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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signal_transduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Signal transduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signal_transduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ligands</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ligands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ligands subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ligands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Agonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Antagonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_agonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_agonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Natural agonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_agonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mentha_spp." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mentha_spp."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Mentha spp.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mentha_spp.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvia_divinorum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvia_divinorum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Salvia divinorum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvia_divinorum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibogaine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibogaine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Ibogaine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibogaine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitragyna_speciosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitragyna_speciosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span><i>Mitragyna speciosa</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitragyna_speciosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allosteric_modulators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allosteric_modulators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Allosteric modulators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allosteric_modulators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positive_allosteric_modulators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_allosteric_modulators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Positive allosteric modulators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_allosteric_modulators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_treatment_of_drug_addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_treatment_of_drug_addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role in treatment of drug addiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_treatment_of_drug_addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_%CE%BA-opioide" title="Receptor κ-opioide – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Receptor κ-opioide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPRK1" title="OPRK1 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="OPRK1" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A-Rezeptor" title="Κ-Rezeptor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Κ-Rezeptor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A-opioidretseptor" title="Κ-opioidretseptor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Κ-opioidretseptor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_%CE%BA-opioide" title="Receptor κ-opioide – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Receptor κ-opioide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A-opioideen_errezeptore" title="Κ-opioideen errezeptore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Κ-opioideen errezeptore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recettori_%CE%BA-oppioidi" title="Recettori κ-oppioidi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Recettori κ-oppioidi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa_opioidni_receptor" title="Kapa opioidni receptor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kapa opioidni receptor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa_opioidni_receptor" title="Kapa opioidni receptor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kapa opioidni 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">OPRK1</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4DJH_bilayer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/4DJH_bilayer.png/250px-4DJH_bilayer.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/4DJH_bilayer.png/375px-4DJH_bilayer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/4DJH_bilayer.png/500px-4DJH_bilayer.png 2x" data-file-width="2998" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P33534%20or%20P41145">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P33534,P41145">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4DJH">4DJH</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8154">OPRK1</a></span>, K-OR-1, KOR, KOR-1, OPRK, opioid receptor kappa 1, KOR1, KOP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/165196">165196</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:97439">97439</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=20253">20253</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=OPRK1">OPRK1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000082556">OPRK1 - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 8 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 8 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_8_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 8 (human)">Chromosome 8 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 8 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 8 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_8_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 102.49176397691px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPRK1"><img alt="Genomic location for OPRK1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 108.5px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPRK1"><img alt="Genomic location for OPRK1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">8q11.23</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">53,225,724 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">53,251,637 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 1 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 1 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 1 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 1 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 1 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 3.1281087939907px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPRK1"><img alt="Genomic location for OPRK1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 9.1px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for OPRK1"><img alt="Genomic location for OPRK1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">1 A1|1 1.89 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">5,658,689 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">5,676,354 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000082556">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">endothelial cell</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">pons</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lateral nuclear group of thalamus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">testicle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Brodmann area 23</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">entorhinal cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">middle temporal gyrus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">nucleus accumbens</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">spinal ganglia</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">prefrontal cortex</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000025905">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">Decidua basalis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">arachnoid mater</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gastrula</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">superior frontal gyrus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">wall of uterus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lumbar subsegment of spinal cord</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">submandibular gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">endometrium</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000082556">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_OPRK1_207553_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PBB_GE_OPRK1_207553_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_OPRK1_207553_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PBB_GE_OPRK1_207553_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_OPRK1_207553_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PBB_GE_OPRK1_207553_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_OPRK1_207553_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/4986/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004930">G protein-coupled receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042923">neuropeptide binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">signal transducer activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004985">G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0038048">dynorphin receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033612">receptor serine/threonine kinase binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042277">peptide binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043679">axon terminus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021">integral component of membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043204">perikaryon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045202">synapse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005887">integral component of plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043025">soma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030425">dendrite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043005">neuron projection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634">nucleus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829">cytosol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886">plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030285">integral component of synaptic vesicle membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0099055">integral component of postsynaptic membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0099056">integral component of presynaptic membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1900745">positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042220">response to cocaine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033685">negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007193">adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007600">sensory perception</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051930">regulation of sensory perception of pain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042755">eating behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007626">locomotory behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048148">behavioral response to cocaine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050951">sensory perception of temperature stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0044849">estrous cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1990708">conditioned place preference</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043627">response to estrogen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032868">response to insulin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007200">phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043278">response to morphine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046877">regulation of saliva secretion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033603">positive regulation of dopamine secretion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0038003">G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051607">defense response to virus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042711">maternal behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006955">immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1903937">response to acrylamide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1901381">positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019233">sensory perception of pain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009314">response to radiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045471">response to ethanol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007218">neuropeptide signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071222">cellular response to lipopolysaccharide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0040017">positive regulation of locomotion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007165">signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031635">adenylate cyclase-inhibiting opioid receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007268">chemical synaptic transmission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007186">G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007610">animal behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1904000">positive regulation of eating behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071333">cellular response to glucose stimulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=4986&rn=1">4986</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=18387&rn=1">18387</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000082556;db=core">ENSG00000082556</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000025905;db=core">ENSMUSG00000025905</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P41145">P41145</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P33534">P33534</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001282904">NM_001282904</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000912">NM_000912</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001318497">NM_001318497</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001204371">NM_001204371</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_011011">NM_011011</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001318735">NM_001318735</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000903">NP_000903</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001269833">NP_001269833</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001305426">NP_001305426</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001191300">NP_001191300</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001305664">NP_001305664</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_035141">NP_035141</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr8:53225724-53251637">Chr 8: 53.23 – 53.25 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr1:5658689-5676354">Chr 1: 5.66 – 5.68 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14897645" class="extiw" title="d:Q14897645">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14900997" class="extiw" title="d:Q14900997">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>κ-opioid receptor</b> or <b>kappa opioid receptor</b>, abbreviated <b>KOR</b> or <b>KOP</b> for its ligand <a href="/wiki/Ketazocine" title="Ketazocine">ketazocine</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a> that in humans is encoded by the <i>OPRK1</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>. The KOR is coupled to the <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>i</sub>/G<sub>0</sub></a> and is one of four related <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a> that bind <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a>-like compounds in the brain and are responsible for mediating the effects of these compounds. These effects include altering <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motor control</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>. Dysregulation of this receptor system has been implicated in alcohol and drug addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karkhanis_2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karkhanis_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KOR is a type of <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptor</a> that binds the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_peptide" title="Opioid peptide">opioid peptide</a> <a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a> as the primary <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">endogenous ligand</a> (substrate naturally occurring in the body).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6128656_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6128656-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to dynorphin, a variety of natural <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terpenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Terpenes">terpenes</a> and synthetic ligands bind to the receptor. The KOR may provide a natural addiction control mechanism, and therefore, drugs that target this receptor may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of addiction <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>There is evidence that distribution and/or function of this receptor may differ between sexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Chartoff_Mavrikaki_2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chartoff_Mavrikaki_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20951148_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20951148-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>KORs are widely distributed in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Substantia_gelatinosa_of_Rolando" title="Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando">substantia gelatinosa</a>), and in peripheral tissues. High levels of the receptor have been detected in the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">periaqueductal gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">raphe nuclei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dorsal_raphe_nucleus" title="Dorsal raphe nucleus">dorsal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">ventral tegmental area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">substantia nigra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_striatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal striatum">dorsal striatum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Putamen" title="Putamen">putamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caudate_nucleus" title="Caudate nucleus">caudate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ventral_striatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral striatum">ventral striatum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_tubercle" title="Olfactory tubercle">olfactory tubercle</a>), <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stria_terminalis" title="Stria terminalis">bed nucleus stria terminalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claustrum" title="Claustrum">claustrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midline_thalamic_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Midline thalamic nuclei">midline thalamic nuclei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">locus coeruleus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">spinal trigeminal nucleus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrachial nucleus">parabrachial nucleus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">solitary nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WangSun2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WangSun2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7535487_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7535487-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on receptor binding studies, three variants of the KOR designated κ<sub>1</sub>, κ<sub>2</sub>, and κ<sub>3</sub> have been characterized.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2536435_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2536435-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2553442_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2553442-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only one <a href="/wiki/Complementary_DNA" title="Complementary DNA">cDNA</a> clone has been identified,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8060324_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8060324-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence these receptor subtypes likely arise from interaction of one KOR protein with other membrane associated proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10385123_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10385123-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pain">Pain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly to <a href="/wiki/Mu_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptor</a> (MOR) agonists, KOR agonists are potently <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>, and have been employed clinically in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>. However, KOR agonists also produce <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociation</a>, which has limited their clinical usefulness.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18184783_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18184783-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of KOR agonists that have been used medically as analgesics include <a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">butorphanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">nalbuphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">levallorphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">pentazocine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">phenazocine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">eptazocine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Difelikefalin" title="Difelikefalin">Difelikefalin</a> (CR845, FE-202845) and <a href="/wiki/CR665" title="CR665">CR665</a> (FE-200665, JNJ-38488502) are peripherally restricted KOR agonists lacking the CNS side effects of centrally active KOR agonists and are currently under clinical investigation as analgesics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consciousness">Consciousness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Centrally active KOR agonists have <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogenic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">dissociative</a> effects, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">salvinorin A</a> (the active constituent in <i><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></i>). These effects are generally undesirable in medicinal drugs. It is thought that the hallucinogenic and dysphoric effects of opioids such as <a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">butorphanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">nalbuphine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">pentazocine</a> serve to limit their abuse potential. In the case of salvinorin A, a structurally novel <a href="/wiki/Neoclerodane" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclerodane">neoclerodane</a> <a href="/wiki/Diterpene" title="Diterpene">diterpene</a> KOR agonist, these hallucinogenic effects are sought by recreational users, despite the dysphoria experienced by some users. Another KOR agonist with comparable effects is <a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">ibogaine</a>, which has possible medical application in addiction treatment. While these KOR agonists possess hallucinogenic and dissociative effects, they are mechanistically and qualitatively different from those of the <a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5HT2AR</a> agonist <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic hallucinogens</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">lysergic acid diethylamide</a> (LSD) or <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> and those of <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDAR antagonist</a> dissociatives/anesthetics <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12192085_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12192085-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Claustrum" title="Claustrum">claustrum</a> is the region of the brain in which the KOR is most densely expressed.<sup id="cite_ref-AddyGarcia-Romeu2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AddyGarcia-Romeu2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StiefelMerrifield2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StiefelMerrifield2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChauSalazar2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChauSalazar2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that this area, based on its structure and connectivity, has "a role in coordinating a set of diverse brain functions", and the claustrum has been elucidated as playing a crucial role in <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StiefelMerrifield2014_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StiefelMerrifield2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChauSalazar2015_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChauSalazar2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As examples, lesions of the claustrum in humans are associated with disruption of consciousness and cognition, and electrical stimulation of the area between the <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">insula</a> and the claustrum has been found to produce an immediate loss of consciousness in humans along with recovery of consciousness upon cessation of the stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-ChauSalazar2015_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChauSalazar2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KoubeissiBartolomei2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KoubeissiBartolomei2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of the preceding knowledge, it has been proposed that inhibition of the claustrum (as well as, "additionally, the deep layers of the cortex, mainly in prefrontal areas") by activation of KORs in these areas is primarily responsible for the profound consciousness-altering/dissociative hallucinogen effects of salvinorin A and other KOR agonists.<sup id="cite_ref-StiefelMerrifield2014_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StiefelMerrifield2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChauSalazar2015_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChauSalazar2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it has been stated that "the subjective effects of <i>S. divinorum</i> indicate that salvia disrupts certain facets of consciousness much more than the largely serotonergic hallucinogen [LSD]", and it has been postulated that inhibition of a brain area that is apparently as fundamentally involved in consciousness and higher cognitive function as the claustrum may explain this.<sup id="cite_ref-StiefelMerrifield2014_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StiefelMerrifield2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these conclusions are merely tentative, as "[KORs] are not exclusive to the claustrum; there is also a fairly high density of receptors located in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and putamen", and "disruptions to other brain regions could also explain the consciousness-altering effects [of salvinorin A]".<sup id="cite_ref-ChauSalazar2015_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChauSalazar2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In supplementation of the above, according to Addy et al.:<sup id="cite_ref-AddyGarcia-Romeu2015_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AddyGarcia-Romeu2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Theories suggest the claustrum may act to bind and integrate multisensory information, or else to encode sensory stimuli as salient or nonsalient (Mathur, 2014). One theory suggests the claustrum harmonizes and coordinates activity in various parts of the cortex, leading to the seamless integrated nature of subjective conscious experience (Crick and Koch, 2005; Stiefel et al., 2014). Disrupting claustral activity may lead to conscious experiences of disintegrated or unusually bound sensory information, perhaps including <a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">synesthesia</a>. Such theories are in part corroborated by the fact that [salvia divinorum], which functions almost exclusively on the KOR system, can cause consciousness to be decoupled from external sensory input, leading to experiencing other environments and locations, perceiving other "beings" besides those actually in the room, and forgetting oneself and one's body in the experience.</i><sup id="cite_ref-AddyGarcia-Romeu2015_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AddyGarcia-Romeu2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mood,_stress,_and_addiction"><span id="Mood.2C_stress.2C_and_addiction"></span>Mood, stress, and addiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mood, stress, and addiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Role_in_treatment_of_drug_addiction">κ-opioid receptor § Role in treatment of drug addiction</a></div> <p>The involvement of the KOR in <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (biological)">stress</a>, as well as in consequences of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic stress</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">anhedonia</a>, and increased <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">drug-seeking behavior</a>, has been made clear.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18184783_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18184783-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KOR agonists are notably <a href="/wiki/Dysphoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysphoric">dysphoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aversive" class="mw-redirect" title="Aversive">aversive</a> at sufficient doses.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16924269_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16924269-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KOR antagonists <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a>, as <a href="/wiki/ALKS-5461" class="mw-redirect" title="ALKS-5461">ALKS-5461</a> (a combination formulation with <a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">samidorphan</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Aticaprant" title="Aticaprant">aticaprant</a> (LY-2456302, CERC-501) are currently in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical development">clinical development</a> for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24690494_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24690494-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a> and <a href="/wiki/PF-4455242" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-4455242">PF-4455242</a> were also under investigation but development was halted in both cases due to <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24690494_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24690494-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The depressive-like behaviors following prolonged <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> abstinence appear to be mediated by upregulation of the KOR/dynorphin system in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a>, as the local application of a KOR antagonist prevented the behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26049060_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26049060-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, KOR antagonists might be useful for the treatment of depressive symptoms associated with <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioid withdrawal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26049060_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26049060-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a small clinical study, <a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">pentazocine</a>, a KOR agonist, was found to rapidly and substantially reduce symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a> in patients with <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chartoff_Mavrikaki_2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chartoff_Mavrikaki_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was postulated that the efficacy observed was due to KOR activation-mediated amelioration of excessive <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">dopaminergic</a> signaling in the <a href="/wiki/Reward_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Reward pathway">reward pathways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chartoff_Mavrikaki_2015_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chartoff_Mavrikaki_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of other effects of KOR activation are known: </p> <ul><li>Activation of the KOR appears to antagonize many of the effects of the MOR, including <a href="/wiki/Analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesia">analgesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opioid#Tolerance" title="Opioid">tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9584625_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9584625-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">nalmefene</a> are dual MOR antagonists and KOR agonists that have been used clinically as <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidotes</a> for opioid <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a>, although the specific role and significance of KOR activation in this indication, if any, is uncertain. In any case however, KOR agonists notably do not affect respiratory drive, and hence do not reverse MOR activation-induced <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KayeVadivelu2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KayeVadivelu2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>KOR agonists suppress <a href="/wiki/Itching" class="mw-redirect" title="Itching">itching</a>, and the selective KOR agonist <a href="/wiki/Nalfurafine" title="Nalfurafine">nalfurafine</a> is used clinically as an <a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">antipruritic</a> (anti-itch drug).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a> is a peripherally restricted KOR agonist as well as MOR agonist and DOR antagonist that has been approved for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>-predominant <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asimadoline" title="Asimadoline">Asimadoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fedotozine" title="Fedotozine">fedotozine</a> are selective and similarly peripherally restricted KOR agonists that were also investigated for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and reportedly demonstrated at least some efficacy for this indication but were ultimately never marketed.</li> <li>KOR agonists are known for their characteristic <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a> effects, due to their negative regulation of <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a>, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2547626_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2547626-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>KOR agonism is <a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">neuroprotective</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16049424_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16049424-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The selective KOR agonist <a href="/wiki/U-50488" title="U-50488">U-50488</a> protected rats against supramaximal <a href="/wiki/Electroshock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroshock">electroshock</a> <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>, indicating that KOR agonism may have <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a> effects.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signal_transduction">Signal transduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Signal transduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>KOR activation by agonists is coupled to the <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>i</sub>/G<sub>0</sub></a>, which subsequently increases <a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase" title="Phosphodiesterase">phosphodiesterase</a> activity. Phosphodiesterases break down <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a>, producing an inhibitory effect in neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8103800_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8103800-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8381004_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8381004-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2906610_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2906610-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KORs also couple to <a href="/wiki/Inward-rectifier_potassium_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel">inward-rectifier potassium</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7700253_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7700253-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type calcium</a> ion channels.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7700508_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7700508-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies have also demonstrated that agonist-induced stimulation of the KOR, like other <a href="/wiki/G-protein_coupled_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein coupled receptors">G-protein coupled receptors</a>, can result in the activation of <a href="/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinases" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitogen-activated protein kinases">mitogen-activated protein kinases</a> (MAPK). These include <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_signal-regulated_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular signal-regulated kinase">extracellular signal-regulated kinase</a>, <a href="/wiki/P38_mitogen-activated_protein_kinases" title="P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases">p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C-Jun_N-terminal_kinases" title="C-Jun N-terminal kinases">c-Jun N-terminal kinases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10646507_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10646507-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15944153_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15944153-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16648139_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16648139-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18766023_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18766023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14996948_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14996948-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17702750_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17702750-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligands">Ligands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ligands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:22-Thiocyanatosalvinorin_A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/22-Thiocyanatosalvinorin_A.png/233px-22-Thiocyanatosalvinorin_A.png" decoding="async" width="233" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/22-Thiocyanatosalvinorin_A.png/350px-22-Thiocyanatosalvinorin_A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/22-Thiocyanatosalvinorin_A.png/466px-22-Thiocyanatosalvinorin_A.png 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>22-Thiocyanatosalvinorin A (RB-64) is a <a href="/wiki/Functional_selectivity" title="Functional selectivity">functionally-selective</a> κ-opioid receptor agonist.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agonists">Agonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The synthetic alkaloid <a href="/wiki/Ketazocine" title="Ketazocine">ketazocine</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid6251477_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6251477-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Diterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diterpenoid">terpenoid</a> natural product <a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">salvinorin A</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12192085_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12192085-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are potent and selective KOR <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a>. The KOR also mediates the <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a> seen with opioids such as <a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">pentazocine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2859972_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2859972-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Benzomorphan" title="Benzomorphan">Benzomorphans</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine</a>– partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremazocine" title="Bremazocine">Bremazocine</a> – highly selective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Carboxamidocyclazocine" title="8-Carboxamidocyclazocine">8-Carboxamidocyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a> – partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazocine" title="Ketazocine">Ketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a> – partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a> – partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a> – partial agonist</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Morphinan" title="Morphinan">Morphinans</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-Guanidinonaltrindole</a> (6'-GNTI) – biased ligand: G protein agonist, β-arrestin antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a> – full agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a> – partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclorphan" title="Cyclorphan">Cyclorphan</a> – full agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a> – non-selective, partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a> – non-selective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> – alkaloid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a> – partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalfurafine" title="Nalfurafine">Nalfurafine</a> – full agonist, atypical agonist (possibly biased or subtype-selective)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a> – partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">Nalodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a> – partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a> – partial agonist, peripherally-selective metabolite of buprenorphine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide" title="Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide">Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide</a> – likely partial agonist, peripherally-selective metabolite of buprenorphine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a> – partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> – selective for κ<sub>2b</sub> subtype<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17467904_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17467904-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxorphan" title="Proxorphan">Proxorphan</a> – partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a> – non-selective, weak partial agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a> – partial agonist</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Aryl" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryl">Aryl</a><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">acetamides</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asimadoline" title="Asimadoline">Asimadoline</a> – peripherally-selective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-52537" title="BRL-52537">BRL-52537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enadoline" title="Enadoline">Enadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GR-89696" title="GR-89696">GR-89696</a> – selective for κ<sub>2</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-204,448" title="ICI-204,448">ICI-204,448</a> – peripherally-selective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-199,441" title="ICI-199,441">ICI-199,441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPK-26" title="LPK-26">LPK-26</a> – highly selective</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MB-1C-OH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MB-1C-OH (page does not exist)">MB-1C-OH</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25816912">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niravoline" title="Niravoline">Niravoline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-MPPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-MPPP (page does not exist)">N-MPPP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8071934">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiradoline" title="Spiradoline">Spiradoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-50,488" class="mw-redirect" title="U-50,488">U-50,488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-54,494A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-54,494A (page does not exist)">U-54,494A</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2824750">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-69,593" title="U-69,593">U-69,593</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">Peptides</a> (endo-/exogenous)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CR665" title="CR665">CR665</a> – peripherally-selective <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.caratherapeutics.com/cr845-other.shtml">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difelikefalin" title="Difelikefalin">Difelikefalin (CR845)</a> – peripherally-selective <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.caratherapeutics.com/cr845.shtml">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">Dynorphins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">dynorphin A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_B" title="Dynorphin B">dynorphin B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_dynorphin" title="Big dynorphin">big dynorphin</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erinacine" title="Erinacine">Erinacine E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a> – G protein <a href="/wiki/Biased_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Biased agonist">biased agonist</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Functional_selectivity" title="Functional selectivity">bias factor</a> of 96; β-arrestin antagonist<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25320048_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25320048-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> – naturally-occurring</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_methoxymethyl_ether" title="Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether">2-Methoxymethyl salvinorin B</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18089845_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18089845-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and its <a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_ethoxymethyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether">ethoxymethyl</a> and fluoroethoxymethyl homologues<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17981041_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17981041-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19153716_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19153716-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Others/unsorted</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apadoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apadoline (page does not exist)">Apadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HS665" title="HS665">HS665</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23134120">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ-2" title="HZ-2">HZ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a> – alkaloid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a> (weak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a> – non-selective, biased ligand: G protein agonist, β-arrestin antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifluadom" title="Tifluadom">Tifluadom</a> – (atypical) benzodiazepine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a> - partial agonist at high concentrations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSC-12-192" title="KSC-12-192">KSC-12-192</a> - selective, biased ligand: G protein agonist, β-arrestin antagonist</li></ul> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nalfurafine" title="Nalfurafine">Nalfurafine</a> (Remitch), which was introduced in 2009, is the first selective KOR agonist to enter clinical use.<sup id="cite_ref-Patrick2013_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patrick2013-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nagase2011_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagase2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antagonists">Antagonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%27-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5'-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">5'-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole</a> (ANTI) – selective <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10893314">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="5'-Guanidinonaltrindole">5'-Guanidinonaltrindole</a> (5'-GNTI) – selective, long-acting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-Guanidinonaltrindole</a> (6'-GNTI) – biased ligand: G protein agonist, β-arrestin antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amentoflavone" title="Amentoflavone">Amentoflavone</a> – non-selective; naturally-occurring<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17685652_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17685652-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a> – non-selective, likely long acting; JDTic analogue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aticaprant" title="Aticaprant">Aticaprant</a> – selective, short-acting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaltorphimine" title="Binaltorphimine">Binaltorphimine</a> – selective, long-acting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU09059" title="BU09059">BU09059</a> – selective, short-acting; JDTic analogue<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24410326_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24410326-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> – non-selective; silent antagonist or weak partial agonist, depending on source</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a> – non-selective; silent antagonist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIPPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIPPA (page does not exist)">DIPPA</a> – selective, long-acting <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8201586">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icalcaprant" title="Icalcaprant">Icalcaprant</a> (CVL-354) – selective, short-acting<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a> – selective, long-acting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSC-12-192" title="KSC-12-192">KSC-12-192</a> - selective, biased ligand: G protein agonist, β-arrestin antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a> - non-selective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2459989" title="LY-2459989">LY-2459989</a> – selective, short-acting</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2795050&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2795050 (page does not exist)">LY-2795050</a> – selective, short-acting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a> – non-selective</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML190&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML190 (page does not exist)">ML190</a> – selective <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22091479">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML350 (page does not exist)">ML350</a> – selective, short-acting<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24410326_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24410326-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2266 (page does not exist)">MR-2266</a> – non-selective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a> – non-selective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a> – non-selective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navacaprant" title="Navacaprant">Navacaprant</a> - selective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a> – non-selective; naturally-occurring; biased ligand: G protein agonist, β-arrestin antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbinaltorphimine" title="Norbinaltorphimine">Norbinaltorphimine</a> – selective, long-acting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a> – selective; naturally-occurring<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24456556_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24456556-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4455242" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-4455242">PF-4455242</a> – selective, short-acting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a> – non-selective; silent antagonist; preference for κ<sub>2</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a> (22-thiocyanatosalvinorin A) – G protein <a href="/wiki/Biased_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Biased agonist">biased agonist</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Functional_selectivity" title="Functional selectivity">bias factor</a> of 96; β-arrestin antagonist<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25320048_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25320048-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklophin" title="Zyklophin">Zyklophin</a> – selective peptide antagonist; dynorphin A analogue</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_agonists">Natural agonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Natural agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mentha_spp.">Mentha spp.</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mentha spp."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">menthol</a></div> <p>Found in numerous species of mint, (including <a href="/wiki/Peppermint" title="Peppermint">peppermint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spearmint" title="Spearmint">spearmint</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Watermint" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermint">watermint</a>), the naturally-occurring compound <a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">menthol</a> is a weak KOR agonist<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11897159_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11897159-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> owing to its <a href="/wiki/Antinociceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinociceptive">antinociceptive</a>, or pain blocking, effects in rats. In addition, mints can desensitize a region through the activation of <a href="/wiki/TRPM8" title="TRPM8">TRPM8</a> receptors (the 'cold'/menthol receptor).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16945367_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16945367-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salvia_divinorum">Salvia divinorum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Salvia divinorum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></div> <p>The key compound in <i><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">salvinorin A</a>, is known as a powerful, short-acting KOR agonist.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12192085_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12192085-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17060493_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17060493-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14718611_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14718611-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ibogaine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">ibogaine</a></div> <p>Used for the treatment of addiction in limited countries, ibogaine has become an icon of addiction management among certain underground circles. Despite its lack of addictive properties, ibogaine is listed as a Schedule I compound in the US because it is a <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive">psychoactive</a> substance, hence it is considered illegal to possess under any circumstances. Ibogaine is also a KOR agonist<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9668680_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9668680-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this property may contribute to the drug's anti-addictive efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitragyna_speciosa"><i>Mitragyna speciosa</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mitragyna speciosa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allosteric_modulators">Allosteric modulators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Allosteric modulators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positive_allosteric_modulators">Positive allosteric modulators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Positive allosteric modulators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMS-986187" title="BMS-986187">BMS-986187</a> – also a <a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">δ-opioid receptor</a> (DOR) <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">positive allosteric modulator</a><sup id="cite_ref-WoldChenCunningham2019_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoldChenCunningham2019-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LivingstonStanczykBurford2018_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivingstonStanczykBurford2018-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_treatment_of_drug_addiction">Role in treatment of drug addiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Role in treatment of drug addiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>KOR agonists have been investigated for their therapeutic potential in the treatment of addiction<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15542743_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15542743-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and evidence points towards <a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a>, the endogenous KOR agonist, to be the body's natural addiction control mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18538358_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18538358-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Childhood stress/abuse is a well known predictor of drug abuse and is reflected in alterations of the MOR and KOR systems.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18203949_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18203949-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In experimental "addiction" models the KOR has also been shown to influence stress-induced relapse to drug seeking behavior. For the drug-dependent individual, risk of relapse is a major obstacle to becoming drug-free. Recent reports demonstrated that KORs are required for stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16184376_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16184376-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18575850_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18575850-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One area of the brain most strongly associated with addiction is the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a> (NAcc) and <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a> while other structures that project to and from the NAcc also play a critical role. Though many other changes occur, addiction is often characterized by the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">dopamine D<sub>2</sub> receptors</a> in the NAcc.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11280926_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11280926-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to low NAcc D<sub>2</sub> binding,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17544385_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17544385-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9704885_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9704885-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cocaine is also known to produce a variety of changes to the primate brain such as increases prodynorphin mRNA in caudate putamen (striatum) and decreases of the same in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> while the administration of a KOR agonist produced an opposite effect causing an increase in D<sub>2</sub> receptors in the NAcc.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17055175_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17055175-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, while cocaine overdose victims showed a large increase in KORs (doubled) in the NAcc,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10415668_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10415668-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KOR agonist administration is shown to be effective in decreasing cocaine seeking and self-administration.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10435406_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10435406-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, while cocaine abuse is associated with lowered prolactin response,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16915581_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16915581-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KOR activation causes a release in <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11448491_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11448491-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a hormone known for its important role in learning, neuronal plasticity and myelination.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17314279_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17314279-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been reported that the KOR system is critical for stress-induced drug-seeking. In animal models, stress has been demonstrated to potentiate cocaine reward behavior in a kappa opioid-dependent manner.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12843270_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12843270-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16123746_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16123746-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These effects are likely caused by stress-induced drug craving that requires activation of the KOR system. Although seemingly paradoxical, it is well known that drug taking results in a change from <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Allostasis" title="Allostasis">allostasis</a>. It has been suggested that withdrawal-induced dysphoria or stress-induced dysphoria may act as a driving force by which the individual seeks alleviation via drug taking.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18614026_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18614026-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rewarding properties of drug are altered, and it is clear KOR activation following stress modulates the valence of drug to increase its rewarding properties and cause potentiation of reward behavior, or reinstatement to drug seeking. The stress-induced activation of KORs is likely due to multiple signaling mechanisms. The effects of KOR agonism on dopamine systems are well documented, and recent work also implicates the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and pCREB in KOR-dependent behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18766023_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18766023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bruchas_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruchas-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the predominant drugs of abuse examined have been cocaine (44%), ethanol (35%), and opioids (24%).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31463605_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31463605-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these are different classes of drugs of abuse working through different receptors (increasing dopamine directly and indirectly, respectively) albeit in the same systems produce functionally different responses. Conceptually then pharmacological activation of KOR can have marked effects in any of the psychiatric disorders (depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, etc.) as well as various neurological disorders (i.e. Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease).<sup id="cite_ref-Karkhanis_2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karkhanis_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid30244022_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30244022-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only are genetic differences in dynorphin receptor expression a marker for <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">alcohol dependence</a> but a single dose of a KOR <i>antagonist</i> markedly increased alcohol consumption in lab animals.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16001119_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16001119-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous studies that reflect a reduction in self-administration of alcohol,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17473837_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17473837-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and heroin dependence has also been shown to be effectively treated with KOR agonism by reducing the immediate rewarding effects<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9435173_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9435173-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by causing the curative effect of up-regulation (increased production) of MORs<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12753076_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12753076-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that have been down-regulated during opioid abuse. </p><p>The anti-rewarding properties of KOR agonists are mediated through both long-term and short-term effects. The immediate effect of KOR agonism leads to reduction of dopamine release in the NAcc during self-administration of cocaine<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7898771_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7898771-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over the long term up-regulates receptors that have been down-regulated during substance abuse such as the MOR and the D<sub>2</sub> receptor. These receptors modulate the release of other <a href="/wiki/Neurochemical" title="Neurochemical">neurochemicals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> in the case of MOR agonists and acetylcholine in the case of D<sub>2</sub>. These changes can account for the physical and psychological remission of the pathology of addiction. The longer effects of KOR agonism (30 minutes or greater) have been linked to KOR-dependent stress-induced potentiation and reinstatement of drug seeking. It is hypothesized that these behaviors are mediated by KOR-dependent modulation of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> and/or via activation of downstream signal transduction pathways. </p><p>Of significant note, while KOR activation blocks many of the behavioral and neurochemical responses elicited by drugs of abuse as stated above. These results are indicative of the KOR induced negative affective states counteracting the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. Implicating the KOR/dynorphin system as an anti-reward system, supported by the role of KOR signaling and stress, mediating both stress-induced potentiation of drug reward and stress-induced reinstatement of seeking behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Karkhanis_2017_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karkhanis_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid30244022_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30244022-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn addresses what was thought to be paradoxical above. That is, rather, KOR signaling is activated/upregulated by stress, drugs of abuse and agonist administration - resulting in negative affective state. As such drug addiction is maintained by avoidance of negative affective states manifest in stress, craving, and drug withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20352414_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20352414-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consistent with KOR induced negative affective states and role in drug addiction, KOR antagonists are efficacious at blocking negative affect induced by drug withdrawal and at decreasing escalated drug intake in pre-clinical trial involving extended drug access.<sup id="cite_ref-Karkhanis_2017_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karkhanis_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid30244022_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30244022-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid31463605_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31463605-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinically there has been little advancement to evaluate the effects of KOR antagonists due to adverse effects and undesirable pharmacological profiles for clinical testing (i.e. long half-life, poor bioavailability). More recently, a selective, high-affinity KOR antagonist <a href="/wiki/LY2456302" class="mw-redirect" title="LY2456302">LY2456302</a> was well-tolerated in CUD patients.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29422497_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29422497-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Showing feasibility a subsequent proof-of-mechanism trial evaluated <a href="/wiki/Aticaprant" title="Aticaprant">JNJ-67953964</a> (previously LY2456302) potential for treating anhedonia in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in patients with anhedonia and a mood or anxiety disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32231295_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32231295-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KOR antagonist significantly increased fMRI ventral striatum activation during reward anticipation while accompanied by therapeutic effects on clinical measures of anhedonia, further reinforces the promise of KOR antagonism and proceeding assessment of clinical impact.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32231295_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32231295-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally a positron emission tomography (PET) study in cocaine use disorder (CUD) patients utilizing a KOR selective agonist [<sup>11</sup>C]GR103545 radioligand showed CUD individuals with higher KOR availability were more prone to stress-induced relapse.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31026862_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31026862-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent PET scan following a three-day cocaine binge showed a decrease in KOR availability, interpreted as increased endogenous dynorphin competing with the radioligand at the KOR binding sites.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31026862_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31026862-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taken together these findings are in support of the negative affect state and further implicate the KOR/dynorphin system clinically and therapeutically relevant in humans with CUD. Taken together, in drug addiction the KOR/dynorphin system is implicated as a homeostatic mechanism to counteract the acute effects of drugs of abuse. Chronic drug use and stress up-regulate the system in turn leading to a dysregulated state which induces negative affective states and stress reactivity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30244022_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30244022-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional models of KOR function in drug addiction have postulated that KOR signaling is associated with dysphoria and aversion, thought to underlie the stress-induced exacerbation of addiction. However, recent research in animal models has proposed alternative models, suggesting that KOR-mediated responses may not act directly on negative valence systems but modulate related processes such as novelty processing.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies in humans same to similar conclusions that KORs may modulate various aspects of reward processing in a manner that is independent of the hedonic valence traditionally ascribed to them.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This broadens the potential understanding of KORs in addiction beyond a unidimensional framework, implicating their role in complex behaviors and treatment approaches that do not align strictly with stress or aversion. These emerging perspectives may inform the development of novel pharmacotherapies targeting KORs for the treatment of substance use disorders, as they highlight the receptor's multifaceted role in addiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>KOR has been shown to <a href="/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein-protein interaction">interact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sodium-hydrogen_antiporter_3_regulator_1" title="Sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3 regulator 1">sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3 regulator 1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15070904_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15070904-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12004055_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12004055-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin_C" title="Ubiquitin C">ubiquitin C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18212250_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18212250-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT1A receptor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/RGS12" title="RGS12">RGS12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta opioid receptor">δ-opioid receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin receptor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9A-opioid_receptor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2409">the original</a> on 2014-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPHAR+Database+of+Receptors+and+Ion+Channels&rft.atitle=Opioid+Receptors%3A+%CE%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuphar-db.org%2FGPCR%2FReceptorDisplayForward%3FreceptorID%3D2409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CE%9A-opioid+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=kappa+Opioid+Receptor">kappa+Opioid+Receptor</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template talk:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Cell surface receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_A:_Rhodopsin-like" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptors" title="Rhodopsin-like receptors">Class A</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">Neurotransmitter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1D_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor">D</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/P2RY1" title="P2RY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY2" title="P2RY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY4" title="P2RY4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY6" title="P2RY6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY8" title="P2RY8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR23" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR23">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY10" title="P2RY10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY11" title="P2RY11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y12" title="P2Y12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY13" title="P2RY13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY14" title="P2RY14">14</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">Serotonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(all but <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT3</a>)</i> <a href="/wiki/5-HT1_receptor" title="5-HT1 receptor">5-HT1</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor" title="5-HT1E receptor">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor" title="5-HT1F receptor">F</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT2</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><i>5-HT</i> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT4_receptor" title="5-HT4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor" title="5-HT5A receptor">5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT6_receptor" title="5-HT6 receptor">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5">M5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">D5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">Histamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H4_receptor" title="Histamine H4 receptor">H4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1A" title="Melatonin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1B" title="Melatonin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1C" title="Melatonin receptor 1C">1C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine-associated_receptor" title="Trace amine-associated receptor">TAAR</a> (<a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR2" title="TAAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR5" title="TAAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR6" title="TAAR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR8" title="TAAR8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR9" title="TAAR9">9</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Metabolites and<br />signaling molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_receptor" title="Eicosanoid receptor">Eicosanoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CysLT</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_1" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_2" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4" title="Leukotriene B4">LTB4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor_2" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2"> FPRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoeicosanoid_receptor_1" title="Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1">OXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor" title="Prostaglandin receptor">Prostaglandin</a> <ul><li><i>DP</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">2</a>), <i>EP</i> (<a href="/wiki/EP1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_receptor_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin E receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EP4_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP4 receptor">4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor" title="Prostaglandin F receptor">FP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor">Prostacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor">Thromboxane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_bile_acid_receptor" title="G protein-coupled bile acid receptor">Bile acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">CB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">CB2</a>, <i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">EBI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPER" title="GPER">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor" title="Free fatty acid receptor">Free fatty acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_1" title="Free fatty acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2" title="Free fatty acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_3" title="Free fatty acid receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor">Hydroxycarboxylic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_1" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_3" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophospholipid_receptor" title="Lysophospholipid receptor">Lysophospholipid</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OXGR1" title="OXGR1">Oxoglutarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-activating factor receptor">PAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate" title="Sphingosine-1-phosphate">Sphingosine-1-phosphate</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCNR1" title="SUCNR1">Succinate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Peptide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor" title="GPCR neuropeptide receptor">Neuropeptide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_B/W_receptor" title="Neuropeptide B/W receptor">B/W</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor">FF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor" title="Neuropeptide S receptor">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor">Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y1" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y2" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_receptor_1" title="Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y5" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5">5</a>)</li> <li><i>Neuromedin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor" title="Neuromedin U receptor">U</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_1" title="Neuromedin U receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_2" title="Neuromedin U receptor 2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor" title="Neurotensin receptor">Neurotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_1" title="Neurotensin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_2" title="Neurotensin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylatoxin_receptors" title="Anaphylatoxin receptors">Anaphylatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/C3a_receptor" title="C3a receptor">C3a</a></li> <li>C5a (<a href="/wiki/C5a_receptor" title="C5a receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5AR2" title="C5AR2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_2" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apelin_receptor" title="Apelin receptor">Apelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin_receptor" title="Bombesin receptor">Bombesin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin-like_receptor_3" title="Bombesin-like receptor 3">BRS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor">GRPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">NMBR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor" title="Bradykinin receptor">Bradykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B1" title="Bradykinin receptor B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2" title="Bradykinin receptor B2">B2</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin receptor">Cholecystokinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_A_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor" title="Endothelin receptor">Endothelin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_A_receptor" title="Endothelin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelin B receptor">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor" title="Formyl peptide receptor">Formyl peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_1" title="Formyl peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_3" title="Formyl peptide receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor" title="Galanin receptor">Galanin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1" title="Galanin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_2" title="Galanin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_3" title="Galanin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNRHR" title="GNRHR">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNRHR2" title="GNRHR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiSS1-derived_peptide_receptor" title="KiSS1-derived peptide receptor"> Kisspeptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1_oncogene" title="MAS1 oncogene">MAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MAS1" title="MAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1L" title="MAS1L">1L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRD" title="MRGPRD">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRE" title="MRGPRE">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRF" title="MRGPRF">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRG" title="MRGPRG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX1" title="MRGPRX1">X1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX2" title="MRGPRX2">X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX3" title="MRGPRX3">X3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX4" title="MRGPRX4">X4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor">MCHR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_1" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_2" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin_receptor" title="Motilin receptor">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">Delta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> & <a href="/wiki/OGFr" title="OGFr">Zeta</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_1" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_2" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor" title="Prokineticin receptor">Prokineticin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_1" title="Prokineticin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_2" title="Prokineticin receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor">Prolactin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin_receptor" title="Relaxin receptor">Relaxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_1" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_2" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_3" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_4" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor">Somatostatin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_1" title="Somatostatin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_2" title="Somatostatin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_3" title="Somatostatin receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_4" title="Somatostatin receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_5" title="Somatostatin receptor 5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor" title="Tachykinin receptor">Tachykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_2" title="Tachykinin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_3" title="Tachykinin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin_receptor" title="Thyrotropin receptor">Thyrotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urotensin-II_receptor" title="Urotensin-II receptor">Urotensin-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, bitter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS2R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R1" title="TAS2R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R3" title="TAS2R3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R4" title="TAS2R4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R5" title="TAS2R5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R7" title="TAS2R7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R8" title="TAS2R8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R9" title="TAS2R9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R10" title="TAS2R10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R13" title="TAS2R13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R14" title="TAS2R14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R16" title="TAS2R16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R19" title="TAS2R19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R20" title="TAS2R20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R30" title="TAS2R30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R31" title="TAS2R31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R38" title="TAS2R38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R39" title="TAS2R39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R40" title="TAS2R40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R41" title="TAS2R41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R42" title="TAS2R42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R43" title="TAS2R43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R45" title="TAS2R45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R46" title="TAS2R46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R50" title="TAS2R50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R60" title="TAS2R60">60</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a> type 1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR1" title="GPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR3" title="GPR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR4" title="GPR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR6" title="GPR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR12" title="GPR12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR15" title="GPR15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR17" title="GPR17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR19" title="GPR19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR20" title="GPR20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR21" title="GPR21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR22" title="GPR22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR25" title="GPR25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR26" title="GPR26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR31" title="GPR31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR32" title="GPR32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR33" title="GPR33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR34" title="GPR34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR35" title="GPR35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR37" title="GPR37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR39" title="GPR39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR45" title="GPR45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR50" title="GPR50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR52" title="GPR52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR61" title="GPR61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR62" title="GPR62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR63" title="GPR63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR65" title="GPR65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR68" title="GPR68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR75" title="GPR75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR78" title="GPR78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR81" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR82" title="GPR82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR83" title="GPR83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR84" title="GPR84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR87" title="GPR87">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR88" title="GPR88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR101" title="GPR101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroglutamylated_RFamide_peptide_receptor" title="Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 1">109A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 2">109B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR120" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR132" title="GPR132">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR135" title="GPR135">135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR137B" title="GPR137B">137B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR139" title="GPR139">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR141" title="GPR141">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR142" title="GPR142">142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR146" title="GPR146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR148" title="GPR148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR149" title="GPR149">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR150" title="GPR150">150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR151" title="GPR151">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR152" title="GPR152">152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR153" title="GPR153">153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR160" title="GPR160">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR161" title="GPR161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR162" title="GPR162">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR171" title="GPR171">171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR174" title="GPR174">174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR176" title="GPR176">176</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR177" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR177">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">183</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">Adrenomedullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">1MW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">1SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease-activated_receptor" title="Protease-activated receptor">Protease-activated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factor_II_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factor II receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease_activated_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Protease activated receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL2" title="F2RL2">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL3" title="F2RL3">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Conserved_Receptor_Expressed_in_Brain" title="Super Conserved Receptor Expressed in Brain">SREB</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_B:_Secretin-like" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor_family" title="Secretin receptor family">Class B</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor">Adhesion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ADGRB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor">Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_1" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_2" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_3" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_(protein)" title="Flamingo (protein)">Cadherin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSR1" title="CELSR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR2" title="CELSR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR3" title="CELSR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRE</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGF_module-containing_mucin-like_hormone_receptor" title="EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor">EMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMR1" title="EMR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR2" title="EMR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR3" title="EMR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD97" title="CD97">CD97</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRG</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latrophilin receptor">Latrophilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_1" title="Latrophilin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_2" title="Latrophilin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_3" title="Latrophilin 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELTD1" class="mw-redirect" title="ELTD1">ELTD1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR98" title="GPR98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR110" title="GPR110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR111" title="GPR111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR113" title="GPR113">113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR115" title="GPR115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR116" title="GPR116">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR123" title="GPR123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR124" title="GPR124">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR125" title="GPR125">125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR133" title="GPR133">133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR143" title="GPR143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR144" title="GPR144">144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR155" title="GPR155">155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR157" title="GPR157">157</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">CALCRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_1" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_2" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor_family" title="Glucagon receptor family">Glucagon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor" title="Glucagon receptor">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor">GIPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor">GLP1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-2_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor">GLP2R</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor">Growth-hormone-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADCYAP1R1" title="ADCYAP1R1">PACAPR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah-like_proteins" title="Methuselah-like proteins">Methuselah-like proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone receptor">Parathyroid hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_1_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_2_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor">Vasoactive intestinal peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/VIPR1" title="VIPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPR2" title="VIPR2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_C:_Metabotropic_glutamate_/_pheromone" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Class_C_GPCR" title="Class C GPCR">Class C</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor" title="Metabotropic receptor">Metabotropic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">glutamate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, sweet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS1R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R1" title="TAS1R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R2" title="TAS1R2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R3" title="TAS1R3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a>, type 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/GABBR1" title="GABBR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABBR2" title="GABBR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">Glutamate receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">8</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR156" title="GPR156">156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR158" title="GPR158">158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR179" title="GPR179">179</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid-inducible_orphan_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptor">RAIG</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPRC5A" title="GPRC5A">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5B" title="GPRC5B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5C" title="GPRC5C">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5D" title="GPRC5D">4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_F:_Frizzled_&amp;_Smoothened" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Class F: <a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> & <a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Frizzled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> (<a href="/wiki/FZD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD2" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD3" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD4" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD5" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD6" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD7" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD8" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD9" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD10" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD10">10</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Smoothened</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuropeptide_receptors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropeptide_receptors" title="Template:Neuropeptide receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuropeptide_receptors" title="Template talk:Neuropeptide receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropeptide_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropeptide receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neuropeptide_receptors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_receptor" title="Neuropeptide receptor">Neuropeptide receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hormone_receptors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Hormone_receptor" title="Hormone receptor">Hormone receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor">CRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">LHRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor">TRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor">Somatostatin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">LHCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin_receptor" title="Thyrotropin receptor">TSH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide_receptor" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor">Atrial natriuretic factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPR3" title="NPR3">NPR3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin receptor">Cholecystokinin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_A_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor">VIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">Delta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other neuropeptide receptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor" title="Bradykinin receptor">Bradykinin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B1" title="Bradykinin receptor B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2" title="Bradykinin receptor B2">B2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor" title="Tachykinin receptor">Tachykinin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">TACR1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">Calcitonin gene-related peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor" title="Galanin receptor">Galanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor" title="GPCR neuropeptide receptor">GPCR neuropeptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_B/W_receptor" title="Neuropeptide B/W receptor">B/W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor">FF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor" title="Neuropeptide S receptor">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor">Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor" title="Neurotensin receptor">Neurotensin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_cytokine_receptor" title="Type I cytokine receptor">Type I cytokine receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_receptor" title="Growth hormone receptor">GH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_receptor" title="Prolactin receptor">Prolactin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme-linked_receptor" title="Enzyme-linked receptor">Enzyme-linked receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide_receptor" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor">Atrial natriuretic factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPR1" title="NPR1">NPR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR2" title="NPR2">NPR2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opioid_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opioid_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid</a><br />(MOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Agonists(abridged;_full_list)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists<br />(abridged;<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_opioids" title="List of opioids">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Acetoxymitragynine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Acetoxymitragynine (page does not exist)">7-Acetoxymitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Hydroxymitragynine" title="7-Hydroxymitragynine">7-Hydroxymitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A8-Akuammigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ψ-Akuammigine (page does not exist)">ψ-Akuammigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">α-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-Narcotine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-Narcotine (page does not exist)">α-Narcotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylfentanyl" title="Acetylfentanyl">Acetylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylfentanyl" title="Acrylfentanyl">Acrylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin (metorphamide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH-7921" title="AH-7921">AH-7921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammicine" title="Akuammicine">Akuammicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuammidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akuammidine (page does not exist)">Akuammidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparicine" title="Apparicine">Apparicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-12P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-12P (page does not exist)">BAM-12P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-22P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-22P (page does not exist)">BAM-22P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhydrocodone" title="Benzhydrocodone">Benzhydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphalin" title="Biphalin">Biphalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BU08070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU08070 (page does not exist)">BU08070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrfentanyl" title="Butyrfentanyl">Butyrfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casokefamide" title="Casokefamide">Casokefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroxymorphamine" title="Chloroxymorphamine">Chloroxymorphamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAMGO" title="DAMGO">DAMGO (DAGO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermorphin" title="Dermorphin">Dermorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylaminopivalophenone" title="Dimethylaminopivalophenone">Dimethylaminopivalophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinalbuphine_sebacate" title="Dinalbuphine sebacate">Dinalbuphine sebacate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenoxylate" title="Diphenoxylate">Diphenoxylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embutramide" title="Embutramide">Embutramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-1" title="Endomorphin-1">Endomorphin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-2" title="Endomorphin-2">Endomorphin-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eseroline" title="Eseroline">Eseroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorophen" title="Fluorophen">Fluorophen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frakefamide" title="Frakefamide">Frakefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanylfentanyl" title="Furanylfentanyl">Furanylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBNtxA" title="IBNtxA">IBNtxA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Kratom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxicodegol" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxicodegol">Loxicodegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-115509" title="LS-115509">LS-115509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrine" title="Matrine">Matrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphiceptin" title="Morphiceptin">Morphiceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmexone" title="Nalmexone">Nalmexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltalimide" title="Naltalimide">Naltalimide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopine (page does not exist)">Neopine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFEPP" title="NFEPP">NFEPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodicodine" title="Nicodicodine">Nicodicodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nufenoxole" title="Nufenoxole">Nufenoxole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide" title="Octreotide">Octreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">Oliceridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodegol" title="Oxycodegol">Oxycodegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine" title="Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine">OM-3-MNZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphazone" title="Oxymorphazone">Oxymorphazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphonazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphonazine (page does not exist)">Oxymorphonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphone_phenylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone (page does not exist)">Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphone_p-nitrophenylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphone p-nitrophenylhydrazone (page does not exist)">OxyPNPH</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Papaver somniferum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericine" title="Pericine">Pericine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PL-017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PL-017 (page does not exist)">PL-017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Prodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PZM21" title="PZM21">PZM21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsolinol" title="Salsolinol">Salsolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-17599" title="SC-17599">SC-17599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinomenine" title="Sinomenine">Sinomenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropapaveroline" title="Tetrahydropapaveroline">Tetrahydropapaveroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimebutine" title="Trimebutine">Trimebutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIMU_5" title="TRIMU 5">TRIMU 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRV734" title="TRV734">TRV734</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubotaiwine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubotaiwine (page does not exist)">Tubotaiwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-47700" title="U-47700">U-47700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorphin" title="Valorphin">Valorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picenadol" title="Picenadol">(3S,4S)-Picenadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide" title="4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide">4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B2-Hydroxyflavanone" class="mw-redirect" title="4′-Hydroxyflavanone">4′-Hydroxyflavanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Gliadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Gliadin">α-Gliadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Funaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Funaltrexamine">β-Funaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammine" title="Akuammine">Akuammine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvimopan" title="Alvimopan">Alvimopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-251_(drug)" title="AM-251 (drug)">AM-251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevenopran" title="Bevenopran">Bevenopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li>CTAP</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTOP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTOP (page does not exist)">CTOP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclofoxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclofoxy (page does not exist)">Cyclofoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodime" title="Cyprodime">Cyprodime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">Eptazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemazocine" title="Gemazocine">Gemazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginsenoside_R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginsenoside R (page does not exist)">Ginsenoside R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoside" title="Hyperoside">Hyperoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocinnamox" title="Methocinnamox">Methocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylsamidorphan_chloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylsamidorphan chloride (page does not exist)">Methylsamidorphan chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naldemedine" title="Naldemedine">Naldemedine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine_dinicotinate" title="Nalorphine dinicotinate">Nalorphine dinicotinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxazone" title="Naloxazone">Naloxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxegol" title="Naloxegol">Naloxegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxol" title="Naloxol">Naloxol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxonazine" title="Naloxonazine">Naloxonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrexazone (page does not exist)">Naltrexazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexonazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrexonazine (page does not exist)">Naltrexonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimonabant" title="Rimonabant">Rimonabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">δ-opioid</a><br />(DOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone" title="7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone">7-SIOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADL-5747" title="ADL-5747">ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADL-5859" title="ADL-5859">ADL-5859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM390" title="ARM390">AR-M100390 (ARM390)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZD2327" class="mw-redirect" title="AZD2327">AZD2327</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphalin" title="Biphalin">Biphalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU-48" title="BU-48">BU-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casokefamide" title="Casokefamide">Casokefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltorphin" title="Deltorphin">Deltorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltorphin_I" title="Deltorphin I">Deltorphin I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltorphin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltorphin II (page does not exist)">Deltorphin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylclozapine" title="Desmethylclozapine">Desmethylclozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPDPE" title="DPDPE">DPDPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-221" title="DPI-221">DPI-221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-3290" title="DPI-3290">DPI-3290</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(D-Ser2,_Leu5,_Thr6)-Enkephalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(D-Ser2, Leu5, Thr6)-Enkephalin (page does not exist)">DSLET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl_isothiocyanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fentanyl isothiocyanate (page does not exist)">FIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorophen" title="Fluorophen">Fluorophen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomethadone" title="Isomethadone">Isomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-20788560" title="JNJ-20788560">JNJ-20788560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNT-127" title="KNT-127">KNT-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Kratom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon" title="N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon">N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">Proglumide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWJ-394674" title="RWJ-394674">RWJ-394674</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-235863&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-235863 (page does not exist)">SB-235863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNC-80" title="SNC-80">SNC-80</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SNC-162&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNC-162 (page does not exist)">SNC-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAN-67" title="TAN-67">TAN-67 (SB-205,607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-8813" title="C-8813">Thiobromadol (C-8813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonazocine" title="Tonazocine">Tonazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRV250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRV250 (page does not exist)">TRV250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenazocine" title="Zenazocine">Zenazocine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrindole-5%27-isothiocyanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrindole-5'-isothiocyanate (page does not exist)">5'-NTII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-Santolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-Santolol (page does not exist)">α-Santolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevenopran" title="Bevenopran">Bevenopran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Benzylidenenaltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (page does not exist)">BNTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-154129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-154129 (page does not exist)">ICI-154129</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-174864&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-174864 (page does not exist)">ICI-174864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">Methylnaltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Benzylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Benzylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">N-Benzylnaltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDM25N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDM25N (page does not exist)">SDM25N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoRI-9409" title="SoRI-9409">SoRI-9409</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">κ-opioid</a><br />(KOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Carboxamidocyclazocine" title="8-Carboxamidocyclazocine">8-CAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14-Methoxymetopon" title="14-Methoxymetopon">14-Methoxymetopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Funaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Funaltrexamine">β-Funaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin (metorphamide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammicine" title="Akuammicine">Akuammicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allomatrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allomatrine">Allomatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apadoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apadoline (page does not exist)">Apadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asimadoline" title="Asimadoline">Asimadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-12P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-12P (page does not exist)">BAM-12P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-22P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-22P (page does not exist)">BAM-22P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_dynorphin" title="Big dynorphin">Big dynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremazocine" title="Bremazocine">Bremazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-52537" title="BRL-52537">BRL-52537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciprefadol" title="Ciprefadol">Ciprefadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR665" title="CR665">CR665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclorphan" title="Cyclorphan">Cyclorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprenorphine" title="Cyprenorphine">Cyprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difelikefalin" title="Difelikefalin">Difelikefalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinalbuphine_sebacate" title="Dinalbuphine sebacate">Dinalbuphine sebacate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_B" title="Dynorphin B">Dynorphin B (rimorphin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enadoline" title="Enadoline">Enadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">Eptazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erinacine_E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erinacine E (page does not exist)">Erinacine E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedotozine" title="Fedotozine">Fedotozine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemazocine" title="Gemazocine">Gemazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GR-89696" title="GR-89696">GR-89696</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-103545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-103545 (page does not exist)">GR-103545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HS665" title="HS665">HS665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ-2" title="HZ-2">HZ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-199,441" title="ICI-199,441">ICI-199,441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-204,448" title="ICI-204,448">ICI-204,448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazocine" title="Ketazocine">Ketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leumorphin" title="Leumorphin">Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPK-26" title="LPK-26">LPK-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufuradom" title="Lufuradom">Lufuradom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrine" title="Matrine">Matrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MB-1C-OH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MB-1C-OH (page does not exist)">MB-1C-OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxazocine" title="Moxazocine">Moxazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2034 (page does not exist)">MR-2034</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-MPPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-MPPP (page does not exist)">N-MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalfurafine" title="Nalfurafine">Nalfurafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niravoline" title="Niravoline">Niravoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide" title="Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide">Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxorphan" title="Proxorphan">Proxorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">salvia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_ethoxymethyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether">Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_methoxymethyl_ether" title="Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether">Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiradoline" title="Spiradoline">Spiradoline (U-62,066)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifluadom" title="Tifluadom">Tifluadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-50488" title="U-50488">U-50488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-54,494A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-54,494A (page does not exist)">U-54,494A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-69,593" title="U-69,593">U-69,593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B2-Hydroxyflavanone" class="mw-redirect" title="4′-Hydroxyflavanone">4′-Hydroxyflavanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="5'-Guanidinonaltrindole">5'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/samidorphan" title="Buprenorphine/samidorphan">Buprenorphine/samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amentoflavone" title="Amentoflavone">Amentoflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%27-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5'-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">ANTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arodyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arodyne (page does not exist)">Arodyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aticaprant" title="Aticaprant">Aticaprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ-MTAB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ-MTAB (page does not exist)">AZ-MTAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaltorphimine" title="Binaltorphimine">Binaltorphimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU09059" title="BU09059">BU09059</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERC-501" class="mw-redirect" title="CERC-501">CERC-501 (LY-2456302)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icalcaprant" title="Icalcaprant">CVL-354</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclofoxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclofoxy (page does not exist)">Cyclofoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIPPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIPPA (page does not exist)">DIPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoside" title="Hyperoside">Hyperoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2444296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2444296 (page does not exist)">LY-2444296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2459989" title="LY-2459989">LY-2459989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2795050&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2795050 (page does not exist)">LY-2795050</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MeJDTic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeJDTic (page does not exist)">MeJDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML190&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML190 (page does not exist)">ML190</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML350 (page does not exist)">ML350</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2266 (page does not exist)">MR-2266</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic (page does not exist)">N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navacaprant" title="Navacaprant">Navacaprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbinaltorphimine" title="Norbinaltorphimine">Norbinaltorphimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4455242" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-4455242">PF-4455242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UPHIT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UPHIT (page does not exist)">UPHIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklophin" title="Zyklophin">Zyklophin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a><br />(NOP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin (page does not exist)">(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">((pF)Phe<sup>4</sup>)Nociceptin(1-13)NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Phe1%CE%A8(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Phe1Ψ(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">(Phe<sup>1</sup>Ψ(CH<sub>2</sub>-NH)Gly<sup>2</sup>)Nociceptin(1-13)NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ac-RYYRWK-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ac-RYYRWK-NH2 (page does not exist)">Ac-RYYRWK-NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ac-RYYRIK-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 (page does not exist)">Ac-RYYRIK-NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BU08070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU08070 (page does not exist)">BU08070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-19385899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-19385899 (page does not exist)">JNJ-19385899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOPPB" title="MCOPPB">MCOPPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-7716" title="MT-7716">MT-7716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNC_63-0532" title="NNC 63-0532">NNC 63-0532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin" title="Nociceptin">Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-11)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-11) (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-11)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-13)NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro64-6198" title="Ro64-6198">Ro64-6198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro65-6570" title="Ro65-6570">Ro65-6570</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-221510" title="SCH-221510">SCH-221510</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-486757&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-486757 (page does not exist)">SCH-486757</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-8993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-8993 (page does not exist)">SR-8993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR-16435" title="SR-16435">SR-16435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunobinop" title="Sunobinop">Sunobinop (S-117957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">(Nphe<sup>1</sup>)Nociceptin(1-13)NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAN-ORL-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAN-ORL-24 (page does not exist)">BAN-ORL-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTRX-246040" title="BTRX-246040">BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-113,397" title="J-113,397">J-113,397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTC-801" title="JTC-801">JTC-801</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-7) (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nocistatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nocistatin (page does not exist)">Nocistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-612,111" title="SB-612,111">SB-612,111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-16430&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-16430 (page does not exist)">SR-16430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trap-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trap-101 (page does not exist)">Trap-101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFP-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UFP-101 (page does not exist)">UFP-101</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enkephalinase_inhibitor" title="Enkephalinase inhibitor">Enkephalinase inhibitors</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amastatin" title="Amastatin">Amastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BL-2401&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BL-2401 (page does not exist)">BL-2401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoxatril" title="Candoxatril">Candoxatril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine#D-,_L-_and_DL-phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine"><span style="font-size:85%;">D </span>-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexecadotril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexecadotril (page does not exist)">Dexecadotril (retorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecadotril" title="Ecadotril">Ecadotril (sinorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelatorphan" title="Kelatorphan">Kelatorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racecadotril" title="Racecadotril">Racecadotril (acetorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-101" title="RB-101">RB-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-120" title="RB-120">RB-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-3007" title="RB-3007">RB-3007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opiorphan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opiorphan (page does not exist)">Opiorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selank" title="Selank">Selank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semax" title="Semax">Semax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinorphin" title="Spinorphin">Spinorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiorphan" title="Thiorphan">Thiorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynorphin" title="Tynorphin">Tynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubenimex" title="Ubenimex">Ubenimex (bestatin)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Propeptides:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodynorphin" title="Prodynorphin">Prodynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proenkephalin" title="Proenkephalin">Proenkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronociceptin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronociceptin (page does not exist)">Pronociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Kyotorphin" title="Kyotorphin">Kyotorphin</a> (met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Κ-opioid_receptor&oldid=1246931127">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Κ-opioid_receptor&oldid=1246931127</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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