CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Iatrogenesis - RationalWiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z0zClEuif8BkD55m0XywUAAAAM0","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Iatrogenesis","wgTitle":"Iatrogenesis","wgCurRevisionId":2240370,"wgRevisionId":2240370,"wgArticleId":164746,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using DynamicPageList parser function","Medicine-related stubs","Alternative medicine","Arguments against evidence-based medicine","Medicine"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Iatrogenesis","wgRelevantArticleId":164746,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!0, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.6"/> <meta name="description" content="Iatrogenesis is disease or death caused by medical intervention. Iatrogenesis is often brought up by quacks, who invoke it as part of their argument that allopathy should be replaced by whatever unproven nostrums the particular individual happens to believe in."/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&action=edit"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="RationalWiki (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="RationalWiki Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="RationalWiki"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Iatrogenesis"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Iatrogenesis is disease or death caused by medical intervention. Iatrogenesis is often brought up by quacks, who invoke it as part of their argument that allopathy should be replaced by whatever unproven nostrums the particular individual happens to believe in."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Iatrogenesis"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Iatrogenesis rootpage-Iatrogenesis skin-vector action-view minerva--history-page-action-enabled skin-vector-legacy"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><div id="localNotice" lang="en" dir="ltr"><table class="messagebox mb-brainwatermark-light mb-info" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mb-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Information_icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Information icon.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/50px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="/w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/75px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/100px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a> </td> <td class="mb-text"><b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Moderator_elections/Election_booth" title="RationalWiki:Moderator elections/Election booth">Voting</a></b> in the <b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Moderator_elections" title="RationalWiki:Moderator elections">2024 RationalWiki Moderator Election</a></b> is now open </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Iatrogenesis</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From RationalWiki</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #d4aa00; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#d4aa00"><b>Against allopathy</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Alternative medicine</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffeeaa;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine"><img alt="Icon alt med alt.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/2/2e/Icon_alt_med_alt.svg/100px-Icon_alt_med_alt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/2/2e/Icon_alt_med_alt.svg/150px-Icon_alt_med_alt.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/2/2e/Icon_alt_med_alt.svg/200px-Icon_alt_med_alt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="195" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#d4aa00; text-align:center;"><b>Clinically unproven</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#ffeeaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_healing" title="Sound healing">Sound healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">Carrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_eye_method" title="Bates eye method">Bates eye method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zija" title="Zija">Zija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Natural_Healing" title="Institute for Natural Healing">Institute for Natural Healing</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#d4aa00; text-align:center;"><b>Woo-meisters</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#ffeeaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognition_Based_Medicine" title="Cognition Based Medicine">Cognition Based Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Health_Press" title="Doctors Health Press">Doctors Health Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Copeland" title="Kenneth Copeland">Kenneth Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_University_of_Management" title="Maharishi University of Management">Maharishi University of Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Loons" title="Encyclopedia of American Loons">Encyclopedia of American Loons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Side" title="Bright Side">Bright Side</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Altmed" title="Template:Altmed">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Altmed" title="Template talk:Altmed">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Altmed&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iatrogenesis</b> is disease or death caused by medical intervention. Iatrogenesis is often brought up by <a href="/wiki/Quack" class="mw-redirect" title="Quack">quacks</a>, who invoke it as part of their argument that <a href="/wiki/Allopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Allopathy">allopathy</a> should be replaced by whatever unproven nostrums the particular individual happens to believe in. </p><p>One study examined the rate of iatrogenesis in a U.S. hospital and extrapolated that to the entire country, to obtain the frequently cited statistic of 106,000 iatrogenic deaths occurring every year as a result of adverse drug reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>But this is not quite the entire story. While it is true that iatrogenesis is indeed a very serious problem, the story presented by <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> advocates is extremely one-sided in that it presents only the harms of medicine, while ignoring the benefits (<i>and</i> those deaths that result from alternative medical treatments). </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Cost-benefit"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Cost-benefit</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cost-benefit">Cost-benefit</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cost-benefit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>For one thing, take appendicitis. Some people with appendicitis die from complications of appendectomies, but this does not mean that they would have lived had they not undergone surgery, nor that appendectomies are, as a whole, harmful. Appendicitis surgeries save many more people than they kill. The benefits outweigh the risks, as the saying goes. The same principle applies to any medical treatment: the question is not whether it kills, but whether it saves more lives than it kills. To insist, as many alternative practitioners do, that a treatment is worthless if it has any risk whatsoever is not realistic, and an example of the <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_fallacy" title="Nirvana fallacy">nirvana fallacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> In addition, as Andy Lewis of Quackometer has pointed out,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> some of the drugs evaluated in the original study were ones usually given to terminal patients, meaning that it was a choice between certain (or almost-certain) death from the disease, or possible death from the drug. Out of the 106,000, some number of these may have been so seriously ill that they would not have lived even if they had not taken any drugs. </p><p>For another, the fact that medicine is flawed does not in any way validate the claims of alternative practitioners that their <a href="/wiki/Herbal_supplement" title="Herbal supplement">herbs</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Subtle_energy" title="Subtle energy">energies</a>" actually work. If medicine is not perfect, it does not follow that alternative medicine is effective (see <a href="/wiki/Ben_Goldacre#Matthias_Rath" title="Ben Goldacre"> Ben Goldacre</a>'s quote about the pharmaceutical industry). Even if <a href="/wiki/Allopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Allopathy">allopathy</a> really were a practice that did only harm and no good whatsoever, this would have absolutely no bearing on the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subtle_energy" title="Subtle energy">energy healing</a> or anything else. In such a case it may be preferable to use alternative medicines (or at least those that are harmless), or no medicine at all, since doing nothing would be better than subjecting oneself to allopathic treatment, but this would not be a result of any inherent benefits of alternative medicine itself. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_New,_Evidence-based_Estimate_of_Patient_Harms_Associated_with_Hospital_Care" title="A New, Evidence-based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated with Hospital Care">A New, Evidence-based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated with Hospital Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmelweis_gambit" class="mw-redirect" title="Semmelweis gambit">Semmelweis gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What%27s_The_Harm%3F" title="What's The Harm?">What's The Harm?</a> — Alternative medicine iatrogenesis</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/death-by-medicine/">Death by Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science-Based_Medicine" title="Science-Based Medicine">Science-Based Medicine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/be-careful-what-you-ask-for-larry-dossey-deepak-chopra-and-rustum-roy-declare-war-on-science-based-medicine/">Be careful what you wish for, Dr. Dossey, you just might get it</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700706/">Adverse Event Reporting for Herbal Medicines: A Result of Market Forces</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12959628">Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines: a UK perspective.</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9555760">Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Imagine someone with appendicitis asking a (fictional) CAM practitioner for advice. They say they plan on undergoing surgery, and the practitioner responds by saying, "What? Are you crazy? Surgery can kill you. Those allopaths only know how to slash, poison, and burn. Here, have some <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">magic water</a> instead. It's gentle and 100% natural, with no side effects whatsover. I've had many cases of appendicits being <a href="/wiki/Misdiagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Misdiagnosis">cured</a> by this wonderful remedy." The homeopathic remedy may indeed be "gentle" and side-effect-free, but taking the "risk-free" vial instead of undergoing "dangerous" surgery will actually increase the odds of dying (if the person has not been misdignosed and does indeed have appendicitis).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2007/07/quack-word-20-iatrogenic.html">Quack Word #20, Iatrogenic</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="note" class="plainlinks stubtemplate" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: .5em; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 300px; font-style:italic;">This <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">medicine</a>-related article is a <b>stub</b>.<br />You can help RationalWiki by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&action=edit"><b>expanding it</b></a>. </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&oldid=2240370">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&oldid=2240370</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arguments_against_evidence-based_medicine" title="Category:Arguments against evidence-based medicine">Arguments against evidence-based medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_DynamicPageList_parser_function" title="Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function">Pages using DynamicPageList parser function</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine-related_stubs" title="Category:Medicine-related stubs">Medicine-related stubs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head">  <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label"> <span>Personal tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</li><li id="pt-anontalk"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Iatrogenesis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Iatrogenesis" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation">  <nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label"> <span>Namespaces</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></li><li id="ca-talk"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Iatrogenesis" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <h3 id="p-variants-label"> <span>Variants</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation">  <nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-views-label"> <span>Views</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">Fossil record</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" /> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"> <span>More</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3 > <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search RationalWiki" title="Search RationalWiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search the pages for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a title="Visit the main page" class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page"></a> </div>  <nav id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal portal-first" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label"> <span>Navigation</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-randompage"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random mainspace article [x]" accesskey="x">Random page</a></li><li id="n-New-pages"><a href="/wiki/Special:NewPages">New pages</a></li><li id="n-All-logs"><a href="/wiki/Special:Log">All logs</a></li><li id="n-help"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="RTFM">Help</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-support" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-support-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-support-label"> <span>Support</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Donate"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Site_support">Donate</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-community" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-community-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-community-label"> <span>Community</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Saloon-bar"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Saloon_bar">Saloon bar</a></li><li id="n-To-do-list"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:To_do_list">To do list</a></li><li id="n-What-is-going-on.3F"><a href="/wiki/WIGO">What is going on?</a></li><li id="n-Best-of-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Contents">Best of RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-About-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki">About RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-Technical-support"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Technical_support">Technical support</a></li><li id="n-Mod-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:All_things_in_moderation">Mod noticeboard</a></li><li id="n-RMF-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:RationalMedia_Foundation">RMF noticeboard</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-Social media" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Social media-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Social media-label"> <span>Social media</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/RationalWiki" rel="nofollow">Twitter</a></li><li id="n-Facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Rationalwiki/226614404019306" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a></li><li id="n-Discord"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Discord">Discord</a></li><li id="n-Reddit"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Reddit">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-tb-label"> <span>Tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Iatrogenesis" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Iatrogenesis" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&oldid=2240370" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iatrogenesis&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" > <ul id="footer-info" > <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2020, at 12:49.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all content licensed as indicated by <a name="Copyright" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights">RationalWiki:Copyrights</a>. <br> For concerns on copyright infringement please see: <a name="Copyright infringement" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyright_violations">RationalWiki:Copyright violations</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" > <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Privacy_policy" title="RationalWiki:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:About" class="mw-redirect" title="RationalWiki:About">About RationalWiki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:General_disclaimer" title="RationalWiki:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"><img src="/w/88x31.png" alt="CC-BY-SA 3.0, or any later version" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.038","walltime":"0.060","ppvisitednodes":{"value":239,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":5514,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1343,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":40},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1772,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 46.509 1 -total"," 80.70% 37.531 1 Template:Altmed"," 76.17% 35.427 1 Template:Navsidebar"," 60.00% 27.904 2 Template:Randomarticles"," 24.31% 11.306 1 Template:Navsidebar2"," 9.14% 4.252 1 Template:Reflist"," 7.24% 3.366 1 Template:Vte"," 5.05% 2.348 1 Template:Stub"," 4.10% 1.908 2 Template:Extension_DPL"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"apache5","timestamp":"20241201190057","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":false}}});mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":56,"wgHostname":"apache5"});});</script></body></html>