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refractive index</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: match refractive index"> <meta name="keywords" content="match refractive index"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="match refractive index"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4037</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: match refractive index</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4037</span> Discrimination between Defective and Non-Defective Coffee Beans Using a Laser Prism Spectrometer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Belay">A. Belay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Kebede"> B. Kebede</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concentration- and temperature-dependent refractive indices of solutions extracted from defective and non-defective coffee beans have been investigated using a He–Ne laser. The refractive index has a linear relationship with the presumed concentration of the coffee solutions in the range of 0.5–3%. Higher and lower values of refractive index were obtained for immature and non-defective coffee beans, respectively. The Refractive index of bean extracts can be successfully used to separate defective from non-defective beans. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coffee%20extract" title="coffee extract">coffee extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index" title=" refractive index"> refractive index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20dependence" title=" temperature dependence"> temperature dependence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150652/discrimination-between-defective-and-non-defective-coffee-beans-using-a-laser-prism-spectrometer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150652.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4036</span> A High-Resolution Refractive Index Sensor Based on a Magnetic Photonic Crystal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ti-An%20Tsai">Ti-An Tsai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chun-Chih%20Wang"> Chun-Chih Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hung-Wen%20Wang"> Hung-Wen Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-Ling%20Chang"> I-Ling Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lien-Wen%20Chen"> Lien-Wen Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, we demonstrate a high-resolution refractive index sensor based on a magnetic photonic crystal (MPC) composed of a triangular lattice array of air holes embedded in Si matrix. A microcavity is created by changing the radius of an air hole in the middle of the photonic crystal. The cavity filled with gyrotropic materials can serve as a refractive index sensor. The shift of the resonant frequency of the sensor is obtained numerically using finite difference time domain method under different ambient conditions having refractive index from n = 1.0 to n = 1.1. The numerical results show that a tiny change in refractive index of Δn = 0.0001 is distinguishable. In addition, the spectral response of the MPC sensor is studied while an external magnetic field is present. The results show that the MPC sensor exhibits a dramatic improvement in resolution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20photonic%20crystal" title="magnetic photonic crystal">magnetic photonic crystal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index%20sensor" title=" refractive index sensor"> refractive index sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity" title=" sensitivity"> sensitivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-resolution" title=" high-resolution"> high-resolution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26102/a-high-resolution-refractive-index-sensor-based-on-a-magnetic-photonic-crystal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26102.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">591</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4035</span> Characterization of CuO Incorporated CMOS Dielectric for Fast Switching System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nissar%20Mohammad%20Karim">Nissar Mohammad Karim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norhayati%20Soin"> Norhayati Soin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To ensure fast switching in high-K incorporated Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) transistors, the results on the basis of d (NBTI) by incorporating SiO2 dielectric with aged samples of CuO sol-gels have been reported. Precursor ageing has been carried out for 4 days. The minimum obtained refractive index is 1.0099 which was found after 3 hours of adhesive UV curing. Obtaining a low refractive index exhibits a low dielectric constant and hence a faster system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index" title="refractive index">refractive index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sol-Gel" title=" Sol-Gel"> Sol-Gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precursor%20aging" title=" precursor aging"> precursor aging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aging" title=" aging "> aging </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18115/characterization-of-cuo-incorporated-cmos-dielectric-for-fast-switching-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">475</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4034</span> Temperature Coefficients of the Refractive Index for Ge Film</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lingmao%20Xu">Lingmao Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui%20Zhou"> Hui Zhou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ge film is widely used in infrared optical systems. Because of the special requirements of space application, it is usually used in low temperature. The refractive index of Ge film is always changed with the temperature which has a great effect on the manufacture of high precision infrared optical film. Specimens of Ge single film were deposited at ZnSe substrates by EB-PVD method. During temperature range 80K ~ 300K, the transmittance of Ge single film within 2 ~ 15 μm were measured every 20K by PerkinElmer FTIR cryogenic testing system. By the full spectrum inversion method fitting, the relationship between refractive index and wavelength within 2 ~ 12μm at different temperatures was received. It can be seen the relationship consistent with the formula Cauchy, which can be fitted. Then the relationship between refractive index of the Ge film and temperature/wavelength was obtained by fitting method based on formula Cauchy. Finally, the designed value obtained by the formula and the measured spectrum were compared to verify the accuracy of the formula. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrared%20optical%20film" title="infrared optical film">infrared optical film</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20temperature" title=" low temperature"> low temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20refractive%20coefficient" title=" thermal refractive coefficient"> thermal refractive coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ge%20film" title=" Ge film"> Ge film</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71052/temperature-coefficients-of-the-refractive-index-for-ge-film" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71052.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4033</span> Characterizing of CuO Incorporated CMOS Dielectric for Fast Switching System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nissar%20Mohammad%20Karim">Nissar Mohammad Karim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norhayati%20Soin"> Norhayati Soin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To ensure fast switching in high-K incorporated Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) transistors, the results on the basis of d (NBTI) by incorporating SiO2 dielectric with aged samples of CuO sol-gels have been reported. Precursor ageing has been carried out for 4 days. The minimum obtained refractive index is 1.0099 which was found after 3 hours of adhesive UV curing. Obtaining a low refractive index exhibits a low dielectric constant and hence a faster system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index" title="refractive index">refractive index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol-gel" title=" sol-gel"> sol-gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precursor%20ageing" title=" precursor ageing"> precursor ageing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metallurgical%20and%20materials%20engineering" title=" metallurgical and materials engineering"> metallurgical and materials engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16951/characterizing-of-cuo-incorporated-cmos-dielectric-for-fast-switching-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16951.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4032</span> Effect of Control Lasers Polarization on Absorption Coefficient and Refractive Index of a W-Type 4- Level Cylindrical Quantum Dot in the Presence Of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (ETI)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marziehossadat%20Moezzi">Marziehossadat Moezzi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is investigated in a cylindrical quantum dot (QD) with a parabolic confinement potential. We study the effect of control lasers polarization on absorption coefficient, refractive index and also on the generation of the double transparency windows in this system. Considering an effective mass method, the time-independent Schrödinger equation is solved to obtain the energy structure of the QD. Also, we study the effect of structural characteristics of the QD on refraction and absorption of the QD in the presence of EIT. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromagnetically%20induced%20transparency" title="electromagnetically induced transparency">electromagnetically induced transparency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cylindrical%20quantum%20dot" title=" cylindrical quantum dot"> cylindrical quantum dot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorption%20coefficient" title=" absorption coefficient"> absorption coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index" title=" refractive index"> refractive index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140374/effect-of-control-lasers-polarization-on-absorption-coefficient-and-refractive-index-of-a-w-type-4-level-cylindrical-quantum-dot-in-the-presence-of-electromagnetically-induced-transparency-eti" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140374.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4031</span> Excitonic Refractive Index Change in High Purity GaAs Modulator at Room Temperature for Optical Fiber Communication Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Durga%20Prasad%20Sapkota">Durga Prasad Sapkota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhu%20Sudan%20Kayastha"> Madhu Sudan Kayastha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koichi%20Wakita"> Koichi Wakita</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we have compared and analyzed the electron absorption properties between with and without excitonic effect bulk in high purity GaAs spatial light modulator for an optical fiber communication network. The electroabsorption properties such as absorption spectra, change in absorption spectra, change in refractive index and extinction ratio have been calculated. We have also compared the result of absorption spectra and change in absorption spectra with the experimental results and found close agreement with experimental results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exciton" title="exciton">exciton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index%20change" title=" refractive index change"> refractive index change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extinction%20ratio" title=" extinction ratio"> extinction ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaAs" title=" GaAs"> GaAs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22596/excitonic-refractive-index-change-in-high-purity-gaas-modulator-at-room-temperature-for-optical-fiber-communication-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22596.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">575</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4030</span> Refractometric Optical Sensing by Using Photonics Mach–Zehnder Interferometer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gong%20Zhang">Gong Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Cai"> Hong Cai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bin%20Dong"> Bin Dong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jifang%20Tao"> Jifang Tao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aiqun%20Liu"> Aiqun Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dim-Lee%20Kwong"> Dim-Lee Kwong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuandong%20Gu"> Yuandong Gu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An on-chip refractive index sensor with high sensitivity and large measurement range is demonstrated in this paper. The sensing structures are based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration, built on the SOI substrate. The wavelength sensitivity of the sensor is estimated to be 3129 nm/RIU. Meanwhile, according to the interference pattern period changes, the measured period sensitivities are 2.9 nm/RIU (TE mode) and 4.21 nm/RIU (TM mode), respectively. As such, the wavelength shift and the period shift can be used for fine index change detection and larger index change detection, respectively. Therefore, the sensor design provides an approach for large index change measurement with high sensitivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mach-Zehnder%20interferometer" title="Mach-Zehnder interferometer">Mach-Zehnder interferometer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanotechnology" title=" nanotechnology"> nanotechnology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index%20sensing" title=" refractive index sensing"> refractive index sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensors" title=" sensors"> sensors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37878/refractometric-optical-sensing-by-using-photonics-mach-zehnder-interferometer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37878.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">445</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4029</span> Frequency of Refractive Errors in Squinting Eyes of Children from 4 to 16 Years Presenting at Tertiary Care Hospital</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryum%20Nawaz">Maryum Nawaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: To determine the frequency of refractive errors in squinting eyes of children from 4 to 16 years presenting at tertiary care hospital. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done. Place and Duration: The study was conducted in Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. Materials and Methods: The sample size was 146 keeping 41.45%5 proportion of refractive errors in children with squinting eyes, 95% confidence interval and 8% margin of error under WHO sample size calculations. Non-probability consecutive sampling was done. Result: Mean age was 8.57±2.66 years. Male were 89 (61.0%) and female were 57 (39.0%). Refractive error was present in 56 (38.4%) and was not present in 90 (61.6%) of patients. There was no association of gender, age, parent refractive errors, or early usage of electric equipment with the refractive errors. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of refractive errors in a patient with strabismus. There is no association of age, gender, parent refractive errors, or early usage of electric equipment in the occurrence of refractive errors. Further studies are recommended for confirmation of these. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strabismus" title="strabismus">strabismus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20error" title=" refractive error"> refractive error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=myopia" title=" myopia"> myopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypermetropia" title=" hypermetropia"> hypermetropia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=astigmatism" title=" astigmatism"> astigmatism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143891/frequency-of-refractive-errors-in-squinting-eyes-of-children-from-4-to-16-years-presenting-at-tertiary-care-hospital" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143891.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4028</span> Large Core Silica Few-Mode Optical Fibers with Reduced Differential Mode Delay and Enhanced Mode Effective Area over 'C'-Band</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anton%20V.%20Bourdine">Anton V. Bourdine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20A.%20Burdin"> Vladimir A. Burdin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oleg%20R.%20Delmukhametov"> Oleg R. Delmukhametov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents a fast and simple method for the design of large core silica optical fibers with differential mode delay (DMD) management. Some results are reported concerned with refractive index profile optimization for 42 µm core 16-LP-mode optical fiber for next-generation optical networks. Here special refractive index profile form provides total DMD reducing over all mode staff under desired enhanced mode effective area. Method for the simulation of 'real manufactured' few-mode optical fiber (FMF) core geometry differing from the desired optimized structure by core non-symmetrical ellipticity and refractive index profile deviation including local fluctuations is proposed. Results of the following analysis of optimized FMF with inserted geometry distortions performed by earlier on developed modification of rigorous mixed finite-element method showed strong DMD degradation that requires additional higher-order mode management. In addition, this work also presents a method for design mode division multiplexer channel precision spatial positioning scheme at FMF core end that provides one of the potentiality solutions of described DMD degradation problem concerned with 'distorted' core geometry due to features of optical fiber manufacturing techniques. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20mode%20delay" title="differential mode delay">differential mode delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=few-mode%20optical%20fibers" title=" few-mode optical fibers"> few-mode optical fibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20Shannon%20limit" title=" nonlinear Shannon limit"> nonlinear Shannon limit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20fiber%20non-circularity" title=" optical fiber non-circularity"> optical fiber non-circularity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%E2%80%98real%20manufactured%E2%80%99%20optical%20fiber%20core%20geometry%20simulation" title=" ‘real manufactured’ optical fiber core geometry simulation"> ‘real manufactured’ optical fiber core geometry simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index%20profile%20optimization" title=" refractive index profile optimization"> refractive index profile optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99073/large-core-silica-few-mode-optical-fibers-with-reduced-differential-mode-delay-and-enhanced-mode-effective-area-over-c-band" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99073.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4027</span> Efficiently Silicon Metasurfaces at Visible Light</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juntao%20Li">Juntao Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The metasurfaces for beam deflecting with gradient silicon posts in the square lattices were fabricated on the thin film crystal silicon with quartz substrate. By using the crystals silicon with high refractive index and high transmission to control the phase over 2π coverage, we demonstrated the polarization independent beam deflecting at wavelength of 532nm with 45% transmission in experiment and 70% in simulation into the desired angle. This simulation efficiency is almost close to the TiO2 metasurfaces but has higher refractive index and lower aspect ratio to reduce fabrication complexity. The result can extend the application of silicon metalsurfaces from 700 nm to 500 nm hence open a new way to use metasurfaces efficiently in visible light regime. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metasurfaces" title="metasurfaces">metasurfaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystal%20silicon" title=" crystal silicon"> crystal silicon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20deflection" title=" light deflection"> light deflection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visible%20light" title=" visible light"> visible light</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58128/efficiently-silicon-metasurfaces-at-visible-light" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58128.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4026</span> Variation of Refractive Errors among Right and Left Eyes in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20B.%20Masok">F. B. Masok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S%20Songdeg"> S. S Songdeg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20R.%20Dawam"> R. R. Dawam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vision is an important process for learning and communication as man depends greatly on vision to sense his environment. Prevalence and variation of refractive errors conducted between December 2010 and May 2011 in Jos, revealed that 735 (77.50%) out 950 subjects examined for refractive error had various refractive errors. Myopia was observed in 373 (49.79%) of the subjects, the error in the right eyes was 263 (55.60%) while the error in the left was 210(44.39%). The mean myopic error was found to be -1.54± 3.32. Hyperopia was observed in 385 (40.53%) of the sampled population comprising 203(52.73%) of the right eyes and 182(47.27%). The mean hyperopic error was found to be +1.74± 3.13. Astigmatism accounted for 359 (38.84%) of the subjects, out of which 193(53.76%) were in the right eyes while 168(46.79%) were in the left eyes. Presbyopia was found in 404(42.53%) of the subjects, of this figure, 164(40.59%) were in the right eyes while 240(59.41%) were in left eyes. The number of right eyes and left eyes with refractive errors was observed in some age groups to increase with age and later had its peak within 60 – 69 age groups. This pattern of refractive errors could be attributed to exposure to various forms of light particularly the ultraviolet rays (e.g rays from television and computer screen). There was no remarkable differences between the mean Myopic error and mean Hyperopic error in the right eyes and in the left eyes which suggest the right eye and the left eye are similar. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=left%20eye" title="left eye">left eye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20errors" title=" refractive errors"> refractive errors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=right%20eye" title=" right eye"> right eye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variation" title=" variation"> variation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30588/variation-of-refractive-errors-among-right-and-left-eyes-in-jos-plateau-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30588.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4025</span> Observation of the Flow Behavior for a Rising Droplet in a Mini-Slot</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Soltani">H. Soltani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Hadfield"> J. Hadfield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Redmond"> M. Redmond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20S.%20Nobes"> D. S. Nobes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The passage of oil droplets through a vertical mini-slot were investigated in this study. Oil-in-water emulsion can undergo coalescence of finer oil droplets forming droplets of a size that need to be considered individually. This occurs in a number of industrial processes and has important consequences at a scale where both body and surfaces forces are relevant. In the study, two droplet diameters of smaller than the slot width and a relatively larger diameter where the oil droplet can interact directly with the slot wall were generated. To monitor fluid motion, a particle shadow velocimetry (PSV) imaging technique was used to study fluid flow motion inside and around a single oil droplet rising in a net co-flow. The droplet was a transparent canola oil and the surrounding working fluid was glycerol, adjusted to allow a matching of refractive index between the two fluids. Particles seeded in both fluids were observed with the PSV system allowing the capture of the velocity field both within the droplet and in the surrounds. The effect of droplet size on the droplet internal circulation was observed. Part of the study was related the potential generation of flow structures, such as von Karman vortex shedding already observed in rising droplets in infinite reservoirs and their interaction with the mini-channel. Results show that two counter-rotating vortices exist inside the droplets as they pass through slot. The vorticity map analysis shows that the droplet of relatively larger size has a stronger internal circulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rising%20droplet" title="rising droplet">rising droplet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rectangular%20orifice" title=" rectangular orifice"> rectangular orifice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20shadow%20velocimetry" title=" particle shadow velocimetry"> particle shadow velocimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=match%20refractive%20index" title=" match refractive index"> match refractive index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59627/observation-of-the-flow-behavior-for-a-rising-droplet-in-a-mini-slot" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59627.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4024</span> Optical Diagnostics of Corona Discharge by Laser Interferometry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Bendimerad">N. Bendimerad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Lemerini"> M. Lemerini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Guen"> A. Guen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, we propose to determine the density of neutral particles of an electric discharge peak - Plan types performed in air at atmospheric pressure by applying a technique based on laser interferometry. The experimental methods used so far as the shadowgraph or stereoscopy, give rather qualitative results with regard to the determination of the neutral density. The neutral rotational temperature has been subject of several studies but direct measurements of kinetic temperature are rare. The aim of our work is to determine quantitatively and experimentally depopulation with a Mach-Zehnder type interferometer. This purely optical appearance of the discharge is important when looking to know the refractive index of any gas for any physicochemical applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20source" title="laser source">laser source</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mach-Zehnder%20interferometer" title=" Mach-Zehnder interferometer"> Mach-Zehnder interferometer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index" title=" refractive index"> refractive index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corona%20discharge" title=" corona discharge"> corona discharge</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30938/optical-diagnostics-of-corona-discharge-by-laser-interferometry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30938.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">448</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4023</span> Effect of Temperature on the Binary Mixture of Imidazolium Ionic Liquid with Pyrrolidin-2-One: Volumetric and Ultrasonic Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Srinivasa%20Krishna">T. Srinivasa Krishna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Narendra"> K. Narendra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Thomas"> K. Thomas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S.%20Raju"> S. S. Raju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Munibhadrayya"> B. Munibhadrayya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The densities, speeds of sound and refractive index of the binary mixture of ionic liquid (IL) 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][Imide]) and Pyrrolidin-2-one(PY) was measured at atmospheric pressure, and over the range of temperatures T= (298.15 -323.15)K. The excess molar volume, excess isentropic compressibility, excess speed of sound, partial molar volumes, and isentropic partial molar compressibility were calculated from the values of the experimental density and speed of sound. From the experimental data excess thermal expansion coefficients and isothermal pressure coefficient of excess molar enthalpy at 298.15K were calculated. The results were analyzed and were discussed from the point of view of structural changes. Excess properties were calculated and correlated by the Redlich–Kister and the Legendre polynomial equation and binary coefficients were obtained. Values of excess partial volumes at infinite dilution for the binary system at different temperatures were calculated from the adjustable parameters obtained from Legendre polynomial and Redlich–Kister smoothing equation. Deviation in refractive indices ΔnD and deviation in molar refraction, ΔRm were calculated from the measured refractive index values. Equations of state and several mixing rules were used to predict refractive indices of the binary mixtures and compared with the experimental values by means of the standard deviation and found to be in excellent agreement. By using Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) theory, the above thermodynamic mixing functions have been calculated and the results obtained from this theory were compared with experimental results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density" title="density">density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index" title=" refractive index"> refractive index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speeds%20of%20sound" title=" speeds of sound"> speeds of sound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prigogine-Flory-Patterson%20theory" title=" Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory"> Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36516/effect-of-temperature-on-the-binary-mixture-of-imidazolium-ionic-liquid-with-pyrrolidin-2-one-volumetric-and-ultrasonic-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4022</span> A Comparative Study of a Defective Superconductor/ Semiconductor-Dielectric Photonic Crystal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sadegzadeh">S. Sadegzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mousavi"> A. Mousavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Temperature-dependent tunable photonic crystals have attracted widespread interest in recent years. In this research, transmission characteristics of a one-dimensional photonic crystal structure with a single defect have been studied. Here, we assume two different defect layers: InSb as a semiconducting layer and HgBa<sub>2</sub>Ca<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub> as a high-temperature superconducting layer. Both the defect layers have temperature-dependent refractive indexes. Two different types of dielectric materials (Si as a high-refractive index dielectric and MgF<sub>2</sub> as a low-refractive index dielectric) are used to construct the asymmetric structures (Si/MgF<sub>2</sub>)<sup>N</sup>InSb(Si/MgF<sub>2</sub>)<sup>N</sup> named S.I, and (Si/MgF<sub>2</sub>)<sup>N</sup>HgBa<sub>2</sub>Ca<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(Si/MgF<sub>2</sub>)<sup>N</sup> named S.II. It is found that in response to the temperature changes, transmission peaks within the photonic band gap of the S.II structure, in contrast to S.I, show a small wavelength shift. Furthermore, the results show that under the same conditions, S.I structure generates an extra defect mode in the transmission spectra. Besides high efficiency transmission property of S.II structure, it can be concluded that the semiconductor-dielectric photonic crystals are more sensitive to temperature variation than superconductor types. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defect%20modes" title="defect modes">defect modes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photonic%20crystals" title=" photonic crystals"> photonic crystals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductor" title=" semiconductor"> semiconductor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superconductor" title=" superconductor"> superconductor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission" title=" transmission"> transmission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67733/a-comparative-study-of-a-defective-superconductor-semiconductor-dielectric-photonic-crystal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67733.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4021</span> Compact Low Loss Design of SOI 1x2 Y-Branch Optical Power Splitter with S-Bend Waveguide and Study on the Variation of Transmitted Power with Various Waveguide Parameters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagaraju%20Pendam">Nagaraju Pendam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20P.%20Vardhani"> C. P. Vardhani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A simple technology–compatible design of silicon-on-insulator based 1×2 optical power splitter is proposed. For developing large area Opto-electronic Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) devices, the power splitter is a key passive device. The SOI rib- waveguide dimensions (height, width, and etching depth, refractive indices, length of waveguide) leading simultaneously to single mode propagation. In this paper a low loss optical power splitter is designed by using R Soft cad tool and simulated by Beam propagation method, here s-bend waveguides proposed. We concentrate changing the refractive index difference, branching angle, width of the waveguide, free space wavelength of the waveguide and observing transmitted power, effective refractive index in the designed waveguide, and choosing the best simulated results to be fabricated on silicon-on insulator platform. In this design 1550 nm free spacing are used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beam%20propagation%20method" title="beam propagation method">beam propagation method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insertion%20loss" title=" insertion loss"> insertion loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20power%20splitter" title=" optical power splitter"> optical power splitter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rib%20waveguide" title=" rib waveguide"> rib waveguide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmitted%20power" title=" transmitted power"> transmitted power</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16984/compact-low-loss-design-of-soi-1x2-y-branch-optical-power-splitter-with-s-bend-waveguide-and-study-on-the-variation-of-transmitted-power-with-various-waveguide-parameters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16984.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">663</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4020</span> Understanding the Impact of Li- bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Doping on Spiro-OMeTAD Properties and Perovskite Solar Cell Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20C.%20Eze">Martin C. Eze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gao%20Min"> Gao Min</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) dopant is beneficial in improving the properties of 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis (N, N-di-p-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9′-spiro-bifluorene (Spiro-OMETAD) transport layer used in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Properties such as electrical conductivity, band energy mismatch, and refractive index of Spiro-OMETAD layers are believed to play key roles in PSCs performance but only the dependence of electrical conductivity on Li-TFSI doping has been extensively studied. In this work, the effect of Li-TFSI doping level on highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy, electrical conductivity, and refractive index of Spiro-OMETAD film and PSC performance was demonstrated. The Spiro-OMETAD films were spin-coated at 4000 rpm for 30 seconds from solutions containing 73.4 mM of Spiro-OMeTAD, 23.6 mM of 4-tert-butylpyridine, 7.6 mM of tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine) cobalt(III) tri[bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide] (FK209) dopant and Li-TFSI dopant varying from 37 to 62 mM in 1 ml of chlorobenzene. From ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), ellipsometry, and 4-probe studies, the results show that films deposition from Spiro-OMETAD solution doped with 40 mM of Li-TFSI shows the highest electrical conductivity of 6.35×10-6 S/cm, the refractive index of 1.87 at 632.32 nm, HOMO energy of -5.22 eV and the lowest HOMO energy mismatch of 0.21 eV compared to HOMO energy of perovskite layer. The PSCs fabricated show the best power conversion efficiency, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor of 17.10 %, 1.1 V, and 70.12%, respectively, for devices based on Spiro-OMETAD solution doped with 40 mM of Li-TFSI. This study demonstrates that the optimum Spiro-OMETAD/ Li-TFSI doping ratio of 1.84 is the optimum doping level for Spiro-OMETAD layer preparation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20conductivity" title="electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homo%20energy%20mismatch" title=" homo energy mismatch"> homo energy mismatch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithium%20bis%28trifluoromethanesulfonyl%29imide" title=" lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide"> lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20conversion%20efficiency" title=" power conversion efficiency"> power conversion efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index" title=" refractive index"> refractive index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127174/understanding-the-impact-of-li-bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide-doping-on-spiro-ometad-properties-and-perovskite-solar-cell-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127174.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4019</span> Designing a Refractive Index Gas Biosensor Exploiting Defects in Photonic Crystal Core-Shell Rods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bilal%20Tebboub">Bilal Tebboub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AmelLabbani"> AmelLabbani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article introduces a compact sensor based on high-transmission, high-sensitivity two-dimensional photonic crystals. The photonic crystal consists of a square network of silicon rods in the air. The sensor is composed of two waveguide couplers and a microcavity designed for monitoring the percentage of hydrogen in the air and identifying gas types. Through the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, we demonstrate that the sensor's resonance wavelength is contingent upon changes in the gas refractive index. We analyze transmission spectra, quality factors, and sensor sensitivity. The sensor exhibits a notable quality factor and a sensitivity value of 1374 nm/RIU. Notably, the sensor's compact structure occupies an area of 74.5 μm2, rendering it suitable for integrated optical circuits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2-D%20photonic%20crystal" title="2-D photonic crystal">2-D photonic crystal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity" title=" sensitivity"> sensitivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.D.T.D%20method" title=" F.D.T.D method"> F.D.T.D method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=label-free%20biosensing" title=" label-free biosensing"> label-free biosensing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176388/designing-a-refractive-index-gas-biosensor-exploiting-defects-in-photonic-crystal-core-shell-rods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176388.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4018</span> Comparative Analysis of Oil Extracts from Cotton and Watermelon Seeds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Jumare">S. A. Jumare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20O.%20Tijani"> A. O. Tijani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20F.%20Siraj"> M. F. Siraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20V.%20Babatunde"> B. V. Babatunde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research investigated the comparative analysis of oil extracted from cotton and watermelon seeds using solvent extraction process. Normal ethyl-ether was used as solvent in the extraction process. The AOAC method of Analysis was employed in the determination of the physiochemical properties of the oil. The chemical properties of the oil determined include the saponification value, free fatty acid, iodine value, peroxide value and acid value. The physical properties of the oil determined include specific gravity, refractive index, colour, odour, taste and pH. The value obtained for cottonseed oil are saponification value (187mgKOH/g), free fatty acid (5.64mgKOH/g), iodine value (95.2g/100), peroxide value (9.33meq/kg), acid value (11.22mg/KOH/g), pH value (4.62), refractive index (1.46), and specific gravity (0.9) respectively, it has a bland odour, a reddish brown colour and a mild taste. The values obtained for watermelon seed oil are saponification value (83.3mgKOH/g), free fatty acid (6.58mg/KOH/g), iodine value (122.6g/100), peroxide value (5.3meq/kg), acid value (3.74mgKOH/g), pH value (6.3), refractive index (1.47), and specific gravity (0.9) respectively, it has a nutty flavour, a golden yellow colour and a mild taste. From the result obtained, it shows that cottonseed oil has high acid value which shows the stability of the oil and its stability to rancidity. Consequently, watermelon seed oil is order wise. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction" title="extraction">extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvent" title=" solvent"> solvent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cotton%20seeds" title=" cotton seeds"> cotton seeds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=watermelon%20seeds" title=" watermelon seeds"> watermelon seeds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26575/comparative-analysis-of-oil-extracts-from-cotton-and-watermelon-seeds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26575.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4017</span> Terahertz Glucose Sensors Based on Photonic Crystal Pillar Array</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S.%20Sree%20Sanker">S. S. Sree Sanker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20N.%20Madhusoodanan"> K. N. Madhusoodanan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Optical biosensors are dominant alternative for traditional analytical methods, because of their small size, simple design and high sensitivity. Photonic sensing method is one of the recent advancing technology for biosensors. It measures the change in refractive index which is induced by the difference in molecular interactions due to the change in concentration of the analyte. Glucose is an aldosic monosaccharide, which is a metabolic source in many of the organisms. The terahertz waves occupies the space between infrared and microwaves in the electromagnetic spectrum. Terahertz waves are expected to be applied to various types of sensors for detecting harmful substances in blood, cancer cells in skin and micro bacteria in vegetables. We have designed glucose sensors using silicon based 1D and 2D photonic crystal pillar arrays in terahertz frequency range. 1D photonic crystal has rectangular pillars with height 100 µm, length 1600 µm and width 50 µm. The array period of the crystal is 500 µm. 2D photonic crystal has 5×5 cylindrical pillar array with an array period of 75 µm. Height and diameter of the pillar array are 160 µm and 100 µm respectively. Two samples considered in the work are blood and glucose solution, which are labelled as sample 1 and sample 2 respectively. The proposed sensor detects the concentration of glucose in the samples from 0 to 100 mg/dL. For this, the crystal was irradiated with 0.3 to 3 THz waves. By analyzing the obtained S parameter, the refractive index of the crystal corresponding to the particular concentration of glucose was measured using the parameter retrieval method. Refractive indices of the two crystals decreased gradually with the increase in concentration of glucose in the sample. For 1D photonic crystals, a gradual decrease in refractive index was observed at 1 THz. 2D photonic crystal showed this behavior at 2 THz. The proposed sensor was simulated using CST Microwave studio. This will enable us to develop a model which can be used to characterize a glucose sensor. The present study is expected to contribute to blood glucose monitoring. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CST%20microwave%20studio" title="CST microwave studio">CST microwave studio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glucose%20sensor" title=" glucose sensor"> glucose sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photonic%20crystal" title=" photonic crystal"> photonic crystal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terahertz%20waves" title=" terahertz waves"> terahertz waves</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82728/terahertz-glucose-sensors-based-on-photonic-crystal-pillar-array" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82728.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4016</span> Refractive Index, Excess Molar Volume and Viscometric Study of Binary Liquid Mixture of Morpholine with Cumene at 298.15 K, 303.15 K, and 308.15 K</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20K.%20Gill">B. K. Gill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himani%20Sharma"> Himani Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20K.%20Rattan"> V. K. Rattan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Experimental data of refractive index, excess molar volume and viscosity of binary mixture of morpholine with cumene over the whole composition range at 298.15 K, 303.15 K, 308.15 K and normal atmospheric pressure have been measured. The experimental data were used to compute the density, deviation in molar refraction, deviation in viscosity and excess Gibbs free energy of activation as a function of composition. The experimental viscosity data have been correlated with empirical equations like Grunberg- Nissan, Herric correlation and three body McAllister’s equation. The excess thermodynamic properties were fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The variation of these properties with composition and temperature of the binary mixtures are discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cumene" title="cumene">cumene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=excess%20Gibbs%20free%20energy" title=" excess Gibbs free energy"> excess Gibbs free energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=excess%20molar%20volume" title=" excess molar volume"> excess molar volume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morpholine" title=" morpholine"> morpholine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46022/refractive-index-excess-molar-volume-and-viscometric-study-of-binary-liquid-mixture-of-morpholine-with-cumene-at-29815-k-30315-k-and-30815-k" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46022.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4015</span> The Effect of the Calcination Temperature and SiO2 Addition on the Physical Properties’ of Sol Gel TiO2 Thin Films</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nour%20El%20Houda%20Arabi">Nour El Houda Arabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aicha%20Iratni"> Aicha Iratni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Talaighil%20Razika"> Talaighil Razika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bruno%20Capoen"> Bruno Capoen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Bouazaoui"> Mohamed Bouazaoui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we report the effect of the calcination temperature and SiO2 addition on structural, optical and hydrophilicity of TiO2 films deposited by deep-coating sol-gel process. XRD investigation of the structural TiO2 films with increasing the temperature calcination, reveals that rutile phase will appear for the high temperature (>1000°C). However, the addition of SiO2 relate the densification of TiO2 films. Ellipsometric and UV-visible measure show that the refractive index grow with increasing temperature, against the film thickness decreases. On the other hand, the addition of SiO2 decreases the refractive index and increases the TiO2 film thickness. Finally, the hydrophilicity is assisted by contact angle measurement. It is found that addition of 50% of SiO2 to TiO2 is most effective for reducing the contact angle of water. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20properties" title="physical properties">physical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol" title=" sol"> sol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gel" title=" gel"> gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiO2%2FSiO2%20composite%20films" title=" TiO2/SiO2 composite films"> TiO2/SiO2 composite films</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24780/the-effect-of-the-calcination-temperature-and-sio2-addition-on-the-physical-properties-of-sol-gel-tio2-thin-films" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24780.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4014</span> Effective Medium Approximations for Modeling Ellipsometric Responses from Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP) Tribofilms Formed on Sliding Surfaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Miranda-Medina">Maria Miranda-Medina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Salopek"> Sara Salopek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andras%20Vernes"> Andras Vernes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Jech"> Martin Jech</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sliding lubricated surfaces induce the formation of tribofilms that reduce friction, wear and prevent large-scale damage of contact parts. Engine oils and lubricants use antiwear and antioxidant additives such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) from where protective tribofilms are formed by degradation. The ZDDP tribofilms are described as a two-layer structure composed of inorganic polymer material. On the top surface, the long chain polyphosphate is a zinc phosphate and in the bulk, the short chain polyphosphate is a mixed Fe/Zn phosphate with a gradient concentration. The polyphosphate chains are partially adherent to steel surface through a sulfide and work as anti-wear pads. In this contribution, ZDDP tribofilms formed on gray cast iron surfaces are studied. The tribofilms were generated in a reciprocating sliding tribometer with a piston ring-cylinder liner configuration. Fully formulated oil of SAE grade 5W-30 was used as lubricant during two tests at 40Hz and 50Hz. For the estimation of the tribofilm thicknesses, spectroscopic ellipsometry was used due to its high accuracy and non-destructive nature. Ellipsometry works under an optical principle where the change in polarisation of light reflected by the surface, is associated with the refractive index of the surface material or to the thickness of the layer deposited on top. Ellipsometrical responses derived from tribofilms are modelled by effective medium approximation (EMA), which includes the refractive index of involved materials, homogeneity of the film and thickness. The materials composition was obtained from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies, where the presence of ZDDP, O and C was confirmed. From EMA models it was concluded that tribofilms formed at 40 Hz are thicker and more homogeneous than the ones formed at 50 Hz. In addition, the refractive index of each material is mixed to derive an effective refractive index that describes the optical composition of the tribofilm and exhibits a maximum response in the UV range, being a characteristic of glassy semitransparent films. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20medium%20approximation" title="effective medium approximation">effective medium approximation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reciprocating%20sliding%20tribometer" title=" reciprocating sliding tribometer"> reciprocating sliding tribometer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectroscopic%20ellipsometry" title=" spectroscopic ellipsometry"> spectroscopic ellipsometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20dialkyldithiophosphate" title=" zinc dialkyldithiophosphate"> zinc dialkyldithiophosphate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55123/effective-medium-approximations-for-modeling-ellipsometric-responses-from-zinc-dialkyldithiophosphates-zddp-tribofilms-formed-on-sliding-surfaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55123.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">251</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4013</span> Improvement of Egyptian Vacuum Distillates by Solvent Dewaxing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehssan%20M.%20R.%20Nassef">Ehssan M. R. Nassef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> De-waxing of vacuum distillates by using solvent was investigated in the present study. The present work deals with studying solvent dewaxing system which have been developed to give better dewaxing performance with respect to the important factors in the choice of solvents which are good solubility of oil in the solvent and low solubility of wax in the solvent. In this study, solvent dewaxing process using Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) and toluene are used for Egyptian vacuum distillates using two types of distillates. The effect of varying the composition of(MEK to toluene) on the percent yield of the oil, percent of wax, pour point, refractive index at 20 and 70°C, viscosity at 40 and 100°C, viscosity index and specific gravity of the oil produced for the two types of distillates (I & II) were evaluated. In the present study, the operating conditions of solvent dewaxing using MEK toluene mixture achieved the best pour point at -15°C for distillate I at (1:1) solvent composition mixture. At the same ratio of MEK to toluene the best specific gravity of oil produced changed from 0.871 to 0.8802, with refractive index of 1.84. Percent yield of 65% for oil was obtained. The results for distillate II, of higher specific gravity, are comparatively higher than those for distillate I. The effect of temperature was also investigated and the best temperature was -20°C. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dewaxing" title="dewaxing">dewaxing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvent%20dewaxing" title=" solvent dewaxing"> solvent dewaxing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pour%20point" title=" pour point"> pour point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lubricating%20oil%20production" title=" lubricating oil production"> lubricating oil production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wax" title=" wax "> wax </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22202/improvement-of-egyptian-vacuum-distillates-by-solvent-dewaxing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22202.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">532</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4012</span> Comparative Analysis of the Treatment of Okra Seed and Soy Beans Oil with Crude Enzyme Extract from Malted Rice </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduzor%20Esther">Eduzor Esther</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uhiara%20Ngozi"> Uhiara Ngozi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ya%E2%80%99u%20Abubakar%20Umar"> Ya’u Abubakar Umar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anayo%20Jacob%20Gabriel"> Anayo Jacob Gabriel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umar%20Ahmed"> Umar Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study investigated the characteristic effect of treating okra seed and soybeans seed oil with crude enzymes extract from malted rice. The oils from okra seeds and soybeans were obtained by solvent extraction method using N-hexane solvent. Soybeans seeds had higher percentage oil yield than okra seed. 250ml of each oil was thoroughly mixed with 5ml of the malted rice extract at 400C for 5mins and then filtered and regarded as treated oil while another batch of 250ml of each oil was not mixed with the malted rice extract and regarded as untreated oil. All the oils were analyzed for specific gravity, refractive index, emulsification capacity, absortivity, TSS and viscosity. Treated okra seed and soybeans oil gave higher values for specific gravity, than the untreated oil for okra seed and soybeans oil respectively. The emulsification capacity values were also higher for treated oils, when compared to the untreated oil, for okra seed and soybeans oil respectively. Treated okra seed and soybeans oil also had higher range of values for absorptivity, than the untreated oil for okra seed and soybeans respectively. The ranges of T.S.S values of the treated oil were also higher, than those of the untreated oil for okra seed and soybeans respectively. The results of viscosity showed that the treated oil had higher values, than the untreated oil for okra seed and soybeans oil respectively. However, the results of refractive index showed that the untreated oils had higher values ranges of than the treated oils for okra seed and soybeans respectively. Treated oil show better quality in respect to the parameters analyst, except the refractive index which is slightly less but also is within the rangiest of standard, the oils are high in unsaturation especially okra oil when compared with soya beans oil. It is recommended that, treated oil of okra seeds and soya beans can serve better than many oils that presently in use such as ground nut oil, palm oil and cotton seeds oil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extract" title="extract">extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malted" title=" malted"> malted</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil" title=" oil"> oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=okra" title=" okra"> okra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice" title=" rice"> rice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seed" title=" seed"> seed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soybeans" title=" soybeans "> soybeans </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28903/comparative-analysis-of-the-treatment-of-okra-seed-and-soy-beans-oil-with-crude-enzyme-extract-from-malted-rice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28903.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4011</span> Pattern of Refractive Error, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Eye Health among the Primary School Children in Bangladesh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Husain%20Rajib">Husain Rajib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20S.%20Kishor"> K. S. Kishor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20G.%20Jewel"> D. G. Jewel </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Uncorrected refractive error is a common cause of preventable visual impairment in pediatric age group which can be lead to blindness but early detection of visual impairment can reduce the problem that will have good effective in education and more involve in social activities. Glasses are the cheapest and commonest form of correction of refractive errors. To achieve this, patient must exhibit good compliance to spectacle wear. Patient’s attitude and perception of glasses and eye health could affect compliance. Material and method: A Prospective community based cross sectional study was designed in order to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices about refractive errors and eye health amongst the primary school going children. Result: Among 140 respondents, 72 were males and 68 were females. We found 50 children were myopic and out of them 26 were male and 24 were female, 27 children were hyperopic and out of them 14 were male and 13 were female. About 63 children were astigmatic and out of them 32 were male and 31 were female. The level of knowledge, attitude was satisfactory. The attitude of the students, teachers and parents was cooperative which helps to do cycloplegic refraction. Practice was not satisfactory due to social stigma and information gap. Conclusion: Knowledge of refractive error and acceptance of glasses for the correction of uncorrected refractive error. Public awareness program such as vision screening program, eye camp, and teachers training program are more beneficial for wearing and prescribing spectacle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20error" title="refractive error">refractive error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stigma" title=" stigma"> stigma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge" title=" knowledge"> knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitude" title=" attitude"> attitude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=practice" title=" practice"> practice</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37712/pattern-of-refractive-error-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-about-eye-health-among-the-primary-school-children-in-bangladesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37712.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4010</span> Role of Vision Centers in Eliminating Avoidable Blindness Caused Due to Uncorrected Refractive Error in Rural South India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranitha%20Guna%20Selvi%20D">Ranitha Guna Selvi D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramakrishnan%20R"> Ramakrishnan R</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohideen%20Abdul%20Kader"> Mohideen Abdul Kader</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: To study the role of Vision centers in managing preventable blindness through refractive error correction in Rural South India. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients attending 15 Vision centers in Rural South India from a period of January 2021 to December 2021 was done. Medical records of 10,85,81 patients both new and reviewed, 79,562 newly registered patients and 29,019 review patient’s from15 Vision centers were included for data analysis. All the patients registered at the vision center underwent basic eye examination, including visual acuity, IOP measurement, Slit-lamp examination, retinoscopy, Fundus examination etc. Results: A total of 1,08,581 patients were included in the study. Of the total 1,08,581 patients, 79,562 were newly registered patients at Vision center and 29,019 were review patients. Males were 52,201(48.1%) and Females were 56,308(51.9) among them. The mean age of all examined patients was 41.03 ± 20.9 years (Standard deviation) and ranged from 01 – 113 years. Presenting mean visual acuity was 0.31 ± 0.5 in the right eye and 0.31 ± 0.4 in the left eye. Of the 1,08,581 patients 22,770 patients had refractive error in right eye and 22,721 patients had uncorrected refractive error in left eye. Glass prescription was given to 17,178 (15.8%) patients. 8,109 (7.5%) patients were referred to the base hospital for specialty clinic expert opinion or for cataract surgery. Conclusion: Vision center utilizing teleconsultation for comprehensive eye screening unit is a very effective tool in reducing the avoidable visual impairment caused due to uncorrected refractive error. Vision Centre model is believed to be efficient as it facilitates early detection and management of uncorrected refractive errors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20error" title="refractive error">refractive error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncorrected%20refractive%20error" title=" uncorrected refractive error"> uncorrected refractive error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vision%20center" title=" vision center"> vision center</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vision%20technician" title=" vision technician"> vision technician</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teleconsultation" title=" teleconsultation"> teleconsultation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146361/role-of-vision-centers-in-eliminating-avoidable-blindness-caused-due-to-uncorrected-refractive-error-in-rural-south-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4009</span> Enhanced Tensor Tomographic Reconstruction: Integrating Absorption, Refraction and Temporal Effects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lukas%20Vierus">Lukas Vierus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Schuster"> Thomas Schuster</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A general framework is examined for dynamic tensor field tomography within an inhomogeneous medium characterized by refraction and absorption, treated as an inverse source problem concerning the associated transport equation. Guided by Fermat’s principle, the Riemannian metric within the specified domain is determined by the medium's refractive index. While considerable literature exists on the inverse problem of reconstructing a tensor field from its longitudinal ray transform within a static Euclidean environment, limited inversion formulas and algorithms are available for general Riemannian metrics and time-varying tensor fields. It is established that tensor field tomography, akin to an inverse source problem for a transport equation, persists in dynamic scenarios. Framing dynamic tensor tomography as an inverse source problem embodies a comprehensive perspective within this domain. Ensuring well-defined forward mappings necessitates establishing existence and uniqueness for the underlying transport equations. However, the bilinear forms of the associated weak formulations fail to meet the coercivity condition. Consequently, recourse to viscosity solutions is taken, demonstrating their unique existence within suitable Sobolev spaces (in the static case) and Sobolev-Bochner spaces (in the dynamic case), under a specific assumption restricting variations in the refractive index. Notably, the adjoint problem can also be reformulated as a transport equation, with analogous results regarding uniqueness. Analytical solutions are expressed as integrals over geodesics, facilitating more efficient evaluation of forward and adjoint operators compared to solving partial differential equations. Certainly, here's the revised sentence in English: Numerical experiments are conducted using a Nesterov-accelerated Landweber method, encompassing various fields, absorption coefficients, and refractive indices, thereby illustrating the enhanced reconstruction achieved through this holistic modeling approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attenuated%20refractive%20dynamic%20ray%20transform%20of%20tensor%20fields" title="attenuated refractive dynamic ray transform of tensor fields">attenuated refractive dynamic ray transform of tensor fields</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geodesics" title=" geodesics"> geodesics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport%20equation" title=" transport equation"> transport equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscosity%20solutions" title=" viscosity solutions"> viscosity solutions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184677/enhanced-tensor-tomographic-reconstruction-integrating-absorption-refraction-and-temporal-effects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184677.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">51</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4008</span> Effect of Atmospheric Turbulence on Hybrid FSO/RF Link Availability under Qatar's Harsh Climate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abir%20Touati">Abir Touati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Jawad%20Hussain"> Syed Jawad Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Touati"> Farid Touati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ammar%20Bouallegue"> Ammar Bouallegue</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although there has been a growing interest in the hybrid free-space optical link and radio frequency FSO/RF communication system, the current literature is limited to results obtained in moderate or cold environment. In this paper, using a soft switching approach, we investigate the effect of weather inhomogeneities on the strength of turbulence hence the channel refractive index under Qatar harsh environment and their influence on the hybrid FSO/RF availability. In this approach, either FSO/RF or simultaneous or none of them can be active. Based on soft switching approach and a finite state Markov Chain (FSMC) process, we model the channel fading for the two links and derive a mathematical expression for the outage probability of the hybrid system. Then, we evaluate the behavior of the hybrid FSO/RF under hazy and harsh weather. Results show that the FSO/RF soft switching renders the system outage probability less than that of each link individually. A soft switching algorithm is being implemented on FPGAs using Raptor code interfaced to the two terminals of a 1Gbps/100 Mbps FSO/RF hybrid system, the first being implemented in the region. Experimental results are compared to the above simulation results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmospheric%20turbulence" title="atmospheric turbulence">atmospheric turbulence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haze" title=" haze"> haze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20FSO%2FRF" title=" hybrid FSO/RF"> hybrid FSO/RF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outage%20probability" title=" outage probability"> outage probability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractive%20index" title=" refractive index"> refractive index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32927/effect-of-atmospheric-turbulence-on-hybrid-fsorf-link-availability-under-qatars-harsh-climate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32927.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=match%20refractive%20index&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=match%20refractive%20index&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=match%20refractive%20index&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=match%20refractive%20index&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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