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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaktiewe_kuns" title="Interaktiewe kuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Interaktiewe kuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A" title="فن تفاعلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن تفاعلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_interactiu" title="Art interactiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art interactiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaktive_Kunst" title="Interaktive Kunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Interaktive Kunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_interactivo" title="Arte interactivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte interactivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هنر تعاملی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر تعاملی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_interactif" title="Art interactif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art interactif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%9E%99%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%8C_%EC%95%84%ED%8A%B8" title="인터랙티브 아트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인터랙티브 아트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_interattiva" title="Arte interattiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte interattiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactieve_kunst" title="Interactieve kunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Interactieve kunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%96%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="インタラクティブアート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インタラクティブアート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_interativa" title="Arte interativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arte interativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C4%83_interactiv%C4%83" title="Artă interactivă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Artă interactivă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Интерактивное искусство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интерактивное искусство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interakt%C3%ADvne_umenie" title="Interaktívne umenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Interaktívne umenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Интерактивна уметност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интерактивна уметност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaktiivinen_taide" title="Interaktiivinen taide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Interaktiivinen taide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etkile%C5%9Fimli_sanat" title="Etkileşimli sanat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Etkileşimli sanat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Інтерактивне мистецтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інтерактивне мистецтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_thu%E1%BA%ADt_t%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%C3%A1c" title="Nghệ thuật tương tác – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghệ thuật tương tác" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Creative works that involve viewer input</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about display or performance art. For interactive musical performance, see <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">Call and response (music)</a>. For interactive digital music, see <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_music" title="Adaptive music">Adaptive music</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LE_TUNNEL_SOUS_L%27ATLANTIQUE_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LE_TUNNEL_SOUS_L%27ATLANTIQUE_%282%29.jpg/220px-LE_TUNNEL_SOUS_L%27ATLANTIQUE_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LE_TUNNEL_SOUS_L%27ATLANTIQUE_%282%29.jpg/330px-LE_TUNNEL_SOUS_L%27ATLANTIQUE_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LE_TUNNEL_SOUS_L%27ATLANTIQUE_%282%29.jpg/440px-LE_TUNNEL_SOUS_L%27ATLANTIQUE_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>The Tunnel under the Atlantic (1995), <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a>, Virtual Reality Interactive Installation, a video link between gallery visitors in Paris and Montreal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chambre_a_Musique_CCL_1983-nb02-Sedano-de-Ory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chambre_a_Musique_CCL_1983-nb02-Sedano-de-Ory.jpg/220px-Chambre_a_Musique_CCL_1983-nb02-Sedano-de-Ory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chambre_a_Musique_CCL_1983-nb02-Sedano-de-Ory.jpg/330px-Chambre_a_Musique_CCL_1983-nb02-Sedano-de-Ory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chambre_a_Musique_CCL_1983-nb02-Sedano-de-Ory.jpg/440px-Chambre_a_Musique_CCL_1983-nb02-Sedano-de-Ory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption><i>Music Room (1983)</i>, Jean-Robert Sedano and Solveig de Ory in <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> France<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Interactive art</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> that involves the spectator in a way that allows the art to achieve its purpose. Some interactive art <a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">installations</a> achieve this by letting the observer walk through, over or around them; others ask the artist or the spectators to become part of the artwork in some way.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Works of this kind of art frequently feature <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interfaces</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> to respond to motion, heat, meteorological changes or other types of input their makers have programmed the works to respond to. Most examples of virtual <a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_art" title="Electronic art">electronic art</a> are highly interactive. Sometimes, visitors are able to navigate through a <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> environment; some works accept textual or visual input from outside; sometimes an audience can influence the course of a <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance</a> or can even participate in it. Some other interactive artworks are considered as immersive as the quality of interaction involve all the spectrum of surrounding stimuli. <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a> environments like works by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Shaw" title="Jeffrey Shaw">Jeffrey Shaw</a> are highly interactive as the work the spectators – Maurice Benayoun call them "visitors", Miroslaw Rogala calls them (v)users, <a href="/wiki/Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a> "immersants" – interact with take all their fields of perception. </p><p>Though some of the earliest examples of interactive art have been dated back to the 1920s, most <a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital art</a> didn't make its official entry into the world of art until the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul,_C_page_67_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul,_C_page_67-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since this debut, countless museums and venues have been increasingly accommodating digital and interactive art into their productions. This budding genre of art is continuing to grow and evolve in a somewhat rapid manner through internet social sub-culture, as well as through large scale urban installations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactivity_in_art">Interactivity in art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interactive_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Interactivity in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Boundary Functions at the Tokyo Intercommunications Center, 1999." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg/250px-Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg/375px-Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg/500px-Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption><i>Boundary Functions</i> (1998) interactive floor projection by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Snibbe" title="Scott Snibbe">Scott Snibbe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/NTT_InterCommunication_Center" title="NTT InterCommunication Center">NTT InterCommunication Center</a> in Tokyo<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Interactive art is a genre of art in which the viewers participate in some way by providing an input in order to determine the outcome. Unlike traditional art forms, wherein the interaction of the spectator is merely a mental event, interactivity allows for various types of navigation, assembly, and/or contribution to an artwork, which goes far beyond purely psychological activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul,_C_page_67_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul,_C_page_67-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactivity as a medium produces meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interactive art installations are generally computer-based and frequently rely on sensors, which gauge things such as temperature, motion, proximity, and other meteorological phenomena that the maker has programmed in order to elicit responses based on participant action. In interactive artworks, both the audience and the machine work together in dialogue in order to produce a unique artwork for each audience to observe. However, not all observers visualize the same picture. Because it is interactive art, each observer makes their own interpretation of the artwork and it may be completely different from another observer's views.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interactive art can be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">generative art</a> in that it constitutes a dialogue between the artwork and the participant; specifically, the participant has agency, or the ability, even in an unintentional manner, to act upon the artwork and is furthermore invited to do so within the context of the piece, i.e. the work affords the interaction. More often, we can consider that the work takes its visitor into account. In an increasing number of cases, an installation can be defined as a "responsive environment", especially those created by <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">designers</a>. By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative Art</a>, which may be interactive, but not responsive per se, tends to be a monologue – the artwork may change or evolve in the presence of the viewer, but the viewer may not be invited to engage in the reaction but merely enjoy it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interactive_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the new media artist and theorist <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a>, the first piece of interactive art should be the work done by <a href="/wiki/Parrhasius_(painter)" title="Parrhasius (painter)">Parrhasius</a> during his art contest with <a href="/wiki/Zeuxis_(painter)" title="Zeuxis (painter)">Zeuxis</a> described by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, in the fifth century B.C. when Zeuxis tried to unveil the painted curtain. The work takes its meaning from Zeuxis' gesture and wouldn't exist without it. Zeuxis, by its gesture, became part of Parrhasius' work. This shows that the specificity of interactive art resides often less in the use of computers than in the quality of proposed "situations" and the "Other's" involvement in the process of <a href="/wiki/Sensemaking" title="Sensemaking">sensemaking</a>. Nevertheless, computers and real time computing made the task easier and opened the field of virtuality – the potential emergence of unexpected (although possibly pre-written) futures – to contemporary arts. </p><p>Some of the earliest examples of interactive art were created as early as the 1920s. An example is <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>’s piece named <i>Rotary Glass Plates</i>. The artwork required the viewer to turn on the machine and stand at a distance of one meter in order to see an optical illusion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The present idea of interactive art began to flourish more in the 1960s for partly political reasons. At the time, many people found it inappropriate for artists to carry the only creative power within their works.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those artists who held this view wanted to give the audience their own part of this creative process. An early example is found in the early 1960s "change-paintings" of <a href="/wiki/Roy_Ascott" title="Roy Ascott">Roy Ascott</a>, about whom <a href="/wiki/Frank_Popper" title="Frank Popper">Frank Popper</a> has written: "Ascott was among the first artists to launch an appeal for total spectator participation".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the “political” view, it was also current wisdom that interaction and engagement had a positive part to play within the creative process.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, artists began to use new technology such as <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> to experiment with live performances and interactions through the direct broadcast of video and audio.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a> came up with the "Conversation theory". This theory emphasizes the dynamic exchange of information between participants in a system. As a two-way dialogue, this concept of a conversation between the user and the system has shaped artists' thinking about interactivity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interactive art became a large phenomenon due to the advent of computer-based interactivity in the 1990s. Along with this came a new kind of art-experience. Audience and machine were now able to more easily work together in dialogue in order to produce a unique artwork for each audience.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a> and galleries began increasingly incorporating the art form in their shows, some even dedicating entire <a href="/wiki/Exhibition" title="Exhibition">exhibitions</a> to it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This continues today and is only expanding due to increased communications through digital media. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10.000_Moving_Cities,_Augmented_Reality_Multiplayer_Game.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/10.000_Moving_Cities%2C_Augmented_Reality_Multiplayer_Game.png/220px-10.000_Moving_Cities%2C_Augmented_Reality_Multiplayer_Game.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/10.000_Moving_Cities%2C_Augmented_Reality_Multiplayer_Game.png/330px-10.000_Moving_Cities%2C_Augmented_Reality_Multiplayer_Game.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/10.000_Moving_Cities%2C_Augmented_Reality_Multiplayer_Game.png/440px-10.000_Moving_Cities%2C_Augmented_Reality_Multiplayer_Game.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>10.000 Moving Cities (2018), <a href="/wiki/Marc_Lee" title="Marc Lee">Marc Lee</a>, Augmented Reality Multiplayer Game, Art Installation<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A hybrid emerging discipline drawing on the combined interests of specific artists and architects has been created in the last 10–15 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Disciplinary boundaries have blurred, and significant number of architects and interactive designers have joined electronic artists in the creation of new, custom-designed interfaces and evolutions in techniques for obtaining user input (such as dog vision, alternative sensors, <a href="/wiki/Voice_analysis" title="Voice analysis">voice analysis</a>, etc.); forms and tools for information display (such as <a href="/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">video projection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">mechatronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a>, led lighting etc.); modes for human-human and human-machine communication (through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">telecommunications networks</a>); and to the development of social contexts for interactive systems (such as utilitarian tools, formal experiments, games and entertainment, social critique, and political liberation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interactive_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolognini-CIMs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bolognini-CIMs.JPG/220px-Bolognini-CIMs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bolognini-CIMs.JPG/330px-Bolognini-CIMs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bolognini-CIMs.JPG/440px-Bolognini-CIMs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Bolognini" title="Maurizio Bolognini">Maurizio Bolognini</a>, <i>Collective Intelligence Machines</i> series (CIMs, from 2000): interactive installations using the mobile phone network and participation technologies taken from e-democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many different forms of interactive art. Such forms range from interactive dance, music, and even drama.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New technology, primarily computer systems and computer technology, have enabled a new class of interactive art.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such interactive art are <a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">installation art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interactive_architecture" title="Interactive architecture">interactive architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interactive_film" title="Interactive film">interactive film</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interactive_storytelling" title="Interactive storytelling">interactive storytelling</a>. Since there is a presumed participant or agent in interactivity, interactive art has a deep connection with performance art.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_and_places">Events and places</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interactive_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Events and places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are number of globally significant festivals and exhibitions of interactive and media arts. <a href="/wiki/Prix_Ars_Electronica" title="Prix Ars Electronica">Prix Ars Electronica</a> is a major yearly competition and exhibition that gives awards to outstanding examples of (technology-driven) interactive art. Others include <a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a> (the Association of Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group in Graphics), ISEA (the International Symposium on Electronic Art), DEAF (the Dutch Electronic Arts Festival), Transmediale Germany, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Language_International_Festival" title="Electronic Language International Festival">Electronic Language International Festival</a> Brazil, and AV Festival England. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Advanced_Inquiry_in_the_Interactive_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Advanced Inquiry in the Interactive Arts">CAiiA</a> (the Centre for Advanced Inquiry in the Interactive Arts) was first established by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Ascott" title="Roy Ascott">Roy Ascott</a> in 1994 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Newport" title="University of Wales, Newport">University of Wales, Newport</a>, and later in 2003 as the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Collegium" title="Planetary Collegium">Planetary Collegium</a>. It was the first doctoral and post doc research center to be established specifically for research in the interactive art field. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Interactive_architecture" title="Interactive architecture">Interactive architecture</a> has now been installed on and as part of building facades, in foyers, museums, and large scale public spaces, including airports, in a number of global cities. A number of leading museums, for example, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria & Albert Museum">Victoria & Albert Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum (London)">Science Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (to cite the leading UK museums active in this field) were early adopters in the field of interactive technologies, investing in educational resources, and more latterly, in the creative use of <a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 players</a> for visitors. In 2004, the Victoria & Albert Museum commissioned curator and author Lucy Bullivant to write Responsive Environments (2006), the first such publication of its kind. Interactive designers are frequently commissioned for museum displays; a number specialize in wearable computing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interactive_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_(development_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiring (development platform)">Wiring</a> – the first <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> electronics prototyping platform composed of a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE), and a <a href="/wiki/Single-board_microcontroller" title="Single-board microcontroller">single-board micro controller</a>. It was developed starting in 2003 by Hernando Barragán and was popularized under the name of <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> – physical computing/electronics toolkit for interactive objects and installations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-CubeX" title="I-CubeX">I-CubeX</a> – sensors, actuators and interfaces for interactive media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max/MSP" class="mw-redirect" title="Max/MSP">Max/MSP</a> – programming language for interactive media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processing_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Processing (programming language)">Processing (programming language)</a> – used for many interactive art projects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenFrameworks" title="OpenFrameworks">OpenFrameworks</a> – <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> tool similar to Processing, used for many interactive projects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Data" title="Pure Data">Pure Data</a> – <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> programming language for interactive computer music and multimedia works</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TouchDesigner" title="TouchDesigner">TouchDesigner</a> – a node based <a href="/wiki/Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">visual programming language</a> for <a href="/wiki/Real-time_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time rendering">real time</a> interactive <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> content</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interactive_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artmedia" title="Artmedia">Artmedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Man" title="Burning Man">Burning Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival">Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-generated art">Computer-generated art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Contextual Theatre">Contextual Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_art" title="Electronic art">Electronic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_art" title="Fax art">Fax art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_Musical_Things" title="Internet of Musical Things">Internet of Musical Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic sculpture">Kinetic sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Cube_Project" title="Life Cube Project">Life Cube Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interactive_artists" title="List of interactive artists">List of interactive artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_art" title="Robotic art">Robotic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_art" title="Video game art">Video game art</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interactive_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambre à Musique:<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ludicart.com/historique/Chambre%20%C3%A0%20Musique%20CCL/Chambre_a_Musique_CCL.html">http://www.ludicart.com/historique/Chambre%20%C3%A0%20Musique%20CCL/Chambre_a_Musique_CCL.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSoler-Adillon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Soler-Adillon, Joan (2015-12-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7238%2Fa.v0i16.2744">"The intangible material of interactive art: agency, behavior and emergence"</a>. <i>Artnodes</i> (16). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7238%2Fa.v0i16.2744">10.7238/a.v0i16.2744</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1695-5951">1695-5951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artnodes&rft.atitle=The+intangible+material+of+interactive+art%3A+agency%2C+behavior+and+emergence&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7238%2Fa.v0i16.2744&rft.issn=1695-5951&rft.aulast=Soler-Adillon&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7238%252Fa.v0i16.2744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInteractive+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul,_C_page_67-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul,_C_page_67_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul,_C_page_67_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul, C: <i>Digital Art</i>, page 67. Thames & Hudson Inc, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snibbe.com/projects/interactive/boundaryfunctions">"Boundary Functions"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muller, L, Edmonds, E, Connel, M: "Living laboratories for interactive art", <i>CoDesign</i>, 2(4):3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul, C: <i>Digital Art</i>, page 11. Thames & Hudson Inc, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popper, Frank (2007). From Technological to Virtual Art. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 77. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16230-2">978-0-262-16230-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds, E, Muller, L, Connel, M: "On creative engagement", <i>Visual Communication</i>, 5(307):3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul, C: <i>Digital Art</i>, page 18. Thames & Hudson Inc, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosen M., "Gordon Pask's Cybernetic System: Conversations After the End of the Mechanical Age" in Samuel Bianchini and Erik Verhagen, <i>Practicable : from participation to interaction in contemporary art</i>, MIT Press, 2016, pp.25-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul, C: <i>Digital Art</i>, page 23. Thames & Hudson Inc, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marclee.io/en/10-000-moving-cities-same-but-different-ar/">"10.000 Moving Cities – Same but Different, AR (Augmented Reality) Multiplayer Game, Art Installation, 2018"</a>. Marc Lee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10.000+Moving+Cities+%E2%80%93+Same+but+Different%2C+AR+%28Augmented+Reality%29+Multiplayer+Game%2C+Art+Installation%2C+2018&rft.pub=Marc+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarclee.io%2Fen%2F10-000-moving-cities-same-but-different-ar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInteractive+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Bolognini" title="Maurizio Bolognini">Maurizio Bolognini</a>, "De l'interaction à la démocratie. Vers un art génératif post-digital" / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bolognini.org/lectures/amx.htm">"From interactivity to democracy. Towards a post-digital generative art"</a>, in <i>Ethique, esthétique, communication technologique</i>, Edition L'Harmattan. Paris, 2011, pp. 229-239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dannenberg, R, Bates, J: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rbd/papers/interactiveart.pdf">A model for interactive art</a>", <i>Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Symposium for Arts and Technology</i>, 51(78):2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dannenberg, R, Bates, J: "A model for interactive art", <i>Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Symposium for Arts and Technology</i>, 51(78):1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2007" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Steve (2007). <i>Digital Performance A History of New Media in Theater, Dance, Performance Art, and Installation</i>. Boston: MIT Press. pp. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262042352" title="Special:BookSources/9780262042352"><bdi>9780262042352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Performance+A+History+of+New+Media+in+Theater%2C+Dance%2C+Performance+Art%2C+and+Installation&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=2%2C+3%2C+4%2C+5%2C+6&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780262042352&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInteractive+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interactive_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Popper" title="Frank Popper">Frank Popper</a>, <i>Art—Action and Participation</i>, New York University Press, 1975</li> <li>Ascott, R.2003. <i>Telematic Embrace: visionary theories of art, technology and consciousness</i>. (<a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Shanken" title="Edward A. Shanken">Edward A. Shanken</a>, ed.) Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ascott" title="Roy Ascott">Roy Ascott</a>. 2002. <i>Technoetic Arts</i> (Editor and Korean translation: YI, Won-Kon), (Media & Art Series no. 6, Institute of Media Art, Yonsei University). Yonsei: Yonsei University Press</li> <li>Ascott, R. 1998. <i>Art & Telematics: toward the Construction of New Aesthetics</i>. (Japanese trans. E. Fujihara). A. Takada & Y. Yamashita eds. Tokyo: NTT Publishing Co., Ltd.</li> <li>Barreto, Ricardo and Perissinotto, Paula <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625200657/http://www.file.org.br/the_culture_of_immanence.doc">“the_culture_of_immanence”</a>, in Internet Art. Ricardo Barreto e Paula Perissinotto (orgs.). São Paulo, IMESP, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7060-038-0" title="Special:BookSources/85-7060-038-0">85-7060-038-0</a>.</li> <li>Brown, Kathryn, <i>Interactive Contemporary Art: Participation in Practice</i>, (I.B. Tauris, 2014).</li> <li>Bullivant, Lucy, <i>Responsive Environments: architecture, art and design</i>, V&A Contemporary, 2006. London:Victoria and Albert Museum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85177-481-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85177-481-5">1-85177-481-5</a></li> <li>Bullivant, Lucy, <i>4dsocial: Interactive Design Environments</i>. London: AD/John Wiley & Sons, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-31911-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-31911-6">978-0-470-31911-6</a></li> <li>Bullivant, Lucy, <i>4dspace: Interactive Architecture</i>. London: AD/John Wiley & Sons, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-09092-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-09092-8">0-470-09092-8</a></li> <li>Dinkla, Söke, "Pioniere Interaktiver Kunst von 1970 bis heute". Hatje Cantz Verlag, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783893229239" title="Special:BookSources/9783893229239">9783893229239</a></li> <li>Dreher, Thomas, <i>The observer as actor in Happenings and context-sensitive installations. A short history of re- and interactive art/Der Beobachter als Akteur in Happenings und umweltsensitiven Installationen. Eine kleine Geschichte der re- & interaktiven Kunst</i>, in German <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dreher.netzliteratur.net/4_Medienkunst_Text.html">http://dreher.netzliteratur.net/4_Medienkunst_Text.html</a>]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/GCA_Indexe.html">Thomas Dreher: History of Computer Art</a>, chap. V: Reactive Installations and Virtual Reality</li> <li>Fleischmann, Monika and Reinhard, Ulrike (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netzspannung.org/media-art/publications/digital-transformations/?lang=en">Digital Transformations - Media Art as at the Interface between Art, Science, Economy and Society</a> online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netzspannung.org/index_en_flash.html">netzspannung.org</a>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-934013-38-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-934013-38-4">3-934013-38-4</a></li> <li>Ernest Edmonds, Linda Candy, Mark Fell, Roger Knott, Sandra Pauletto, Alastair Weakley. 2003. <i>Developing Interactive Art Using Visual Programming</i>. In: Constantine Stephanidis & Julie Jacko (Editors), Human-Computer Interaction: Theory and Practice, (Part II). Volume 2. (Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Crete, June 23–27), Published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London, June 2003, pp. 1183–1187, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-4931-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-4931-9">0-8058-4931-9</a></li> <li>Ernest Edmonds, Greg Turner, Linda Candy. 2004. <i>Approaches to interactive art systems</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=988854&dl=GUIDE&coll=GUIDE&CFID=84286144&CFTOKEN=17758450">Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and South East Asia</a>, June 15–18, 2004, Singapore</li> <li>Fleischmann, Monika; Strauss, Wolfgang (eds.) (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netzspannung.org/version1/cast01/proceedings/index.html">Proceedings</a> of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netzspannung.org/version1/cast01/index.html">»CAST01//Living in Mixed Realities«</a> Intl. Conf. On Communication of Art, Science and Technology, Fraunhofer IMK 2001, 401. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1618-1379">1618-1379</a> (Print), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1618-1387">1618-1387</a> (Internet).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Grau" title="Oliver Grau">Oliver Grau</a> <i>Virtual Art, from Illusion to Immersion</i>, MIT Press 2004, pp. 237–240, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-57223-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-57223-0">0-262-57223-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_Paul_(curator)" title="Christiane Paul (curator)">Christiane Paul</a> (2003). <i>Digital Art</i> (World of Art series). London: Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20367-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20367-9">0-500-20367-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Weibel" title="Peter Weibel">Peter Weibel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Shaw" title="Jeffrey Shaw">Jeffrey Shaw</a>, <i>Future Cinema</i>, MIT Press 2003, pp. 472,572-581, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-69286-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-69286-4">0-262-69286-4</a></li> <li>Wilson, Steve, <i>Information Arts: Intersections of Art, Science</i>, and Technology <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-23209-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-23209-X">0-262-23209-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Shanken" title="Edward A. Shanken">Edward A. Shanken</a>, <i>Art and Electronic Media</i>. London: Phaidon, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-4782-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-4782-5">978-0-7148-4782-5</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Prada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Martín Prada (page does not exist)">Juan Martín Prada</a>, <i>Interactividad electrónica e interacción social</i>, (Chapter 7 of <i>Prácticas artísticas e Internet en la época de las redes sociales</i>), AKAL, Madrid, 2012</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Robert_S%C3%A9dano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Robert Sédano (page does not exist)">Jean-Robert Sédano</a>, <i> L'art interactif en jeu </i>, Un livre interactif avec QR codes et anaglyphes, 2016, Éditions Ludicart, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9555803-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9555803-0-1">978-2-9555803-0-1</a></li> <li>Morignat Valérie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35999136/Real%20Presences%20Within%20Virtual%20Worlds">Real Presences Within Virtual Worlds</a>, Actualités du récit. Pratiques, théories, modèles”, Volume 34 numéro 2-3, 2006, sous la direction de René Audet et Nicolas Xanthos]</li> <li>Morignat Valérie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/pr/2006-v34-n2-3-pr1451/014264ar/">Présences réelles dans les mondes virtuels</a>, Actualités du récit. Pratiques, théories, modèles”, Volume 34 numéro 2-3, 2006, sous la direction de René Audet et Nicolas Xanthos]</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extended_reality" title="Template:Extended reality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extended_reality" title="Template talk:Extended reality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extended_reality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extended reality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extended_reality_(XR)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality (XR)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality (AR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality (MR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality (VR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_virtual_reality" title="Cinematic virtual reality">Cinematic virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_reality" title="Computer-mediated reality">Computer-mediated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-set_virtual_production" title="On-set virtual production">On-set virtual production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">Persistent world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projection_augmented_model" title="Projection augmented model">Projection augmented model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_life" title="Real life">Real life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room-scale" title="Room-scale">Room-scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">Six degrees of freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_computing" title="Spatial computing">Spatial computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">Telepresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_applications" title="Virtual reality applications">Virtual reality applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_sickness" title="Virtual reality sickness">Virtual reality sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_head-mounted_display" title="Optical head-mounted display">optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_reality_headsets" title="List of virtual reality headsets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">Eye tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">Finger tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_tracking" title="Pose tracking">Pose tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_reprojection" title="Asynchronous reprojection">Asynchronous reprojection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveated_rendering" title="Foveated rendering">Foveated rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image-based modeling and rendering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360-degree_video" title="360-degree video">360-degree video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_viewpoint_television" title="Free viewpoint television">Free viewpoint television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera" title="Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera">Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_photography" title="VR photography">VR photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_suit" title="Haptic suit">Haptic suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_treadmill" title="Omnidirectional treadmill">Omnidirectional treadmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberith_Virtualizer" title="Cyberith Virtualizer">Cyberith Virtualizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_Motion" title="Leap Motion">Leap Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Touch" title="Oculus Touch">Oculus Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razer_Hydra" title="Razer Hydra">Razer Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuix_Omni" title="Virtuix Omni">Virtuix Omni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">Wired glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizdish_ROVR" title="Wizdish ROVR">Wizdish ROVR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reality_Labs" title="Reality Labs">Reality Labs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niantic,_Inc." title="Niantic, Inc.">Niantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokoko_(company)" title="Rokoko (company)">Rokoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varjo" title="Varjo">Varjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Apple Vision Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden-i" title="Golden-i">Golden-i headsets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC_Vive" title="HTC Vive">HTC Vive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_3" title="Meta Quest 3">Meta Quest 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_3S" title="Meta Quest 3S">3S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">Microsoft HoloLens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HoloLens_2" title="HoloLens 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Virtual_Reality" title="Open Source Virtual Reality">OSVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_4" title="Pico 4">PICO 4 Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR2" title="PlayStation VR2">PlayStation VR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_Index" title="Valve Index">Valve Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix Blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AntVR" title="AntVR">AntVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CastAR" title="CastAR">castAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPL_Research" title="VPL Research">EyePhone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Google Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Google Daydream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Image" title="Liquid Image">Liquid Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Go" title="Oculus Go">Oculus Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Quest" title="Oculus Quest">Oculus Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift" title="Oculus Rift">Oculus Rift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift_CV1" title="Oculus Rift CV1">CV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift_S" title="Oculus Rift S">Rift S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_2" title="Quest 2">Meta Quest 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_Pro" title="Meta Quest Pro">Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_4" title="Pico 4">PICO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Gear_VR" title="Samsung Gear VR">Samsung Gear VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorama" title="Sensorama">Sensorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SixthSense" title="SixthSense">SixthSense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Damocles_(virtual_reality)" title="The Sword of Damocles (virtual reality)">The Sword of Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VFX1_Headgear" title="VFX1 Headgear">VFX1 Headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_fixture" title="Virtual fixture">Virtual fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuality_(product)" title="Virtuality (product)">Virtuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR-1" title="VR-1">VR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unreleased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Iris" title="Project Iris">Project Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_VR" title="Sega VR">Sega VR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARCore" title="ARCore">ARCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARToolKit" title="ARToolKit">ARToolKit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interactive art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_graffiti" title="Virtual graffiti">virtual graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVR" title="OpenVR">OpenVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenXR" title="OpenXR">OpenXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_game" title="Pervasive game">Pervasive game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_related_to_augmented_reality" title="List of software related to augmented reality">Software related to augmented reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_game" title="Virtual reality game">Virtual reality game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuforia_Augmented_Reality_SDK" title="Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK">Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HTC_Vive_games" title="List of HTC Vive games">List of HTC Vive games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Meta_Quest_games" title="List of Meta Quest games">List of Meta Quest games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oculus_Rift_games" title="List of Oculus Rift games">List of Oculus Rift games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_VR_games" title="List of PlayStation VR games">List of PlayStation VR games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_VR2_games" title="List of PlayStation VR2 games">VR2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Bekaert" title="Philippe Bekaert">Philippe Bekaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Birrell" title="Simon Birrell">Simon Birrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bolas" title="Mark Bolas">Mark Bolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Bradley_(actor)" title="Brendan Bradley (actor)">Brendan Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%A1tjan_Burger" title="Boštjan Burger">Boštjan Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Cruz-Neira" title="Carolina Cruz-Neira">Carolina Cruz-Neira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Darling" title="Ela Darling">Ela Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_K._Feiner" title="Steven K. Feiner">Steven K. Feiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Fisher_(technologist)" title="Scott Fisher (technologist)">Scott Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Foster_II" title="Jerome Foster II">Jerome Foster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuchs" title="Henry Fuchs">Henry Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Furness_III" title="Thomas A. Furness III">Thomas A. Furness III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Heilig" title="Morton Heilig">Morton Heilig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Howlett" title="Eric Howlett">Eric Howlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Iribe" title="Brendan Iribe">Brendan Iribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_W._Krueger" title="Myron W. Krueger">Myron W. Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Laurel" title="Brenda Laurel">Brenda Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_C._Lin" title="Ming C. Lin">Ming C. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Bowen_Loftin" title="R. Bowen Loftin">R. Bowen Loftin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Luckey" title="Palmer Luckey">Palmer Luckey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Stephen_Meadows" title="Mark Stephen Meadows">Mark Stephen Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_and_Uri_Kranot" title="Michelle and Uri Kranot">Michelle and Uri Kranot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Parisi_(software_developer)" title="Tony Parisi (software developer)">Tony Parisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonny_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Nonny de la Peña">Nonny de la Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Petridis" title="Elia Petridis">Elia Petridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Robinett" title="Warren Robinett">Warren Robinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Sandin" title="Daniel J. Sandin">Daniel J. Sandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Schmalstieg" title="Dieter Schmalstieg">Dieter Schmalstieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Sproull" title="Bob Sproull">Bob Sproull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stenger" title="Nicole Stenger">Nicole Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tachi" title="Susumu Tachi">Susumu Tachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2394336#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2394336#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2394336#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/975979/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4557518-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00000460">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="interaktivní umění"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph206883&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007290794405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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