penal Code)">insulting the Turkish President</a> Erdoğan on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> On 25 July, <a href="/wiki/Nazl%C4%B1_Il%C4%B1cak" title="Nazlı Ilıcak">Nazlı Ilıcak</a> was taken into custody.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> On 27 July 2016, Erdoğan shut down 16 television channels, 23 radio stations, 45 daily newspapers, 15 magazines and 29 publishing houses in another emergency decree under the newly adopted <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">emergency legislation</a>. The closed outlets include Gülen-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Cihan_News_Agency" title="Cihan News Agency">Cihan News Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samanyolu_TV" title="Samanyolu TV">Samanyolu TV</a> and the previously leading newspaper <a href="/wiki/Zaman_(newspaper)" title="Zaman (newspaper)">Zaman</a> (including its English-language version <a href="/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman" title="Today's Zaman">Today's Zaman</a>),<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> but also the opposition daily newspaper <a href="/wiki/Taraf" title="Taraf">Taraf</a> which was known to be in close relations with the Gulen Movement.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-111">[111]</a> In late October 2015, Turkish authorities shut down 15 media outlets, including one of the world's only women's news agencies, and detained the editor-in-chief of the prominent secularist Turkish newspaper Cumhuriyet, "on accusations that they committed crimes on behalf of Kurdish militants and a network linked to the US-based cleric Fethullah Gülen".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Turkey has imprisoned more than 160 journalists,<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-113">[113]</a> making it the world's biggest jailer of journalists.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In May 2018, at a press conference with British PM <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, Turkish President Erdoğan called Turkey's jailed journalists "terrorists".<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traveling">Traveling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Traveling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_passport" title="Turkish passport">Turkish passport</a></div> Government authorities had revoked almost 11,000 passports by 22 July;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] by 30 July, more than 50,000 passports were cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extradition">Extradition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Extradition">edit</a>]</div> In August 2016 Turkish President Erdoğan gave the United States an ultimatum, demanding the <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> of Fethullah Gülen, the cleric said to be behind the failed 15 July coup attempt.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Turkey demanded that <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> extradite eight Turkish soldiers who had fled there after the coup.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> On 11 August 2016, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> extradited Abdullah Büyük, a Turkish businessman being linked with the Gülen movement.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purges_by_numbers">Purges by numbers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Purges by numbers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel,_center_left,_introduces_himself_to_Turkish_military_leaders_Sept_140908-D-NI589-553.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mr Hagel, in a civilian suit, shakes hands with General Öztürk, in uniform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel%2C_center_left%2C_introduces_himself_to_Turkish_military_leaders_Sept_140908-D-NI589-553.jpg/220px-U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel%2C_center_left%2C_introduces_himself_to_Turkish_military_leaders_Sept_140908-D-NI589-553.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel%2C_center_left%2C_introduces_himself_to_Turkish_military_leaders_Sept_140908-D-NI589-553.jpg/330px-U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel%2C_center_left%2C_introduces_himself_to_Turkish_military_leaders_Sept_140908-D-NI589-553.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel%2C_center_left%2C_introduces_himself_to_Turkish_military_leaders_Sept_140908-D-NI589-553.jpg/440px-U.S._Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel%2C_center_left%2C_introduces_himself_to_Turkish_military_leaders_Sept_140908-D-NI589-553.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> shakes hands in 2014 with General Erdal Öztürk, later arrested in connection with the failed coup.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_purges">Initial purges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Initial purges">edit</a>]</div> The bulk of the purges happened in the 10 days following the coup. The government releasing data documenting the issue : <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Header text</th> <th>Suspended</th> <th>Arrested</th> <th>Notes</th> <th>Reference/Date </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a></td> <td>1,684</td> <td>96</td> <td></td> <td rowspan="4"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haber.star.com.tr/guncel/tskdan-kimler-ihrac-edildi---tskdan-ihrac-edilen-amiral-subay-ve-astsubay-listesi/haber-1128941">2016-07-27</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/tsk-deki-general-ve-amirallerin-3-te-biri-tutuklandi-120721.html">2016-07-20</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish Land Forces</a></td> <td>1,069</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>87 generals </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Turkish Naval Forces</a></td> <td>154</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>32 admirals </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a></td> <td>461</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>30 generals </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a></td> <td>8,777</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/icislerinde-operasyon-8777-polis-aciga-alindi">2016-07-18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Health (Turkey)">Ministry of Health</a></td> <td>5,581</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>115 managers, 1504 doctors</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milliyet.com.tr/saglik-bakanligi-ndan-son-dakika-gundem-2285099/">2016-07-28</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a></td> <td>110</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/kultur-ve-turizm-bakanliginda-110-kisi-aciga-alindi">2016-07-26</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Education (Turkey)">Ministry of National Education</a></td> <td>15,200</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/mebde-15-bin-200-personel-aciga-alindi-261826.html">2016-07-19</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Education (Turkey)">MNE</a> licensed Education institutions</td> <td>21,000</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Development_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Development (Turkey)">Ministry of Development</a></td> <td>82</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/iste-darbe-sorusturmasinda-kamuda-aciga-alinanlarin-kurum-kurum-listesi">2016-07-25</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Economy (Turkey)">Ministry of Economy</a></td> <td>15</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/iste-darbe-sorusturmasinda-kamuda-aciga-alinanlarin-kurum-kurum-listesi">2016-07-25</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Forest_and_Water_Management_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Forest and Water Management (Turkey)">Ministry of Forest and Water Management</a></td> <td>197</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/iste-darbe-sorusturmasinda-kamuda-aciga-alinanlarin-kurum-kurum-listesi">2016-07-25</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Communication_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport and Communication (Turkey)">Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications</a></td> <td>529</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/iste-darbe-sorusturmasinda-kamuda-aciga-alinanlarin-kurum-kurum-listesi">2016-07-25</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Commerce_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Industry and Commerce (Turkey)">Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology</a></td> <td>560</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/iste-darbe-sorusturmasinda-kamuda-aciga-alinanlarin-kurum-kurum-listesi">2016-07-25</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Family_and_Social_Policy_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Family and Social Policy (Turkey)">Ministry of Family and Social Policy</a></td> <td>599</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/iste-darbe-sorusturmasinda-kamuda-aciga-alinanlarin-kurum-kurum-listesi">2016-07-25</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Urban_Planning_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)">Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning</a></td> <td>70</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/iste-darbe-sorusturmasinda-kamuda-aciga-alinanlarin-kurum-kurum-listesi">2016-07-25</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Turkish Universities</td> <td>5,342</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-37060172">2016-08-12</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality</td> <td>768</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/ibbde-768-kisinin-is-akdi-feshedildi">2016-07-29</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Board_of_Judges_and_Prosecutors" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors">Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors</a></td> <td>648</td> <td>N/A</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/hsyk-648-savciyi-gorevden-uzaklastirdi">2016-08-10</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Totals</th> <th>81,494</th> <th>20,355</th> <th></th> <th><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/basbakan-yildirim-cumhurbaskaniyla-beraber-olum-pahasina-direnme-karari-aldik">2016-08-13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/turkce/37098658">2016-08-17</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_purges,_mass_suspensions_and_mass_arrests">Later purges, mass suspensions and mass arrests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Later purges, mass suspensions and mass arrests">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016">2016</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2016">edit</a>]</div> On 26 July 2016, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">European Commission President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> announced that <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkey's EU membership</a> process would come to an end if the death penalty was returned in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> On 4 and 5 August 2016, the Istanbul and İzmir 1st Criminal Court of Peace issued an arrest warrant for U.S.-based cleric <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> On 17 August 2016, the government dismissed 2,300 more officers from the police force, 136 military officers and 196 employees from the information technology authority.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On 18 August 2016, arrest warrants were issued for 187 suspects, including CEOs of leading companies in Turkey, with prosecutors also ordering the seizure of their assets.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On 2 September 2016, Turkey announced a purge of about 11,500 teachers with stated links to PKK.<a href="#cite_note-BBCTeachers-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-dwTeachers-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndependentTeachers-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-VoATeachers-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-UKHO2018-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNNTeachers-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT4/11/16-47">[47]</a> The move was denounced by Kurdish and Turkish opposition parties for lacking due process and evidences. An anonymous former Turkish diplomat said the move sharply weakened the pacifist wing of Kurdish voices, pushing the Kurdish movement toward more radical means.<a href="#cite_note-2016.09_antikurds-53">[53]</a> On 12 September 2016, Turkey removed two dozen elected mayors, members of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> (HDP), for stated links to Kurdish militants.<a href="#cite_note-UKHO2018-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT4/11/16-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReutersMayors-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCMayors-126">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Can_D%C3%BCndar_%26_Erdem_G%C3%BCl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Can_D%C3%BCndar_%26_Erdem_G%C3%BCl.jpg/220px-Can_D%C3%BCndar_%26_Erdem_G%C3%BCl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Can_D%C3%BCndar_%26_Erdem_G%C3%BCl.jpg/330px-Can_D%C3%BCndar_%26_Erdem_G%C3%BCl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Can_D%C3%BCndar_%26_Erdem_G%C3%BCl.jpg/440px-Can_D%C3%BCndar_%26_Erdem_G%C3%BCl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Turkish journalists <a href="/wiki/Can_D%C3%BCndar" title="Can Dündar">Can Dündar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erdem_G%C3%BCl" title="Erdem Gül">Erdem Gül</a> were arrested facing sentences up to life imprisonment.</figcaption></figure> On 4 October 2016, Turkish authorities suspend nearly 12,800 more police officers from duty over their suspected links with U.S.-based cleric <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_Gulen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fethullah Gulen">Fethullah Gulen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Purges_October_Polices-127">[127]</a> On 29 October 2016, by decree, Turkey dismissed 10,131 more civil servants, while about 15 more media outlets were closed for stated ties to terrorist organizations and U.S.-based cleric <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In early November 2016, security forces began mass arrests of opposition <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> (HDP) MPs, including co-leaders <a href="/wiki/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F" title="Selahattin Demirtaş">Selahattin Demirtaş</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figen_Y%C3%BCksekda%C4%9F" title="Figen Yüksekdağ">Figen Yüksekdağ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianLeaders-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-APLeaders-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTLeaders-52">[52]</a> Internet and social web services were blocked across southeastern Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianLeaders-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-APLeaders-51">[51]</a> Out of 59 HDP's MPs, 15 were researched, 12 MPs were detained, 2 MPs were travelling abroad, and one not located.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> On 22 November 2016, a decree announced 15,726 dismissals (security forces: 7,600, ministry of interior: 2,700, education: 1,200).<a href="#cite_note-lemonde161121-131">[131]</a> People were affected for being "related, belonging to or in contact with terror organizations and structures that are considered by the National Security Council as acting against national security."<a href="#cite_note-nyt161122-27">[27]</a> Passports of these affected people were canceled.<a href="#cite_note-nyt161122-27">[27]</a> With this decree 550 associations, 9 medias, and 19 private medical structures have been closed.<a href="#cite_note-lemonde161121-131">[131]</a> The financial assets and properties of those organizations were to be seized by the Turkish Treasury.<a href="#cite_note-nyt161122-27">[27]</a> On 24 November 2016, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> unanimously accepted the call for a temporary freeze of the <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On 12 December 2016, in reaction to <a href="/wiki/December_2016_Istanbul_bombings" title="December 2016 Istanbul bombings">prior Istanbul double bombing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Falcons" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Freedom Falcons">Kurdistan Freedom Falcons</a> (TAK) states, 118 <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> officials and supporters were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On 21 December 2016, Turkey suspended another 1,980 teachers and school employees for stated connections to the coup attempt.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> On 25 December 2016, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> probes around 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> users for reportedly insulting government officials or supporting "<a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terror</a>-related activity."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017">2017</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2017">edit</a>]</div> On 7 January 2017, and via three decrees, 8,390 more civil servants were dismissed (2,687 police officers, 1,699 civil servants from the justice ministry, 838 health officials, and hundreds others from other ministries, 631 academics, 8 members of the Council of State).<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In early February 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Turkish government</a> dismissed more than 4,400 public servants from their jobs,<a href="#cite_note-purge_2017.02-137">[137]</a> including over 300 university teachers.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> On 14 February 2017, the Turkish government arrested 834 people with stated links with PKK. The mass arrest has been linked to the constitutional referendum, to which most Kurdish factions are opposed.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_constitutional_referendum,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish constitutional referendum, 2017">April 16 referendum</a>, 38 activists denouncing irregularities were detained.<a href="#cite_note-nyt2017-04-26-140">[140]</a> On 26 April 2017, 1009 police officers were reported of being a secret Gulenist network within the Turkish police force, and were detained.<a href="#cite_note-nyt2017-04-26-140">[140]</a> 9,100 policemen have been suspended<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> On 29 April 2017, <a href="/wiki/2017_block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 block of Wikipedia in Turkey">Turkey blocked Wikipedia</a> and dismissed 3,974 more civil servants.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters0430-28">[28]</a> The NYT qualified the move as "an expand[ing] crackdown on dissent and free expression".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> On 5 June, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Turkish interior ministry</a> announces that 130 people, living outside the country and suspected of militant links, will lose their <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">citizenship</a> unless they return to Turkey within three months and meet government standards. Named suspects include U.S.-based cleric <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> leaders <a href="/wiki/Faysal_Sar%C4%B1y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z" title="Faysal Sarıyıldız">Faysal Sarıyıldız</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu%C4%9Fba_Hezer_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Tuğba Hezer Öztürk">Tuğba Hezer Öztürk</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zdal_%C3%9C%C3%A7er&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Özdal Üçer (page does not exist)">Özdal Üçer</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zdal_%C3%9C%C3%A7er" class="extiw" title="tr:Özdal Üçer">tr</a>].<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> 15 June 2017, UN <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_International_Criminal_Tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals">Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals</a> judge <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aydin_Sedaf_Akay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aydin Sedaf Akay (page does not exist)">Aydin Sedaf Akay</a> was sentenced to 7½ years on charges of "membership in [to the Gulen movement, itself] a terrorist organization", despite Mr. Akay having <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a> due to his position at the UN MICT.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> On 6 July 2017, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> unanimously accepted the call for the suspension of <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> On 15 July, 7,400 more police were dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> On 24 December 2017, a decree announce the dismissal of 2,700 public officers.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018">2018</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2018">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enes_Kanter_Western_Conference_Finals_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Enes_Kanter_Western_Conference_Finals_2019.jpg/220px-Enes_Kanter_Western_Conference_Finals_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Enes_Kanter_Western_Conference_Finals_2019.jpg/330px-Enes_Kanter_Western_Conference_Finals_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Enes_Kanter_Western_Conference_Finals_2019.jpg/440px-Enes_Kanter_Western_Conference_Finals_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The purges have gotten attention in the United States due to the Turkish government's attempts to arrest and extradite <a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a> player <a href="/wiki/Enes_Kanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Enes Kanter">Enes Kanter</a>, who is both a Gulenist and an outspoken critic of Erdoğan. Kanter did not attend team and league functions held abroad as he feared for his safety if he ever left the United States.</figcaption></figure> Turkey detained over 800 social media users and nearly 100 politicians and journalists who opposed the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Turkish invasion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurds">Kurdish</a>-controlled enclave of <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> On 8 July 2018, right before Erdogan new presidency with enlarged executive powers and the promised end of the state of emergency, 18,632 public officiers were dismissed by decree.<a href="#cite_note-guardian20180708-150">[150]</a> Among them, 9,000-plus are police officers, 6,000-plus are members of the Turkish military,<a href="#cite_note-guardian20180708-150">[150]</a> and over 1,000 are from judiciary,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> about 650 are teachers and about 200 academics.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg20180708-152">[152]</a> Three newspapers, one TV channel and 12 associations were also shut down.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg20180708-152">[152]</a> On 25 July 2018, Turkey passed new <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">anti-terrorism bill</a> to replace emergency rule.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeerapurges-54">[54]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, the new law "will allow authorities under the presidency, for the next three years, to dismiss judges and all other public officials arbitrarily. It also would allow the authorities to restrict movement within Turkey, ban public assemblies, and allow police to hold some suspects for up to 12 days without charge and repeatedly detain them in the same investigation."<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a> parliamentary group leader <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel" title="Özgür Özel">Özgür Özel</a> said that "With this bill, with the measures in this text, the state of emergency will not be extended for three months but for three years. They make it look like they are lifting the emergency, but in fact they are continuing it."<a href="#cite_note-japantimespurges-55">[55]</a> On 14 August 2018, Turkish police arrested another <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> citizen on terrorism-related charges. German authorities said nine German nationals are currently in detention in Turkey for "political reasons."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019">2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2019">edit</a>]</div> On 12 February, Turkey issued 1,112 more detention orders, under the charge of organizing the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkey_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkey coup">2016 Turkey coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> According to Turkish government data from March 2019, about 500,000 people were detained since the coup attempt, of which about 30,000 were in custody at the time of the information.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel_Online-156">[156]</a> Erdogan reported in April 2019 of 31,000 employees of the police, as well as 15,000 members of the military, who had been removed from office since the coup d'état.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel_Online-156">[156]</a> According to Anadolu, in the first week of July 2019, 282 people were arrested throughout Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel_Online-156">[156]</a> The week before, at the end of June, there were 200 arrests.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel_Online-156">[156]</a> On 13 March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> unanimously accepted the call for a halt to the <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> On 28 July 2019, another German citizen, Osman B, was arrested on charges of running a "terror propaganda" using his Facebook account. He was arrested at a Turkish airport, while he was traveling for a family holiday.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> On 19 August 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Turkish Ministry of Interior</a> appointed trustees to the <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a> metropolitan municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In October 2019, Turkish police detained more than 120 online critics of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish invasion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Kurdish areas in Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Turkish prosecutor opened an investigation into "terrorist propaganda" against MPs <a href="/wiki/Sezai_Temelli" title="Sezai Temelli">Sezai Temelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pervin_Buldan" title="Pervin Buldan">Pervin Buldan</a>, co-leaders of the pro-Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> party.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Turkey arrested at least 151 members of the HDP, including district officials.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Turkish authorities have also detained web editor of opposition BirGün newspaper and managing editor of the online news portal <a href="/wiki/Diken_(newspaper)" title="Diken (newspaper)">Diken</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020">2020</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2020">edit</a>]</div> Due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey</a>, the Turkish parliament approved a bill which could enable the release of up to 100,000 prisoners, including people responsible for deaths.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Political prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> journalists,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> are excluded from the pardon despite overcrowding and unsanitary living conditions already posing a severe health threat.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Turkish Interior Ministry</a> has <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">arrested</a> social media users whose posts were "targeting officials and spreading panic and fear" by suggesting that COVID-19 "had spread widely in Turkey and that officials had taken insufficient measures".<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Several journalists, who were each reporting for local media, were detained for how they covered the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> On 15 May 2020, the Turkish Ministry of Interior appointed trustees for the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r" title="Iğdır">Iğdır</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siirt" title="Siirt">Siirt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baykan" title="Baykan">Baykan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurtalan" title="Kurtalan">Kurtalan</a> districts of Siirt, and the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nova,_Korkut" title="Altınova, Korkut">Altınova</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Korkut" title="Korkut">Korkut</a> district of Muş.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Authorities had arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 Turkish citizens by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021">2021</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2021">edit</a>]</div> In February, following a failed operation in which 13 Turkey soldiers died, Turkey arrested 700 opposition members, maneuvering to shift blame onto the opposition and Americans.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2022">2022</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2022">edit</a>]</div> In 2022, Turkey demands the extradition of many members of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/PKK" class="mw-redirect" title="PKK">PKK</a> from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, of which Sweden wants to become a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> However, the two countries rejected Turkey's extradition requests.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> On 18 May 2022, Turkey quickly blocked Finland and Sweden's applications for accelerated membership in NATO.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In June 2022, the access of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> was completely blocked in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> On 30 June 2022, Turkey announced that it would not approve NATO membership if members of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a> and PKK are not extradited from Finland and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023">2023</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2023">edit</a>]</div> On 29 January 2023, Turkey announced that it requested the extradition of 130 people suspected of being members of the Gülen movement and PKK in order for Finland and Sweden to approve them for NATO membership.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> On 13 September 2023, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> unanimously accepted the call not to restart <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024">2024</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2024">edit</a>]</div> On 2 August 2024, access to the social media platform <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> was completely blocked in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> On 9 October 2024, access to the social media platform <a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a> in Turkey was completely blocked.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> On 4 November 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Turkish Ministry of Interior</a> appointed trustees to the <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> metropolitan, <a href="/wiki/Batman,_Turkey" title="Batman, Turkey">Batman</a> and Şanlıurfa's <a href="/wiki/Halfeti" title="Halfeti">Halfeti</a> municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights in Turkey</a> are governed by <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> treaties, including the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> that Turkey signed in 2000, that take precedence over <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of the Republic of Turkey">Turkish legislation</a> according to Article 90 of the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> After protesters chanted for reintroduction of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey" title="Capital punishment in Turkey">death penalty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> abolished by Turkey in 2004, Erdoğan stated that this was a possibility that would be discussed in parliament, and that in a democracy, the will of the people must be respected.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> On 21 July, the Turkish government announced that it would suspend the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> during a temporary <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> On 24 July 2016, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> called for the European <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture" title="Committee for the Prevention of Torture">Committee for the Prevention of Torture</a> to make an emergency visit to Turkey to see the conditions in which the detainees were held.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_massive_torture-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_methods">Identification methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Identification methods">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hahn" title="Johannes Hahn">Johannes Hahn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">European Commissioner</a> dealing with Turkey's bid to become a <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member state of the European Union</a> (EU), said that it appears Turkey's government had prepared arrest lists of political opponents before the coup attempt and had been waiting for the right time to act.<a href="#cite_note-Hahn-190">[190]</a> The usage of social medias monitoring is suspected. Anonymous-and-paid denunciations by <a href="/wiki/Secret_witness" title="Secret witness">secret witnesses</a> are officially declared as the main source for identifying suspects. Most of the over 140 thousands people affected by the purges were affected following denunciations by coworkers and other citizens.<a href="#cite_note-lemonde17.10.23-191">[191]</a> The system have been legalized via a 31 August 2015's decree by the Ministry of interior.<a href="#cite_note-lemonde17.10.23-191">[191]</a> The rewarded anonymous denunciation's grid is public and online, divided in 5 category according to the threat, and pointing to major suspects, mainly Kurds, then Gulenist, then Islamists (ISIS).<a href="#cite_note-lemonde17.10.23-191">[191]</a> About 11 millions citizens or one in 6 adults are reported to be under investigation online.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fetometer">Fetometer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fetometer">edit</a>]</div> Reports of a scoring system for Turkey citizens and foreigners to assess their relationships to the Gulen networks and crack down on them emerged.<a href="#cite_note-almonitor20190320-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The system, already in use on Turkey civil public servants and some military branch, allows Turkey governments to assess the relationship of citizens to Gulenist networks and likelihood for them to be part of it.<a href="#cite_note-almonitor20190320-193">[193]</a> In the field of education, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Education (Turkey)">Turkish National Education Ministry</a> used a Fetometer software to assess the relation of 993 books used in teaching with a set of Gulenist phrases and concepts. 100 books were assessed "inconvenient", 12 were "certainly Gulenist" and now banned by the Ministry. The phrases and concepts looked for were dialogue, respect for human beings, the golden generation, horizon man, hope and dedication.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detainees'_conditions">Detainees' conditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Detainees' conditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F_2018_campaign_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F_2018_campaign_launch.jpg/220px-Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F_2018_campaign_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F_2018_campaign_launch.jpg/330px-Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F_2018_campaign_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F_2018_campaign_launch.jpg/440px-Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F_2018_campaign_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Selahattin Demirtaş's <a href="/wiki/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F_presidential_campaign,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Selahattin Demirtaş presidential campaign, 2018">presidential campaign</a> being launched outside <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> prison where he is incarcerated, 25 May 2018</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, during the July 2016 purges, detainees were denied food for up to three days and water for up to two days, were denied medical treatment, were reportedly raped with police <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">truncheons</a> or fingers, and were subjected to other forms of torture.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_massive_torture-189">[189]</a> Amnesty said that three hundred male soldiers held in the <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> police headquarters were beaten during their detention, with injuries including bruises, cuts and broken bones. Forty soldiers were unable to walk because of their injuries, and two were unable to stand.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_massive_torture-189">[189]</a> Amnesty also said that detainees' shirts were covered in blood during their interrogations by prosecutors and that detainees during the purges were mostly prevented from contacting their families and lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_massive_torture-189">[189]</a> Given overcrowded conditions, the Turkish government published a decree on 16 August announcing that 38,000 inmates whose criminal offense pre-dated 1 July were now eligible for sentence reduction.<a href="#cite_note-38k_freed-196">[196]</a> Inmates with two years or less to serve are eligible, while inmates who have served half of their sentence can ask for parole. The decree applies to crimes committed before 1 July 2016, excluding convictions for murder, domestic violence, sexual abuse, terrorism or crimes against the state.<a href="#cite_note-38k_freed-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosecution_of_lawyers">Prosecution of lawyers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Prosecution of lawyers">edit</a>]</div> Between July 2016 and June 2019, out of more than 1500 prosecuted lawyers, 599 were arrested and 311 were sentenced to an average of about six years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-:6-197">[197]</a> 34 lawyers associations in Turkey were shut down, and lawyers were forced to testify against their own clients.<a href="#cite_note-:6-197">[197]</a> A law was enacted which forbade lawyers charged with terror related offenses to represent clients accused in terror-related offenses.<a href="#cite_note-:6-197">[197]</a> Communications between lawyers and their respective clients arrested in pre-trial detention was enabled to be recorded.<a href="#cite_note-:6-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_of_human_rights_activists">Arrest of human rights activists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Arrest of human rights activists">edit</a>]</div> Turkish human rights lawyer <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Kemal_Cengiz" title="Orhan Kemal Cengiz">Orhan Kemal Cengiz</a> was detained for three days in July 2016. He was "provisionally released" and remains subject to a travel ban.<a href="#cite_note-hrw_cengiz-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Serdar Kuni, a doctor from <a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a>, who assisted the respected <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Foundation" title="Human Rights Foundation">Human Rights Foundation</a> in documenting violations in the town, and arrested on poorly defined charges of "being a member of a terrorist organization" for treating injured locals.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> On 6 June 2017, <a href="/wiki/Taner_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Taner Kılıç">Taner Kılıç</a>, the Chair of Amnesty International Turkey, and another 22 lawyers were detained in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> by the Turkish police on the suspicion of having links with the Fethullah Gülen movement and later charged with "membership of a terrorist organisation". The detention and prosecution was condemned by Amnesty International and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> who asked for his immediate release. Hugh Williamson, Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch, stated that "detaining Kılıç on suspicion of terrorist offenses looks like a tactic aimed at discrediting his legitimate human rights work."<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightwatchmen_system">Nightwatchmen system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Nightwatchmen system">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (June 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Bek%C3%A7i" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekçi">bekçi</a> or Nightwatchmen auxiliary police force has been used in the 1990s to monitor the South Eastern regions against PKK activities.<a href="#cite_note-:3-204">[204]</a> Bekçi forces have traditionally served as neighborhood watchmen in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-:3-204">[204]</a> In 2008, the 8,000 active bekçis were absorbed into regular police force and the system abolished.<a href="#cite_note-:3-204">[204]</a> Following the 2016 Coup and a large-scale operation in southeastern regions, the Turkish government reinstated the bekçi force, hiring 2,400 officers to patrol the regions' Kurdish-majority cities of Sirnak, Hakkari, Urfa, Mardin and Diyarbakir.<a href="#cite_note-:3-204">[204]</a> The bekçi guards have since been gradually extended to the entire country.<a href="#cite_note-:3-204">[204]</a> Nightwatchmen's are described as local young men, with Standart watchmen training.<a href="#cite_note-:4-205">[205]</a> Bekçi guards can be equipped with whistles, batons, and carry guns (Jan. 2020).<a href="#cite_note-:4-205">[205]</a> They have the authority to check citizens' identity, body search them, and use of lethal force is under legislative discussion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-205">[205]</a> Bekçi guards have been qualified as the Turkish version of Iran's <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International">International</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: International">edit</a>]</div> The Turkish government have been looking for opponents in foreign countries as well.<a href="#cite_note-pri.org-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_closures">School closures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: School closures">edit</a>]</div> About 1,000 <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement_schools" title="Gülen movement schools">Gülen movement schools</a> exist worldwide, with 300 of them in Turkey. Turkey requested closure of affiliated schools in 50 countries.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> closed the Gülen affiliated schools.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> closed 13 education centres, 11 high schools, and also <a href="/wiki/Qafqaz_University" title="Qafqaz University">Qafqaz University</a> associated with Gülen movement.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>: Turkey requested closure of Gülen movement schools.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> closed Gülen movement schools by Turkish request.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_operations_and_abductions">Foreign operations and abductions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Foreign operations and abductions">edit</a>]</div> Turkey has led a hunt of political opponents abroad.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Private planes are used to illegally abduct gulenists on foreign territories, without agreements with local jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> The purges were criticized by Western governments and human rights groups. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> warned the Turkish government against "[using] the coup attempt to justify a witch-hunt against those it regards as opponents".<a href="#cite_note-HRW_background-60">[60]</a> Andrew Gardner, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>'s researcher for Turkey, said: "We are witnessing a crackdown of exceptional proportions in Turkey at the moment. While it is understandable, and legitimate, that the government wishes to investigate and punish those responsible for this bloody coup attempt, they must abide by the rule of law and respect freedom of expression."<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Conversely, the purges were praised by <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Commission_of_Indonesia" title="Judicial Commission of Indonesia">Judicial Commission of Indonesia</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Aidul_Fitriciada_Azhari" title="Aidul Fitriciada Azhari">Aidul Fitriciada Azhari</a>. Azhari pointed to the purges as a positive example of external oversight of a judicial system and the exercise of executive power by a judicial commission, referring to the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union">Accession of Turkey to the European Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Accession of Turkey to the European Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Accession of Turkey to the European Union</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hahn" title="Johannes Hahn">Johannes Hahn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">European Commissioner</a> dealing with Turkey's bid to become a <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member state of the European Union</a> (EU), said that it appeared Turkey's government had prepared arrest lists of political opponents before the coup attempt and had been waiting for the right time to act.<a href="#cite_note-Hahn-190">[190]</a> EU <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a> <a href="/wiki/Federica_Mogherini" title="Federica Mogherini">Federica Mogherini</a> condemned the purges, saying: "What we're seeing especially in the fields of universities, media, the judiciary, is unacceptable."<a href="#cite_note-Mogherini-218">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers-President_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers-President of Bavaria">minister-president</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, urged the EU to suspend Turkey's accession negotiations: "If one sees how Turkey is dismantling the rule of law... then these (EU membership) negotiations must be stopped immediately. No democratic constitutional state acts like this."<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> On 24 November 2016 the European Parliament voted 497 to 37 in favour of a non binding freeze on membership talks with Turkey in response to "disproportionate repressive measures taken in Turkey since the failed military coup attempt."<a href="#cite_note-EUFreeze-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_associations">University associations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: University associations">edit</a>]</div> The Czech University Council compared negatively the purges of educational institutions in Turkey to events which took place under the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–89)">Communist regime</a> in former <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_University_Association" title="European University Association">European University Association</a> (EUA) joined by the <a href="/wiki/European_University_Foundations" class="mw-redirect" title="European University Foundations">European University Foundations</a> (EUF) "strongly and unconditionally" condemned the forced resignation of hundreds of deans from higher education institutions in Turkey in the wake of the failed coup attempt in the country, and called on all European governments, universities and scholars to speak out against these developments and to support democracy in Turkey, including institutional autonomy and academic freedom for scholars and students.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidarit%C3%A4ts-matinee-deniz-y%C3%BCcel-mai-2017-ffm-2985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Solidarit%C3%A4ts-matinee-deniz-y%C3%BCcel-mai-2017-ffm-2985.jpg/220px-Solidarit%C3%A4ts-matinee-deniz-y%C3%BCcel-mai-2017-ffm-2985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Solidarit%C3%A4ts-matinee-deniz-y%C3%BCcel-mai-2017-ffm-2985.jpg/330px-Solidarit%C3%A4ts-matinee-deniz-y%C3%BCcel-mai-2017-ffm-2985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Solidarit%C3%A4ts-matinee-deniz-y%C3%BCcel-mai-2017-ffm-2985.jpg/440px-Solidarit%C3%A4ts-matinee-deniz-y%C3%BCcel-mai-2017-ffm-2985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2771" data-file-height="2118" /></a><figcaption>Free <a href="/wiki/Deniz_Y%C3%BCcel" title="Deniz Yücel">Deniz Yücel</a> campaign in Frankfurt, 21 May 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Wikipedia_against_Turkey%27s_censorship_(Screenshot_2017-05-08).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Italian_Wikipedia_against_Turkey%27s_censorship_%28Screenshot_2017-05-08%29.jpg/220px-Italian_Wikipedia_against_Turkey%27s_censorship_%28Screenshot_2017-05-08%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Italian_Wikipedia_against_Turkey%27s_censorship_%28Screenshot_2017-05-08%29.jpg/330px-Italian_Wikipedia_against_Turkey%27s_censorship_%28Screenshot_2017-05-08%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Italian_Wikipedia_against_Turkey%27s_censorship_%28Screenshot_2017-05-08%29.jpg/440px-Italian_Wikipedia_against_Turkey%27s_censorship_%28Screenshot_2017-05-08%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian Wikipedia</a> against Turkey's censorship</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestacja_Krakowie_w_obronie_Asl%C4%B1_Erdo%C4%9Fan_i_tureckich_wi%C4%99%C5%BAni%C3%B3w_politycznych_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manifestacja_Krakowie_w_obronie_Asl%C4%B1_Erdo%C4%9Fan_i_tureckich_wi%C4%99%C5%BAni%C3%B3w_politycznych_01.jpg/220px-Manifestacja_Krakowie_w_obronie_Asl%C4%B1_Erdo%C4%9Fan_i_tureckich_wi%C4%99%C5%BAni%C3%B3w_politycznych_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manifestacja_Krakowie_w_obronie_Asl%C4%B1_Erdo%C4%9Fan_i_tureckich_wi%C4%99%C5%BAni%C3%B3w_politycznych_01.jpg/330px-Manifestacja_Krakowie_w_obronie_Asl%C4%B1_Erdo%C4%9Fan_i_tureckich_wi%C4%99%C5%BAni%C3%B3w_politycznych_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manifestacja_Krakowie_w_obronie_Asl%C4%B1_Erdo%C4%9Fan_i_tureckich_wi%C4%99%C5%BAni%C3%B3w_politycznych_01.jpg/440px-Manifestacja_Krakowie_w_obronie_Asl%C4%B1_Erdo%C4%9Fan_i_tureckich_wi%C4%99%C5%BAni%C3%B3w_politycznych_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration in support of arrested journalist <a href="/wiki/Asl%C4%B1_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Aslı Erdoğan">Aslı Erdoğan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> Belgian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Didier_Reynders" title="Didier Reynders">Didier Reynders</a> said Turkish authorities' reaction to the failed coup needed to be "proportionate," and that he was alarmed by the arrests of judges and calls for reinstatement of the death penalty against coup participants.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Jean-Marc Ayrault</a> voiced concern, warning against a "political system which turns away from democracy" in response to the purges.<a href="#cite_note-FT-purges-65">[65]</a> British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> described the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a> as a "cult" and expressed his support for the post-coup purges. Johnson said: "what happened in July [2016] was deeply violent, deeply anti-democratic, deeply sinister and it was totally right that it was crushed."<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said he was concerned by pictures showing the rough treatment of some of the arrested coup plotters, some of whom appeared stripped to their underwear and handcuffed behind their backs.<a href="#cite_note-Obama-227">[227]</a> U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> urged Turkish authorities to halt the crackdown on its citizens, expressing concern that the aim of the crackdown was to "suppress dissent."<a href="#cite_note-FT-purges-65">[65]</a> The commander of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">U.S. Central Command</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Votel" title="Joseph Votel">Joseph Votel</a>, said that several of the U.S. military's closest partners in the Turkish military have been jailed.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> In response, Erdoğan said Votel was being on the side of coup plotters.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> On 29 July, Votel said in a statement: "Any reporting that I had anything to do with the recent unsuccessful coup attempt in Turkey is unfortunate and completely inaccurate. ... We appreciate Turkey's continuing cooperation and look forward to our future partnership in the counter-ISIL fight."<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> On 1 August 2018, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s administration sanctioned two top <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Erdo%C4%9Fan_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Erdoğan IV">Turkish government officials</a>, Turkish Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdulhamit_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdulhamit Gül">Abdulhamit Gül</a> and Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Suleyman_Soylu" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleyman Soylu">Suleyman Soylu</a>, over the detention of American pastor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brunson" title="Andrew Brunson">Andrew Brunson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsweek-232">[232]</a> The indictment stated that American pastor had ties with Gülen's network.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek-232">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Glaser" title="Daniel Glaser">Daniel Glaser</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_for_Terrorist_Financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing">Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing</a> under President Barack Obama, said: "It's certainly the first time I can think of" the U.S. sanctioning a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> ally. "I certainly regard it as a human rights violation to unlawfully detain somebody, so I think it falls within the scope of the Global <a href="/wiki/Magnitsky_Act" title="Magnitsky Act">Magnitsky Act</a>."<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: United Nations">edit</a>]</div> In July 2016, the U.S., with the support of Britain, drafted language for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> that would have expressed grave concern over the situation, called upon on all parties to "respect the democratically elected government of Turkey" and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, and urged the parties to show restraint and avoid violence. However, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> blocked the proposed statement.<a href="#cite_note-EgyptReject-234">[234]</a> Egyptian diplomats said that the council is "in no position to qualify, or label [the Turkish] government—or any other government for that matter—as democratically elected or not". Objection by the United States and the UK—permanent members of the Security Council—led to Egypt proposing a new statement calling for all sides to "respect the democratic and constitutional principles and the rule of law", which was rejected, preventing the condemnation of the coup attempt by the Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-EgyptReject-234">[234]</a> In August 2016, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeid_Ra%27ad_Al_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein">Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein</a> decried the purge. Zeid said that while he opposed the coup attempt, the wide-ranging purge showed a "thirst for revenge" that was alarming.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Later that month, a group of experts in the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a joint statement saying that the purges may violate <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dearden-236">[236]</a> specifically Turkey's obligations under the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The statement said: "While we understand the sense of crisis in Turkey, we are concerned that the government's steps to limit a broad range of human rights guarantees go beyond what can be justified in light of the current situation. Turkey is going through a critical period. Derogation measures must not be used in a way that will push the country deeper into crisis."<a href="#cite_note-Dearden-236">[236]</a> In March 2018 <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> issued a report on the impact of the state of emergency on human rights in Turkey. The report indicates interference of the executive with the work of the judiciary and curtailment of parliamentary oversight over the executive branch of government; arbitrary mass dismissals of civil servants and private sector employees; arbitrary closure of civil society organizations, including prominent human rights NGOs and media; arbitrary detention of people arrested under state of emergency measures; the use of torture and ill-treatment during pre-trial detention; restrictions of the rights to freedoms of expression and of movement; arbitrary expropriation of private property; and methods of collective punishment targeting family members of individuals suspected of offences under the state of emergency. OHCHR said that the routine extensions of the state of emergency may lead to an enduring system of governing characterized by a large number of arbitrary decisions that profoundly affect the lives of many individuals and families.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_light">Historical light</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Historical light">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Can_D%C3%BCndar" title="Can Dündar">Can Dündar</a>, Editor-in-chief of the Turkish daily <a href="/wiki/Cumhuriyet" title="Cumhuriyet">Cumhuriyet</a>, described the purges as part of a historical pattern of political power in Turkey shifting back and forth between the secular military versus religious institutions, with democrats in the middle having little power to prevent the repeated oscillations, but worse than previous cycles. He described the 2016 purges as "the biggest witch-hunt in Turkey's history".<a href="#cite_note-HurriyetChief_biggest_witchhunt-239">[239]</a> Historians and analysts including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_J._Barkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri J. Barkey (page does not exist)">Henri J. Barkey</a>, Director of the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars#Middle_East_Program" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Middle East Program of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>, compared the 2016 Turkish purges to <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> that started in 1966 and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Cultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Cultural Revolution">Iranian Cultural Revolution</a> in which Iranian academia was purged during 1980–1987.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Barkey-240">[240]</a> The government of Turkey has been analysed to blame Western forces and raise anti-Americanism in order to distract the public from real intranational tensions, as well as to take an upper ground for negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> According to the New York Times, "Searching for historical parallels, analysts have made comparisons with <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">Joseph McCarthy</a>'s anti-Communist witch hunt in 1950s America, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Stalinist purges</a> of the 1930s and the Cultural Revolution in China in the 1960s and '70s."<a href="#cite_note-NYT2-tr-purge-23">[23]</a> Other comparisons have been made with Hitler's use of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> to consolidate his power, and with <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk's</a> use of the 1926 assassination plot on his life to purge Turkey of his political opponents and rivals.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_sciences">Political sciences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Political sciences">edit</a>]</div> Academics are now discussing "Turkey's democracy collapse"<a href="#cite_note-:5-245">[245]</a> and its "authoritarian turn".<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> It has been argued that solid political position encourage leaders to crack down and double down on oppositions parties while less secure governing groups are more inclined into deescalation and appeasement.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> AKP's political alliances with both wealthy business world via privileged and urban poor via redistribution of public resources, providing non-competitive elections, reduced elected officials political tolerance for oppositions and reduced the costs of cracking down on them.<a href="#cite_note-:5-245">[245]</a> This AKP-hegemonic political landscape, associated calculations and observable room for repressive actions lead to increase authoritarianism from Turkish government through "securitization of dissent, mounting repression, and systematic violation of civil liberties".<a href="#cite_note-:5-245">[245]</a> Turkey is described as a case of "<a href="/wiki/Competitive_authoritarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive authoritarianism">competitive authoritarianism</a>",<a href="#cite_note-:5-245">[245]</a> a regime in which democratic elections occurs under the guidance of an authoritarian government and where the main party guaranteed to win. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_arrested_journalists_in_Turkey" title="List of arrested journalists in Turkey">List of arrested journalists in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_arrested_mayors_in_Turkey" title="List of arrested mayors in Turkey">List of arrested mayors in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_media_outlets_shut_down_in_the_2016_Turkish_purges" title="List of media outlets shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges">List of media outlets shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">Censorship in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media freedom in Turkey">Media freedom in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of speech in Turkey">Freedom of speech in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_freedom_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom in Turkey">Press freedom in Turkey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purges_in_Turkey_following_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NPRpurges-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPRpurges_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPRpurges_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/07/26/632307755/turkeys-state-of-emergency-ends-while-erdogans-power-grows-and-purge-continues?t=1534676536454">"Turkey's State Of Emergency Ends, While Erdogan's Power Grows And 'Purge' Continues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 26 July 2018.</cite><span 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href="https://tr.euronews.com/2023/09/13/avrupa-parlamentosundan-turkiye-raporu-ab-uyeligi-mevcut-sartlarda-baslayamaz">"Avrupa Parlamentosu'ndan Türkiye raporu: AB üyeliği mevcut şartlarda başlayamaz"</a>. tr.euronews.com (in Turkish). 13 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tr.euronews.com&rft.atitle=Avrupa+Parlamentosu%27ndan+T%C3%BCrkiye+raporu%3A+AB+%C3%BCyeli%C4%9Fi+mevcut+%C5%9Fartlarda+ba%C5%9Flayamaz&rft.date=2023-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.euronews.com%2F2023%2F09%2F13%2Favrupa-parlamentosundan-turkiye-raporu-ab-uyeligi-mevcut-sartlarda-baslayamaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurges+in+Turkey+following+the+2016+Turkish+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" 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Review of Middle East Studies. 52 (1): 16–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Frms.2018.8">10.1017/rms.2018.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-3481">2151-3481</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159013147">159013147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Dialectics+of+Reform+and+Repression%3A+Unpacking+Turkey%27s+Authoritarian+%22Turn%22&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-28&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159013147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2151-3481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Frms.2018.8&rft.aulast=Erens%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Sinan&rft.au=Alemdaro%C4%9Flu%2C+Ay%C3%A7a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Freview-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fdialectics-of-reform-and-repression-unpacking-turkeys-authoritarian-turn%2FF23137D8FE45C711ECE9B65D1B8A8134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurges+in+Turkey+following+the+2016+Turkish+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAytaçSchiumeriniStokes2017" class="citation journal cs1">Aytaç, S. Erdem; Schiumerini, Luis; Stokes, Susan (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/protests-and-repression-in-new-democracies/E99269D609B4F3DD1231BD36E44C5BF4">"Protests and Repression in New Democracies"</a>. Perspectives on Politics. 15 (1): 62–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592716004138">10.1017/S1537592716004138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5927">1537-5927</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151877655">151877655</a>.</cite><span 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section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44519112">Reality Check: The numbers behind the crackdown in Turkey, BBC, 18 June 2018</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkeypurge.com/">Turkey Purge | Monitoring human rights abuses in Turkey's post-coup crackdown</a> – multi-lingual (including English) detailed documentation of the purges <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkeypurge.com/about-us">URLs of Turkish government decrees detailing purges</a></li></ul></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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coups in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selim_I#Accession" title="Selim I">1512 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janissary#Revolts_and_disbandment" title="Janissary">1622 janissary revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_Incident" title="Edirne Incident">Edirne Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrona_Halil" title="Patrona Halil">1730 Patrona Halil rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_coups_of_1807%E2%80%931808" title="Ottoman coups of 1807–1808">1807–1808 coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">1876 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">1908 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">1909 countercoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1912 Ottoman coup d'état">1912 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 coup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">1997 memorandum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coup attempts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1962_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="1962 Turkish coup attempt">1962 attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="1963 Turkish coup attempt">1963 attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 Turkish coup attempt (page does not exist)">1969 attempt</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_May%C4%B1s_1969_asker%C3%AE_m%C3%BCdahalesi" class="extiw" title="tr:20 Mayıs 1969 askerî müdahalesi">tr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Turkish_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Turkish coup attempt (page does not exist)">1971 attempt</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Mart_1971_darbe_te%C5%9Febb%C3%BCs%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="tr:9 Mart 1971 darbe teşebbüsü">tr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">2016 attempt</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">purges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_media_purge_after_the_failed_July_2016_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Turkey's media purge after the failed July 2016 coup d'état">media purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="International reactions to the 2016 Turkish coup attempt">international reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Turkish_military_asylum_incident_in_Greece" title="July 2016 Turkish military asylum incident in Greece">military asylum incident</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alleged plans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_alleged_Turkish_military_coup" title="1993 alleged Turkish military coup">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1k%C4%B1z,_Ay%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1,_Yakamoz_and_Eldiven" title="Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz and Eldiven">Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz and Eldiven</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cage_Action_Plan" title="Operation Cage Action Plan">Operation Cage Action Plan</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Sledgehammer plan</a> (2010s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents and trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nine_Officers_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nine Officers Incident (page does not exist)">Nine Officers Incident</a> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokuz_Subay_Olay%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Dokuz Subay Olayı">tr</a>] (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-memorandum" title="E-memorandum">E-memorandum</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mass_surveillance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mass surveillance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mass_surveillance_on_citizens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a> on citizens</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disclosures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_global_surveillance" title="Origins of global surveillance">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(1970%E2%80%932013)" title="Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)">Pre-2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">2013–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_global_surveillance_disclosures" title="Reactions to global surveillance disclosures">Reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XKeyscore" title="XKeyscore">XKeyscore</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchelon" title="Frenchelon">Frenchelon</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_(interception_system)" title="Onyx (interception system)">Onyx</a> (Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET%C3%96meter" class="mw-redirect" title="FETÖmeter">FETÖmeter</a> (Turkey)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> (Germany, 1950–1990)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">CNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance" title="Barack Obama on mass surveillance">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_of_Julian_Assange" title="Surveillance of Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Five Eyes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(treaty)" title="Lustre (treaty)">Lustre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> Portals: Terrorism</li> <li>Freedoms</li> <li>Human Rights</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Template:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Template talk:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of Turkey">12th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="List of prime ministers of Turkey">25th</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime Minister of Turkey</a> (2003–2014)</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="23rd Parliament of Turkey">23rd</a> and <a href="/wiki/24th_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="24th Parliament of Turkey">24th Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_(1st_electoral_district)" title="Istanbul (1st electoral district)">Istanbul 1st electoral district</a> (2007–2011; 2011–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="22nd Parliament of Turkey">Member of the 22nd Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Siirt_(electoral_district)" title="Siirt (electoral district)">Siirt electoral district</a> (2002–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">1st and 4th</a> Leader of the Justice and Development Party (2001–2014; 2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Istanbul" title="List of mayors of Istanbul">28th Mayor of Istanbul</a> (1994–1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Presidency of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Third inauguration of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Inauguration</a></li> <li>Cabinets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/66th_cabinet_of_Turkey" title="66th cabinet of Turkey">66th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/67th_cabinet_of_Turkey" title="67th cabinet of Turkey">67th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="List of international presidential trips made by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Presidential trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_university_diploma_controversy" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan university diploma controversy">University diploma controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hmermann_affair" title="Böhmermann affair">Böhmermann affair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erdowie,_Erdowo,_Erdogan" title="Erdowie, Erdowo, Erdogan">Erdowie, Erdowo, Erdogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%93present_purges_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–present purges in Turkey">2016–present purges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fan_Iran_poem_controversy" title="Erdoğan Iran poem controversy">Iran poem controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_economic_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93current)" title="Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)">2018–present Economic crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan.PNG/140px-Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan.PNG" decoding="async" width="140" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan.PNG/210px-Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan.PNG/280px-Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan.PNG 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="488" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Premiership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Premiership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cabinets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/59th_cabinet_of_Turkey" title="59th cabinet of Turkey">59th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60th_cabinet_of_Turkey" title="60th cabinet of Turkey">60th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61st_cabinet_of_Turkey" title="61st cabinet of Turkey">61st</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Prime ministerial trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_government" title="Foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_initiative" title="Democratic initiative">Democratic initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solution_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Solution process">Solution process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_speech_in_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="2005 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan speech in Diyarbakır">2005 Diyarbakır speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Turkish constitutional referendum">2007 Turkish constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010 Turkish constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_2023" title="Vision 2023">Vision 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil%E2%80%93military_relations_during_the_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_government" title="Civil–military relations during the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government">Civil–military relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Electoral history of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Electoral history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Istanbul Mayoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Turkish_local_elections" title="1994 Turkish local elections">1994</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Siirt_Province_by-election" title="2003 Siirt Province by-election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Turkish_local_elections" title="2004 Turkish local elections">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Turkish_local_elections" title="2009 Turkish local elections">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_local_elections" title="2014 Turkish local elections">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections" title="2024 Turkish local elections">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Turkish_general_election" title="2002 Turkish general election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_general_election" title="2007 Turkish general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Turkish_general_election" title="2011 Turkish general election">2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2014 Turkish presidential election">2014</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_presidential_campaign" title="2014 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2018 Turkish presidential election">2018</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_presidential_campaign" title="2018 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2023 Turkish presidential election">2023</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_2023_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 2023 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/This_Song_Doesn%27t_End_Here" title="This Song Doesn't End Here">This Song Doesn't End Here</a> (1999 album)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fairer_World_Is_Possible" title="A Fairer World Is Possible">A Fairer World Is Possible</a> (2021 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Emine Erdoğan">Emine Erdoğan</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Burak_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Ahmet Burak Erdoğan">Ahmet Burak Erdoğan</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilal_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Bilal Erdoğan">Necmettin Bilal Erdoğan</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esra_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Esra Erdoğan">Esra Erdoğan Albayrak</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCmeyye_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Sümeyye Erdoğan">Sümeyye Erdoğan Bayraktar</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berat_Albayrak" title="Berat Albayrak">Berat Albayrak</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk_Bayraktar" title="Selçuk Bayraktar">Selçuk Bayraktar</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Early life and career of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kas%C4%B1mpa%C5%9Fa,_Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Kasımpaşa, Beyoğlu">Kasımpaşa, Beyoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Public image of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_doctorates_awarded_to_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="List of honorary doctorates awarded to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Honorary doctorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_world_is_bigger_than_five" class="mw-redirect" title="The world is bigger than five">The world is bigger than five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Security incidents involving Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Assassination threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_Stadium" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Stadium">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_University" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fan_Hospital" title="Erdoğan Hospital">Erdoğan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey:_Empire_of_Erdogan" title="Turkey: Empire of Erdogan">Turkey: Empire of Erdogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fan%E2%80%93Gollum_comparison_trials" title="Erdoğan–Gollum comparison trials">Erdoğan–Gollum comparison trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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