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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">===Domestic policy=== Francis (1995) argues there was consensus both in the Labour's national executive committee and at party conferences on a definition of socialism that stressed moral improvement as well as material improvement. The Attlee government was committed to rebuilding British society as an ethical commonwealth, using public ownership and controls to abolish extremes of wealth and poverty. Labour's ideology contrasted sharply with the contemporary Conservative Party's defence of individualism, inherited privileges, and income inequality.<ref>Francis, Martin. "[https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article-abstract/6/2/220/1665829?redirectedFrom=fulltext Economics and Ethics: The Nature of Labour's Socialism, 1945–1951] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519035036/https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article-abstract/6/2/220/1665829?redirectedFrom=fulltext |date=19 May 2023 }}", ''Twentieth Century British History'' (1995) 6#2, pp 220–43.</ref> On 5 July 1948, Clement Attlee replied to a letter dated 22 June from [[James Murray (Durham politician)|James Murray]] and ten other MPs who raised concerns about West Indians who arrived on board the {{HMT|Empire Windrush}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/attlees-britain/empire-windrush-2/ | title=The National Archives – Homepage | access-date=10 May 2018 | archive-date=11 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511085255/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/attlees-britain/empire-windrush-2/ | url-status=live }}</ref> As for the prime minister himself, he was not much focused on economic policy, letting others handle the issues.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alec Cairncross|title=Years of Recovery: British Economic Policy 1945–51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWj_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|year=2013|page=49|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136597701}}</ref> ====Nationalisation==== Attlee's government also carried out their manifesto commitment for [[nationalisation]] of basic industries and public utilities. The [[Bank of England]] and civil aviation were nationalised in 1946. [[National Coal Board|Coal mining]], the [[British Rail|railways]], road haulage, canals and [[Cable & Wireless plc|Cable and Wireless]] were nationalised in 1947, and electricity and gas followed in 1948. The [[Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain|steel industry]] was nationalised in 1951. By 1951 about 20 per cent of the British economy had been taken into [[public ownership]].<ref name="A History of the British Labour Party"/> Nationalisation failed to provide workers with a greater say in the running of the industries in which they worked. It did, however, bring about significant material gains for workers in the form of higher wages, reduced working hours,<ref>{{cite book |last=Pelling |first=Henry |title=The Labour Governments, 1945–51}}</ref> and improvements in working conditions, especially in regards to safety.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cawood |first=Ian |title=Britain in the Twentieth Century}}</ref> As historian Eric Shaw noted of the years following nationalisation, the electricity and gas supply companies became "impressive models of public enterprise" in terms of efficiency, and the [[National Coal Board]] was not only profitable, but working conditions for miners had significantly improved as well.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Eric |title=The Labour Party since 1945}}</ref> Within a few years of nationalisation, a number of progressive measures had been carried out which did much to improve conditions in the mines, including better pay, a five-day working week, a national safety scheme (with proper standards at all the collieries), a ban on boys under the age of 16 going underground, the introduction of training for newcomers before going down to the coalface, and the making of pithead baths into a standard facility.<ref>Kynaston, David. ''Austerity Britain 1945–1951''.</ref> The newly established National Coal Board offered sick pay and holiday pay to miners.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/intermediate2/history/cradle_to_the_grave/welfare_state/revision/11|title=The Labour Government 1945–51 – The Welfare State: Revision, Page 11|access-date=25 March 2016|work=bbc.co.uk|archive-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328121655/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/intermediate2/history/cradle_to_the_grave/welfare_state/revision/11/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As noted by [[Martin Francis]]: <blockquote>Union leaders saw nationalisation as a means to pursue a more advantageous position within a framework of continued conflict, rather than as an opportunity to replace the old adversarial form of industrial relations. Moreover, most workers in nationalised industries exhibited an essentially instrumentalist attitude, favouring public ownership because it secured job security and improved wages rather than because it promised the creation of a new set of socialist relationships in the workplace.<ref name="autogenerated5">Francis, Martin. ''Ideas and Policies Under Labour, 1945–1951''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}}</blockquote> ====Health==== [[File:Trafford General Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 21987.jpg|thumb|right|[[Trafford General Hospital]], known as the birthplace of the NHS]] Attlee's [[Secretary of State for Health|Health Minister]], [[Aneurin Bevan]], fought hard against the general disapproval of the medical establishment, including the [[British Medical Association]], by creating the National Health Service in 1948. This was a [[publicly funded healthcare]] system, which offered treatment for all, regardless of income, free of charge at the point of use. Reflecting pent-up demand that had long existed for medical services, the NHS treated some 8.5 million dental patients and dispensed more than 5 million pairs of spectacles during its first year of operation.{{sfn|Jefferys|2014}}{{page needed|date=May 2024}} Consultants benefited from the new system by being paid salaries that provided an acceptable standard of living without the need for them to resort to private practice.<ref>Timmins, Nicholas. ''The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} The NHS brought major improvements in the health of working-class people, with deaths from diphtheria, pneumonia, and tuberculosis significantly reduced.<ref name="autogenerated3">Lowe, Norman. ''Mastering Modern World History'' (second edition)</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} Although there were often disputes about its organisation and funding, British political parties continued to voice their general support for the NHS in order to remain electable.<ref name="healthaffairs">{{cite journal |url=http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/8/4/52.pdf |title=British public opinion on National Health Service reform|author=Blendon, R.J. & K. Donelan |journal=Health Affairs |volume=8 |issue=4 |year=1989 |pages=52–62 |pmid=2606439 |access-date=5 October 2014 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.8.4.52}}</ref> In the field of health care, funds were allocated to modernisation and extension schemes aimed at improving administrative efficiency. Improvements were made in nursing accommodation in order to recruit more nurses and reduce labour shortages which were keeping 60,000 beds out of use, and efforts were made to reduce the imbalance "between an excess of fever and tuberculosis (TB) beds and a shortage of maternity beds".<ref>Chick, Martin. ''Industrial Policy in Britain 1945–1951: Economic Planning, Nationalisation and the Labour Governments''</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} [[BCG vaccinations]] were introduced for the protection of medical students, midwives, nurses, and contacts of patients with tuberculosis,<ref>Poverty, inequality and health in Britain, 1800–2000: a reader edited by George Davey Smith, Daniel Dorling, and Mary Shaw</ref> a pension scheme was set up for employees of the newly established NHS,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbv_YPJTKy8C&q=NHS+pension+scheme+1948&pg=PA179 |title=Issues in Healthcare Risk Management |editor1=Emslie, Stuart |editor2=Hancock, Charles |publisher=Healthcare Governance Limited |location=Oxford |date=30 July 2008 |page=179 |access-date=21 July 2012 |isbn=9780955852602}}</ref> The National Health Service (Superannuation) Regulations 1947 laid down a number of provisions for beneficiaries including an officer's pension and retiring allowance, an injury allowance, a short service gratuity, a death gratuity, a widow's pension, and supplementary payments in the case of special classes of officers. Provision was also made for the allocation of part of pension or injury allowance to spouse of dependent.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zDHyAAAAMAAJ&dq=national+health+service+superannuation+regulations+1947+No.++1755&pg=PA1373 Statutory Rules and Orders Other Than Those of a Local, Personal Or Temporary Character (varies Slightly).Volume 1, Part , By Great Britain. Laws, statutes, etc · 1948, P.1373]</ref> The Radioactive Substances Act 1948 set out general provisions to control radioactive substances.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rees |first1=Naomi |last2=Watson |first2=David |title=International Standards for Food Safety |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWjmJqPecHAC&q=united+kingdom+radioactive+substances+act+1948&pg=PA251 |date=30 April 2000 |publisher=Springer |access-date=9 January 2016 |isbn=9780834217683}}</ref> Numerous lesser reforms were also introduced, some of which were of great benefit to certain segments of British society, such as the mentally deficient and the blind.<ref name="autogenerated1964">Hill, C.P. ''British Economic and Social History, 1700–1964''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} Between 1948 and 1951, Attlee's government increased spending on health from £6 billion to £11 billion: an increase of over 80%, and from 2.1% to 3.6% of GDP.<ref name="autogenerated4">''Ten Years of New Labour'' (edited by Matt Beech and Simon Lee){{page needed|date=May 2024}}</ref> ====Welfare==== The government set about implementing the Wartime plans of [[William Beveridge]]'s plans for the creation of a 'cradle to grave' [[welfare state]], and set in place an entirely new system of [[social security]]. Among the most important pieces of legislation was the [[National Insurance Act 1946]], in which people in work paid a flat rate of [[national insurance]]. In return, they (and the wives of male contributors) were eligible for flat-rate pensions, sickness benefit, unemployment benefit, and funeral benefit.<ref name="A History of the British Labour Party">Thorpe, Andrew. (2001) ''A History of the British Labour Party'', Palgrave; {{ISBN|0-333-92908-X}}</ref> Various provisions were included in the [[National Insurance Act 1946]] including unemployment and sickness benefit, maternity grant and attendance allowance, maternity allowance, widow's benefit, widow's pensions in special cases, guardian's allowance, retirement pension, and death grant.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3SZLAQAAIAAJ&dq=National+Insurance+Act+1946+widows+allowance+widowed+mother%27s+allowance&pg=PA807 National Insurance Act, 1946, P.710]</ref> Various other pieces of legislation provided for [[child benefit]] and support for people with no other source of income.<ref name="A History of the British Labour Party"/> In 1949, unemployment, sickness and maternity benefits were exempted from taxation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/101481 |title=HC S Budget Resolution and Economic Situation |publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation |date=5 May 1966 |access-date=20 March 2013}}</ref> A block grant introduced in 1948 helped the social services provided by local authorities.<ref name="ReferenceC">[[Morgan, Kenneth O.]] ''Labour in Power, 1945–1951''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} Personal Social Services or welfare services were developed in 1948 for individual and families in general, particularly special groups such as the mentally disordered, deprived children, the elderly, and the handicapped.<ref>Byrne, Tony & Colin F. Padfield. ''Social Services: Made Simple''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} The Attlee Government increased pensions and other benefits, with pensions raised to become more of a living income than they had ever been. War pensions and allowances (for both World Wars) were increased by an act of 1946{{which|date=February 2024}} which gave the wounded man with an allowance for his wife and children if he married after he had been wounded, thereby removing a grievance of more than twenty years standing.<ref name="SocialismThe">''Socialism: The British Way'' (edited by Donald Munro).</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} Other improvements were made in war pensions during Attlee's tenure as prime minister. A Constant Attendance Allowance was tripled, an Unemployability Allowance was tripled from 10s to 30s a week, and a special hardship allowance of up to £1 a week was introduced. In addition, the 1951 Budget made further improvements in the supplementary allowances for many war pensioners. From 1945 onwards, three out of every four pension claims had been successful, whilst after the First World War only one pension claim in three was allowed.<ref name="auto">''Fifty Facts for Labour'', published by the Labour Party, Transport House, Smith Square, London, SW1, October 1951.</ref> Under the Superannuation (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1948, employees of a body representative of local authorities or of the officers of local authorities could be admitted "on suitable terms to the superannuation fund of a local authority".<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PX0oAAAAQBAJ&q=united+kingdom+Superannuation+%28Miscellaneous+Provisions%29+Act+1948&pg=PA210|title=Pension and Widows' and Orphans' Funds|isbn=9781107621749|access-date=9 January 2016| last1=Crabbe|first1=R. J. W.|last2=Poyser|first2=C. A.|date=22 August 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> In 1951, a comforts allowance was introduced that was automatically paid to war pensioners "receiving unemployability supplement and constant attendance allowance".<ref>Welfare Policy Under the Conservatives, 1951–1964: A Guide to Documents in the Public Record Office by Paul Bridgen and Rodney Lowe</ref> The Personal injuries (Civilians) Scheme of 1947 included various benefits such as an exceptional maximum rate of constant attendance allowance of 40s a week, and an allowance for wear and tear of clothing caused by the use of artificial limbs and appliances. In addition, allowances payable while a pensioner underwent inpatient treatment "are normally no longer subject to a deduction in respect of decreased home expenditure." Various changes were also made in respect of gainfully employed persons who sustained war injuries and civil defence volunteers who war service injuries. These included the provision of allowances for the wife and children for injured persons receiving injury allowance or disablement pension, amendments to the provisions for an allowance to a pensioner deemed unemployable by reason of his pensioned disablement "to secure that he receives in the aggregate by way of unemployability allowance and any social service benefits for which he is eligible at least 20s. a week in addition to his pension," increases in the allowance payable for a wife of a person receiving treatment allowance, unemployability allowance or injury allowance under certain conditions and "if no allowance is payable for a wife, an allowance may be granted for a dependant adult," and a social hardship allowance for partially disabled men "who, , though not unemployable, is prevented by his pensioned disablement from resuming his former occupation or taking up one of equivalent standard." Also, "Where a man dies as the direct result of a qualifying injury his widow may be awarded a pension (with allowances for his children) without regard to the date of marriage."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TYRQAQAAIAAJ&dq=United+kingdom+personal+injury+civilian+scheme+1946&pg=PA1595 Statutory Rules and Orders Other Than Those of a Local, Personal, Or Temporary Character 1947, P.1589-1638]</ref> A more extensive system of social welfare benefits had been established by the Attlee Government, which did much to reduce acute social deprivation. The cumulative impact of the Attlee's Government's health and welfare policies was such that all the indices of health (such as statistics of school medical or dental officers, or of medical officers of health) showed signs of improvement, with continual improvements in survival rates for infants and increased life expectancy for the elderly.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The success of the Attlee Government's welfare legislation in reducing poverty was such that, in the general election of 1950, according to one study, "Labour propaganda could make much of the claim that social security had eradicated the most abject destitution of the 1930s".{{sfn|Jefferys|2014}}{{page needed|date=May 2024}} ====Education==== The Attlee government ensured provisions of the [[Education Act 1944]] were fully implemented, with free secondary education becoming a right for the first time. Fees in state grammar schools were eliminated, while new, modern secondary schools were constructed.<ref>Hopkins, Eric. ''Industrialisation and Society: A Social History, 1830–1951''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} The school leaving age was raised to 15 in 1947, an accomplishment helped brought into fruition by initiatives such as the [[HORSA]] ("Huts Operation for Raising the School-leaving Age") scheme and the S.F.O.R.S.A. (furniture) scheme.<ref name="lib-161.lse.ac.uk">{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:deb599ziv|title=Next steps in education|access-date=9 January 2016|archive-date=2 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202094401/http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:deb599ziv|url-status=live}}</ref> University scholarships were introduced to ensure that no one who was qualified "should be deprived of a university education for financial reasons",<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqHbQYSsGvUC&q=ellen+wilkinson+free+school+meals&pg=PA21|title=Education Policy|access-date=9 January 2016|isbn=9781446271568|last1=Abbott|first1=Ian|last2=Rathbone|first2=Michael|last3=Whitehead|first3=Phillip|date=12 November 2012|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224170009/https://books.google.com/books?id=SqHbQYSsGvUC&q=ellen+wilkinson+free+school+meals&pg=PA21#v=snippet&q=ellen%20wilkinson%20free%20school%20meals&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> while a large school building programme was organised.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mSpBQAAQBAJ&q=ellen+wilkinson+university+scholarships&pg=PA120|title=The Home Front in Britain|access-date=9 January 2016|isbn=9781137348999|last1=Lomas|first1=Janis|date=29 October 2014|publisher=Springer|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224170025/https://books.google.com/books?id=0mSpBQAAQBAJ&q=ellen+wilkinson+university+scholarships&pg=PA120#v=snippet&q=ellen%20wilkinson%20university%20scholarships&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> A rapid increase in the number of trained teachers took place, and the number of new school places was increased.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqHbQYSsGvUC&q=Tomlinson+was+successful+in+increasing+the+number+of+new+school+places&pg=PA22|title=Education Policy|access-date=9 January 2016|isbn=9781446271568|last1=Abbott|first1=Ian|last2=Rathbone|first2=Michael|last3=Whitehead|first3=Phillip|date=12 November 2012}}</ref> Increased Treasury funds were made available for education, particularly for upgrading school buildings suffering from years of neglect and war damage.<ref name="autogenerated2">Jefferys, Kevin. ''The Labour Party since 1945''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} Prefabricated classrooms were built, and 928 new primary schools were constructed between 1945 and 1950. The provision of free school meals was expanded, and opportunities for university entrants were increased.<ref>Hartley, Cathy. ''A Historical Dictionary of British Women''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} State scholarships to universities were increased,<ref>Pelling, Henry & Alastair J. Reid. ''A Short History of the Labour Party''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} and the government adopted a policy of supplementing university scholarships awards to a level sufficient to cover fees plus maintenance.<ref name="lib-161.lse.ac.uk"/> Many thousands of ex-servicemen were assisted to go through college who could never have contemplated it before the war.{{sfn|Munro|1948}} Free milk was also made available to all schoolchildren for the first time.<ref>Oddy, Derek J. ''From Plain Fare to Fusion Food: British Diet from the 1890s to the 1990s''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} In addition, spending on technical education rose, and the number of nursery schools was increased.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaD1Gn0Wls0C&q=labour+government+1945-1951+nursery+schools+increased&pg=PA244|title=Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years, 1945–1951|author=Tomlinson, Jim|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|page=244|year=1997|access-date=21 July 2012|isbn=9780521892599|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224170007/https://books.google.com/books?id=zaD1Gn0Wls0C&q=labour+government+1945-1951+nursery+schools+increased&pg=PA244#v=snippet&q=labour%20government%201945-1951%20nursery%20schools%20increased&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Salaries for teachers were also improved, and funds were allocated towards improving existing schools.<ref name="autogenerated1945">Pritt, Denis Nowell. ''The Labour Government 1945–51''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} In 1947 the [[Arts Council of Great Britain]] was set up to encourage the arts.<ref name="google7">{{cite book|title=Freedom and Faith: A Question of Scottish Identity|author=Smith, D.|date=2013|publisher=St. Andrew Press, Ltd|isbn=9780861538133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYb-AQAAQBAJ|page=54|access-date=5 October 2014}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Education (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Education]] was established under the 1944 Act, and free County Colleges were set up for the compulsory part-time instruction of teenagers between the ages of 15 and 18 who were not in full-time education.<ref>Hodge, B. & W.&nbsp;L. Mellor. ''Higher School Certificate History''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} An Emergency Training Scheme was also introduced which turned out an extra 25,000 teachers in 1945–1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YdHEFfT32noJ:campbeltowngrammar.org.uk/downloads/history/5_year/british_higher/labour-reforms/i-assessment/1945-1951_labour_government.doc+%E2%80%9CPrefab%E2%80%9D+classrooms+were+also+built+and+928+new+primary+schools+were+constructed+between+1945+and+1950&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgaOtfB49c9TMEFcKCx0vUvwvLMyzSWQ9JMXlhiobC4Nc_-tDp2dZDqxDPSU6ylDlCONx_3vjFQ7Fc3VaJMijATeUPQ9lRI_EbAVSjjKj4Wb-s5sWyh0gIQ-oyKgx9L9VZIEDfB&sig=AHIEtbTl0DuRvchpzLCqCLa8NHX25FRRPA|title=Powered by Google Docs|access-date=2 October 2011|archive-date=12 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112212628/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YdHEFfT32noJ:campbeltowngrammar.org.uk/downloads/history/5_year/british_higher/labour-reforms/i-assessment/1945-1951_labour_government.doc+%E2%80%9CPrefab%E2%80%9D+classrooms+were+also+built+and+928+new+primary+schools+were+constructed+between+1945+and+1950&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgaOtfB49c9TMEFcKCx0vUvwvLMyzSWQ9JMXlhiobC4Nc_-tDp2dZDqxDPSU6ylDlCONx_3vjFQ7Fc3VaJMijATeUPQ9lRI_EbAVSjjKj4Wb-s5sWyh0gIQ-oyKgx9L9VZIEDfB&sig=AHIEtbTl0DuRvchpzLCqCLa8NHX25FRRPA|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1947, Regional Advisory Councils were set up to bring together industry and education to find out the needs of young workers "and advise on the provision required, and to secure reasonable economy of provision".<ref>''Whitaker's Almanack'', J. Whitaker & Sons, 1987</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} That same year, thirteen Area Training Organisations were set up in England and one in Wales to coordinate teacher training.<ref name="educationengland">{{cite web|url=https://education-uk.org/history/timeline.html|title=Education in England – Timeline|author=Gillard, Derek|publisher=educationengland.org.uk|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819075553/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/history/timeline.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Attlee's government, however, failed to introduce the [[comprehensive education]] for which many socialists had hoped. This reform was eventually carried out by [[Harold Wilson]]'s government. During its time in office, the Attlee government increased spending on education by over 50 per cent, from £6.5&nbsp;billion to £10&nbsp;billion.{{sfn|Beech|Lee|2008}} ====Economy==== [[File:Overzicht van de markt, Bestanddeelnr 191-0944.jpg|thumb|[[Petticoat Lane Market]] in London, 1947]] The most significant problem facing Attlee and his ministers remained the economy, as the [[war effort]] had left Britain nearly bankrupt.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Gilbert | first = Bentley Brinkerhoff | title = Britain since 1945 Labour and the welfare state (1945–51) | encyclopedia = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Britain-since-1945 | date = 2021 | access-date = 26 October 2021 | archive-date = 19 January 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240119232557/https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Britain-since-1945 | url-status = live }}</ref> Overseas investments had been used up to pay for the war. The transition to a peacetime economy, and the maintaining of strategic military commitments abroad led to continuous and severe problems with the [[balance of trade]]. This resulted in strict [[rationing]] of food and other essential goods continuing in the post war period to force a reduction in consumption in an effort to limit imports, boost exports, and stabilise the Pound Sterling so that Britain could trade its way out of its financial state.<ref name="Cowcroft Theakston">{{cite book |last1=Cowcroft |first1=Robert |last2=Theakston |first2=Kevin |editor1-last=Heppell |editor1-first=T |editor2-last=Theakston |editor2-first=Kevin |title=How Labour Governments Fall: From Ramsay Macdonald to Gordon Brown |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-230-36180-5 |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85710/2/Fall%20of%20Attlee%20Govt.pdf |access-date=5 December 2023 |chapter=The Fall of the Attlee Government, 1951 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114172944/https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85710/2/Fall%20of%20Attlee%20Govt.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The abrupt end of the American [[Lend-Lease]] programme in August 1945 almost caused a crisis. Some relief was provided by the [[Anglo-American loan]], negotiated in December 1945. The conditions attached to the loan included making the [[pound sterling|pound]] fully [[convertibility|convertible]] to the US dollar. When this was introduced in July 1947, it led to a [[currency crisis]] and convertibility had to be suspended after just five weeks.<ref name="A History of the British Labour Party"/> The UK benefited from the American [[Marshall Aid]] program in 1948, and the economic situation improved significantly. Another balance of payments crisis in 1949 forced Chancellor of the Exchequer, [[Stafford Cripps]], into devaluation of the pound.<ref name="A History of the British Labour Party"/> Despite these problems, one of the main achievements of Attlee's government was the maintenance of near [[full employment]]. The government maintained most of the wartime controls over the economy, including control over the allocation of materials and manpower, and unemployment rarely rose above 500,000, or 3 per cent of the total workforce.<ref name="A History of the British Labour Party"/> Labour shortages proved a more frequent problem. The inflation rate was also kept low during his term.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The rate of unemployment rarely rose above 2 per cent during Attlee's time in office, whilst there was no hard-core of long-term unemployed. Both production and productivity rose as a result of new equipment, while the average working week was shortened.<ref>Thompson, David. ''England in the Twentieth Century (1914–63)''.</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} The government was less successful in housing, which was the responsibility of [[Aneurin Bevan]]. The government had a target to build 400,000 new houses a year to replace those which had been destroyed in the war, but shortages of materials and manpower meant that less than half this number were built. Nevertheless, millions of people were rehoused as a result of the Attlee government's housing policies. Between August 1945 and December 1951, 1,016,349 new homes were completed in England, Scotland, and Wales.{{sfn|Morgan|1984}} When the Attlee government was voted out of office in 1951, the economy had been improved compared to 1945. The period from 1946 to 1951 saw continuous full employment and steadily rising living standards, which increased by about 10 per cent each year. During that same period, the economy grew by 3 per cent a year, and by 1951 the UK had "the best economic performance in Europe, while output per person was increasing faster than in the United States".<ref>''Ten Years of New Labour'' (edited by Matt Beech and Simon Lee)</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} Careful planning after 1945 also ensured that demobilisation was carried out without having a negative impact upon economic recovery, and that unemployment stayed at very low levels.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>{{page needed|date=May 2024}} In addition, the number of motor cars on the roads rose from 3&nbsp;million to 5&nbsp;million from 1945 to 1951, and seaside holidays were taken by far more people than ever before.{{sfn|Hill|1970}} A Monopolies and Restrictive Practices (Inquiry and Control) Act was passed in 1948, which allowed for investigations of restrictive practices and monopolies.<ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> However, some economic historians have argued that the UK failed to develop economically after the war, with failure to support industry leaving the economy not recovering as effectively as Germany.<ref name="Cowcroft Theakston" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Derek |title=1945–51: Labour and the creation of the welfare state |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education |access-date=5 December 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=14 March 2001 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130202217/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Myers |first1=John |title=The plot against Mercia |url=https://unherd.com/2020/09/the-plot-against-mercia/ |website=[[UnHerd]] |access-date=5 December 2023 |date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205225402/https://unherd.com/2020/09/the-plot-against-mercia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barnett |first1=Correlli |author-link=Correlli Barnett|title=The Lost Victory: British Dreams and British Realities |date=1995 |publisher=Macmillan|pages=170–171}}</ref> ====Energy==== 1947 proved a particularly difficult year for the government; an [[Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom|exceptionally cold winter]] that year caused coal mines to freeze and cease production, creating widespread [[power cuts]] and food shortages. The [[Minister of Fuel and Power]], [[Emanuel Shinwell]] was widely blamed for failing to ensure adequate coal stocks, and soon resigned from his post. The Conservatives capitalised on the crisis with the slogan 'Starve with Strachey and shiver with Shinwell' (referring to the Minister of Food [[John Strachey (politician)|John Strachey]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=Sandbrook |first=Dominic |author-link=Dominic Sandbrook |title=Winter of 1947 |url=http://www.jubileeriver.co.uk/100110%20-%20winter%20of%201947.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=Jubileeriver.co.uk |date=9 January 2010 |access-date=20 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728181223/http://www.jubileeriver.co.uk/100110%20-%20winter%20of%201947.htm |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> The crisis led to an unsuccessful plot by [[Hugh Dalton]] to replace Attlee as Prime Minister with [[Ernest Bevin]]. Later that year [[Stafford Cripps]] tried to persuade Attlee to stand aside for Bevin. These plots petered out after Bevin refused to cooperate. Later that year, Dalton resigned as Chancellor after inadvertently leaking details of the budget to a journalist. He was replaced by Cripps.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foot |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Foot |title=Aneurin Bevan: A Biography: Volume 2: 1945–1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jeyDZ_1h1cC&pg=PT75 |publisher=Faber & Faber |year=2011 |page=75 |isbn=9780571280858}}</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clement_Attlee&action=edit&section=12&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-r6k9d","wgBackendResponseTime":270,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.076","walltime":"0.099","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 68.348 1 -total"," 99.86% 68.253 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 43.17% 29.508 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 39.51% 27.006 1 Template:Hidden"," 38.95% 26.623 2 Template:Replace"," 18.15% 12.407 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 14.92% 10.198 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.34% 1.599 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.03% 1.389 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"," 1.76% 1.201 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.014","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043298,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-r6k9d","timestamp":"20241125115616","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>