CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html><head><title>Google Scholar</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}button .gs_bs{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-top:-10px;margin-left:-10px;box-sizing:border-box;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid #eee;border-top-color:#4d90fe;visibility:hidden;animation:gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{visibility:visible;transition:visibility 0s .4s;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_md_ac{position:absolute;top:28px;left:0;right:0;z-index:1100;white-space:normal;display:none;pointer-events:none;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"]{text-align:left;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"]{text-align:right;}.gs_md_ac ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;line-height:1.24;border:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);touch-action:manipulation;cursor:pointer;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;pointer-events:auto;}.gs_md_acp{display:flex;line-height:0;}.gs_md_acp .gs_md_acs,.gs_md_acp ul{max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_acs{visibility:hidden;white-space:pre;height:0;min-width:0%;flex:0 1 auto;font-size:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_acs{font-size:18px;}.gs_md_acp ul{white-space:nowrap;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_md_ac li{position:relative;padding:2px 8px;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;color:#222;background-color:#fff;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_md_ac li.gs_sel{color:#000;background-color:#c6dafc;}.gs_md_ac li:active{background-color:#e8f0fe;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_ac li:active{background-color:#fff;}.gs_md_ac li.gs_md_ac_lh,.gs_md_ac li.gs_md_ac_lh b{color:#660099;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac li{padding:11px 8px 9px 8px;font-size:18px;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac li:first-child{border-top:none;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-right:29px;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-left:29px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-right:49px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-left:49px;}.gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{position:absolute;top:0;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{right:0;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{left:0;}.gs_el_tc #gs_top .gs_md_ac .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_Xt{padding:10px;}.gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X:hover{background-color:#eee;}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_ico_nav_previous{background-position:0 -119px;width:53px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_first{background-position:-25px -119px;width:28px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_current{background-position:-53px -119px;width:20px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_page{background-position:-73px -119px;width:20px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_next{background-position:-93px -119px;width:71px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_last{background-position:-93px -119px;width:45px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lgt:empty{min-width:60px;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ico{width:15px;visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ico{width:55px;visibility:visible;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:120px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:table-cell;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{width:136px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{display:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 0 0 16px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}.gs_el_sm .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin-top:15px;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}.gs_res_sb_yyr{padding:5px 0;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_tc .gs_res_sb_yyr{padding:10px 0;}.gs_res_sb_yyr .gs_in_txt{width:48px;}#gs_res_ccl{max-width:950px;padding-top:10px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_res_ccl{padding-top:7px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_res_ccl{padding-top:6px;}.gs_el_sm.gs_el_tc #gs_res_ccl{padding-top:0;}.gs_r{position:relative;line-height:1.46;padding:11px 0 16px 0;}.gs_el_sm .gs_r{padding:7px 0 12px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_r{padding:15px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_tc .gs_r.gs_fmar{border-bottom:none;}.gs_r.gs_res_lnfo{font-style:italic;}.gs_rt{position:relative;font-weight:normal;font-size:17px;line-height:19px;margin-right:100px;margin-bottom:2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rt{margin-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_rt{margin-right:0;}.gs_rt2{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gs_rt a:link,.gs_rt a:link b,.gs_rt2 a:link,.gs_rt2 a:link b{color:#1a0dab}.gs_rt a:visited,.gs_rt a:visited b,.gs_rt2 a:visited,.gs_rt2 a:visited b{color:#660099}.gs_rt a:active,.gs_rt a:active b,.gs_rt2 a:active,.gs_rt2 a:active b{color:#d14836}.gs_or_ggsm:focus{outline:none;}.gs_ggs{position:relative;z-index:1;float:right;margin-left:24px;min-width:200px;max-width:256px;width:200px;width:calc(100% - 620px);font-size:17px;line-height:19px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ggs{margin-left:16px;}@media(max-width:699px){.gs_el_sm .gs_ggs{min-width:0;width:182px;}}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggs{width:72px;height:43px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ggs{margin-top:-14px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggsd{position:absolute;top:-1px;right:0;width:72px;height:43px;overflow:hidden;transition:width 0s .3s,height 0s .3s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggsd.gs_vis{width:208px;height:88px;transition:none;}.gs_or_ggsm a{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_or_ggsm a{padding:13px 8px 9px 8px;touch-action:none;background:#fff;height:19px;margin-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a{text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:focus{outline:none;background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:active{color:#1a0dab;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:visited{color:#660099;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm{position:absolute;top:0;right:-132px;margin-right:4px;padding:1px 0;width:200px;height:41px;transform:translate(0,0);}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis{right:0;height:auto;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm>a:nth-child(2){height:0;transform:scale(1,0);transform-origin:0 0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis>a:nth-child(2){height:19px;transform:scale(1,1);}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:-1px;right:-1px;bottom:0;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border:1px solid #ccc;opacity:0;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis:before{opacity:1;transition:opacity 0s .3s ;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm:after{content:"";pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1;background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,1),rgba(255,255,255,1) 65%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 70%);}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis:after{visibility:hidden}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis.gs_anm{animation:gs_anm_hsli .218s ease-in-out;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_anm{animation:gs_anm_hslo .218s ease-out;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggs .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis.gs_anm>a:nth-child(2){animation:gs_anm_vscli .218s ease-in;}@keyframes gs_anm_hsli{0%{transform:translate(66%,0);height:41px;}99%{transform:translate(0,0);height:41px;}100%{transform:translate(0,0);height:auto;}}@keyframes gs_anm_hslo{0%{transform:translate(-66%,0);}100%{transform:translate(0,0);}}@keyframes gs_anm_vscli{0%{transform:scale(1,0);}100%{transform:scale(1,1);}}.gs_ct1{display:inline}.gs_ct2{display:none}.gs_el_ph .gs_ct1{display:none}.gs_el_ph .gs_ct2{display:inline;font-size:13px;font-weight:normal}.gs_ri{max-width:712px}.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{text-decoration:underline;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a,.gs_a a{white-space:nowrap;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a.gs_wno{white-space:normal;}.gs_ri .gs_fl{font-size:1px;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a{font-size:13px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor{margin:-7px 6px -6px -7px;padding:7px 7px 6px 7px;border-radius:50%;}.gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}.gs_el_ph .gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_sav{margin-right:4px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_sav .gs_or_btn_lbl{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor{margin-right:-7px;}.gs_or_svg{position:relative;width:15px;height:16px;vertical-align:text-bottom;fill:none;stroke:#1a0dab;}.gs_or:not([data-lid=""]) .gs_or_sav .gs_or_svg{fill:#1a0dab;}.gs_or[data-lid] .gs_or_ldg .gs_or_svg{animation:gs_anm_spin 1.2s .5s linear infinite;}a:active .gs_or_svg,a .gs_or_svg:active,a .gs_or_svg>*:active{stroke:#dd4b39;}.gs_or_btn .gs_or_svg{margin-right:5px;}.gs_or_nvi,.gs_or_mvi .gs_or_mor{display:none}.gs_or_mvi .gs_or_nvi,.gs_or_mvi .gs_nph,.gs_or_mvi .gs_nta{display:inline}.gs_rs{margin:2px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_rs:empty{margin:0 0 2px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rs{margin:0}.gs_el_ta .gs_rs{margin-right:10%}@media(max-width:780px){.gs_el_ta .gs_rs,.gs_el_ta .gs_a{margin-right:100px;}}.gs_el_ph .gs_rs br,.gs_el_ta .gs_rs br{display:none}@media screen and (min-width:771px){.gs_el_ta .gs_rs br{display:block}}.gs_age{color:#777777}.gs_rs b,.gs_rt b,.gs_rt2 b{color:#000;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rt a{font-size:17px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 0 9px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rt2 a{font-size:14px;line-height:20px;padding:6px 0 4px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_a,.gs_el_tc .gs_a a,.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl a{padding-top:7px;padding-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl a{line-height:29px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl{margin-bottom:-6px;}#gs_n{clear:both;margin:1.5em 0;width:600px;text-align:center;}#gs_n td{font-size:13px}#gs_n a:link,#gs_n a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_n a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_nm{clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center;max-width:500px;margin:24px 50px;font-size:15px;line-height:41px;display:none;}#gs_nm button{position:absolute;top:0}#gs_nm .gs_btnPL{left:-50px}#gs_nm .gs_btnPR{right:-50px}#gs_nml{overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_nma{display:inline-block;width:40px;margin:0 5px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_n,.gs_el_ta #gs_n,.gs_el_ph #gs_n{display:none}.gs_el_tc #gs_nm,.gs_el_ta #gs_nm,.gs_el_ph #gs_nm{display:block}#gs_bdy_sb_ca{margin-top:-6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb_ca{margin-top:2px;}.gs_res_sb_msc{margin-bottom:12px;}@media print{#gs_gb,#gs_hdr,#gs_ab,#gs_top #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_pda,.gs_ggs,.gs_alrt_btm,#gs_top #gs_n,#gs_top #gs_nm,#gs_ftr,#gs_top .gs_ctc,#gs_top .gs_ctu,#gs_rt_hdr,.gs_rt_hdr_ttl{display:none}#gs_top,#gs_top #gs_bdy,#gs_top #gs_res_bdy,#gs_top #gs_bdy_ccl,#gs_top .gs_r,#gs_top .gs_ri,#gs_top .gs_rs{font-size:9pt;color:black;position:static;float:none;margin:0;padding:0;width:auto;min-width:0;max-width:none;}#gs_top #gs_bdy a{color:blue;text-decoration:none}#gs_top .gs_r{margin:1em 0;page-break-inside:avoid;border:0;}#gs_top .gs_med,#gs_top .gs_rt{font-size:12pt}#gs_top .gs_a,#gs_top #gs_bdy .gs_a a{font-size:9pt;color:green}#gs_top .gs_fl,#gs_top .gs_fl a{font-size:9pt}#gs_top .gs_rs br{display:inline}}.gs_lbw{white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;padding-left:8px;font-size:0;}a.gs_lbn:link,a.gs_lbn:visited{background-color:#f5f5f5;color:#777;padding:0 6px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;}a.gs_lbn:hover{color:#f5f5f5;background-color:#777;}a.gs_lbn:active{color:#d14836}.gs_or_delf{margin-left:-2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttll{max-width:98px;max-width:calc(100vw - 222px);}@media(max-width:320px){.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttll{max-width:98px;}}#gs_res_ab_yy-r,#gs_res_ab_ad-r,#gs_res_ab_mor-r{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_yy-r,.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_yy-r,.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_ad-r,.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_ad-r,.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_mor-r,.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_mor-r{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_res_ab_yy-r:last-child{margin-right:4px;}#gs_res_ab_ad-r:last-child,#gs_res_ab_mor-r:last-child{margin-right:12px;}#gs_res_ab_tmn-d,#gs_res_ab_yy-d,#gs_res_ab_ad-d,#gs_res_ab_mor-d{white-space:normal;word-wrap:break-word;width:208px;width:max-content;min-width:100px;max-width:208px;}#gs_res_ab_yy-d,#gs_res_ab_ad-d,#gs_res_ab_mor-d{left:auto;right:0;}.gs_res_ab_dd_bdy{padding:8px 0;box-sizing:border-box;}.gs_res_ab_dd_sec a.gs_res_ab_sel,.gs_res_ab_dd_sec a[role=menuitemradio]:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_res_ab_dd_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_res_ab_dd_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_exp-d{left:auto;right:0;}#gs_res_exp_btw button:not(:last-child){margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_res_exp_btw,.gs_el_ph #gs_res_exp_btw{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab #gs_res_ab_trw{margin-left:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab #gs_res_ab_trw{float:right;margin-right:6px;}.gs_res_ab_mor_hdr{padding:6px 8px 6px 16px;color:#222;font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gs_el_tc .gs_res_ab_mor_hdr{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_res_ab_mor_sec{padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_res_ab_mor_sec{padding:4px 0 8px 0;}#gs_res_ab_mor_arca{border-top:1px solid #ebebeb;}.gs_fsvg line{stroke:#222222}a:link .gs_fsvg{fill:#1a0dab;}a:link .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#1a0dab;}a:visited .gs_fsvg{fill:#660099;}a:visited .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#660099;}a:active .gs_fsvg{fill:#d14836;}a:active .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#d14836;}a .gs_fsvg{border-bottom:1px solid transparent;}a:hover .gs_fsvg,a:focus .gs_fsvg{border-bottom-color:inherit;}.gs_fsml{font-size:13px}.gs_fscp{font-variant:small-caps}.gs_qsuggest{max-width:712px;line-height:21px;margin-bottom:2px;}.gs_r .gs_qsuggest{max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_r .gs_qsuggest{margin-right:100px;}.gs_qsuggest h2{margin-bottom:8px;font-weight:normal;font-size:17px;}.gs_qsuggest li{display:inline-block;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:18px;padding:4px 0 3px;}.gs_qsuggest ul{list-style-type:none;columns:2;column-gap:40px;margin-bottom:-3px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_qsuggest ul{column-gap:16px;margin-bottom:3px;}.gs_qsuggest li:only-child{column-span:all;}.gs_qsuggest li>a{display:inline-block;max-width:100%;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest a{padding:8px 0 5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest li{padding:2px 0 1px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest ul{margin:0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest h2{margin:6px 0;}.gs_qsuggest_bottom h2{padding-top:11px;}.gs_qsuggest_bottom{margin-bottom:40px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest_wrap .gs_qsuggest_related h2{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_r .gs_qsuggest{margin-bottom:-15px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest ul{columns:1;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li{margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest h2{margin:1px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a{display:block;padding:11px 29px 9px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li:first-child a{border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest_wrap.gs_r li:last-child a{border-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:link,.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:hover,.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:focus{background:#f1f1f1;text-decoration:none;outline:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li>a:after{content:"";position:absolute;width:7px;height:7px;top:50%;margin-top:-4px;right:10px;border:2px solid #777;border-left:none;border-bottom:none;transform:rotate(45deg);}#gs_eml{max-width:712px;margin-top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_eml{padding:0 40px;}#gs_eml_t{font-weight:normal;font-size:20px;}.gs_eml_ins{font-size:17px;}.gs_eml_sd{background:#fff;border:1px solid #e5e5e5;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_eml_gy{background-color:#f0f0f0;}.gs_eml_ib{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_eml_ri{padding:24px 16px;margin-bottom:56px;position:relative;}#gs_eml_ra{color:#006621;margin:8px 0;}.gs_eml_rl{width:100%;height:12px;margin:8px 0;}#gs_eml_lcb,#gs_eml_lra{color:#1a0dab;}#gs_eml_lcb{margin:0 12px 0 48px;max-width:180px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_eml_star{width:64px;height:64px;position:absolute;left:-4px;bottom:0;border-radius:50%;}.gs_eml_star>svg{width:24px;height:24px;position:absolute;top:20px;left:20px;fill:none;stroke:#1a0dab;}#gs_eml_drw{float:left;}#gs_eml_dt{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;padding-right:17px;}#gs_eml_mnu{width:55px;height:63px;}#gs_eml_db{position:relative;padding:10px 0;}.gs_eml_dis,.gs_eml_dir{width:100px;height:21px;}.gs_eml_dis{width:21px;margin:10px 17px;}#gs_eml_ml{margin:10px 58px;font-size:16px;line-height:21px;}#gs_eml_ds{bottom:40px;}#gs_eml_ds>svg{fill:#222;stroke:#222;}#gs_eml_hdr{margin-left:2px;}@media(max-width:319px){#gs_eml_hdr{display:none;}}#gs_eml_ht{display:flex;padding:13px 16px 12px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_ph #gs_eml_ht,.gs_el_ta #gs_eml_ht{border-bottom:none;}#gs_eml_sb,#gs_eml_si{width:36px;height:36px;border:solid 1px #f0f0f0;}#gs_eml_si{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_eml_sb,#gs_eml_pp{flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_eml_pp{height:32px;width:32px;border-radius:50%;margin:3px 0 0 16px;}#gs_eml_hb{text-align:right;padding:6px 16px;}#gs_eml_hbr{width:80px;height:21px;margin-left:24px;}#gs_md_albl-d{width:483px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_albl-d{width:100%;}.gs_lbl_btns{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:18px 16px;}.gs_lbl_hide{display:none;}</style><script>!function(GSP){var aa=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},ba=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},ca=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object"); },da=ca(this),h=function(a,b){if(b)a:{var c=da;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))break a;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ba(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})}}; h("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,g){this.ta=f;ba(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:g})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.ta};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e}); var n=function(a){var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)return b.call(a);if(typeof a.length=="number")return{next:aa(a)};throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");},ea=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},fa; if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")fa=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ha;a:{var ia={a:!0},ja={};try{ja.__proto__=ia;ha=ja.a;break a}catch(a){}ha=!1}fa=ha?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null} var ka=fa,la=function(a,b){a.prototype=ea(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(ka)ka(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.ab=b.prototype};h("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")}); h("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var ma=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};h("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:ma});var oa=function(a){return a?a:ma};h("Int8Array.prototype.at",oa);h("Uint8Array.prototype.at",oa);h("Uint8ClampedArray.prototype.at",oa);h("Int16Array.prototype.at",oa); h("Uint16Array.prototype.at",oa);h("Int32Array.prototype.at",oa);h("Uint32Array.prototype.at",oa);h("Float32Array.prototype.at",oa);h("Float64Array.prototype.at",oa);h("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:ma});/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ var pa=function(a){var b=typeof a;return b=="object"&&a!=null||b=="function"},qa=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var ra=function(){this.H=this.H;this.S=this.S};ra.prototype.H=!1;ra.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.H};ra.prototype.dispose=function(){this.H||(this.H=!0,this.Z())};ra.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};ra.prototype.Z=function(){if(this.S)for(;this.S.length;)this.S.shift()()};var sa=function(){};function p(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function q(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function v(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function x(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!v(a,b);(c?p:q)(a,b);return c};function A(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var ta=A("iPhone")||A("iPad")||A("iPod"),ua=A("iPhone")||A("Android")&&A("Mobile");function va(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,Ya:a.width,Xa:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.Ya;b=b.Xa;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||ua)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var wa,xa=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||""); wa=xa?+xa[1]>0:A("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!A("Firefox")||A("Mobile")||A("Tablet")?ta||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function ya(){if(za==void 0){za=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){za=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",sa,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",sa,a)}catch(b){}}return za}var za;var Aa=function(a){this.C=a},Ba=new Aa("DIV"),Ca=new Aa("IFRAME"),Ea=new Aa("INPUT"),Fa=new Aa("SCRIPT"),Ga=new Aa("STYLE");function B(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function C(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+Ha++)}function D(a,b){return a.getAttribute(b)||""}function Ia(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"} function Ja(a){var b=[];a=a.elements;for(var c=a.length,d=0;d<c;d++){var e=a[d],f=encodeURIComponent(e.name||""),g=e.type;!f||e.disabled||!(g!="checkbox"&&g!="radio"||e.checked)||b.push(f+"="+encodeURIComponent(e.value||""))}return b.join("&")}function F(a,b){var c=a.elements[b];c||(c=document.createElement(Ea.C),c.type="hidden",c.name=b,a.appendChild(c));return c}function Ka(a){a.match(La)&&(window.location.href=a)} function Ma(){var a=B("gs_fma_anmst");a||(a=document.createElement(Ga.C),a.id="gs_fma_anmst",document.head.appendChild(a));return a}function Na(a){if(!B("gs_hats")){var b=document.createElement(Fa.C);b.id="gs_hats";b.src="https://www.gstatic.com/feedback/js/help/prod/service/lazy.min.js";b.onload=a;document.body.appendChild(b)}}function Oa(a){return"transform:scale(1,"+a+");"}function Pa(a){return"transform:translate(0,"+a+"px);"}var Ha=100,Qa=/\S+/g,La=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Ra=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function Sa(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++Ta}var Ta=0;function Ua(a){var b=[];a=n(a);for(var c=a.next();!c.done;c=a.next())c=c.value.charCodeAt(0),b.push(c<32||c>=126?c:String.fromCharCode(32+(c-32+47)%94))};var G=function(){this.o=[];this.N={};this.da=this.W=0};G.prototype.add=function(a){var b=Sa(a);this.N[b]||(this.o.push(a),this.N[b]=this.o.length,++this.W)};G.prototype.remove=function(a){a=Sa(a);var b=this.N[a];b&&(this.o[b-1]=null,delete this.N[a],--this.W*2<this.o.length&&!this.da&&Va(this))};G.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.o;try{++this.da;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.da&&this.W*2<b.length&&Va(this)}};G.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.W}; var Va=function(a){var b=a.o,c=b.length;a=a.N;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[Sa(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function H(a,b,c,d,e){Wa(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,Xa)}function J(a,b,c,d){Wa(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,Ya)}function Za(a,b,c,d,e){function f(g){J(a,b,f,d);c(g)}d=d===void 0?!1:d;H(a,b,f,d,e===void 0?!1:e);return f}function $a(a,b,c,d){var e=Za(a,"animationend",function(g){clearTimeout(f);b(g)}),f=setTimeout(function(){J(a,"animationend",e);d&&d()},c)}function K(a){ab?ab.add(a):a()} var bb=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():Date.now())},33)};function cb(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()}function db(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function Xa(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&ya();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function Ya(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)} function Wa(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var g=b.length,k=0;k<g;k++)f(a,b[k],c,d,e)}function eb(){ab.notify();ab=null}function gb(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(J(document,"readystatechange",gb),eb())}var ab,hb=!!document.attachEvent,ib=document.readyState;if(hb?ib!="complete":ib=="loading")ab=new G,hb?H(document,"readystatechange",gb):Za(document,"DOMContentLoaded",eb); function jb(){Za(document,["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);H(document,"keydown",kb,!0)},!0,!0)}function kb(a){a.keyCode==9&&(x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),J(document,"keydown",kb,!0),jb())}jb();function lb(a,b,c,d,e){var f=B(a);mb(f,function(){p(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){q(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function nb(a){a=M[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]} function mb(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var g=C(a),k=nb(g);if(!k||k<nb(f)){var l=document.activeElement;f=B(f);ob(pb(f||a),!0);b&&b();qb.push(function(m){M[g].pop();M[g].length||delete M[g];if(!m){(m=e)||l==document.body||(m=l);var t=document.activeElement;if(m)try{m.focus()}catch(r){}else t&&a.contains(t)&&t.blur()}c&&c()});M[g]||(M[g]=[]);M[g].push(qb.length);l&&a.contains(l)||setTimeout(function(){var m=d,t=m&&m.type=="text";if(!m||t&&wa)m=a;try{m.focus(),t&&(m.value=m.value)}catch(r){}},0)}} function N(a){ob((nb(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function rb(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;qb.pop()(a)}function ob(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;qb.length>a;)rb(b||qb.length>a+1)}function pb(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=nb(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var qb=[],M={};H(document,"click",function(a){var b=qb.length;b&&!db(a)&&b>pb(a.target)&&rb(!0)});H(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!db(a)&&qb.length&&rb()}); H(document,"focus",function(a){var b=qb.length;if(b)for(var c=pb(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in M)if(nb(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(B(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Qa)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var g=B(d[f]);if(g&&g.offsetWidth){d=g;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){cb(a);d.focus();break}else rb(!0),--b}},!0);function sb(a,b,c,d){if((d===void 0?0:d)||!(c in tb)){a=a&&a.getItem(c);if(a)try{var e=JSON.parse(a)}catch(f){}b[c]=e}return b[c]}function ub(a,b,c,d){b[c]=d;try{a&&a.setItem(c,JSON.stringify(d))}catch(e){}}var tb={},vb,wb={},xb;try{vb=window.localStorage,xb=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function yb(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function zb(){var a=Ab(),b=Bb();b=Cb(b);a=Db(a);a=Eb(a)||"#";Fb=yb(b);Gb?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function Hb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return b.sort().join("&")}function Eb(a){return(a=Hb(a))?"#"+a:""} function Ib(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function Jb(){var a=window.location.hash,b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return Ib(b?a.substr(b):"")}function Kb(a){var b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");return Ib(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a)}function Lb(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}} function Db(a){var b=Jb();Lb(b,a);return b}function Cb(a){var b=Fb||yb(window.history.state),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];Lb(c,a);return c}function Mb(){setTimeout(function(){if(!Nb){var a=window.history.state;Nb=!0;Fb=yb(a);Ob.notify()}Pb=!1},0)}var Ob=new G,Fb,Nb=!1,Pb=!0,Gb="pushState"in window.history,Qb; if(typeof GSP=="undefined")Qb=!1;else{var Rb=.001*Date.now(),Sb=GSP.eventId,Tb=!1,Ub=sb(xb,wb,"nh",!1);Ub instanceof Array||(Ub=[]);for(var Vb=Ub.length,Wb=0,Xb=0;Xb<Vb;Xb++){var Yb=Ub[Xb];if(Yb instanceof Array&&Yb.length==2){var Zb=Yb[1]==Sb;Tb=Tb||Zb;Vb-Xb<=10&&+Yb[0]>Rb-86400&&!Zb&&(Ub[Wb++]=Yb)}}Ub.length=Wb;Ub.push([Rb,Sb]);ub(xb,wb,"nh",Ub);Qb=Tb}var $b=Qb;"onpageshow"in window?H(window,"pageshow",Mb):K(Mb); H(window,Gb?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,Nb=!0,Fb=yb(a),Ob.notify())});function ac(){bc&&(J(B("gs_alrt_l"),"click",bc),bc=void 0)}function cc(a){var b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?[]:d;B("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=a;dc().action=c.match(La)?c:"";a=B("gs_alrt_l");a.textContent=b;b=B("gs_alrt_h");b.innerHTML="";for(var e in d)c=document.createElement(Ea.C),c.type="hidden",c.name=e,c.value=d[e],b.appendChild(c);ac();x(a,"gs_fm_s",!0);ec()} function ec(){var a=dc();p(a,"gs_anm");p(a,"gs_vis");H(document,"click",fc);clearTimeout(gc);gc=setTimeout(fc,4E3);++hc;setTimeout(ic,0)}function fc(){hc||(J(document,"click",fc),clearTimeout(gc),gc=void 0,ac(),q(dc(),"gs_vis"))}function dc(){return B("gs_alrt")}function ic(){hc=0}var gc,hc=0,bc;K(function(){var a=B("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!$b&&ec(),H(window,"pagehide",function(){hc=0;fc();q(dc(),"gs_anm")}))});function jc(a,b){var c=!0;b=b===void 0?kc:b;c=c===void 0?!1:c;b.length=0;a.normalize&&(a=a.normalize("NFKD").replace(lc,""));return a.toLowerCase().replace(mc,function(d,e){b.length||e&&b.push(0);b.push(d.length);return e&&(!c||e+d.length<a.length)?" ":""})}var kc=[],lc=/[\u0300-\u036f]+/g,mc=RegExp("[\\s\x00-/:-@[-`{-\u00bf\u2000-\u206f\u2e00-\u2e42\u3000-\u303f\uff00-\uff0f\uff1a-\uff20\uff3b-\uff40\uff5b-\uff65]+","g");function nc(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,g=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),k=d.responseURL,l=window.location,m=l.protocol;l="//"+l.host+"/";k&&k.indexOf(m+l)&&k.indexOf("https:"+l)&&(e=0,g=f="");c(e,f,g||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d} function oc(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var qc=function(){this.qa="H:q";this.R=[];var a=sb(vb,tb,this.qa,!1);a instanceof Array||(a=[]);for(var b=this.R,c={"":1},d=0;d<a.length&&b.length<50;d++){var e=new pc(a[d]);c.hasOwnProperty(e.I)||(c[e.I]=1,b.push(e))}}; qc.prototype.add=function(a,b,c){c=(c===void 0?0:c)||.001*Date.now();b=(b===void 0?0:b)||c;a=new pc([0,0,a]);if(a.I){for(var d=this.R,e=d.length,f=0;f<e&&d[f].I!=a.I;)++f;f<e||d.push(a);e=d[f];if(!(b-e.G<2)){e.G=b;e.J=a.J;e.ha=a.ha;for(e.K=Math.min(e.K+Math.exp(.0231*(Math.max(b-1422777600,0)/86400|0)),10*Math.exp(.0231*(Math.max(c-1422777600,0)/86400|0)));f&&rc(d[f],d[f-1]);)a=d[f],d[f]=d[f-1],d[--f]=a;d.splice(50,1);sc(this)}}}; qc.prototype.remove=function(a){for(var b=this.R,c=b.length,d=0;d<c;d++)if(b[d].J==a){b.splice(d,1);sc(this);break}};var sc=function(a){for(var b=[],c=a.R,d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)b.push(c[e].encode());ub(vb,tb,a.qa,b)},pc=function(a){a instanceof Array||(a=tc);this.G=+a[0]||0;this.K=+a[1]||0;this.J=""+a[2];this.ha=[];this.I=jc(this.J,this.ha)};pc.prototype.encode=function(){return[this.G,this.K,this.J]};var rc=function(a,b){var c=a.K-b.K;return c>0||!c&&a.G>b.G},tc=[0,0,""];var uc=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.i=c===void 0?null:c;this.fa=!1};uc.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.i&&this.i.stopPropagation();this.fa=!0};var O=function(a){a.i&&cb(a.i);a.fa=!0};var P=function(a,b){this.ga=a;this.Wa=b},vc=function(a,b,c){this.ga=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function R(a,b){S(a,"click",b)}function wc(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=Sa(a),e=xc[d];if(!e){e=xc[d]=[];d=yc(b[0].ga);for(var f in d){var g=zc[f];g||(g=zc[f]=Object.create(null));for(var k in d[f]){var l=g[k];l||(l=g[k]=[]);l.push(a)}}Ac(a,e,b[0],Bc);for(f=1;f<c;f++)Ac(a,e,b[f],Cc)}}}function T(a,b,c){Dc(new uc(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))} function S(a,b,c){var d=Ec;typeof b==="string"&&(Fc[0]=b,b=Fc);var e=b.length;a=yc(a);for(var f in a)for(var g in a[f])for(var k=0;k<e;k++)d(f,g,b[k],c)}function yc(a){typeof a==="string"&&(Gc[0]=a,a=Gc);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),g=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!g)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[g]=!0}return c} function Ec(a,b,c,d){var e=Hc[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&H(document,c,Ic,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=Hc[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new G);a.add(d)}function Ic(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);Dc(new uc(a.type,b,a))} function Dc(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!v(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!Jc("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!Jc(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function Jc(a,b,c){var d=Hc[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.fa}function Ac(a,b,c,d){var e=c.ga;c=c.Wa;for(var f in c){var g=qa(d,a,c[f]);S(e,f,g);b.push(new vc(e,f,g))}}function Bc(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=Kc(a,d)||a;a=Lc(a,d);b.call(a,c)} function Cc(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=Kc(a,d);if(e){a=Lc(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function Lc(a,b){var c=Mc(b),d=Nc[c];d||(d=Nc[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var g=d[f];if(g instanceof a)return g}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=Sa(a);(d=Oc[a])||(d=Oc[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function Kc(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=Pc(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=Pc(a,c,".",b[e]);return c} function Pc(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=zc[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function Mc(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+Qc++);return b}var Hc=Object.create(null),Gc=[""],Fc=[""],zc=Object.create(null),xc=Object.create(null),Oc=Object.create(null),Nc=Object.create(null),Qc=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=Ic;function Rc(){var a=".gs_md_li";if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return v(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function Sc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function Tc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)} function Uc(a){var b=b===void 0?!1:b;var c=[];for(a=Tc(a,b);a;)c.push(a),a=Tc(a,b);return c}function Vc(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;return Wc(a,b,Rc(),c,!1)}function Wc(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=Sc(b,d);f;f=Tc(f,d))if(e=Wc(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=Tc(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};function Xc(a){return(v(a,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(v(a,"gs_par")?1:0)}function Yc(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;x(a,"gs_sel",b==1);x(a,"gs_par",b==2);a.setAttribute("aria-checked",Zc[b]);c||a.setAttribute("data-s",""+b)}var Zc=["false","true","mixed"];var $c=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.o=new G;this.pa=0;this.ka=[b,a,function(){c.pa++||bb(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.pa=0;c.o.notify()}};$c.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.o.getSize()||H.apply(null,this.ka);this.o.add(a)};$c.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.o.remove(a);this.o.getSize()||J.apply(null,this.ka)};var ad=new $c("scroll"),bd=new $c("resize");function cd(a){dd.add(a);a()}var dd=new G;function ed(){var a=document.documentElement,b=va();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:wa||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(v(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;x(a,c,d)}}e&&dd.notify()}x(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",ta);ed();bd.addListener(ed);H(window,["pageshow","load"],ed);var fd=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.g=a;this.F=b;this.B=c;this.D=d;this.ea=e;this.A=f;this.m=null},gd=function(a,b){a.m=b},hd=function(){this.l=[];this.j=-1};hd.prototype.push=function(a){++this.j;this.j==this.l.length?this.l.push(a):(this.l[this.j]=a,this.l.splice(this.j+1,this.l.length-this.j))};hd.prototype.pop=function(){--this.j};var id=function(a){for(var b=U;b.j>a;)N(b.top().g)},jd=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.l.length&&!(a.l[c].A>=b);++c);return c};hd.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.j)}; hd.prototype.at=function(a){return this.l[a]||null};function kd(a,b){var c=a==U.j;U.j=a;b&&!Fb&&!yb(window.history.state)&&zb();c||ld()}function md(a,b,c,d){b=b===void 0?"":b;c=c===void 0?"":c;d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=U.top();e&&a==e.g&&b==e.F&&c==e.B||(U.push(new fd(a,b,c,d,e&&e.g==a?e.ea+1:1,Date.now())),b=Ab(),a=Bb(),a=Cb(a),b=Db(b),b=Eb(b)||"#",Fb=yb(a),Gb?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),ld())} function nd(a){a=od(B(a));return!!a&&v(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&v(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")}function pd(){var a=B("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=U.j&&!c;++d)c=!nd(U.at(d).g);x(B("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=U.j;c>=1&&(c=U.at(c-1).g,d=nd(c),x(B(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!nd(U.top().g)?"scroll":""} function ld(){function a(){var L=c.clientHeight,y=+E.getAttribute("data-h");y||(g.style.maxHeight="none",y=f.offsetHeight);var z=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");y=Math.max((L-y)/2,10);L=Math.max(L-48-(z?z.offsetHeight:0)-2*y,10);z=nd(e);f.style.top=z?"auto":y+"px";g.style.maxHeight=z?"none":L+"px";qd(g)}var b=U.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=B("gs_top"),e=b.g,f=B(e),g=B(e+"-bdy"),k=1200+U.j,l=B(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,m=b.D,t=b.B,r=b.F,u=B("gs_md_s"),I=B(e).getAttribute("data-shd")|| "",E=od(f),w=window.pageYOffset,Q=r&&r[0]!="#"&&!m,na=U.j>0?U.at(U.j-1).g:"",Da=!!M[e];Q?(Da?x(l,"gs_md_ldg",!0):rd(f,l,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+B("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),T("gs-md-ldin",l)):(m&&rd(f,l,m,b),T("gs-md-lded",l));Da&&e==na||mb(f,function(){(E||f).style.zIndex=k;sd(I);Da||(E&&p(E,"gs_vis"),p(f,"gs_vis"),x(f,"gs_abt",Pb),x(u,"gs_abt",Pb),td(e),U.j==0?cd(pd):pd(),E&&g&&(a(),bd.addListener(a)));U.j==0&&(p(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-w+"px")},function(){Da||(bd.removeListener(a), E&&q(E,"gs_vis"),q(f,"gs_vis"),q(f,"gs_abt"));for(var L=U.top()?U.top().ea:0;U.top()&&U.top().g==e;){var y=U.top();oc(y.m);y.m=null;U.pop()}if(U.top()){if(y=U.top().g,sd(B(y).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),q(B(y),"gs_md_ins_vis"),Da){a:{y=U;for(var z=y.j;z>=0;z--)if(y.l[z].g==e){y=z;break a}y=-1}z=U.at(y);(E||f).style.zIndex=1200+y;rd(f,l,z.D,z)}}else q(u,"gs_vis"),q(u,"gs_abt");U.j==-1?(dd.remove(pd),c.style.overflowY="",q(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,w)):pd();ud||(L>0?window.history.go(-L): zb())},vd(f),wd(f),na);Q&&(oc(b.m),b.m=null,gd(b,nc(r,t,function(L,y,z){b.m=null;z=(L=L==200&&z.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?y:xd();rd(f,l,z,b);if(L)for(L=e,z=0;z<U.l.length;++z){var fb=U.at(z);L==fb.g&&r==fb.F&&t==fb.B&&(fb.D=y,z==U.j&&zb())}T("gs-md-lded",l)})))}function od(a){a=a.parentNode;return v(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function vd(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?B(a):null}function wd(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?B(a):null} function rd(a,b,c,d){x(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,g={},k=0;k<f;k++){for(var l=Mc(e[k]),m=Nc[l],t=m?m.length:0,r=0;r<t;r++){var u=m[r],I=Sa(u.constructor),E=g[I];E||(E=g[I]={});E[l]=!0;u&&typeof u.dispose=="function"&&u.dispose()}delete Nc[l]}for(var w in g){w=+w;e=g[w];k=(f=Oc[w])?f.length:0;for(m=l=0;m<k;m++)t=f[m],t in e||(f[l++]=t);l?f.length=l:delete Oc[w]}b.innerHTML=c;d.D=c;td(a.id);oc(d.m);d.m=null} function td(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,qd(a)}function qd(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(Ia(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function yd(){return B("gs_md_err").innerHTML}function xd(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+yd()+"</div></div>"} function Ab(){var a=U.top();return{d:a&&a.g||void 0,u:a&&a.F||void 0,p:a&&a.B?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.A||void 0}}function Bb(){var a=U.top();return{n:a&&a.ea||0,p:a&&a.B||"",h:a&&a.D||""}}function sd(a){if(zd!=a){var b=B("gs_md_s");zd&&q(b,zd);(zd=a)&&p(b,a)}}var ud=0,zd="",U=new hd; Ob.add(function(){var a=Jb(),b=a.d||"",c=b?B(b):null;++ud;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=Fb||yb(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var g=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Ra)||(d="");for(var k=jd(U,e),l=k;l<U.l.length;++l){var m=U.at(l);if(e<m.A&&m.g!=b)break}for(m=k-1;m>=0;--m){var t=U.at(m);if(e>t.A&&t.g!=b)break}id(l-1);for(l=0;l<=m;++l)t=U.at(l).g,M[t]||kd(m,!1);if(m=k<U.l.length)m=U.at(k),m=b==m.g&&d==m.F&&c==!!m.B&&e==m.A;m?kd(k,!0):(a==0&&(id(-1),U=new hd,e=Date.now()),c!= !!g&&(d=g="",f=xd()),b=new fd(b,d,g,f,a,e),c=U,e=b.A,a=jd(c,e),e=a<c.l.length&&e==c.at(a).A,c.l.splice(a,e?1:0,b),U.j=a,zb(),ld())}else id(-1);--ud});var Ad=function(a){ra.call(this);this.O=a;this.ca=Object.create(null);this.m=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.ca[c]=d.innerHTML)}};la(Ad,ra);Ad.prototype.Z=function(){oc(this.m);this.O=this.m=null;ra.prototype.Z.call(this)}; Ad.prototype.Ra=function(a){var b=this;O(a);if((a=this.O)&&!this.m){var c="json=&"+Ja(a);Bd(this,!0);this.m=nc(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.m=null;Bd(b,!1);var f=b.O,g=f.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(g=g?B(g):null)g.innerHTML="";try{var k=d==200&&JSON.parse(e)}catch(E){}d=!1;k&&typeof k=="object"||(d=yd(),g?g.innerHTML=d:cc(d),k={},d=!0);f.setAttribute("data-p",""+(k.P||""));T("gs-ajax-form-done",f);if(e=k.L)Ka(""+e);else{if(e=k.M)g?g.innerHTML=e:cc(e),d=!0;e=1E6;if(g&&g.innerHTML){var l=g;e=g.getBoundingClientRect().top}g= f.elements;k=k.E;typeof k=="object"||(k=Object.create(null));for(var m in b.ca){var t=g[m],r=void 0,u=""+(k[m]||""),I=t.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");x(t.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!u);I&&(I.innerHTML=u||b.ca[m]||"");u&&(r=t.getBoundingClientRect().top)<e&&(l=t,e=r);d=d||!!u}(f=f.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!d&&N(f);l&&l.scrollIntoView&&(e<0||e+20>window.innerHeight)&&l.scrollIntoView()}})}}; var Bd=function(a,b){a=a.O;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;x(d,"gs_bsp",b)}};wc(Ad,[new P(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:Ad.prototype.Ra})]);var Cd=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];S(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Xc(b),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;Yc(b,Cd[+d][c],!0);T("gs-change",b,a.i)});S(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.i.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(O(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});S([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.i.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(O(a),b.click())});var Dd=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),Ed="",Fd=null;function Gd(){Fd=null}function Hd(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):Fd&&a==Fd.src||((Fd=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(Gd,1E3))}function Id(){var a=Kb(document.location.href).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;Hd(a)}K(function(){Ed=$b?"&bn=1":"";$b&&Id()}); H(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&(Ed="&bn=1",Id())}); H(document,Dd,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(d=="A")break a;if(d=="SPAN"||d=="B"||d=="I"||d=="EM"||d=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?B(a):null,b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+ Ed,Hd(b))}},!1,!0);S(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=B(a))&&a.submit()});var V=function(a){this.g=C(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.Y=C(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};V.prototype.aa=function(a){var b=B(this.g);return a!==void 0?Vc(b,b,a):null};V.prototype.open=function(a){a=this.aa(a);if(v(B(this.Y),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=B(this.Y);lb(this.g,function(){p(b,"gs_sel")},function(){q(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};V.prototype.close=function(){N(this.g)};V.prototype.Da=function(a){O(a);v(B(this.Y),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.i.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)}; V.prototype.ma=function(a){var b=a.i.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)O(a),this.open(b==38)};V.prototype.Ia=function(a){a.target.id==this.g&&this.ma(a)};wc(V,[new P(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new P(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":V.prototype.Da,keydown:V.prototype.ma}),new P(".gs_md_d",{keydown:V.prototype.Ia})]);var Jd=function(a){V.call(this,a);this.Ta=C(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.Va=C(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};la(Jd,V);Jd.prototype.aa=function(){return B(this.g).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};Jd.prototype.Ka=function(a){Kd(this,a)};Jd.prototype.ba=function(a){var b=a.i.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||Kd(this,a)}; var Kd=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=B(a.Ta),e=a.aa();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),B(a.Va).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&Ld(e,!1),Ld(c,!0));O(b);a.close();T("gs-change",d,b.i)},Ld=function(a,b){x(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};wc(Jd,[new P(".gs_md_ris",{}),new P(".gs_md_li",{click:Jd.prototype.Ka,keydown:Jd.prototype.ba})]);S("#gs_lp","click",function(a){O(a);md("gs_lp_d")});S("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){O(a);N("gs_lp_d")});var Md=function(a){this.ra=C(a)};Md.prototype.ba=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.i.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=B(this.ra);d=Vc(d,b,c==38)||Vc(d,d,c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=Ia(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.ra){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=Tc(d,c)||Sc(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],v(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(O(a),d.focus())}; wc(Md,[new P(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new P(".gs_md_li",{keydown:Md.prototype.ba})]);S("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){O(a);md("gs_hdr_drw")});S("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){O(a);N("gs_hdr_drw")});S("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){O(a);va()==1?Ka(document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href):lb("gs_hdr_act_d")});S("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.i.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=Vc(c,c,b==38))O(a),b.focus()}}); S("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var g=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(g)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,g);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){J(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";x(B("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&wa&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];H(window,f,b)}});S("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){x(B("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)}); S("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){O(a);var b=B("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();T("input",b,a.i)});S("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){O(a);var b=B("gs_hdr");lb("gs_hdr_frm",function(){q(b,"gs_hdr_src");p(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){p(b,"gs_hdr_src");q(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},B("gs_hdr_tsi"))});S(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&N(a)});var W=function(){},Nd,Od;W.prototype.Fa=function(a){a.i.button||(O(a),Pd(a))};W.prototype.La=function(a){Qd(a)&&(O(a),Pd(a))};W.prototype.Ma=function(a){Qd(a)&&O(a)};W.prototype.Oa=function(a){if(!a.i.button){O(a);var b=a.i;b&&(Rd=b.clientX||0,Sd=b.clientY||0,H(document,Td,Ud,!0),clearTimeout(Nd),Nd=setTimeout(Vd,2E3));Pd(a)}}; W.prototype.Sa=function(a){O(a);if(Wd){var b=a.i;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)Xd=b.clientX,Yd=b.clientY,H(document,Zd,$d,!0),clearTimeout(Od),Od=setTimeout(ae,2E3)}Pd(a)}; var Qd=function(a){a=a.i.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},Pd=function(a){T("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.i)},Vd=function(){J(document,Td,Ud,!0);clearTimeout(Nd);Nd=void 0},Ud=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Rd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Sd)<10?(cb(a),a.type=="click"&&Vd()):Vd()},ae=function(){J(document,Zd,$d,!0);clearTimeout(Od);Od=void 0},$d=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Xd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Yd)<10?(cb(a),a.type=="click"&&ae()):ae()},Rd=0,Sd=0,Td=["mousedown", "mouseup","click"],Wd=A("Android")&&!A("Chrome"),Xd=0,Yd=0,Zd=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];wc(W,[new P(".gs_press",{click:W.prototype.Fa,keydown:W.prototype.La,keyup:W.prototype.Ma,mousedown:W.prototype.Oa,touchstart:W.prototype.Sa})]);function be(a){ce.style.left=de&&ee===fe?a.left+"px":"auto";ce.style.width=de?a.width+"px":"auto";T("gs-sth-change",B("gs_sth"))}function ge(){var a=he.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=ce.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&ta)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:fe;var f=de!=d||ee!==fe!=e;b!==ee&&(ee=b,ce.style.transform=b===fe?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(de=d,x(ie,"gs_sth_vis",d),x(ie,"gs_sth_trk",e),be(a),he.style.height=de?c+"px":"auto")} function je(){de&&be(he.getBoundingClientRect())}var fe,ie,he,ce,de=!1,ee;K(function(){if(ie=B("gs_sth"))he=ie.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),ce=ie.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),ad.addListener(ge),bd.addListener(je),ge()});function ke(a,b){var c=window.location.href,d=+Kb(c).authuser||0,e=help.service.Lazy.create(0,{apiKey:"AIzaSyBnsHNH76IH8vZplyq6wIQHlfHRq3blfB8",locale:"en-US"});e.requestSurvey({triggerId:a,authuser:d,enableTestingMode:b,callback:function(f){(f=f.surveyData)&&e.presentSurvey({surveyData:f,productData:{customData:{eventId:GSP.eventId,url:c}},colorScheme:1,authuser:d,customZIndex:1050,customLogoUrl:"https://scholar.google.com/scholar/images/scholar48.png"})}})} function le(a){var b=a();b.triggerId&&Na(function(){return ke(b.triggerId,b.Ua)})};(function(a){K(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})})(function(){for(var a=n(document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis")),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())q(b.value,"gs_invis")});function me(a,b,c,d,e){c=c===void 0?0:c;d=d===void 0?1:d;e=e===void 0?5:e;for(var f,g,k=0;k<e;k++)f=(c+d)/2,g=a(f),g<b?c=f:d=f;return(c+d)/2}function ne(a){return a*a*(1.74-.74*a)}function oe(a){return a*a*(3-2*a)}function pe(a){return me(oe,a,Math.max(a-.1,0),Math.min(a+.1,1))}function qe(a){var b=n(a);a=b.next().value;var c=b.next().value,d=b.next().value;b=1/(b.next().value-a)||0;return[0,(c-a)*b,(d-a)*b,1]}function re(a,b,c,d){var e=b-a;return d?[a,a+e*c]:[b-e*c,b]};function se(a){var b=document.querySelector(".gs_mylib .gs_ia_notf");b&&x(b,"gs_rdt",a>0)};function te(a,b){for(var c=a.length,d=window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight,e={},f=0;f<c;e={v:void 0},f++){var g=a[f];if(g){var k=g.indexOf("https://www.google-analytics.com/collect?");k==0?g+="&vp="+d:g.indexOf("/scholar_url?")==0&&(g+="&cd="+b+"&ws="+d);navigator.sendBeacon?k==0?(e=g.substr(41),g=g.substr(0,40),e.indexOf("&key=")>0&&(e=Ib(e),g="https://www.google-analytics.com/mp/collect?"+Hb({measurement_id:e.tid||"",api_secret:e.key||""}),e=JSON.stringify({client_id:e.cid||"",events:[{name:"page_view", params:{page_referrer:e.dr||"",page_location:e.dl||"",page_title:e.dt||""}}]})),navigator.sendBeacon(g,e)):navigator.sendBeacon(g):k!=0&&(e.v=new Image,ue.push(e.v),e.v.onload=e.v.onerror=e.v.onabort=function(l){return function(){var m=ue.indexOf(l.v);m<0||ue.splice(m,1)}}(e),e.v.src=g)}}}var ue=[];function ve(){B("gs_asd_frm").submit()};function we(a,b,c,d){var e=e===void 0?1:e;var f=pe(0),g=pe(e),k=f*(1.6*f*f-1.8*f+1.2);e=g*(1.6*g*g-1.8*g+1.2);var l=qe([f*(1.6*f*f-1.8*f+1.2),1.6*f*f*g-.6*f*f-1.2*f*g+.8*f+.4*g,1.6*f*g*g-1.2*f*g+.4*f-.6*g*g+.8*g,g*(1.6*g*g-1.8*g+1.2)]);f=qe([f*f*(3-2*f),f*(-2*f*g+f+2*g),g*(-2*f*g+2*f+g),g*g*(3-2*g)]);f="animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier("+[l[1],f[1],l[2],f[2]].join()+")";l=[];g=a.substring(1)+"_anm";l.push("@keyframes "+g+"{");k=Math.round(k*1E3)/10;e=Math.round(e*1E3)/10;k>.1&&l.push("0%{"+ b+"}");l.push(k+"%{"+b+f+"}");l.push(e+"%{"+c+"}");l.push("100%{"+c+"}}");l.push(a+"{animation:"+g+" "+(d.toFixed(2)+"s linear;}"));return l.join("")}function xe(a,b){function c(k){f===0&&(f=k);k=Math.min((k-f)/(b*1E3),1);var l=Math.min(Math.max(k,0),1);l=me(ne,k,l,Math.min(l+.17,1),5);window.scroll(e,d+oe(l)*g);k<1&&bb(c)}var d=window.pageYOffset,e=window.pageXOffset,f=0,g=a-d;bb(c)} function ye(a,b){if(a==b)return 0;var c=window.innerHeight,d=Math.abs(b-a);return a<0&&b<0||a>c&&b>c?0:a>=0&&a<=c&&b>=0&&b<=c?d:a<0&&b>c||a>c&&b<0?c:a<0?b:b<0?a:a>c?c-b:c-a} function ze(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,k,l){var m=126;m=m===void 0?0:m;var t=B("gs_top");t.style.minHeight=t.offsetHeight+"px";var r=b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom;c=c();var u=b.getBoundingClientRect().top;r=c?u+m:r;b=c?b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom:u+m;u=Math.abs(b-r);if(u==0)t.style.minHeight="";else{m=ye(r,b);var I=c?-1:1,E=B("gs_ftr");r=E.getBoundingClientRect().bottom-I*u;r=Math.min(u,Math.max(window.innerHeight-r,0),window.pageYOffset);var w=b<0;w&&r>0&&(m=Math.min(u,m+r));b=Math.min(1,Math.max(0,(m- 100)/900))*.266+.134;r>0&&(p(E,"gs_pfix"),xe(window.pageYOffset-r,b));r=Math.abs(m/u);m=[];u*=I;I=c||w;var Q=n(re(u,0,r,I));w=Q.next().value;Q=Q.next().value;d=n(d);for(var na=d.next();!na.done;na=d.next())m.push(we("#"+C(na.value),Pa(w),Pa(Q),b));w=n(re(c?1:0,c?0:1,r,I));d=w.next().value;w=w.next().value;m.push(we("#"+C(f),Oa(d),Oa(w),b));w=a.offsetHeight;d=w+u;Q=n(re(c?d/w:1,c?1:w/d,r,I));w=Q.next().value;Q=Q.next().value;m.push(we("#"+C(g),Oa(w),Oa(Q),b));c||m.push("#"+C(a)+"{height:"+d+"px}"); g=n(re(c?u:0,c?0:-u,r,I));a=g.next().value;g=g.next().value;e=n(e);for(c=e.next();!c.done;c=e.next())m.push(we("#"+C(c.value),Pa(a),Pa(g),b));k.textContent=m.join("");k=function(){q(E,"gs_pfix");t.style.minHeight="";l()};$a(f,k,b*1E3+100,k)}};function Ae(a){if(a.length){var b=B("gs_aad_f"),c=B("gs_aad_r0");c.value=a.join(",");c.checked=!0;F(b,"label_id").value="";c=window.location;var d=c.pathname+c.search;F(b,"continue").value=d;a=a.length==1;b=!!Kb(c.href).q;c=!!B("gs_nm");a||b||!c?T("submit",B("gs_aad_f")):md("gs_aad")}};Ua("R8D02D50AD3,7@C>.");Ua(":7C2>6,4=2DDYlC6=:6G65.");Ua("2,52E2\\<@A6C?:@\\:5.");Ua("^D49@=2C^<@A6C?:@]9E>=");function Be(a,b,c){var d=(B("gs_citd").getAttribute("data-u")||"").replace("{id}",a).replace("{p}",""+b);nc(d,"",function(e,f){M.gs_cit||(e==200?md("gs_cit",d,"",f):cc(yd()));c&&c()})}var Ce;function De(a,b,c,d){Ee.notify({xa:a,oa:b,sa:c,error:d})}function Fe(a,b){if(Ge)return!1;Ge=a;De(a,b);return!0}function He(a,b,c,d){var e=Ge="";if(c){e=b.split(":");b=e[0]||Ie;e=e[1]||"";var f={};f[a+","+b]=e;Je(f)}De(a,e,c,d)} function Ke(){var a=D(B("gs_lbd_data"),"data-did"),b=D(B("gs_lbd_data"),"data-lid");if(Fe(a,b)){var c=b?Le.replace("{id}",Ie+":"+b):Me.replace("{id}",a);nc(c,"",function(d,e){a:{Ge="";var f="",g="";if(d==200)try{var k=JSON.parse(e)}catch(l){}(d=pa(k))&&typeof k.NR=="number"&&se(k.NR);if(d){if(k.L){Ka(""+k.L);De(a,b,!1,f);break a}if(k.M)f=""+k.M;else if(Array.isArray(k.U)&&k.U.length==1&&pa(k.U[0]))g=""+(k.U[0].c||"");else if(!b||k.U)f=yd()}else f=yd();He(a,g,!f,f)}})}} function Ne(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;return(a=sb(vb,tb,"s",a===void 0?!1:a))&&pa(a)?a:{}}function Je(a){var b=Date.now(),c=Ne(!0),d;for(d in c){var e=c[d];e instanceof Array&&e.length==2&&b-e[1]<12E5||delete c[d]}for(var f in a)c[f]=[a[f],b];ub(vb,tb,"s",c)}var Ee=new G,Ie,Le,Me,Ge="";function X(a){var b=B("gs_res_glb");return b?b.getAttribute(a)||"":""};function Oe(){return B("gs_res_lbl_frm")} function Pe(){Qe("");for(var a=document.querySelectorAll("#gs_lbl_op .gs_in_cb"),b=a.length,c=[],d=[];b--;){var e=a[b];+e.getAttribute("data-s")!=Xc(e)&&(Xc(e)?c:d).push(e.getAttribute("data-id")||"")}a=B("gs_lbd_new-input");b=(b=document.querySelector("#gs_lbd_new_in .gs_in_cb"))&&Xc(b);a=a&&b?a.value:null;if(!c.length&&!d.length&&a==null)return N("gs_md_albl-d"),!1;b=window.location;c={label_ids_to_add:c,label_ids_to_remove:d,label_name_add:a,"continue":b.pathname+b.search};d=Oe();for(var f in c)a= F(d,f),c[f]==null?d.removeChild(a):a.value=c[f];return!0}function Re(a){var b=B("gs_lbd_new"),c=b.querySelector(".gs_in_cb");x(b,"gs_lbd_new_sel",a);a&&(Yc(c,1),B("gs_lbd_new-input").focus())}function Se(a){var b=B("gs_md_albl-d-t");x(b,"gs_lbl_hide",!a)}function Te(a){var b=B("gs_md_albl-d").querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");x(b,"gs_lbl_hide",!a)} function Ue(a){var b=(X("data-sval")||D(B("gs_ra_data"),"data-sval")).replace("{id}",a).replace("%7Bid%7D",a);nc(b,"",function(c,d){var e="";if(c==200)if(c=document.createElement(Ba.C),c.innerHTML=d,c=c.querySelector(".gs_md_prg .gs_alrt"))(d=D(c,"data-r"))?Ka(d):e=c.innerHTML;else{Se(!0);Te(!0);md("gs_md_albl-d",b,"",d);return}else e=yd();He(a,"",!1,e)})}function Qe(a){var b=B("gsc_lbd_alrt")||B("gs_md_albl-d").querySelector(".gs_md_prg .gs_alrt");b&&(b.innerHTML=a)};var Y=function(a){this.V=a;this.wa=D(a,"data-cid");this.la=D(a,"data-did");this.T=+D(a,"data-rp")||0};Y.prototype.Na=function(a){x(a.currentTarget.parentNode,"gs_or_mvi")};Y.prototype.Ea=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget;v(b,"gs_or_ldg")||(x(b,"gs_or_ldg",!0),Be(this.wa,this.T,function(){x(b,"gs_or_ldg",!1)}))};Y.prototype.Ba=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.parentNode;lb(C(b),function(){q(b,"gs_press");p(c,"gs_vis");p(b,"gs_anm")},function(){p(b,"gs_press");q(c,"gs_vis")})}; Y.prototype.na=function(){var a=D(this.V,"data-lid");Fe(this.la,a)&&Ue(this.la)};var Ve=[new P(".gs_or",{}),new P(".gs_or_ggsm",{"gs-press":Y.prototype.Ba}),new P(".gs_or_cit",{click:Y.prototype.Ea}),new P(".gs_or_sav",{click:Y.prototype.na}),new P(".gs_or_lbl",{click:Y.prototype.na}),new P(".gs_or_mor",{click:Y.prototype.Na})]; function We(){for(var a=v(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph"),b=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_or_ggsm"),c=b.length;c--;){var d=b[c];v(d,"gs_vis")&&N(C(d));x(d,"gs_press",a);q(d,"gs_anm")}}function Xe(a){var b=document.querySelector('.gs_or[data-did="'+a.xa+'"]');if(b){var c=b.querySelector(".gs_or_sav")||b.querySelector(".gs_or_lbl");c&&(x(c,"gs_or_ldg",a.error===void 0),a.sa&&b.setAttribute("data-lid",a.oa))}}function Ye(){return document.querySelectorAll(".gs_or[data-did]")};var Ze=["gsb","gsr"],$e=!1,af=!1;function bf(){if($e&&!af)for(var a=n(Ze),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next()){b=b.value;var c=B(b+"_promo");c&&c.offsetWidth&&v(c,b+"_not_installed")&&(b=c.getAttribute("data-trk"),navigator.sendBeacon(b),af=!0)}} function cf(){H(window,"message",function(a){var b=a.data;if(a.origin.match(/[.]google[.]com(:[0-9]+)?$/)&&b&&typeof b==="object"){a=n(Ze);for(var c=a.next();!c.done;c=a.next()){c=c.value;var d=B(c+"_promo");if(d){var e=+b[c+"Promo"];e>=0&&(d.className=c+(e?"_not_installed":"_installed"))}}$e=!0;bf()}});cd(bf);K(function(){var a=document.createElement(Ca.C);a.id="gs_ext_promo_ping";a.frameBorder="0";a.scrolling="no";a.tabIndex=-1;a.src=(window.location.host.indexOf("scholar.google.")?"":"//scholar.google.com")+ "/scholar_gsb_promo_ping";document.body.appendChild(a)})};function df(){R("#gsb_promo_x",function(a){B("gsb_promo").className="";O(a);nc(a.target.href,"",function(){})})};function ef(){R("#gsr_promo_x",function(a){B("gsr_promo").className="";O(a);nc(a.target.href,"",function(){})})};var ff=function(a){this.V=a;this.ja=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_t");this.ia=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_con");this.ua=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_abs");this.za=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_grad");this.va=a.querySelector(".gs_fma_brdr");this.Za=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_sml");this.ya=a.querySelector(".gs_flb");this.T=+D(this.V,"data-rp")||0}; ff.prototype.Qa=function(a){a=parseInt(a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-idx"),10);var b=this.ia[a],c=this.ua[a],d=this.za[a];a=this.Za[a];var e=!v(b,"gs_fma_ex"),f=[B("gs_res_ccl_bot"),this.ya],g=Uc(this.V);g=n(g);for(var k=g.next();!k.done;k=g.next())f.push(k.value);e&&gf(b,this.T);var l=Ma();ze(b,c,function(){d.style.height=c.scrollHeight+"px";p(c,"gs_fma_ovis");return x(b,"gs_fma_ex",e)},[a],f,d,this.va,l,function(){l.parentNode.removeChild(l);d.style.height="";q(c,"gs_fma_ovis")})}; ff.prototype.Aa=function(a){for(var b=0;b<this.ja.length;b++){var c=this.ja[b],d=c===a.currentTarget;x(this.ia[b],"gs_fma_sh",d);c.setAttribute("aria-selected",d);d&&gf(c,this.T)}};var gf=function(a,b){a=a.getAttribute("data-trk").split(" ");te(a,b)},hf=[new P(".gs_fmar",{}),new P([".gs_fma_sml_a"],{click:ff.prototype.Qa}),new P([".gs_fma_t"],{click:ff.prototype.Aa})],jf=!1; function kf(){for(var a=n(document.querySelectorAll(".gs_fmar")),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next()){var c=b.value;b=c.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_abs");c=c.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_con");for(var d=0;d<c.length;d++)x(c[d],"gs_fma_cl",b[d].scrollHeight-45>126)}b=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_fmar");(a=jf||!navigator.sendBeacon||b.length==0)||(a=b[0].querySelector(".gs_fma").offsetHeight<=0);if(!a&&(jf=!0,a=X("data-fmat"))){b=n(b);for(c=b.next();!c.done;c=b.next()){var e=c.value;c=+D(e,"data-rp")||0;d=[]; e=n(e.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_con"));for(var f=e.next();!f.done;f=e.next())d.push(v(f.value,"gs_fma_cl")?"0":"1");a+=["&rp",c,"=",d.join(",")].join("")}navigator.sendBeacon(a)}};var Z=function(a){this.X=D(a,"data-aid")},mf=function(a,b){var c={};c.s=a.X;c[b]="";lf(c)};Z.prototype.Ha=function(){mf(this,"trash_btn")};Z.prototype.Ja=function(){var a=X("data-via").replace("view_op=view_citation","view_op=edit_citation").replace("{id}",this.X);md("gs_md_cita-d",a)};Z.prototype.Ga=function(){mf(this,"delete_btn")};Z.prototype.Pa=function(){mf(this,"untrash_btn")};Z.prototype.Ca=function(){Ae([this.X])}; var nf=[new P(".gs_or",{}),new P(".gs_or_del",{click:Z.prototype.Ha}),new P(".gs_or_edt",{click:Z.prototype.Ja}),new P(".gs_or_delf",{click:Z.prototype.Ga}),new P(".gs_or_rstr",{click:Z.prototype.Pa}),new P(".gs_or_arc",{click:Z.prototype.Ca})]; function lf(a){var b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=B("gs_res_ab_frm"),d=F(c,"xsrf").value;c.innerHTML="";F(c,"xsrf").value=d;b=b?b:c.getAttribute("data-action");c.action=b.match(La)?b:"";F(c,"continue").value=window.location.pathname+window.location.search;for(var e in a)F(c,e).value=a[e];c.submit()} function of(a,b){if(a=a.target.getAttribute("data-a")){N(b);b=Ye();for(var c=[],d=0;d<b.length;++d)c.push(D(b[d],"data-aid"));c.length&&(b=B("gs_ead_f"),d=B("gs_ead_r0"),F(b,"cit_fmt").value=a,d.value=c.join(","),d.checked=!0,F(b,"label_id").value="",a=!!Kb(window.location.href).q,c=!!B("gs_nm"),d=D(b,"data-show")=="true",!a&&c&&d?md("gs_ead"):b.submit())}}function pf(){for(var a=Ye(),b=[],c=0;c<a.length;++c)b.push(D(a[c],"data-aid"));Ae(b)};S("#gs_asd_psb","click",ve);S("#gs_asd_frm","keydown",function(a){var b=a.target;b.tagName=="INPUT"&&b.type=="text"&&a.i.keyCode==13&&ve()});S(".gs_citr","focus",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget;b!=Ce&&(Ce=b,O(a),setTimeout(function(){window.getSelection().selectAllChildren(b);b.focus()},0))});S(".gs_cith","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_citr"))&&a.focus()});S("#gs_lbd_apl","click",function(){Pe()&&T("submit",Oe())});R("#gs_lbd_new_btn",function(){Re(!0)}); R("#gs_lbd_new_cb",function(){Re(!1)});S("#gs_lbd_trash","click",function(){Ke()});S("#gs_md_albl-d","gs-md-lded",function(){B("gs_lbd_data")?(H(Oe(),"submit",Pe),He(D(B("gs_lbd_data"),"data-did"),F(Oe(),"s").value,!0,"")):(Se(!1),Te(!1))});S("#gs_res_lbl_frm","gs-ajax-form-done",function(){var a=D(Oe(),"data-p");(a=/^NR:([0-9]+)$/.exec(a))&&se(parseInt(a[1],10)||0)});Ee.add(function(a){a.error===void 0?(hc=0,fc(),Qe("")):a.error?M["gs_md_albl-d"]?Qe(a.error):cc(a.error):a.sa&&!a.oa&&N("gs_md_albl-d")}); wc(Y,Ve);K(function(){We();Ee.add(Xe);for(var a={},b=Ye(),c=b.length;c--;){var d=b[c],e=D(d,"data-did");d=D(d,"data-lid");a[e]=d}b=X("data-lpu");c=X("data-sva");e=X("data-tra");d=X("data-lsl");Ie=b;Le=e;Me=c;try{var f=JSON.parse(d===void 0?"":d)}catch(k){}f&&pa(f)&&!$b||(f={});Je(f);f=Ne();for(var g in a)b=a[g],c=f[g+","+Ie],c instanceof Array&&(c=""+c[0],b!=c&&(b=c,De(g,b,!0,"")))});cd(We);H(window,"pagehide",We); S("#gs_res_sb_yyc","click",function(){B("gs_res_sb_yyf").style.display="block";for(var a=document.querySelectorAll("#gs_res_sb_yyl>li"),b=a.length;b--;)x(a[b],"gs_bdy_sb_sel",b==a.length-1)});S("#gs_scipsc","gs-change",function(a){var b=Xc(a.currentTarget),c=F(B("gs_hdr_frm"),"scipsc"),d=F(B("gs_asd_frm"),"scipsc");c.value=d.value=b?"1":"";a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-msg")||"";B("gs_hdr_tsi").placeholder=b?a:""}); (function(a){window.location.hash||$b||K(function(){return le(a)})})(function(){var a=X("data-usv");return{triggerId:a&&"FQCrQs2JV0iDFprtVEw0WZEm7Syp",Ua:a=="1"}});R("#gs_res_drw_adv",function(){md("gs_asd")});K(function(){var a=X("data-ttl");a&&(document.title=a);a=new qc;var b=X("data-ahq");b&&a.add(b);X("data-gsb")?(df(),cf()):X("data-gsr")&&(ef(),cf())}); S("#gs_md_cita-b-save","click",function(){var a=B("gsc_ecd_form");F(a,"continue").value=window.location.pathname+window.location.search;T("submit",a)});S(".gsc_ecd_form_tsel","click",function(a){var b=B("gsc_ecd_form"),c=B("gsc_ecd_table");b=F(b,"articletype");a=a.currentTarget;b.value=a.getAttribute("data-type")||"";c.className=a.getAttribute("data-class")||"";c=document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_ecd_citation_type button");for(b=c.length;b--;)x(c[b],"gs_sel",c[b]==a)}); S("#gs_ead_f","submit",function(){var a=B("gs_ead_f");if(B("gs_ead_r1").checked){var b=Kb(window.location.href).scilib||"";F(a,"label_id").value=b}N("gs_ead")});S("#gs_aad_f","submit",function(){var a=B("gs_aad_f");B("gs_aad_r1").checked&&(F(a,"label_id").value="6")});wc(Z,nf);R("#gs_res_ab_emtr",function(){lf({delete_btn:"",label_id:5})});R("#gs_res_ab_exp-d",function(a){of(a,"gs_res_ab_exp-d")});R("#gs_res_ab_mor_exp",function(a){of(a,"gs_res_ab_mor-d")});R("#gs_res_ab_arca",pf); R("#gs_res_ab_mor_arca",pf);K(function(){var a=X("data-lph");a&&(B("gs_hdr_tsi").placeholder=a)});K(function(){kf();bd.addListener(kf)});wc(ff,hf); }({"customAC":0,"eventId":"h1xBZ5HhCMCI6rQPnq62wQE"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_cit" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_cit-t" data-cid="gs_citd" data-wfc="gs_cit-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_cit-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_cit" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_cit-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Cite</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gs_cit-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_cit{width:520px;max-width:80%;}.gs_el_ph #gs_cit{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gs_citt table{width:100%;margin-top:-8px;}#gs_citt td,#gs_citt th{vertical-align:top;padding:8px 0;}#gs_citt th{text-align:right;font-weight:normal;color:#777;padding-right:16px;white-space:nowrap;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}#gs_citi{margin:16px 0 0 0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_citi{margin:16px 0 8px 0;}.gs_citi{margin-right:16px;white-space:nowrap;padding:7px 0 5px 0;}.gs_citi:first-child{margin-left:16px;}</style><div id="gs_citd" aria-live="assertive" data-u="/scholar?scila={id}&output=cite&scirp={p}&hl=en"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_asd" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_asd-t" data-ifc="gs_asd_q" data-wfc="gs_asd-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_asd-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_asd" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_asd-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Advanced search</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_asd_psb" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_asd-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_asd{width:80%;max-width:552px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_asd{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gs_asd_frm{margin-top:-6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_asd_frm{margin-top:-8px;}.gs_asd_tr{clear:both;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_tr{padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_tr:first-child{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_asd_dt{float:left;width:190px;padding:6px 2px 2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_dt{float:none;width:auto;padding:0 0 4px 0;}.gs_asd_dd{margin-left:194px;padding:2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_dd{margin-left:0;padding:0;}.gs_asd_yri .gs_in_txt{width:48px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_asd input,.gs_el_ph #gs_asd label{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}.gs_asd_occtr{padding:5px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_occtr{padding:0;}</style><form id="gs_asd_frm" class="gs_scl" action="/scholar"><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt" id="gs_asd_dt_t"><b>Find articles</b></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_q">with <b>all</b> of the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_q" value="" id="gs_asd_q" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_epq">with the <b>exact phrase</b></label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_epq" value="" id="gs_asd_epq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_oq">with <b>at least one</b> of the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_oq" value="" id="gs_asd_oq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_eq"><b>without</b> the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_eq" value="" id="gs_asd_eq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_occt">where my words occur</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="any" id="gs_asd_occt_a" checked><label for="gs_asd_occt_a">anywhere in the article</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="title" id="gs_asd_occt_t"><label for="gs_asd_occt_t">in the title of the article</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_sau">Return articles <b>authored</b> by</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_sauthors" value="" id="gs_asd_sau" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><div>e.g., <i>"PJ Hayes"</i> or <i>McCarthy</i></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_pub">Return articles <b>published</b> in</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_publication" value="" id="gs_asd_pub" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><div>e.g., <i>J Biol Chem</i> or <i>Nature</i></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_ylo">Return articles <b>dated</b> between</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_asd_yri"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_ylo" value="" id="gs_asd_ylo" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div> — <div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_yhi" value="" id="gs_asd_yhi" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div><div>e.g., <i>1996</i></div></div></div><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="0,5"><input type=hidden name="scilib" value="1"></form></div></div></div><div data-h="800" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_cita-d-t" data-cid="gs_md_cita-l" data-wfc="gs_md_cita-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_cita-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_cita-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_md_cita-b-save" aria-label="Save" class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_md_cita-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_cita-d{width:100%;max-width:none;}#gs_md_cita-d .gs_md_prg{min-height:600px;}</style><div id="gs_md_cita-l" aria-live="assertive"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds"><div id="gs_ead" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_ead-t" data-ifc="gs_ead_export" data-wfc="gs_ead-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_ead-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_ead" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_ead-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Export articles</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gs_ead-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>.gs_ead_r{margin:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ead_r{margin:0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ead_r:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}</style><form id="gs_ead_f" action="" method="POST" data-show="true"><div><div class="gs_ead_r"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="s" value="" id="gs_ead_r0" checked><label for="gs_ead_r0">Export articles on this page</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_ead_r"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="s" value="" id="gs_ead_r1"><label for="gs_ead_r1">Export all articles in my library</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></div><div class="gs_md_btns"><button type="submit" id="gs_ead_export" class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Export</span></span></button></div><input type="hidden" name="export_selected_btn"></form></div></div></div><div data-h="367" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_albl-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_albl-d-t" data-wfc="gs_md_albl-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_albl-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_albl-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_albl-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Edit labels</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gs_md_albl-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"></div><div class="gs_md_ftr"><div class="gs_lbl_btns"><button type="button" id="gs_lbd_apl" class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Done</span></span><span class="gs_bs"></span></button></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar?as_sdt=0,5&hl=en" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Articles</span></a><a href="/scholar?as_sdt=2006&hl=en" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Case law</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&mauthors=&hl=en&oi=drw" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Profiles</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_res_drw_adv" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnADV gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Advanced search</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&scilib=1" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar%3Fscilib%3D1%26hl%3Den" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="gs_hdr_dso" href="/schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" aria-label="Homepage"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><div id="gs_hdr_srch"><form id="gs_hdr_frm" action="/scholar"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="0,5"><input type=hidden name="scilib" value="1"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="q" value="" id="gs_hdr_tsi" placeholder="Search my library" size="50" maxlength="2048" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="Search"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><span id="gs_hdr_tsc"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_X"></span></span><button type="submit" id="gs_hdr_tsb" name="btnG" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></form></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar%3Fscilib%3D1%26hl%3Den">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_ab" class=""><div id="gs_ab_ico" class="gs_btnGSL"><span class="gs_ico"></span></div><div id="gs_ab_ttl"><div class="gs_ab_mdw"><span class="gs_nph gs_nta">My library</span><div class="gs_oph gs_ota"><div id="gs_res_ab_tmn-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_rmb gs_md_rmbl"><button type="button" id="gs_res_ab_tmn-b" aria-controls="gs_res_ab_tmn-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_mnu gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_mini gs_btn_lsu gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl" id="gs_ab_ttll">All articles</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gs_res_ab_tmn-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><div class="gs_res_ab_dd_bdy"><div class="gs_res_ab_dd_sec"><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_md_li gs_res_ab_sel" aria-checked="true" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">All articles<span class="gs_notf"></span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=6&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Reading list<span class="gs_notf"></span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=5&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Trash<span class="gs_notf"></span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=manage_labels&hl=en&oi=srp" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Manage labels...<span class="gs_notf"></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ab_md"><div class="gs_ab_mdw"></div></div><div id="gs_ab_btns"><a href="/citations?hl=en" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_in_gray gs_nph gs_nta"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_in_gray gs_nph gs_nta gs_mylib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><style>#gs_captcha_ccl{max-width:680px;margin:21px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_captcha_ccl{margin:13px 0;}#gs_captcha_ccl h1{font-size:16px;line-height:24px;font-weight:normal;padding:0 0 16px 0;}</style><div id="gs_captcha_ccl"><script>function gs_captcha_cb(){grecaptcha.render("gs_captcha_c",{"sitekey":"6LfFDwUTAAAAAIyC8IeC3aGLqVpvrB6ZpkfmAibj","callback":function(){document.getElementById("gs_captcha_f").submit()}});};</script><form method="get" id="gs_captcha_f"><h1>Please show you're not a robot</h1><div id="gs_captcha_c"></div><script src="//www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?onload=gs_captcha_cb&render=explicit&hl=en" async defer></script><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="0,5"><input type=hidden name="scilib" value="1"></form><noscript><div class="gs_alrt"><div>Sorry, we can't verify that you're not a robot when JavaScript is turned off.</div><div>Please <a href="//support.google.com/answer/23852?hl=en">enable JavaScript</a> in your browser and reload this page.</div></div></noscript></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>