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<li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early expressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_in_the_First_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_in_the_First_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Debate in the First International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_in_the_First_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_revolutionary_syndicalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_revolutionary_syndicalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Rise of revolutionary syndicalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_revolutionary_syndicalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_in_the_Second_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_in_the_Second_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Debate in the Second International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_in_the_Second_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Legality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debates_on_general_strikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates_on_general_strikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Debates on general strikes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debates_on_general_strikes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Debates on general strikes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Debates_on_general_strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socialists_versus_anarchists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialists_versus_anarchists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Socialists versus anarchists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialists_versus_anarchists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syndicalism_and_general_strikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syndicalism_and_general_strikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Syndicalism and general strikes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syndicalism_and_general_strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_general_strikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_general_strikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable general strikes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_general_strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">General strike</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="إضراب عام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إضراب عام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bada_cheneral" title="Bada cheneral – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bada cheneral" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_general" title="Vaga general – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vaga general" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gener%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_st%C3%A1vka" title="Generální stávka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Generální stávka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streic_gyffredinol" title="Streic gyffredinol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Streic gyffredinol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalstrejke" title="Generalstrejke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Generalstrejke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalstreik" title="Generalstreik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Generalstreik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γενική απεργία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενική απεργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga_general" title="Huelga general – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Huelga general" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cenerala_striko" title="Ĝenerala striko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝenerala striko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greba_orokor" title="Greba orokor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greba orokor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اعتصاب سراسری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعتصاب سراسری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ve_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Grève générale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grève générale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folga_xeral" title="Folga xeral – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Folga xeral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%9D%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%85" title="총파업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="총파업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="हड़ताल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हड़ताल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemogokan_umum" title="Pemogokan umum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemogokan umum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsherjarverkfall" title="Allsherjarverkfall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Allsherjarverkfall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שביתה כללית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שביתה כללית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0" title="ಮುಷ್ಕರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುಷ್ಕರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="საყოველთაო გაფიცვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საყოველთაო გაფიცვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visp%C4%81r%C4%93js_streiks" title="Vispārējs streiks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vispārējs streiks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogok_umum" title="Mogok umum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mogok umum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemene_staking" title="Algemene staking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Algemene staking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AD" title="ゼネラル・ストライキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゼネラル・ストライキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greve_geral" title="Greve geral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Greve geral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Всеобщая забастовка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всеобщая забастовка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gener%C3%A1lny_%C5%A1trajk" title="Generálny štrajk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Generálny štrajk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yleislakko" title="Yleislakko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yleislakko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storstrejk" title="Storstrejk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storstrejk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B" title="การนัดหยุดงานทั่วไป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การนัดหยุดงานทั่วไป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genel_grev" title="Genel grev – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genel grev" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_c%C3%B4ng" title="Tổng đình công – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổng đình công" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%BD%B7%E5%B7%A5" title="總罷工 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="總罷工" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Labor" title="Category:Labor"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">a series</span></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Organised labour</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-op_activism5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/80px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/120px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/160px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation of labor">Exploitation of labour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_labor_issues_and_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of labor issues and events">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_unionism" title="New unionism">New unionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li><li><a 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href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-day week">Four-day week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Legal working age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">Paid time off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade unions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions" title="List of trade unions">Trade unions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federations_of_trade_unions" title="List of federations of trade unions">Trade union federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_comparisons_of_trade_unions" title="International comparisons of trade unions">International comparisons</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">ITUC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strikes" title="List of strikes">Chronological list of strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">General strike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">Lockouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">Work-to-rule</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_parties" title="List of Labour parties">Labour parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (current)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Labour_Party" title="Fiji Labour Party">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Labour_Party" title="Georgian Labour Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Labour Party (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Malta)" title="Labour Party (Malta)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(New_Caledonia)" title="Labour Party (New Caledonia)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Labour_Party" title="Portuguese Labour Party">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Singapore)" title="Workers' Party (Singapore)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Labor Party (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">Industrial relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labour history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labor" title="Template:Labor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labor" title="Template talk:Labor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>general strike</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike action</a> in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal. They are organised by large coalitions of political, social, and labour organizations and may also include rallies, marches, boycotts, civil disobedience, non-payment of taxes, and other forms of direct or indirect action. Additionally, general strikes might exclude care workers, such as teachers, doctors, and nurses. </p><p>Historically, the term general strike has referred primarily to <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">solidarity action</a>, which is a multi-sector strike that is organised by trade unions who strike together in order to force pressure on <a href="/wiki/Employers" class="mw-redirect" title="Employers">employers</a> to begin negotiations or offer more favourable terms to the strikers; though not all strikers may have a material interest in each other's negotiations, they all have a material interest in maintaining and strengthening the collective efficacy of strikes as a bargaining tool. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AduC_173_Volney_(C.F.C.,_comte_de,_1757-1820).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/AduC_173_Volney_%28C.F.C.%2C_comte_de%2C_1757-1820%29.JPG/220px-AduC_173_Volney_%28C.F.C.%2C_comte_de%2C_1757-1820%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/AduC_173_Volney_%28C.F.C.%2C_comte_de%2C_1757-1820%29.JPG/330px-AduC_173_Volney_%28C.F.C.%2C_comte_de%2C_1757-1820%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/AduC_173_Volney_%28C.F.C.%2C_comte_de%2C_1757-1820%29.JPG/440px-AduC_173_Volney_%28C.F.C.%2C_comte_de%2C_1757-1820%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Chasseb%C5%93uf,_comte_de_Volney" title="Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney">Constantin François de Chassebœuf</a>, whose early conception of the general strike lay the groundwork for its systematic formulation in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>An early predecessor of the general strike were the Jewish traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Shmita" title="Shmita">Sabbatical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(biblical)" title="Jubilee (biblical)">Jubilee years</a>, the latter of which involves widespread <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land redistribution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921499Prothero1974147_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921499Prothero1974147-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">secessio plebis</a></i>, during the times of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, has also been noted as a precursor to the general strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early conceptions of the general strike were proposed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">Renaissance</a> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Étienne de La Boétie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160–161Spivak20149_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160–161Spivak20149-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the idea was taken up by radicals such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Chasseb%C5%93uf,_comte_de_Volney" title="Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney">Constantin François de Chassebœuf</a>, who proposed a strike that included <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">industrialists</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">industrial workers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">farmworkers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160–161_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160–161-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his essay <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Ruines</i></span>, Chassebœuf proposed a general strike by "every profession useful to society" against the "civil, military, or religious agents of government", contrasting "the People" against the "men who do nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974161_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974161-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chassebœuf's work held a great influence in Great Britain, where it was distributed throughout the country by the <a href="/wiki/London_Corresponding_Society" title="London Corresponding Society">London Corresponding Society</a>, while his chapter on the general strike was reprinted for decades after its initial publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974161–162_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974161–162-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was later taken up by the British economist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Attwood_(economist)" title="Thomas Attwood (economist)">Thomas Attwood</a> and the French communist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, an ill-defined conception of a general strike was expressed by workers in <a href="/wiki/Pentrich_rising" title="Pentrich rising">Nottingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanketeers" title="Blanketeers">Manchester</a>, but it lacked a systematic formulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921499_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921499-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were periodical strikes throughout the early 19th century that could loosely be considered as 'general strikes'. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1835_Philadelphia_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1835 Philadelphia General Strike">1835 Philadelphia General Strike</a> lasted for three weeks, after which the striking workers won their goal of a ten-hour workday and an increase in wages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1998116–118_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1998116–118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conception">Conception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_benbow_punch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_benbow_punch.JPG/250px-William_benbow_punch.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/William_benbow_punch.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Benbow" title="William Benbow">William Benbow</a> pictured in <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> in 1848</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of the general strike was first formulated by <a href="/wiki/William_Benbow" title="William Benbow">William Benbow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921491–492Prothero1974133–134Spivak201410_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921491–492Prothero1974133–134Spivak201410-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">shoemaker</a> that became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism#United_Kingdom" title="Classical radicalism">British radical movement</a> of the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921491–492_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921491–492-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he was arrested for his political activities, Benbow turned away from <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a> and began to publish a number of <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical</a> polemics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921492–494_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921492–494-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_radicals#National_Union_of_the_Working_Classes" title="Rotunda radicals">National Union of the Working Classes</a>, Benbow expressed impatience with the progress of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Bill</a> and called for armed resistance against the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921494–495_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921494–495-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1832, Benbow published a pamphlet titled <i>Grand National Holiday and Congress of the Productive Classes</i>, in which he outlined his proposals for a general strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497Prothero1974133_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497Prothero1974133-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benbow called for workers themselves to declare a month-long "holiday",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497Prothero1974133Spivak201410_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497Prothero1974133Spivak201410-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would be <a href="/wiki/Strike_pay" title="Strike pay">financially supported</a> first by workers' savings and then by exacting "contributions" from the wealthy. He also proposed the formation of <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> to keep the peace, distribute food and elect delegates to a <a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">congress</a>, which would itself carry out wide-reaching societal reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497Prothero1974133_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497Prothero1974133-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Months after the pamphlet's publication, Benbow was arrested for leading a 100,000-strong demonstration, which he had intended as a "dress rehearsal" for his proposed "national holiday".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921495–496_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921495–496-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The passage of the Reform Act brought with it the collapse of the radical movement, including Benbow's National Union. But six years later, in an atmosphere of rising disillusionment with the progress of political reform, the nascent <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist movement</a> adopted Benbow's platform for a "national holiday".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497–498_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497–498-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chartists planned to carry out their month-long national holiday in August 1839, but following Benbow's arrest, the campaign was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921498_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921498-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benbow was tried and found guilty of sedition. Although he attempted to continue his Chartist activities from prison, after being excommunicated from the movement by <a href="/wiki/Feargus_O%27Connor" title="Feargus O'Connor">Feargus O'Connor</a>, Benbow ceased his political activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921498–499_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921498–499-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_expressions">Early expressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early expressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_commemorating_the_1842_Plug_Plot_Riots_outside_the_Corn_Exchange,_Preston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1725137.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Statue_commemorating_the_1842_Plug_Plot_Riots_outside_the_Corn_Exchange%2C_Preston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1725137.jpg/220px-Statue_commemorating_the_1842_Plug_Plot_Riots_outside_the_Corn_Exchange%2C_Preston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1725137.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Statue_commemorating_the_1842_Plug_Plot_Riots_outside_the_Corn_Exchange%2C_Preston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1725137.jpg/330px-Statue_commemorating_the_1842_Plug_Plot_Riots_outside_the_Corn_Exchange%2C_Preston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1725137.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Statue_commemorating_the_1842_Plug_Plot_Riots_outside_the_Corn_Exchange%2C_Preston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1725137.jpg/440px-Statue_commemorating_the_1842_Plug_Plot_Riots_outside_the_Corn_Exchange%2C_Preston_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1725137.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Statue commemorating the <a href="/wiki/1842_general_strike" title="1842 general strike">1842 general strike</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1842, after the second <a href="/wiki/Chartism#1842" title="Chartism">Chartist Petition</a> was rejected by the British Parliament, demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the <a href="/wiki/1842_general_strike" title="1842 general strike">first general strike</a> in a capitalist country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMather19741–2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMather19741–2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike began in the <a href="/wiki/Coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mine">coal mines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> and soon spread throughout Britain, affecting <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">mills</a> and mines from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMather19742–3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMather19742–3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the general strike started as an apolitical demand for better working conditions, by August 1842, it became directly associated with the Chartists and took on a revolutionary character. But government forces intervened, cracking down on the protests and arresting its leaders, eventually forcing a return to work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMather19743_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMather19743-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strike actions by workers in Barcelona played a prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1854" title="Spanish Revolution of 1854">Spanish Revolution of 1854</a>, which gave way to a <a href="/wiki/Bienio_progresista" title="Bienio progresista">progressive period</a> that extended a number of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> to Spanish workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara197767–68,_105_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara197767–68,_105-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But labour unrest grew as the new authorities again prohibited <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a> and work stoppages, leading to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1855_Catalan_general_strike" title="1855 Catalan general strike">1855 Catalan general strike</a>, the first in Spanish history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977106–108_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977106–108-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After months of strike action and attempted negotitations, the general strike was suppressed and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Draft_Constitution_of_1856" title="Spanish Draft Constitution of 1856">draft constitution</a> suspended in a coup by <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_O%27Donnell" title="Leopoldo O'Donnell">Leopoldo O'Donnell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977108–118_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977108–118-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, millions of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">black slaves</a> escaped <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">southern plantations</a> and fled to Union territory, depriving the Confederacy of its main source of labour in what <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> described as a "general strike" in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America" title="Black Reconstruction in America">Black Reconstruction in America</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpivak201413_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivak201413-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this conception were rebuffed by African-American economist <a href="/wiki/Abram_Lincoln_Harris" title="Abram Lincoln Harris">Abram Lincoln Harris</a>, who dismissed Du Bois' claims of a general strike as fantastical.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A. A. Taylor also rejected Du Bois' interpretation, noting that the flight from the plantations did not constitute an organised movement to achieve economic or political concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And American historian <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Cole" title="Arthur Charles Cole">Arthur Charles Cole</a> criticised what he described as "discrepancies between well established facts and extravagant generalization" in Du Bois' claims of a general strike.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_in_the_First_International">Debate in the First International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Debate in the First International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakunin_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/220px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/330px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/440px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_St._Imier_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist St. Imier International">anti-authoritarian</a> faction of <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a>, which advocated for a revolutionary general strike to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1864, the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> (IWA) was established as a federation of trade unions by delegates from England and France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018326–327_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018326–327-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French trade union delegates, such as <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Varlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Varlin">Eugene Varlin</a>, saw the nascent International as a means to coordinate support for <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike actions</a> by its members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018327–328_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018327–328-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first volume of <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i>, published in 1867, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> conceived of the general strike as a means by which to build <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpivak20149_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivak20149-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the International's <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Congress_(1868)" title="Brussels Congress (1868)">Brussels Congress of 1868</a>, the Belgian delegate <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_De_Paepe" title="César De Paepe">César De Paepe</a> proposed that a general strike could be used to prevent the outbreak of war, which he considered to be a means for the ruling class to subordinate working people. He further declared that trade unions themselves constituted the mechanism for replacing <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, the establishment of which would put a final end to all wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018329_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018329-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, Marx himself rejected what he described as "the Belgian nonsense that it was necessary to strike against war".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpivak201411_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivak201411-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> joined the International the following year, he declared his own support for these proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018331_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018331-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakunin rejected political participation, instead advocating for workers to take strike actions to improve their working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018332Spivak201410_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018332Spivak201410-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that the International could be the organisation through which trade unions could build such strike actions into a revolutionary general strike, which would abolish capitalism and institute socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018332_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018332-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proposals for a revolutionary general strike to overthrow the state were rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Marxist faction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt2009153–154_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt2009153–154-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who instead proposed the creation of political parties to take state power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018334_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018334-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the General Council, which had <a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">centralised control</a> over the International,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018334–335_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018334–335-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marx moved to expel Bakunin's <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarian faction</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress of 1872</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018334–335Spivak201410_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018334–335Spivak201410-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the expelled sections established the <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_St._Imier_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist St. Imier International">Anti-Authoritarian International</a>, which was designed to operate according to a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal structure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018336_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018336-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-authoritarians upheld the syndicalist view of using the International as a coordinating body to support strike actions and build them towards a revolutionary general strike, which would overthrow the state and establish <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">workers' control</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018336–337_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018336–337-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was particularly supported by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation</a>, which itself organised a <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Revolution" title="Petroleum Revolution">general strike</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alcoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoy">Alcoy</a>, although it was quickly put down by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Spanish government</a> forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018337van_der_WaltSchmidt2009155_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018337van_der_WaltSchmidt2009155-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Congress_(1873)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Congress (1873)">Geneva Congress of 1873</a>, Belgian delegates proposed the adoption of the general strike as a tactic for <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018337Nomad196669van_der_WaltSchmidt2009154–155_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018337Nomad196669van_der_WaltSchmidt2009154–155-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This motion was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Federation" title="Jura Federation">Jura Federation</a>, which additionally stressed the need for smaller strikes as a means to achieve wage increases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018337Nomad196669_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018337Nomad196669-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discussions over strike action at the Geneva Congress lay the foundations for what was to become known as <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196669_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196669-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But before long, the anti-authoritarians began to move away from the anarcho-syndicalist model. Members of the Belgian section began to advocate for a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoralism" title="Electoralism">electoralism</a>, while the French and Italian sections moved towards <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> and proposed the theory of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">propaganda of the deed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018337–339_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018337–339-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1880, the debates within the International had led to its collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2018339–340_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2018339–340-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_revolutionary_syndicalism">Rise of revolutionary syndicalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rise of revolutionary syndicalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg/220px-HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg/330px-HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg/440px-HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Engraving depicting the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a> of 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1881, a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialist</a> faction of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a> (SLPA) split off and established the <a href="/wiki/International_Working_People%27s_Association" title="International Working People's Association">International Working People's Association</a> (IWPA), which developed anarchist tendencies and held itself to be a continuation of the defunct IWA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018354–355_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018354–355-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by the example of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, IWPA members such as the Chicago anarchist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Albert Parsons</a> formulated a kind of revolutionary syndicalism that eschewed the general strike in favour of popular insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018355_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018355-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the repression of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a>, the IWPA armed and drilled its members into workers' militias, seeing violent action as a necessary complement to strike action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018355–356_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018355–356-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 May 1886, the IWPA organised a nationwide general strike for the <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a>, which had been a focus of demands for Parsons and the Chicago anarchists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018356_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018356-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the United States, hundreds of thousands of workers went on strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018355–356_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018355–356-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general strike's epicenter was in Chicago, where protests against the police repression of striking workers escalated into a <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">riot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpivak201411Zimmer2018355–356_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivak201411Zimmer2018355–356-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight of the protest's organisers, including Parsons, were executed by hanging on charges of conspiracy. In the wake of their execution, the IWPA demand for the eight-hour day spread around the world and 1 May was declared <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018357_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018357-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inspired by the IWPA's general strike, European anarchists began to reconsider the general strike as a revolutionary instrument, with the French anarchist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tortelier" title="Joseph Tortelier">Joseph Tortelier</a> taking up the idea of the revolutionary general strike, which then spread to Italian and Spanish anarchists. Albert Parsons' wife <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Lucy Parsons</a> also adopted the revolutionary general strike in her own platform, which became a founding precept of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018357–358_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018357–358-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first trade union to adopt the revolutionary general strike into its platform was the French <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)" title="General Confederation of Labour (France)">General Confederation of Labour</a> (CGT).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018358_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2018358-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CGT launched its own campaign for workers themselves to institute the eight-hour day, culminating in a general strike which secured French workers a reduction in working time and workload, an increase in wages and the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Workweek_and_weekend" title="Workweek and weekend">weekend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamier200916_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamier200916-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CGT's example accelerated the spread of revolutionary syndicalism throughout the world,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamier200917_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamier200917-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing with it a wave of general strikes at the turn of the 20th century, to mixed results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_general_strike_of_1893" title="Belgian general strike of 1893">Belgian general strike of 1893</a> was halted in order to prevent damage to the workers' movement, it eventually won its demand of <a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">universal manhood suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a>, in 1902, anarcho-syndicalists organised the country's first general strike against the government of the new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Republic of Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt2009316_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt2009316-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_strikes_of_1903_in_the_Netherlands" title="Railroad strikes of 1903 in the Netherlands">railroad strikes of 1903</a> resulted in harsh repression against the Dutch workers' movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1909_Swedish_general_strike" title="1909 Swedish general strike">Swedish general strike of 1909</a> was broken up without achieving its demands,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamier200919–20Niemeyer1966100_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamier200919–20Niemeyer1966100-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accelerating the split of syndicalists from the social-democratic unions and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/SAC_Syndikalisterna" title="SAC Syndikalisterna">Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden</a> (SAC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamier200919–20_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamier200919–20-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tampereen_suurlakko_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tampereen_suurlakko_1905.jpg/220px-Tampereen_suurlakko_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tampereen_suurlakko_1905.jpg/330px-Tampereen_suurlakko_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tampereen_suurlakko_1905.jpg/440px-Tampereen_suurlakko_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>The 1905 general strike in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the general strikes of this period reached revolutionary levels: the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution of 1905</a> demonstrated the efficacy of the general strike as a revolutionary instrument, but was ultimately suppressed;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1909, the Catalan syndicalist union <a href="/wiki/Solidaridad_Obrera_(historical_union)" title="Solidaridad Obrera (historical union)">Solidaridad Obrera</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">general strike</a> against <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Spanish invasion of Morocco</a>, briefly bringing <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> under workers' control before the revolt's suppression by government forces;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt2009214_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt2009214-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and following the <a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Revolution of 1910</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, a syndicalist-led general strike briefly brought <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> under workers' control before being repressed, resulting in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Workers%27_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Workers' Union (Portugal)">National Workers' Union</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Oper%C3%A1ria_Nacional" class="extiw" title="pt:União Operária Nacional">pt</a>]</span> by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Socialist_Party" title="Portuguese Socialist Party">Portuguese socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">anarchists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamier200918–19_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamier200918–19-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, there was a particularly large wave of general strikes during this period: the <a href="/wiki/1904_Italian_general_strike" title="1904 Italian general strike">general strike of 1904</a> resulted in no political reforms but strengthened the social movement;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1908, syndicalists led a two-month general strike in <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, but were likewise defeated;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt2009282_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt2009282-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1911, anarcho-syndicalists mobilised a general strike against the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Libya" title="Italian invasion of Libya">Italian invasion of Libya</a>, blocking troop trains and even assassinating an army officer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt2009214–215_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt2009214–215-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This series of syndicalist-led general strikes brought about the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Unione_Sindacale_Italiana" title="Unione Sindacale Italiana">Italian Syndicalist Union</a> (USI), which itself led a further series of general strikes that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Week_(Italy)" title="Red Week (Italy)">Red Week</a> of 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamier200917–18van_der_WaltSchmidt2009276_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamier200917–18van_der_WaltSchmidt2009276-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_in_the_Second_International">Debate in the Second International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Debate in the Second International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg/220px-Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg/330px-Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg/440px-Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5044" data-file-height="7592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, a Polish socialist who argued in support of the political general strike in the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Labour and Socialist International</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1889, the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Labour and Socialist International</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">classical Marxists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a>, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt200923_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt200923-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Labor_Congress_of_Brussels,_1891" title="International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels, 1891">Brussels Congress of 1891</a>, it became clear that the International was already divided over two main tactical issues: <a href="/wiki/Electoralism" title="Electoralism">electoral politics</a>, which the socialists embraced, but anarchists generally opposed; and, the general strike as a mechanism to prevent war, which anarchists supported, but socialists refused to endorse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196680–81_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196680–81-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, at the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Workers_Congress,_Z%C3%BCrich_1893" title="International Socialist Workers Congress, Zürich 1893">Zürich Congress of 1893</a>, anarchists were ejected from the International and banned from attending future congresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196681van_der_WaltSchmidt2009276_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196681van_der_WaltSchmidt2009276-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchist trade union delegates from the French <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)" title="General Confederation of Labour (France)">CGT</a> and Dutch <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Secretariat" title="National Labor Secretariat">NAS</a> attempted to continue participation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196681_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196681-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but after being physically attacked while trying to join the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Workers_and_Trade_Union_Congress,_London_1896" title="International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress, London 1896">London Congress of 1896</a>, the anarchists finally abandoned the International.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196681van_der_WaltSchmidt2009276_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196681van_der_WaltSchmidt2009276-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the anarchist defense of the general strike left a lasting legacy within the International. At the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Congress,_Paris_1900" title="International Socialist Congress, Paris 1900">Paris Congress of 1900</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Socialist_Party_(1902)" title="French Socialist Party (1902)">French socialist</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> adopted the idea of the revolutionary general strike in order to boost his popularity with the syndicalists. At the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Congress,_Amsterdam_1904" title="International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904">Amsterdam Congress of 1904</a>, another French socialist politician defended the general strike as a means to convince socialist voters that they were not merely supporting <a href="/wiki/Politician#Careers_and_biographies" title="Politician">career politicians</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Congress,_Stuttgart_1907" title="International Socialist Congress, Stuttgart 1907">Stuttgart Congress of 1907</a>, the anarchist calls for a general strike to prevent war were taken up by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Herv%C3%A9" title="Gustave Hervé">Gustave Hervé</a>, but these were ardently opposed by the German delegates, who feared repression by the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196682_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196682-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, at the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Congress,_Copenhagen_1910" title="International Socialist Congress, Copenhagen 1910">Copenhagen Congress of 1910</a>, a proposal for a general strike to prevent war was put forward by the French socialist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vaillant" title="Édouard Vaillant">Édouard Vaillant</a> and the Scottish labour leader <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a>, but this too was voted down by the other delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196682–83_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196682–83-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it was consistently defeated by the social democrats, the anarchist proposal for a general strike was taken up by members of the <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, who saw it as an instrument for obtaining <a href="/wiki/Concession_(politics)" title="Concession (politics)">political concessions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196683_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196683-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Monatte_ca_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pierre_Monatte_ca_1915.jpg/220px-Pierre_Monatte_ca_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pierre_Monatte_ca_1915.jpg/330px-Pierre_Monatte_ca_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pierre_Monatte_ca_1915.jpg/440px-Pierre_Monatte_ca_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monatte" title="Pierre Monatte">Pierre Monatte</a>, a French syndicalist who argued in support of the revolutionary general strike at the <a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Having been completely frozen out of the International, the anarchists resolved to hold their own <a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">International Anarchist Congress</a>, which met in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196683_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196683-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congress played host to a fierce debate between <a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a>, a proponent of classical <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monatte" title="Pierre Monatte">Pierre Monatte</a>, a disciple of the new current of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196683–84van_der_WaltSchmidt2009181–182_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196683–84van_der_WaltSchmidt2009181–182-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter upheld the central role of the trade union in organising a revolutionary general strike to overthrow capitalism, after which the unions would form the basis for the construction of a new <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless society</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196684_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196684-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the advancement of syndicalism was blocked chiefly by Malatesta, who objected to the <a href="/wiki/Class_reductionism" title="Class reductionism">class reductionism</a> of the syndicalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196685–86van_der_WaltSchmidt2009183_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196685–86van_der_WaltSchmidt2009183-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malatesta was particularly critical of the general strike, which he dismissed as a "magic weapon" that was incapable of fighting a violent conflict with state militaries,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196686_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196686-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had the ability to starve out workers in the event of such an industrial dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196686van_der_WaltSchmidt2009183_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196686van_der_WaltSchmidt2009183-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the anarcho-syndicalists had seen the Amsterdam Congress as a means to establish an international anarchist organisation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196685_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196685-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> efforts in this direction were sabotaged by the conflict between the two factions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196686–87_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196686–87-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite all the calls for a general strike to prevent war, by the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, many socialists dropped their <a href="/wiki/Anti-militarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-militarism">anti-militarism</a> and instead threw their support behind the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196687van_der_WaltSchmidt2009216_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196687van_der_WaltSchmidt2009216-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Second International itself collapsed, leaving only anarcho-syndicalists and <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> to rally an anti-war opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt200923,_216–217_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_WaltSchmidt200923,_216–217-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 United Kingdom general strike</a> started in the coal industry and rapidly escalated; the unions called out 1,750,000 workers, mainly in the transport and steel sectors, although the strike was successfully suppressed by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 1919 saw a number of general strikes throughout the United States and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Revolt" title="Canadian Labour Revolt">Canada</a>, including two that were considered significant—the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg General Strike">Winnipeg General Strike</a>. While the IWW participated in the Seattle General Strike, that action was called by the Seattle Central Labor Union, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (AFL, predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1919, the AFL national organisation, in session in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City, New Jersey</a>, passed resolutions in opposition to the general strike. The official report of these proceedings described the convention as the "largest and in all probability the most important Convention ever held" by the organisation, in part for having engineered the "overwhelming defeat of the so-called Radical element" via crushing a "<a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a> proposition", and also for defeating a proposal for a nationwide general strike, both "by a vote of more than 20 to 1".<sup id="cite_ref-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AFL amended its constitution to disallow any central labour union (i.e., regional labour councils) from "taking a strike vote without prior authorization of the national officers of the union concerned".<sup id="cite_ref-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change was intended to "check the spread of general strike sentiment and prevent recurrences of <a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">what happened at Seattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg General Strike">is now going on at Winnipeg</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The penalty for any unauthorised strike vote was revocation of that body's charter.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the fight for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, leader <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> promoted the use of what is called <a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a>, a mass protest and a form of civil disobedience that often involved a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and courts of law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legality">Legality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In America, after the passage of the anti-union <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> in 1947, the general strike changed from a tool of labor strike solidarity into a general form of social, political, and economic protest. US Congress passed the law in the wake of the women-led <a href="/wiki/1946_Oakland_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 Oakland General Strike">1946 Oakland General Strike</a>. It outlawed actions taken by unionized workers in support of workers at other companies, effectively rendering both solidarity actions and the general strike itself illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-Teen_Vogue_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teen_Vogue-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1947 and the passage of the Taft–Hartley Act the term general strike meant when various unions would officially go on strike in solidarity with other striking unions. The act made it illegal for one union to go on strike to support another. Hence, the definition and practice of a general strike changed in modern times to mean periodic days of mass action coordinated, often, by unions, but not an official or prolonged strike. </p><p>Since then, in the US and Europe the general strike has become a tool of mass economic protest often in conjunction with other forms of electoral action and direct civil action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two of the main forms of general strike are: the political strike, which aims to achieve <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">political and economic reform</a>; and the revolutionary strike, which aims to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer196699–100Spivak201411_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer196699–100Spivak201411-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forms, identified by Gerhart Niemeyer, include: the general strike as a "revolutionary exercise" which would eventually lead to a transformation of society; a one-day demonstration on <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a>, aimed at identifying a "<a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">worldwide proletariat</a>"; and a theoretical mechanism by which to stop wars between nation states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer196699–100_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer196699–100-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Chaplin" title="Ralph Chaplin">Ralph Chaplin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Naft" title="Stephen Naft">Stephen Naft</a> also identified four different levels of general strike, rising from a localised strike, to an industry-wide strike, to a nationwide strike, and finally to a revolutionary strike.<sup id="cite_ref-iww.org_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iww.org-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_Naft_1905,_pages_5-6_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Naft_1905,_pages_5-6-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debates_on_general_strikes">Debates on general strikes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Debates on general strikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialists_versus_anarchists">Socialists versus anarchists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Socialists versus anarchists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his study of the debates within the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a>, Niemeyer perceived the socialist-friendly general strike for political rights within the system and the general strike as a revolutionary mechanism to overthrow the existing order—which he associated with a "rising anarcho-syndicalist movement"—as mutually exclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer196699_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer196699-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niemeyer believed that the difficulty arose from the fact that the general strike was "one instrument", but was frequently considered "without distinction of underlying motives".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer1966100-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syndicalism_and_general_strikes">Syndicalism and general strikes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Syndicalism and general strikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW) began to fully embrace the general strike in 1910–1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1997140_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1997140-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate goal of the general strike, according to Industrial Workers of the World theory, is to displace capitalists and give control over the means of production to workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1997140_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1997140-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubofsky200090_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubofsky200090-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1911 speech in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, IWW organiser <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Bill Haywood</a> explained his view of the economic situation, and why he believed a general strike was justified, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The capitalists have wealth; they have money. They invest the money in machinery, in the resources of the earth. They operate a factory, a mine, a railroad, a mill. They will keep that factory running just as long as there are profits coming in. When anything happens to disturb the profits, what do the capitalists do? They go on strike, don't they? They withdraw their finances from that particular mill. They close it down because there are no profits to be made there. They don't care what becomes of the working class. But the working class, on the other hand, has always been taught to take care of the capitalist's interest in the property.<sup id="cite_ref-Bill_Haywood_1911_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bill_Haywood_1911-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Bill Haywood</a> believed that <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unionism</a> made possible the general strike, and the general strike made possible industrial democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bill_Haywood_1911_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bill_Haywood_1911-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_philosophy_and_tactics" title="Industrial Workers of the World philosophy and tactics">Wobbly theory</a>, the conventional strike is an important (but not the only) weapon for improving wages, hours, and working conditions for working people. These strikes are also good training to help workers educate themselves about the class struggle, and about what it will take to execute an eventual general strike for the purpose of achieving industrial democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1997141_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1997141-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the final general strike, workers would not walk out of their shops, factories, mines, and mills, but would rather occupy their workplaces and take them over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1997141_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1997141-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to taking action to initiate industrial democracy, workers would need to educate themselves with technical and managerial knowledge in order to operate industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1997141_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1997141-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to labor historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Foner" title="Philip S. Foner">Philip S. Foner</a>, the Wobbly conception of industrial democracy is intentionally not presented in detail by IWW theorists; in that sense, the details are left to the "future development of society".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1997141–142_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1997141–142-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, certain concepts are implicit. Industrial democracy will be "a new society [built] within the shell of the old".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1997142_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1997142-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the industrial union educate themselves to operate industry according to democratic principles, and without the current hierarchical ownership/management structure. Issues such as production and distribution would be managed by the workers themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1997142_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1997142-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927 the IWW called for a three-day nationwide walkout to protest the execution of anarchists <a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196371_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196371-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable response to the call was in the <a href="/wiki/Walsenburg,_Colorado" title="Walsenburg, Colorado">Walsenburg</a> coal district of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, where 1,132 miners stayed off the job, and only 35 went to work,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClurg196372-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a participation rate which led directly to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_philosophy_and_tactics#Colorado_coal_strike_(a_case_study)" title="Industrial Workers of the World philosophy and tactics">Colorado coal strike of 1927</a>. </p><p>On 18 March 2011, the Industrial Workers of the World supported an endorsement of a general strike as a follow-up to <a href="/wiki/2011_Wisconsin_protests" title="2011 Wisconsin protests">protests against Governor Scott Walker</a>'s proposed labour legislation in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, following a motion passed by the South Central Federation of Labor (SCFL) of Wisconsin endorsing a statewide general strike as a response to those legislative proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scfl.org_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scfl.org-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SCFL website states, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At SCFL's monthly meeting Monday, Feb. 21, delegates endorsed the following: "The SCFL endorses a general strike, possibly for the day Walker signs his 'budget repair bill.'" An ad hoc committee was formed to explore the details. SCFL did not CALL for a general strike because it does not have that authority.<sup id="cite_ref-scfl.org_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scfl.org-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_general_strikes">Notable general strikes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable general strikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_strikes#Chronological_list_of_general_strikes" title="List of strikes">List of strikes § Chronological list of general strikes</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rally_in_Hyde_Park_during_the_General_Strike_of_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rally_in_Hyde_Park_during_the_General_Strike_of_1926.jpg/240px-Rally_in_Hyde_Park_during_the_General_Strike_of_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Rally_in_Hyde_Park_during_the_General_Strike_of_1926.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 United Kingdom general strike</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The largest general strike that ever stopped the economy of an <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">advanced industrial country</a>—and the first general <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">wildcat strike</a> in history—was <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968 in France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SitInt12_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SitInt12-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prolonged strike involved eleven million workers for two weeks in a row,<sup id="cite_ref-SitInt12_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SitInt12-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its impact was such that it almost caused the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a> government. Other notable general strikes include: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, a general strike was called in 2011 by the federation of public labour unions to avert austerity measures.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, a general strike was called in 2011 by union workers, farmers and other organisations demanding better education, an increase in the minimum wage and against fuel price hikes.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, thousands of people took the streets in a general strike in 2011 to protest President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, public sector workers in 2011 mounted a general strike for higher wages and improved working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In February 1947, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">General Douglas MacArthur</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers</a> in Japan, banned <a href="/wiki/Sanbetsu#Aborted_General_Strike_of_1947" title="Sanbetsu">a planned general strike</a> of 2,400,000 government workers, stating that "so deadly a social weapon" as a general strike should not be used in the impoverished and emaciated condition of Japan so soon after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Japan's labour leaders complied with his ban.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In June 2022, Tunisian workers initiated a general strike that halted all transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_East_Eye_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle_East_Eye-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strikes" title="List of strikes">List of strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_factories" title="Occupation of factories">Occupation of factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay_away" class="mw-redirect" title="Stay away">Stay away</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921499Prothero1974147-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921499Prothero1974147_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, p. 499; <a href="#CITEREFProthero1974">Prothero 1974</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProthero1974">Prothero 1974</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160–161Spivak20149-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160–161Spivak20149_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProthero1974">Prothero 1974</a>, pp. 160–161; <a href="#CITEREFSpivak2014">Spivak 2014</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160–161-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974160–161_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProthero1974">Prothero 1974</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974161-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974161_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProthero1974">Prothero 1974</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero1974161–162-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero1974161–162_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProthero1974">Prothero 1974</a>, pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921499-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921499_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, p. 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1998116–118-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1998116–118_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoner1998">Foner 1998</a>, pp. 116–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921491–492Prothero1974133–134Spivak201410-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921491–492Prothero1974133–134Spivak201410_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, pp. 491–492; <a href="#CITEREFProthero1974">Prothero 1974</a>, pp. 133–134; <a href="#CITEREFSpivak2014">Spivak 2014</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921491–492-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921491–492_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, pp. 491–492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921492–494-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921492–494_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, pp. 492–494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921494–495-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921494–495_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, pp. 494–495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497Prothero1974133-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497Prothero1974133_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497Prothero1974133_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, p. 497; <a href="#CITEREFProthero1974">Prothero 1974</a>, pp. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497Prothero1974133Spivak201410-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497Prothero1974133Spivak201410_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, p. 497; <a href="#CITEREFProthero1974">Prothero 1974</a>, pp. 133; <a href="#CITEREFSpivak2014">Spivak 2014</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921495–496-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921495–496_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, pp. 495–496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497–498-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921497–498_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, pp. 497–498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921498-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921498_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, p. 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921498–499-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1921498–499_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1921">Carpenter 1921</a>, pp. 498–499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMather19741–2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMather19741–2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMather1974">Mather 1974</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMather19742–3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMather19742–3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMather1974">Mather 1974</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMather19743-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMather19743_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMather1974">Mather 1974</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara197767–68,_105-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara197767–68,_105_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara1977">Tuñón de Lara 1977</a>, pp. 67–68, 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977106–108-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977106–108_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara1977">Tuñón de Lara 1977</a>, pp. 106–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977108–118-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977108–118_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara1977">Tuñón de Lara 1977</a>, pp. 108–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivak201413-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpivak201413_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpivak2014">Spivak 2014</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBilbija2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bilbija, Marina (2011). "Democracy's New Song: "Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880" and the Melodramatic Imagination". <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>637</b>: 64–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716211407153">10.1177/0002716211407153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41328566">41328566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143636000">143636000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Democracy%27s+New+Song%3A+%22Black+Reconstruction+in+America%2C+1860-1880%22+and+the+Melodramatic+Imagination&rft.volume=637&rft.pages=64-77&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143636000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41328566%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716211407153&rft.aulast=Bilbija&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfait2009" class="citation journal cs1">Parfait, Claire (2009). "Rewriting History: The Publication of W. E. B. Du Bois's "Black Reconstruction in America" (1935)". <i><a href="/wiki/Book_History" title="Book History">Book History</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 266–294. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-7371">1098-7371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40930547">40930547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Book+History&rft.atitle=Rewriting+History%3A+The+Publication+of+W.+E.+B.+Du+Bois%27s+%22Black+Reconstruction+in+America%22+%281935%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=266-294&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40930547%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1098-7371&rft.aulast=Parfait&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1935" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, A. A. (1935). "Black Reconstruction: An Essay toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880 by W. E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=depts.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Seattle+General+Strike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Flabhist%2Fstrike%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheet_Metal_Workers'_Journal_1919,_pages_265-267_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sheet Metal Workers' Journal</i>, Amalgamated Sheet Metal Workers' International Alliance, Volumes 24-25, Chicago, Illinois, 1919, pages 265-267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teen_Vogue-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teen_Vogue_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2022" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Kim (30 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teenvogue.com/story/general-strikes-explained">"Everything You Need to Know About General Strikes"</a>. <i>Teen Vogue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130214628/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/general-strikes-explained">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teen+Vogue&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+General+Strikes&rft.date=2022-01-30&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teenvogue.com%2Fstory%2Fgeneral-strikes-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer196699–100Spivak201411-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer196699–100Spivak201411_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiemeyer1966">Niemeyer 1966</a>, pp. 99–100; <a href="#CITEREFSpivak2014">Spivak 2014</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiemeyer196699–100-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiemeyer196699–100_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiemeyer1966">Niemeyer 1966</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iww.org-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iww.org_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaplin1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Chaplin" title="Ralph Chaplin">Chaplin, Ralph</a> (1985) [1933]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.iww.org/history/library/Chaplin/TheGeneralStrike/"><i>The General Strike</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Central+Federation+of+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scfl.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SitInt12-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SitInt12_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SitInt12_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/beginning.html">The Beginning of an Era</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910073729/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/beginning.html">Archived</a> 10 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></i> No 12 (September 1969). 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/Anarchism_and_the_First_World_War/9468152">"Anarchism and the First International"</a>. In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 389–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_23">10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319756196" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319756196"><bdi>978-3319756196</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158605651">158605651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+the+First+International&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=389-408&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158605651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_23&rft.isbn=978-3319756196&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2FAnarchism_and_the_First_World_War%2F9468152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1921" class="citation journal cs1">Carpenter, Niles (May 1921). 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London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 409–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_24">10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319756196" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319756196"><bdi>978-3319756196</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158605651">158605651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+Marxism+in+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=409-428&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158605651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_24&rft.isbn=978-3319756196&rft.aulast=D%27Agostino&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamier2009" class="citation book cs1">Damier, Vadim (2009) [2000]. <i>Anarcho-syndicalism in the 20th Century</i>. Translated by Archibald, Malcolm. <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>: Black Cat Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9737827-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9737827-6-9"><bdi>978-0-9737827-6-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarcho-syndicalism+in+the+20th+Century&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=Black+Cat+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9737827-6-9&rft.aulast=Damier&rft.aufirst=Vadim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubofsky2000" class="citation book cs1">Dubofsky, Melvyn (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weshallbeallhist0000dubo_i2x6/"><i>We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World</i></a> (Abridged ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06905-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06905-6"><bdi>0-252-06905-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00-008215">00-008215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Shall+Be+All%3A+A+History+of+the+Industrial+Workers+of+the+World&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00-008215&rft.isbn=0-252-06905-6&rft.aulast=Dubofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweshallbeallhist0000dubo_i2x6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1997" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Philip S. 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Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7178-0396-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7178-0396-1"><bdi>0-7178-0396-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/47-19381">47-19381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Labor+Movement+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F47-19381&rft.isbn=0-7178-0396-1&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistory-of-the-labor-movement-in-the-united-states-volume-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1998" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Philip S. 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Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7178-0376-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7178-0376-7"><bdi>0-7178-0376-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/47-19381">47-19381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Labor+Movement+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F47-19381&rft.isbn=0-7178-0376-7&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistory-of-the-labor-movement-of-the-united-states-vol-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodstein1984" class="citation book cs1">Goodstein, Phil H. (1984). <i>The Theory of the General Strike From the French Revolution To Poland</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-050-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-050-3"><bdi>0-88033-050-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83-83003">83-83003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+the+General+Strike+From+the+French+Revolution+To+Poland&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83-83003&rft.isbn=0-88033-050-3&rft.aulast=Goodstein&rft.aufirst=Phil+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2018" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Robert (2018). "Anarchism and the First International". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. 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C. (1974). "The General Strike of 1842". In Quinault, R.; Stevenson, J. 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"William Benbow and the Concept of the "General Strike"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)">Past & Present</a></i> (63). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 132–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F63.1.132">10.1093/past/63.1.132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650291">650291</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5549144804">5549144804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=William+Benbow+and+the+Concept+of+the+%22General+Strike%22&rft.issue=63&rft.pages=132-171&rft.date=1974-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5549144804&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650291%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F63.1.132&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=Iorwerth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tu%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Lara" title="Manuel Tuñón de Lara">Tuñón de Lara, Manuel</a> (1977) [1972]. <i>El movimiento obrero en la historia de España. I.1832-1899</i> (in Spanish) (2ª ed.). <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>: Laia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7222-331-0" title="Special:BookSources/84-7222-331-0"><bdi>84-7222-331-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+movimiento+obrero+en+la+historia+de+Espa%C3%B1a.+I.1832-1899&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.edition=2%C2%AA&rft.pub=Laia&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=84-7222-331-0&rft.aulast=Tu%C3%B1%C3%B3n+de+Lara&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlobodin1916" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slobodin" title="Henry Slobodin">Slobodin, Henry</a> (December 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/InternationalSocialistReview1900Vol17/page/n351/mode/2up">"The General Strike"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Review_(1900)" title="International Socialist Review (1900)">International Socialist Review</a></i>. <b>17</b> (6): 353–355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialist+Review&rft.atitle=The+General+Strike&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=353-355&rft.date=1916-12&rft.aulast=Slobodin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FInternationalSocialistReview1900Vol17%2Fpage%2Fn351%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpivak2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty</a> (2014). "General strike". <i><a href="/wiki/Rethinking_Marxism" title="Rethinking Marxism">Rethinking Marxism</a></i>. <b>26</b> (1): 9–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08935696.2014.857839">10.1080/08935696.2014.857839</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-8059">1475-8059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219715518">219715518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rethinking+Marxism&rft.atitle=General+strike&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-14&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219715518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1475-8059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08935696.2014.857839&rft.aulast=Spivak&rft.aufirst=Gayatri+Chakravorty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_WaltSchmidt2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucien_van_der_Walt" title="Lucien van der Walt">van der Walt, Lucien</a>; Schmidt, Michael (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Flame_(book)" title="Black Flame (book)">Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-16-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-16-1"><bdi>978-1-904859-16-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006933558">2006933558</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100238201">1100238201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Flame%3A+The+Revolutionary+Class+Politics+of+Anarchism+and+Syndicalism&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100238201&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006933558&rft.isbn=978-1-904859-16-1&rft.aulast=van+der+Walt&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Walt2018" class="citation book cs1">van der Walt, Lucien (2018). "Syndicalism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 249–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_14">10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319756196" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319756196"><bdi>978-3319756196</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242074567">242074567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syndicalism&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=249-264&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242074567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_14&rft.isbn=978-3319756196&rft.aulast=van+der+Walt&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Dana M. (2018). "Tactics: Conceptions of Social Change, Revolution, and Anarchist Organisation". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 107–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_6">10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319756196" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319756196"><bdi>978-3319756196</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158841066">158841066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tactics%3A+Conceptions+of+Social+Change%2C+Revolution%2C+and+Anarchist+Organisation&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107-124&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158841066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_6&rft.isbn=978-3319756196&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dana+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2018" class="citation book cs1">Zimmer, Kenyon (2018). "Haymarket and the Rise of Syndicalism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 353–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_21">10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319756196" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319756196"><bdi>978-3319756196</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242074567">242074567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Haymarket+and+the+Rise+of+Syndicalism&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=353-370&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242074567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_21&rft.isbn=978-3319756196&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Kenyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+strike" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_strike&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/General_strike" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/General strike">General strike</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonic.net/~figgins/generalstrike/">Chronology of general strikes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1906/mass-strike/index.htm">The Mass Strike</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> (1906).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609204531/http://www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842">General Strike 1842</a> From chartists.net, downloaded 5 June 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609213847/http://www.cooper.edu/humanities/classes/coreclasses/hss3/g_sorel.html">From Reflections on Violence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/55951/strike-famous-worker-uprisings#index/0">Strike! Famous Worker Uprisings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110218162634/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/55951/strike-famous-worker-uprisings#index/0">Archived</a> 18 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706112623/http://www.freeworkplace.org/helpcenter/strike.php">Strikes and You from the National Alliance for Worker and Employer Rights</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/">Seattle General Strike Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110311055600/http://www.deepoakland.org/project?id=136&project=136">Oakland 1946! 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.navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syndicalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syndicalism" title="Template:Syndicalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syndicalism" title="Template talk:Syndicalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syndicalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syndicalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syndicalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Hand That Will Rule The World—One Big Union""><img alt=""The Hand That Will Rule The World—One Big Union"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg/100px-The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg/150px-The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg/200px-The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Leonism" title="De Leonism">De Leonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labour rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Labour unionisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions" title="List of trade unions">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> (1864–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWA%E2%80%93AIT" title="IWA–AIT">IWA–AIT</a> and affiliates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers%27_Federation" title="Argentine Regional Workers' Federation">Argentine Regional Workers' Federation</a> (FORA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Workers_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Workers Confederation">Brazilian Workers Confederation</a> (COB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> (CNT–AIT, Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Revolutionary_Anarcho-Syndicalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists">Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists</a> (CRAS, Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Workers%27_Union" title="Free Workers' Union">Free Workers' Union</a> (FAU, Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk_Syndikalistisk_Forbund" title="Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund">Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund</a> (NSF–IAA, Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Federation" title="Solidarity Federation">Solidarity Federation</a> (SF–IWA, Britain)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Spain)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Spain)">General Confederation of Labour</a> (CGT, Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(Chile)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (Chile)">IWW-Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW-South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union" title="Irish Transport and General Workers' Union">Irish Transport and General Workers' Union</a> (ITGWU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagoppositionens_Sammenslutning" title="Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning">Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning</a> (FS, Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Workers%27_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Workers' Union (Portugal)">National Workers' Union</a> (UON, Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAC_Syndikalisterna" title="SAC Syndikalisterna">Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation</a> (SAC, Sweden) </li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thompson_Bain" title="James Thompson Bain">Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Berth" title="Édouard Berth">Berth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">De Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Delesalle" title="Paul Delesalle">Delesalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fitzgerald_(trade_unionist)" title="Mary Fitzgerald (trade unionist)">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Griffuelhes" title="Victor Griffuelhes">Griffuelhes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Janvion" title="Émile Janvion">Janvion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Jouhaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monatte" title="Pierre Monatte">Monatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_Oliver" title="Juan García Oliver">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Pelloutier" title="Fernand Pelloutier">Pelloutier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li>General strike</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organized_labor" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_labor" title="Template:Organized labor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organized_labor" title="Template talk:Organized labor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organized_labor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organized labor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organized_labor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organized labor</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public-sector_trade_union" title="Public-sector trade union">public sector</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_council" title="Labour council">Labor council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">Union organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_trade_union_center" title="National trade union center">National trade union center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_union_federation" title="Global union federation">Global union federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionization" title="Unionization">Unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_representative" title="Union representative">Union representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerk of the chapel">Clerk of the chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of the chapel">Father of the chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_union" title="Local union">Local union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_dues" title="Union dues">Union dues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilance_committee_(trade_union)" title="Vigilance committee (trade union)">Vigilance committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_label" title="Union label">Union label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_(union_organizing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt (union organizing)">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_hall" title="Trades hall">Trades hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_fair_representation" title="Duty of fair representation">Duty of fair representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_center" title="Worker center">Worker center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizing_model" title="Organizing model">Organizing model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_model" title="Service model">Service model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_unionism" title="Community unionism">Community unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members-only_unionism" title="Members-only unionism">Members-only unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_unionism" title="Open-source unionism">Open-source unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_unionism" title="Business unionism">Business unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_unionism" title="Dual unionism">Dual unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_unionism" title="Solidarity unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_union" title="Company union">Company union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_union" title="Independent union">Independent union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_union" title="General union">General union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">Craft unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_union" title="Police union">Police union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial<br />relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Shops and hiring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">Closed shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_shop" title="Open shop">Open shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_shop" title="Agency shop">Agency shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_shop" title="Union shop">Union shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiring_hall" title="Hiring hall">Hiring hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_(union)" title="Bump (union)">Bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_clause" title="Scope clause">Scope clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_co-op_model" title="Union co-op model">Union co-op model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bossnapping" title="Bossnapping">Bossnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">Contingent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherao" title="Gherao">Gherao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievance_(labour)" title="Grievance (labour)">Grievance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_revolt" title="Labour revolt">Labor revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_factories" title="Occupation of factories">Occupation of factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">Picketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(union_organizing)" title="Salting (union organizing)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowdown" title="Slowdown">Slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-away" title="Stay-away">Stay-away</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_notice" title="Strike notice">Strike notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_dissent" title="Organizational dissent">Organizational dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">Industrial action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfair_list" title="Unfair list">Unfair list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">Work-to-rule</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Strike_actions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">General strike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition strike">Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bargaining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bargaining_unit" title="Bargaining unit">Bargaining unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_bargaining" title="Collaborative bargaining">Collaborative bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_bargaining_agreement" title="Enterprise bargaining agreement">Enterprise bargaining agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Framework_Agreement" title="Global Framework Agreement">Global Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_contract_(labor)" title="Master contract (labor)">Master contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_bargaining" title="Pattern bargaining">Pattern bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_security_agreement" title="Union security agreement">Union security agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Compensation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strike_pay" title="Strike pay">Strike pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_wage_premium" title="Union wage premium">Union wage premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_spying_in_the_United_States" title="Labor spying in the United States">Labor spies in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givebacks" title="Givebacks">Givebacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churn_and_burn" title="Churn and burn">Churn and burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_local" title="Paper local">Paper local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence" title="Anti-union violence">Anti-union violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-union violence in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_violence" title="Union violence">Union violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_dispute" title="Demarcation dispute">Demarcation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">Strikebreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goon_squad" title="Goon squad">Goon squads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featherbedding" title="Featherbedding">Featherbedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_raid" title="Union raid">Union raids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_workweek" title="Four-day workweek">Four-day workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_comparisons_of_labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="International comparisons of labor unions">International comparisons of labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour code">Labor code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Prison strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection" title="Protection">Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">Workload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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