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Ecopetrol: Whistleblower reveals Colombia oil giant's ‘awful’ pollution
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data-testid="byline-new" class="sc-b42e7a8f-0 haItSe"><div class="sc-b42e7a8f-1 cjDa-dM"><time dateTime="2025-03-20T01:13:28.415Z" class="sc-b42e7a8f-2 jViTsK">20 March 2025</time><div class="sc-b42e7a8f-3 cFXrjb"><!--$!--><button disabled="" type="button" aria-label="Share" class="sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS"><span data-testid="button-icon-wrapper" class="sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo"><svg width="12" height="14" viewBox="0 0 12 14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" category="social" icon="share" aria-hidden="true" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.51768 8.96851C8.95518 8.96851 8.44393 9.19851 8.07227 9.57018L4.19727 7.36685C4.24893 7.18768 4.2856 7.00185 4.2856 6.80685C4.2856 6.61102 4.24977 6.42518 4.19893 6.2456L8.06143 4.04935C8.43393 4.42602 8.94977 4.66102 9.51768 4.66102C10.661 4.66102 11.5852 3.73643 11.5852 2.60893C11.5852 1.46518 10.661 0.541016 9.51768 0.541016C8.38977 0.541016 7.4656 1.46518 7.4656 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d="M9.51768 8.96851C8.95518 8.96851 8.44393 9.19851 8.07227 9.57018L4.19727 7.36685C4.24893 7.18768 4.2856 7.00185 4.2856 6.80685C4.2856 6.61102 4.24977 6.42518 4.19893 6.2456L8.06143 4.04935C8.43393 4.42602 8.94977 4.66102 9.51768 4.66102C10.661 4.66102 11.5852 3.73643 11.5852 2.60893C11.5852 1.46518 10.661 0.541016 9.51768 0.541016C8.38977 0.541016 7.4656 1.46518 7.4656 2.60893C7.4656 2.78727 7.49602 2.95768 7.53935 3.12352L3.70727 5.37643C3.33143 4.98477 2.80477 4.73935 2.2181 4.73935C1.09018 4.73935 0.166016 5.6631 0.166016 6.80685C0.166016 7.93476 1.09018 8.85851 2.2181 8.85851C2.8006 8.85851 3.32435 8.61726 3.69977 8.23268L7.54602 10.4943C7.49893 10.6681 7.4656 10.8473 7.4656 11.036C7.4656 12.1639 8.38977 13.0881 9.51768 13.0881C10.661 13.0881 11.5852 12.1639 11.5852 11.036C11.5852 9.89268 10.661 8.96851 9.51768 8.96851"></path></svg></span><span data-testid="button-text" aria-hidden="false" class="sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj">Share</span></button><button disabled="" type="button" aria-label="Save" class="sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 iQJDhl cCYQUA kItbpD"><span data-testid="button-icon-wrapper" class="sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo"><svg width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 12 14" category="account" icon="saved-items-outlined" aria-hidden="true" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M5.99996 9.43351L9.46496 11.0741L9.46496 2.0125L2.53496 2.0125L2.53496 11.0741L5.99996 9.43351ZM0.959961 13.5625L0.959961 0.4375L11.04 0.4375L11.04 13.5625L5.99996 11.1761L0.959961 13.5625Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span><span data-testid="button-text" aria-hidden="false" class="sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj">Save</span></button><!--/$--></div></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 ejjhCR"><div data-testid="hero-image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/f3d7/live/8514aeb0-0344-11f0-a8b1-950887ddc6e5.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/f3d7/live/8514aeb0-0344-11f0-a8b1-950887ddc6e5.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/f3d7/live/8514aeb0-0344-11f0-a8b1-950887ddc6e5.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/f3d7/live/8514aeb0-0344-11f0-a8b1-950887ddc6e5.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/f3d7/live/8514aeb0-0344-11f0-a8b1-950887ddc6e5.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/f3d7/live/8514aeb0-0344-11f0-a8b1-950887ddc6e5.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/f3d7/live/8514aeb0-0344-11f0-a8b1-950887ddc6e5.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/f3d7/live/8514aeb0-0344-11f0-a8b1-950887ddc6e5.jpg.webp" loading="eager" alt="BBC Image taken by drone from above, showing a section of brown water, with a large part of it covered in patches of iridescent film, broken in the middle by the head and shoulders of a man in the water. There is green vegetation on the bank on the left." class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn">BBC</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb">An iridescent film could be seen on the water surface in some places the BBC visited<!-- --></figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Colombian energy giant Ecopetrol has polluted hundreds of sites with oil, including water sources and biodiverse wetlands, the BBC World Service has found.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Data leaked by a former employee reveals more than 800 records of these sites from 1989 to 2018, and indicates the company had failed to report about a fifth of them.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">The BBC has also obtained figures showing the company has spilled oil hundreds of times since then.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Ecopetrol says it complies fully with Colombian law and has industry-leading practices on sustainability.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">The company's main refinery is in Barrancabermeja, 260km (162 miles) north of the Colombian capital Bogota.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">The huge cluster of processing plants, industrial chimneys and storage tanks stretches for close to 2km (1.2 miles) along the banks of Colombia's longest river, the Magdalena – a water source for millions of people.<!-- --></p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_1" id="dotcom-mid_1" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/4e99/live/b7edcaa0-76b4-11ef-b02d-c5f3b724a1ea.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/4e99/live/b7edcaa0-76b4-11ef-b02d-c5f3b724a1ea.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/4e99/live/b7edcaa0-76b4-11ef-b02d-c5f3b724a1ea.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/4e99/live/b7edcaa0-76b4-11ef-b02d-c5f3b724a1ea.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/4e99/live/b7edcaa0-76b4-11ef-b02d-c5f3b724a1ea.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/4e99/live/b7edcaa0-76b4-11ef-b02d-c5f3b724a1ea.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/4e99/live/b7edcaa0-76b4-11ef-b02d-c5f3b724a1ea.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/4e99/live/b7edcaa0-76b4-11ef-b02d-c5f3b724a1ea.jpg.webp" loading="lazy" alt="Yuly Velásquez Dead, grey-coloured manatee about a metre long held by woman, Feb 2024" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn">Yuly Velásquez</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb">Yuly Velásquez says manatees have been among dead animals found in the Barrancabermeja area<!-- --></figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Members of the fishing community there believe oil pollution is affecting wildlife in the river.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">The wider area is home to endangered river turtles, manatees and spider monkeys, and is part of a species-rich hotspot in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. Nearby wetlands include a protected habitat for jaguars.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">When the BBC visited last June, families were fishing together in waterways criss-crossed by oil pipelines.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">One local said some of the fish they caught released the pungent smell of crude oil as they were cooked.<!-- --></p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_2" id="dotcom-mid_2" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/89ad/live/239ef760-0346-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/89ad/live/239ef760-0346-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/89ad/live/239ef760-0346-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/89ad/live/239ef760-0346-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/89ad/live/239ef760-0346-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/89ad/live/239ef760-0346-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/89ad/live/239ef760-0346-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/89ad/live/239ef760-0346-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp" loading="lazy" alt="Fisherman standing up to his waist in water, holding up a clump of vegetation covered in dark mud, with green vegetation and the base of an electricity pylon behind him." class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb">A fisherman pulled up a clump of vegetation caked in dark sediment, which Ms Velásquez says is a sign of oil pollution<!-- --></figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">In places, a film with iridescent swirls could be seen on the surface of the water - a distinctive signature of contamination by oil.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">A fisherman dived down in the water and brought up a clump of vegetation caked in dark slime.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Pointing to it, Yuly Velásquez, president of Fedepesan, a federation of fishing organisations in the region, said: "This is all grease and waste that comes directly from the Ecopetrol refinery."<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Ecopetrol, which is 88% owned by the Colombian state and listed on the New York Stock Exchange, rejects the fishers' claims that it is polluting the water.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">In response to the BBC's questions, it says it has efficient wastewater treatment systems and effective contingency plans for oil spills.<!-- --></p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_3" id="dotcom-mid_3" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/4980/live/1ac97300-042b-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/4980/live/1ac97300-042b-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/4980/live/1ac97300-042b-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/4980/live/1ac97300-042b-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/4980/live/1ac97300-042b-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/4980/live/1ac97300-042b-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/4980/live/1ac97300-042b-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/4980/live/1ac97300-042b-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.jpg.webp" loading="lazy" alt="Mr Olarte wearing a blue shirt, with his hand outstretched in a gesture and a concerned expression, while speaking to the BBC" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb">Mr Olarte says he realised "something was wrong" soon after joining Ecopetrol<!-- --></figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Andrés Olarte, the whistleblower who has shared the company's data, says pollution by the firm dates back many years.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">He joined Ecopetrol in 2017 and started working as an adviser to the CEO. He says he soon realised "something was wrong".<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Mr Olarte says he challenged managers about what he describes as "awful" pollution data, but was rebuffed with reactions such as: "Why are you asking these questions? You're not getting what this job is about."<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">He left the company in 2019, and shared a large amount of company data with US-based NGO the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and later with the BBC. The BBC has verified it came from Ecopetrol's servers.<!-- --></p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_4" id="dotcom-mid_4" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 gfTVSf"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/d721/live/d35ac9a0-04cb-11f0-88b7-5556e7b55c5e.png.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/d721/live/d35ac9a0-04cb-11f0-88b7-5556e7b55c5e.png.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/d721/live/d35ac9a0-04cb-11f0-88b7-5556e7b55c5e.png.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/d721/live/d35ac9a0-04cb-11f0-88b7-5556e7b55c5e.png.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/d721/live/d35ac9a0-04cb-11f0-88b7-5556e7b55c5e.png.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/d721/live/d35ac9a0-04cb-11f0-88b7-5556e7b55c5e.png.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/d721/live/d35ac9a0-04cb-11f0-88b7-5556e7b55c5e.png.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/d721/live/d35ac9a0-04cb-11f0-88b7-5556e7b55c5e.png.webp" loading="lazy" alt="Map showing city of Barrancabermeja, with Ecopetrol refinery to the west of the city, on the Magdalena River. Polluted sites that were listed in the 2019 Ecopetrol database are marked on the map, with clusters to the north, west and south-east of the city." class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">One database he has shared, dated January 2019, contains a list of 839 so-called "unresolved environmental impacts" across Colombia.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Ecopetrol uses this term to mean areas where oil is not fully cleaned up from soil and water. The data shows that, as of 2019, some of these sites had remained polluted in this way for over a decade.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Mr Olarte alleges that the firm was trying to hide some of them from Colombian authorities, pointing to about a fifth of the records labelled "only known to Ecopetrol".<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">"You could see a category in the Excel where it lists which one is hidden from an authority and which one is not, which shows the process of hiding stuff from the government," says Mr Olarte.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">The BBC filmed at one of the sites marked "only known to Ecopetrol", which was dated 2017 in the database. Seven years later, a thick, black, oily-looking substance with plastic containment barriers around it was visible along the edge of a section of wetland.<!-- --></p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_5" id="dotcom-mid_5" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/5ccc/live/8f2a70d0-0347-11f0-b50e-9d086302645f.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/5ccc/live/8f2a70d0-0347-11f0-b50e-9d086302645f.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/5ccc/live/8f2a70d0-0347-11f0-b50e-9d086302645f.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/5ccc/live/8f2a70d0-0347-11f0-b50e-9d086302645f.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/5ccc/live/8f2a70d0-0347-11f0-b50e-9d086302645f.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/5ccc/live/8f2a70d0-0347-11f0-b50e-9d086302645f.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/5ccc/live/8f2a70d0-0347-11f0-b50e-9d086302645f.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/5ccc/live/8f2a70d0-0347-11f0-b50e-9d086302645f.jpg.webp" loading="lazy" alt="Area of light brown water with black, oily-looking substance along the bank and partially along a containment boom that runs across the water. Black mud and two diggers can be seen in the background." class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb">The BBC saw a black, oily-looking substance and containment barriers at one of the sites listed in the database as "only known to Ecopetrol"<!-- --></figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Ecopetrol's CEO from 2017 to 2023, Felipe Bayón, told the BBC he strongly denied suggestions that there was any policy to withhold information about pollution.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">"I say to you with complete confidence that there is not, and was not any policy nor any instruction saying, 'these things can't be shared'," he said.<!-- --></p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_6" id="dotcom-mid_6" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><ul class="sc-5c9c90b0-0 ggNdZQ"><li class="sc-8d73edac-0 ezcCTE">If you are outside of the UK, watch <!-- --><a target="_blank" href="https://youtu.be/Grp3YRhSf2o" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 kNHAVz"><b id="colombia:-petroleum,-pollution-and-paramilitaries" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Colombia: Petroleum, Pollution and Paramilitaries<!-- --></b></a> on YouTube <!-- --></li></ul></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_7" id="dotcom-mid_7" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Mr Bayón blamed sabotage for many oil spills.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Colombia has a long history of armed conflict, and illegal armed groups have targeted oil facilities - but "theft" or "attack" are only mentioned for 6% of the cases listed in the database.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">He also said he believed there had been a "significant advance" since then in solving problems that lead to oil pollution.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">However, a separate set of data shows Ecopetrol has continued to pollute.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Figures obtained by the BBC from Colombia's environmental regulator, the Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (Anla), show Ecopetrol has reported hundreds of oil spills per year since 2020.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Asked about the 2019 database of polluted sites, Ecopetrol admits it has records of 839 environmental incidents, but disputes that all of them were classed as "unresolved".<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">The firm says 95% of polluted sites that have been classed as unresolved since 2018 have now been cleaned up.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">It says all pollution incidents are subject to a management process and are reported to the regulator.<!-- --></p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/66c6/live/c89d39c0-76b5-11ef-bc61-1d45017a238a.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/66c6/live/c89d39c0-76b5-11ef-bc61-1d45017a238a.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/66c6/live/c89d39c0-76b5-11ef-bc61-1d45017a238a.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/66c6/live/c89d39c0-76b5-11ef-bc61-1d45017a238a.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/66c6/live/c89d39c0-76b5-11ef-bc61-1d45017a238a.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/66c6/live/c89d39c0-76b5-11ef-bc61-1d45017a238a.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/66c6/live/c89d39c0-76b5-11ef-bc61-1d45017a238a.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/66c6/live/c89d39c0-76b5-11ef-bc61-1d45017a238a.jpg.webp" loading="lazy" alt="Industrial chimneys and buildings next to river, with vegetation visible along the river banks and reflections of the chimneys in the water" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb">Ecopetrol's main refinery stretches along on the banks of the Magdalena River near Barrancabermeja<!-- --></figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_8" id="dotcom-mid_8" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">The data from the regulator includes hundreds of spills in the Barrancabermeja area where Ms Velásquez and the fishers live.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">The fisherwoman and her colleagues have been monitoring biodiversity in the area's wetlands, which feed into the Magdalena River.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">She said there had been a "massacre" of fauna. "This year, there were three dead manatees, five dead buffalo. We found more than 10 caimans. We found turtles, capybaras, birds, thousands of dead fish," she said last June.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">It is not clear what caused the deaths - the El Niño weather phenomenon and climate change may be factors.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">A 2022 study by the University of Nottingham lists pollution - from oil production and other industrial and domestic sources - as one factor among several, including climate change, that are degrading the Magdalena river basin.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Mr Olarte left Ecopetrol in 2019. He moved to his family home near Barrancabermeja, and says he met with an old contact to ask about job openings. Soon afterwards, he says an anonymous caller rang his phone threatening to kill him.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">"In the call I understood they thought I had put complaints against Ecopetrol, which was not the case," he says.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Mr Olarte says more threats followed, including a note that he showed to the BBC. He does not know who made the threats and there is no evidence that Ecopetrol ordered them.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Ms Velásquez and seven other people also told the BBC they had received death threats after challenging Ecopetrol.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">She said an armed group had fired warning shots at her house and spray-painted the word "leave" on the wall.<!-- --></p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/c2e7/live/a8d9a590-0348-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/c2e7/live/a8d9a590-0348-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/c2e7/live/a8d9a590-0348-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/c2e7/live/a8d9a590-0348-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/c2e7/live/a8d9a590-0348-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/c2e7/live/a8d9a590-0348-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/c2e7/live/a8d9a590-0348-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/c2e7/live/a8d9a590-0348-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg.webp" loading="lazy" alt="Close up portrait of fishing federation president Yuly Velásquez, she is looking straight at the camera, and is photographed indoors with a fishing net on the wall behind her" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb">Ms Velásquez told the BBC she had been threatened and her house shot at<!-- --></figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_9" id="dotcom-mid_9" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">The fisherwoman is now protected by armed bodyguards paid for by the government, but the threats have continued.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Asked about the threats Mr Olarte described, the former CEO Mr Bayón said they were "absolutely unacceptable".<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">"I want to make it totally clear… that never, at any time, was there any order of that sort," Mr Bayón said.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Ms Velásquez and Mr Olarte both know the risks are real. Colombia is the most dangerous country in the world for environmental defenders, according to the NGO Global Witness, with 79 killed in 2023.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Experts say such killings are linked to Colombia's decades-long armed conflict, in which government forces and paramilitaries allied to them have fought left-wing rebel groups.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Despite government attempts to end the conflict, armed groups and drug cartels remain active in parts of the country.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Matthew Smith, an oil analyst and financial journalist based in Colombia, says he does not believe Ecopetrol managers are involved in threats by armed groups.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">But he says there is an "immense" overlap between former paramilitary groups and the private security sector.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Private security firms often employ former members of paramilitary groups and compete for lucrative contracts to protect oil facilities, he says.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Mr Olarte has shared internal Ecopetrol emails showing that in 2018, the company paid a total of $65m to more than 2,800 private security companies.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">"There is always that risk of some sort of contagion between the private security companies, the types of people they employ, and their desire to continually maintain their contract," Mr Smith says.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">He says this could potentially even include kidnapping or murdering community leaders or environmental defenders in order to "ensure that Ecopetrol's operations proceed smoothly".<!-- --></p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/87a6/live/e6aff710-76b3-11ef-8c1a-df523ba43a9a.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/87a6/live/e6aff710-76b3-11ef-8c1a-df523ba43a9a.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/87a6/live/e6aff710-76b3-11ef-8c1a-df523ba43a9a.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/87a6/live/e6aff710-76b3-11ef-8c1a-df523ba43a9a.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/87a6/live/e6aff710-76b3-11ef-8c1a-df523ba43a9a.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/87a6/live/e6aff710-76b3-11ef-8c1a-df523ba43a9a.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/87a6/live/e6aff710-76b3-11ef-8c1a-df523ba43a9a.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/87a6/live/e6aff710-76b3-11ef-8c1a-df523ba43a9a.jpg.webp" loading="lazy" alt="Fisherman standing on a small boat on the Magdalena River, casting a fishing net which is spreading out in the air in front of him" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb">Fishing is an important livelihood for many in the Barrancabermeja area<!-- --></figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_10" id="dotcom-mid_10" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Mr Bayón said he was "convinced that the checks and due diligence were done" regarding the company's relationships with private security companies.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Ecopetrol says it has never had relationships with illegal armed groups. It says it has a strong due diligence process and carries out human rights impact assessments for its activities.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">The BBC contacted other members of Ecopetrol's former leadership from the time of Mr Olarte's employment, who strongly deny the allegations in this report.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Now living in Germany, Mr Olarte has been submitting complaints about Ecopetrol's environmental record to the Colombian authorities and the company itself - so far, without meaningful result.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">He has also been in a series of legal cases against Ecopetrol and its management, related to his employment there, which are as yet unresolved.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">"I did this in defence of my home, of my land, of my region, of my people," he says.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">Mr Bayón stressed the economic and social importance of Ecopetrol to Colombia.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">"We have 1.5 million families who don't have access to energy or who cook with firewood and coal," he said. "I believe that we must continue to rely on clean production of oil, gas, all energy sources, to transition without ending an industry that is so important for Colombians."<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">And Ms Velásquez remains determined to continue speaking out, despite the threats.<!-- --></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ">"If we don't go fishing, we don't eat," she said. "If we speak and report, we are killed… And if we don't report, we kill ourselves, because all these incidents of heavy pollution are destroying the environment around us."<!-- --></p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 gfTVSf"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/0d54/live/f56e3cc0-04cb-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.png.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/0d54/live/f56e3cc0-04cb-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.png.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/0d54/live/f56e3cc0-04cb-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.png.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/0d54/live/f56e3cc0-04cb-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.png.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/0d54/live/f56e3cc0-04cb-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.png.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/0d54/live/f56e3cc0-04cb-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.png.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/0d54/live/f56e3cc0-04cb-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.png.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/0d54/live/f56e3cc0-04cb-11f0-97d3-37df2b293ed1.png.webp" loading="lazy" alt="Map showing Colombia and surrounding countries - Venezuela to the east, Brazil and Peru to the south and Ecuador to the south-west. Barrancabermeja is marked to the north of the Colombian capital, Bogota." class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div></figure><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_11" id="dotcom-mid_11" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="links-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jVHuOl"><div class="sc-93223220-0 sc-46222299-0 ctbOlq hmFIuq"><div data-testid="links-grid" class="sc-93223220-0 sc-46222299-1 hVPZMe jMSIqG"><div data-testid="chester-card" data-indexcard="true" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-68795071" data-testid="external-anchor" target="_self" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="chester-article" class="sc-417019fc-0 iZGTHs"><div class="sc-87075214-1 dRanZR"><div class="sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-87075214-3 eywmDE">Four-minute showers - a parched Bogota rations water<!-- 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class="sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew">Field trials of a firm's algae fertiliser have shown it has led to a 21% increase in yield. </p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua">44 mins ago</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj">Science & Environment</span></div></div></div></div></a></div></div><div data-testid="liverpool-card" data-indexcard="true" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/news/articles/cvg19q7pjdeo" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div class="sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr"><div class="sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA"><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG">45 mins ago</span></div></div><div data-testid="liverpool-article" class="sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/6044/live/5aa61e40-0bf3-11f0-ac9f-c37d6fd89579.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/6044/live/5aa61e40-0bf3-11f0-ac9f-c37d6fd89579.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/6044/live/5aa61e40-0bf3-11f0-ac9f-c37d6fd89579.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/6044/live/5aa61e40-0bf3-11f0-ac9f-c37d6fd89579.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/6044/live/5aa61e40-0bf3-11f0-ac9f-c37d6fd89579.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/6044/live/5aa61e40-0bf3-11f0-ac9f-c37d6fd89579.jpg.webp 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In the distance you can see bare brown coloured mountains and conifer trees on the lake's banks." class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv"><div class="sc-87075214-1 kycgkX"><div class="sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-87075214-3 czAFqs">Record number of illegal sewage spills in Windermere last year<!-- --></h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew">Campaigners identified 140 illegal spill days into the beauty spot in 2024</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua">45 mins ago</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj">Science & Environment</span></div></div></div></div></a></div></div><div data-testid="liverpool-card" data-indexcard="true" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/news/articles/cm2y2dy5z8yo" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div class="sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr"><div class="sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA"><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG">19 hrs ago</span></div></div><div data-testid="liverpool-article" class="sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/9807/live/0987f010-0c0c-11f0-8272-0de83f8a4c74.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/9807/live/0987f010-0c0c-11f0-8272-0de83f8a4c74.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/9807/live/0987f010-0c0c-11f0-8272-0de83f8a4c74.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/9807/live/0987f010-0c0c-11f0-8272-0de83f8a4c74.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/9807/live/0987f010-0c0c-11f0-8272-0de83f8a4c74.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/9807/live/0987f010-0c0c-11f0-8272-0de83f8a4c74.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/9807/live/0987f010-0c0c-11f0-8272-0de83f8a4c74.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/9807/live/0987f010-0c0c-11f0-8272-0de83f8a4c74.jpg.webp" loading="lazy" alt="Close up of a water vole. 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Rapid water is running through a woodland area. Trees are on either side of the water. " class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv"><div class="sc-87075214-1 kycgkX"><div class="sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-87075214-3 czAFqs">Free wellbeing workshops for young people<!-- --></h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew">The sessions run by Natural England aim to help young people connect with nature.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua">23 hrs ago</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj">Cornwall</span></div></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></aside><div class="zephr_meter_beta"></div><div class="zephr_story_beta"></div></main><hr data-testid="main-footer-divider" class="sc-c05885a3-2 eBEgvI"/><footer data-testid="main-footer" 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All rights reserved. <!-- --><i id="" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> <!-- --></i>The<!-- --><i id="bbc" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> BBC <!-- --></i>is<!-- --><i id="not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> not responsible for the content of external sites.<!-- --></i> <!-- --><a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/feeds-and-links" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm"><b id="read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Read about our approach to external linking.<!-- --></b></a></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ"> <!-- --></p></div></footer></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"page":{"@\"news\",\"articles\",\"crewlj11jljo\",":{"id":"urn:bbc:optimo:asset:crewlj11jljo","contents":[{"type":"headline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Oil giant's leaked data reveals 'awful' pollution","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Oil giant's leaked data reveals 'awful' pollution","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"timestamp","model":{"timestamp":1742433208415}},{"type":"byline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"contributor","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"name","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Owen Pinnell","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Owen Pinnell","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"role","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"BBC Eye Investigations","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"BBC Eye Investigations","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"timestamp","model":{"timestamp":1742433208415}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"An iridescent film could be seen on the water surface in some places the BBC visited","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"An iridescent film could be seen on the water surface in some places the BBC visited","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Image taken by drone from above, showing a section of brown water, with a large part of it covered in patches of iridescent film, broken in the middle by the head and shoulders of a man in the water. 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There is green vegetation on the bank on the left.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"locator":"f3d7/live/8514aeb0-0344-11f0-a8b1-950887ddc6e5.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"BBC","suitableForSyndication":true}}],"emphasiseImage":true}},{"type":"text","model":{"suitableForAbridgement":false,"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Colombian energy giant Ecopetrol has polluted hundreds of sites with oil, including water sources and biodiverse wetlands, the BBC World Service has found.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Colombian energy giant Ecopetrol has polluted hundreds of sites with oil, including water sources and biodiverse wetlands, the BBC World Service has found.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Data leaked by a former employee reveals more than 800 records of these sites from 1989 to 2018, and indicates the company had failed to report about a fifth of them.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Data leaked by a former employee reveals more than 800 records of these sites from 1989 to 2018, and indicates the company had failed to report about a fifth of them.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The BBC has also obtained figures showing the company has spilled oil hundreds of times since then.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The BBC has also obtained figures showing the company has spilled oil hundreds of times since then.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Ecopetrol says it complies fully with Colombian law and has industry-leading practices on sustainability.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Ecopetrol says it complies fully with Colombian law and has industry-leading practices on sustainability.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The company's main refinery is in Barrancabermeja, 260km (162 miles) north of the Colombian capital Bogota.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The company's main refinery is in Barrancabermeja, 260km (162 miles) north of the Colombian capital Bogota.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The huge cluster of processing plants, industrial chimneys and storage tanks stretches for close to 2km (1.2 miles) along the banks of Colombia's longest river, the Magdalena – a water source for millions of people.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The huge cluster of processing plants, industrial chimneys and storage tanks stretches for close to 2km (1.2 miles) along the banks of Colombia's longest river, the Magdalena – a water source for millions of people.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_1"},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Yuly Velásquez says manatees have been among dead animals found in the Barrancabermeja area","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Yuly Velásquez says manatees have been among dead animals found in the Barrancabermeja area","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Dead, grey-coloured manatee about a metre long held by woman, Feb 2024","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Dead, grey-coloured manatee about a metre long held by woman, Feb 2024","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"locator":"4e99/live/b7edcaa0-76b4-11ef-b02d-c5f3b724a1ea.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"Yuly Velásquez","suitableForSyndication":true}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"suitableForAbridgement":false,"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Members of the fishing community there believe oil pollution is affecting wildlife in the river.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Members of the fishing community there believe oil pollution is affecting wildlife in the river.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The wider area is home to endangered river turtles, manatees and spider monkeys, and is part of a species-rich hotspot in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. Nearby wetlands include a protected habitat for jaguars.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The wider area is home to endangered river turtles, manatees and spider monkeys, and is part of a species-rich hotspot in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. Nearby wetlands include a protected habitat for jaguars.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"When the BBC visited last June, families were fishing together in waterways criss-crossed by oil pipelines.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"When the BBC visited last June, families were fishing together in waterways criss-crossed by oil pipelines.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"One local said some of the fish they caught released the pungent smell of crude oil as they were cooked.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"One local said some of the fish they caught released the pungent smell of crude oil as they were cooked.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_2"},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"A fisherman pulled up a clump of vegetation caked in dark sediment, which Ms Velásquez says is a sign of oil pollution","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"A fisherman pulled up a clump of vegetation caked in dark sediment, which Ms Velásquez says is a sign of oil pollution","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Fisherman standing up to his waist in water, holding up a clump of vegetation covered in dark mud, with green vegetation and the base of an electricity pylon behind him.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Fisherman standing up to his waist in water, holding up a clump of vegetation covered in dark mud, with green vegetation and the base of an electricity pylon behind him.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"width":1536,"height":864,"locator":"89ad/live/239ef760-0346-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"BBC","suitableForSyndication":true}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"suitableForAbridgement":false,"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"In places, a film with iridescent swirls could be seen on the surface of the water - 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He says he soon realised \"something was wrong\".","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"He joined Ecopetrol in 2017 and started working as an adviser to the CEO. He says he soon realised \"something was wrong\".","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Mr Olarte says he challenged managers about what he describes as \"awful\" pollution data, but was rebuffed with reactions such as: \"Why are you asking these questions? You're not getting what this job is about.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Mr Olarte says he challenged managers about what he describes as \"awful\" pollution data, but was rebuffed with reactions such as: \"Why are you asking these questions? You're not getting what this job is about.\"","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"He left the company in 2019, and shared a large amount of company data with US-based NGO the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and later with the BBC. The BBC has verified it came from Ecopetrol's servers.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"He left the company in 2019, and shared a large amount of company data with US-based NGO the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and later with the BBC. The BBC has verified it came from Ecopetrol's servers.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_4"},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Map showing city of Barrancabermeja, with Ecopetrol refinery to the west of the city, on the Magdalena River. Polluted sites that were listed in the 2019 Ecopetrol database are marked on the map, with clusters to the north, west and south-east of the city.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Map showing city of Barrancabermeja, with Ecopetrol refinery to the west of the city, on the Magdalena River. Polluted sites that were listed in the 2019 Ecopetrol database are marked on the map, with clusters to the north, west and south-east of the city.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"width":1280,"height":1152,"locator":"d721/live/d35ac9a0-04cb-11f0-88b7-5556e7b55c5e.png","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"BBC","suitableForSyndication":true}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"suitableForAbridgement":false,"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"One database he has shared, dated January 2019, contains a list of 839 so-called \"unresolved environmental impacts\" across Colombia.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"One database he has shared, dated January 2019, contains a list of 839 so-called \"unresolved environmental impacts\" across Colombia.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Ecopetrol uses this term to mean areas where oil is not fully cleaned up from soil and water. The data shows that, as of 2019, some of these sites had remained polluted in this way for over a decade.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Ecopetrol uses this term to mean areas where oil is not fully cleaned up from soil and water. The data shows that, as of 2019, some of these sites had remained polluted in this way for over a decade.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Mr Olarte alleges that the firm was trying to hide some of them from Colombian authorities, pointing to about a fifth of the records labelled \"only known to Ecopetrol\".","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Mr Olarte alleges that the firm was trying to hide some of them from Colombian authorities, pointing to about a fifth of the records labelled \"only known to Ecopetrol\".","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"You could see a category in the Excel where it lists which one is hidden from an authority and which one is not, which shows the process of hiding stuff from the government,\" says Mr Olarte.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"You could see a category in the Excel where it lists which one is hidden from an authority and which one is not, which shows the process of hiding stuff from the government,\" says Mr Olarte.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The BBC filmed at one of the sites marked \"only known to Ecopetrol\", which was dated 2017 in the database. Seven years later, a thick, black, oily-looking substance with plastic containment barriers around it was visible along the edge of a section of wetland.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The BBC filmed at one of the sites marked \"only known to Ecopetrol\", which was dated 2017 in the database. Seven years later, a thick, black, oily-looking substance with plastic containment barriers around it was visible along the edge of a section of wetland.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_5"},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The BBC saw a black, oily-looking substance and containment barriers at one of the sites listed in the database as \"only known to Ecopetrol\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The BBC saw a black, oily-looking substance and containment barriers at one of the sites listed in the database as \"only known to Ecopetrol\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Area of light brown water with black, oily-looking substance along the bank and partially along a containment boom that runs across the water. Black mud and two diggers can be seen in the background.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Area of light brown water with black, oily-looking substance along the bank and partially along a containment boom that runs across the water. Black mud and two diggers can be seen in the background.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"locator":"5ccc/live/8f2a70d0-0347-11f0-b50e-9d086302645f.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"BBC","suitableForSyndication":true}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"suitableForAbridgement":false,"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Ecopetrol's CEO from 2017 to 2023, Felipe Bayón, told the BBC he strongly denied suggestions that there was any policy to withhold information about pollution.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Ecopetrol's CEO from 2017 to 2023, Felipe Bayón, told the BBC he strongly denied suggestions that there was any policy to withhold information about pollution.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"I say to you with complete confidence that there is not, and was not any policy nor any instruction saying, 'these things can't be shared',\" he said.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"I say to you with complete confidence that there is not, and was not any policy nor any instruction saying, 'these things can't be shared',\" he said.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_6"},{"type":"eventPromo","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"title","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Colombia: Petroleum, Pollution and Paramilitaries","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Colombia: Petroleum, Pollution and Paramilitaries","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"group","model":{"intentType":"schedule","blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"A whistleblower reveals Colombian oil giant Ecopetrol's ‘awful’ pollution. 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but \"theft\" or \"attack\" are only mentioned for 6% of the cases listed in the database.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Colombia has a long history of armed conflict, and illegal armed groups have targeted oil facilities - but \"theft\" or \"attack\" are only mentioned for 6% of the cases listed in the database.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"He also said he believed there had been a \"significant advance\" since then in solving problems that lead to oil pollution.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"He also said he believed there had been a \"significant advance\" since then in solving problems that lead to oil pollution.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"However, a separate set of data shows Ecopetrol has continued to pollute.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"However, a separate set of data shows Ecopetrol has continued to pollute.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Figures obtained by the BBC from Colombia's environmental regulator, the Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (Anla), show Ecopetrol has reported hundreds of oil spills per year since 2020.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Figures obtained by the BBC from Colombia's environmental regulator, the Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (Anla), show Ecopetrol has reported hundreds of oil spills per year since 2020.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Asked about the 2019 database of polluted sites, Ecopetrol admits it has records of 839 environmental incidents, but disputes that all of them were classed as \"unresolved\".","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Asked about the 2019 database of polluted sites, Ecopetrol admits it has records of 839 environmental incidents, but disputes that all of them were classed as \"unresolved\".","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The firm says 95% of polluted sites that have been classed as unresolved since 2018 have now been cleaned up.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The firm says 95% of polluted sites that have been classed as unresolved since 2018 have now been cleaned up.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"It says all pollution incidents are subject to a management process and are reported to the regulator.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"It says all pollution incidents are subject to a management process and are reported to the regulator.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Ecopetrol's main refinery stretches along on the banks of the Magdalena River near Barrancabermeja","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Ecopetrol's main refinery stretches along on the banks of the Magdalena River near Barrancabermeja","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Industrial chimneys and buildings next to river, with vegetation visible along the river banks and reflections of the chimneys in the water","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Industrial chimneys and buildings next to river, with vegetation visible along the river banks and reflections of the chimneys in the water","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"width":1642,"height":924,"locator":"66c6/live/c89d39c0-76b5-11ef-bc61-1d45017a238a.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"BBC","suitableForSyndication":true}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_8"},{"type":"text","model":{"suitableForAbridgement":false,"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The data from the regulator includes hundreds of spills in the Barrancabermeja area where Ms Velásquez and the fishers live.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The data from the regulator includes hundreds of spills in the Barrancabermeja area where Ms Velásquez and the fishers live.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The fisherwoman and her colleagues have been monitoring biodiversity in the area's wetlands, which feed into the Magdalena River.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The fisherwoman and her colleagues have been monitoring biodiversity in the area's wetlands, which feed into the Magdalena River.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"She said there had been a \"massacre\" of fauna. \"This year, there were three dead manatees, five dead buffalo. We found more than 10 caimans. We found turtles, capybaras, birds, thousands of dead fish,\" she said last June.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"She said there had been a \"massacre\" of fauna. \"This year, there were three dead manatees, five dead buffalo. We found more than 10 caimans. We found turtles, capybaras, birds, thousands of dead fish,\" she said last June.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"It is not clear what caused the deaths - the El Niño weather phenomenon and climate change may be factors.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"It is not clear what caused the deaths - the El Niño weather phenomenon and climate change may be factors.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"A 2022 study by the University of Nottingham lists pollution - from oil production and other industrial and domestic sources - as one factor among several, including climate change, that are degrading the Magdalena river basin.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"A 2022 study by the University of Nottingham lists pollution - from oil production and other industrial and domestic sources - as one factor among several, including climate change, that are degrading the Magdalena river basin.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Mr Olarte left Ecopetrol in 2019. He moved to his family home near Barrancabermeja, and says he met with an old contact to ask about job openings. Soon afterwards, he says an anonymous caller rang his phone threatening to kill him.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Mr Olarte left Ecopetrol in 2019. He moved to his family home near Barrancabermeja, and says he met with an old contact to ask about job openings. Soon afterwards, he says an anonymous caller rang his phone threatening to kill him.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"In the call I understood they thought I had put complaints against Ecopetrol, which was not the case,\" he says.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"In the call I understood they thought I had put complaints against Ecopetrol, which was not the case,\" he says.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Mr Olarte says more threats followed, including a note that he showed to the BBC. He does not know who made the threats and there is no evidence that Ecopetrol ordered them.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Mr Olarte says more threats followed, including a note that he showed to the BBC. He does not know who made the threats and there is no evidence that Ecopetrol ordered them.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Ms Velásquez and seven other people also told the BBC they had received death threats after challenging Ecopetrol.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Ms Velásquez and seven other people also told the BBC they had received death threats after challenging Ecopetrol.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"She said an armed group had fired warning shots at her house and spray-painted the word \"leave\" on the wall.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"She said an armed group had fired warning shots at her house and spray-painted the word \"leave\" on the wall.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Ms Velásquez told the BBC she had been threatened and her house shot at","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Ms Velásquez told the BBC she had been threatened and her house shot at","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Close up portrait of fishing federation president Yuly Velásquez, she is looking straight at the camera, and is photographed indoors with a fishing net on the wall behind her","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Close up portrait of fishing federation president Yuly Velásquez, she is looking straight at the camera, and is photographed indoors with a fishing net on the wall behind her","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"width":1536,"height":864,"locator":"c2e7/live/a8d9a590-0348-11f0-afda-6146e09cccfe.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"BBC","suitableForSyndication":true}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_9"},{"type":"text","model":{"suitableForAbridgement":false,"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The fisherwoman is now protected by armed bodyguards paid for by the government, but the threats have continued.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The fisherwoman is now protected by armed bodyguards paid for by the government, but the threats have continued.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Asked about the threats Mr Olarte described, the former CEO Mr Bayón said they were \"absolutely unacceptable\".","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Asked about the threats Mr Olarte described, the former CEO Mr Bayón said they were \"absolutely unacceptable\".","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"I want to make it totally clear… that never, at any time, was there any order of that sort,\" Mr Bayón said.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"I want to make it totally clear… that never, at any time, was there any order of that sort,\" Mr Bayón said.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Ms Velásquez and Mr Olarte both know the risks are real. Colombia is the most dangerous country in the world for environmental defenders, according to the NGO Global Witness, with 79 killed in 2023.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Ms Velásquez and Mr Olarte both know the risks are real. Colombia is the most dangerous country in the world for environmental defenders, according to the NGO Global Witness, with 79 killed in 2023.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Experts say such killings are linked to Colombia's decades-long armed conflict, in which government forces and paramilitaries allied to them have fought left-wing rebel groups.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Experts say such killings are linked to Colombia's decades-long armed conflict, in which government forces and paramilitaries allied to them have fought left-wing rebel groups.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Despite government attempts to end the conflict, armed groups and drug cartels remain active in parts of the country.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Despite government attempts to end the conflict, armed groups and drug cartels remain active in parts of the country.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Matthew Smith, an oil analyst and financial journalist based in Colombia, says he does not believe Ecopetrol managers are involved in threats by armed groups.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Matthew Smith, an oil analyst and financial journalist based in Colombia, says he does not believe Ecopetrol managers are involved in threats by armed groups.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"But he says there is an \"immense\" overlap between former paramilitary groups and the private security sector.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"But he says there is an \"immense\" overlap between former paramilitary groups and the private security sector.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Private security firms often employ former members of paramilitary groups and compete for lucrative contracts to protect oil facilities, he 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companies, the types of people they employ, and their desire to continually maintain their contract,\" Mr Smith says.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"He says this could potentially even include kidnapping or murdering community leaders or environmental defenders in order to \"ensure that Ecopetrol's operations proceed smoothly\".","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"He says this could potentially even include kidnapping or murdering community leaders or environmental defenders in order to \"ensure that Ecopetrol's operations proceed smoothly\".","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Fishing is an important livelihood for many in the Barrancabermeja area","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Fishing is an important livelihood for many in the Barrancabermeja area","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Fisherman standing on a small boat on the Magdalena River, casting a fishing net which is spreading out in the air in front of him","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Fisherman standing on a small boat on the Magdalena River, casting a fishing net which is spreading out in the air in front of him","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"locator":"87a6/live/e6aff710-76b3-11ef-8c1a-df523ba43a9a.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"BBC","suitableForSyndication":true}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_10"},{"type":"text","model":{"suitableForAbridgement":false,"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Mr Bayón said he was \"convinced that the checks and due diligence were done\" regarding the company's relationships with private 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It says it has a strong due diligence process and carries out human rights impact assessments for its activities.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Ecopetrol says it has never had relationships with illegal armed groups. It says it has a strong due diligence process and carries out human rights impact assessments for its activities.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The BBC contacted other members of Ecopetrol's former leadership from the time of Mr Olarte's employment, who strongly deny the allegations in this report.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The BBC contacted other members of Ecopetrol's former leadership from the time of Mr Olarte's employment, who strongly deny the allegations in this report.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Now living in Germany, Mr Olarte has been submitting complaints about Ecopetrol's environmental record to the Colombian authorities and the company itself - so far, without meaningful result.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Now living in Germany, Mr Olarte has been submitting complaints about Ecopetrol's environmental record to the Colombian authorities and the company itself - so far, without meaningful result.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"He has also been in a series of legal cases against Ecopetrol and its management, related to his employment there, which are as yet unresolved.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"He has also been in a series of legal cases against Ecopetrol and its management, related to his employment there, which are as yet unresolved.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"I did this in defence of my home, of my land, of my region, of my people,\" he says.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"I did this in defence of my home, of my land, of my region, of my people,\" he says.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Mr Bayón stressed the economic and social importance of Ecopetrol to Colombia.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Mr Bayón stressed the economic and social importance of Ecopetrol to Colombia.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"We have 1.5 million families who don't have access to energy or who cook with firewood and coal,\" he said. \"I believe that we must continue to rely on clean production of oil, gas, all energy sources, to transition without ending an industry that is so important for Colombians.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"We have 1.5 million families who don't have access to energy or who cook with firewood and coal,\" he said. \"I believe that we must continue to rely on clean production of oil, gas, all energy sources, to transition without ending an industry that is so important for Colombians.\"","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"And Ms Velásquez remains determined to continue speaking out, despite the threats.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"And Ms Velásquez remains determined to continue speaking out, despite the threats.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"If we don't go fishing, we don't eat,\" she said. \"If we speak and report, we are killed… And if we don't report, we kill ourselves, because all these incidents of heavy pollution are destroying the environment around us.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"If we don't go fishing, we don't eat,\" she said. \"If we speak and report, we are killed… And if we don't report, we kill ourselves, because all these incidents of heavy pollution are destroying the environment around us.\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Map showing Colombia and surrounding countries - Venezuela to the east, Brazil and Peru to the south and Ecuador to the south-west. 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