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href="#Proglacial_rhythmites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Proglacial rhythmites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proglacial_rhythmites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glacial_epicycle_rhythmites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glacial_epicycle_rhythmites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Glacial epicycle rhythmites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glacial_epicycle_rhythmites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Layers of sediment or sedimentary rock laid down with periodicity and regularity</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varve1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A brown rock or sediment face with horizontal layers, 18 of which are clearly visible. Some of the layers are obviously thicker than others - presumably the result of differences in annual deposition rates due to seasonal variations." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Varve1.gif/240px-Varve1.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Varve1.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> age varves at <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Bluffs" title="Scarborough Bluffs">Scarborough Bluffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario, Canada. The thickest varves are close to 2 cm thick. </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>rhythmite</b> consists of layers of <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> which are laid down with an obvious periodicity and regularity. They may be created by annual processes such as seasonally varying deposits reflecting variations in the runoff cycle, by shorter term processes such as tides, or by longer term processes such as periodic floods. </p><p>Rhythmites serve a significant role in unraveling prehistoric events, providing insights into <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea level change">sea level change</a>, glaciation change, and Earth's orbital variations which serve to answer questions about <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annually-laminated_rhythmites">Annually-laminated rhythmites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Annually-laminated rhythmites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Annually-laminated deposits (<a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">varves</a>) are rhythmites with annual periodicity: annual layers of <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> are laid down through seasonal variations that result from precipitation, or from temperature, which influences precipitation rates and debris loads in runoff. Of the many rhythmites found in the geological record, varves are among the most important and illuminating to studies of past climate change. Varves are amongst the finest resolution events easily recognised in <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ambrey_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambrey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periodically_laminated_rhythmites">Periodically laminated rhythmites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Periodically laminated rhythmites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touchet-formation-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This photo shows a canyon cut into the surrounding flat soil with 32 distinct horizontal layers of soil, each clearly demarked from the layer below. Above the canyon a farm house can be seen in the distance - the farm house provide the perspective that helps the viewer establish that the cut is over 40 deep. The bottom of the cut is filled with tumble weeds." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Touchet-formation-2.JPG/240px-Touchet-formation-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Touchet-formation-2.JPG/360px-Touchet-formation-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Touchet-formation-2.JPG/480px-Touchet-formation-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1583" /></a><figcaption>Distinct layers of <a href="/wiki/Touchet_Formation" title="Touchet Formation">Touchet beds</a> in the "Little Grand Canyon" near <a href="/wiki/Lowden,_Washington" title="Lowden, Washington">Lowden, Washington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_River" title="Walla Walla River">Walla Walla</a> valley</figcaption></figure> <p>Rhythmites may be deposited with periodicities other than annual. The geologic record captures both more frequent events (e.g., tides) and less frequent events (glacial floods). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidal_rhythmites">Tidal rhythmites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tidal rhythmites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geologic tidal rhythmites display layered <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboniferous Period">Carboniferous Period</a> beds which record tidal cyclical events such as semi-diurnal, diurnal or <a href="/wiki/Neap_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Neap tide">neap tide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring tide">spring tide</a> cycle that demonstrate marine influence in sediments that were previously interpreted as purely continental.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuecher_et_al._1990_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuecher_et_al._1990-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archer_et_al._1995_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archer_et_al._1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geologic record captures layered beds comparable to those found currently in sediments in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> in Canada and the Bay of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Flemming_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flemming-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Storm Mountain area of <a href="/wiki/Big_Cottonwood_Canyon" title="Big Cottonwood Canyon">Big Cottonwood Canyon</a>, Utah, has rhythmites which record sea-level sedimentary deposit fluctuations consistent with the cycle of the tides. Tidal rhythmites are also known from other geological periods and times, such as the late <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_1989_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_1989-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proglacial_rhythmites">Proglacial rhythmites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proglacial rhythmites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One common mechanism is the episodic flooding which results from glacial dam bursts. In one such example geologists estimate that the <a href="/wiki/Missoula_Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoula Floods">Missoula Floods</a> cycle of flooding and reformation of the lake took an average of 55 years and that the floods occurred approximately 40 times over the 2,000-year period between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago. Distinct rhythmites with an approximately 55-year periodicity have been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bjornstad_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjornstad-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glacial_epicycle_rhythmites">Glacial epicycle rhythmites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Glacial epicycle rhythmites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sea-level changes which correspond to the glacial periods also show up as extremely long-term rhythmites. As an example, the ice surge in the Quaternary resulted in changes in sea level of 127 meters to 163 meters. The regression and transgression of the sea level from waxing and waning glaciers have been identified in the rhythmites of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvanian Period">Pennsylvanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Permian period">Permian periods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Washburn_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washburn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Tidal_rhythmites_and_dating" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Tidal rhythmites and dating">Tidal rhythmites and dating</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendroclimatology" title="Dendroclimatology">Dendroclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchet_Formation" title="Touchet Formation">Touchet Formation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ambrey-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ambrey_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHambreyHarland,_Walter_Brian1997" class="citation book cs1">Hambrey, M. J.; Harland, Walter Brian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bW88AAAAIAAJ&q=rhythmite+varve+geology"><i>Earth's pre-Pleistocene glacial record</i></a>. Cambridge earth science series. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22860-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22860-2"><bdi>978-0-521-22860-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth%27s+pre-Pleistocene+glacial+record&rft.pub=Cambridge+earth+science+series&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22860-2&rft.aulast=Hambrey&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=Harland%2C+Walter+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbW88AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Drhythmite%2Bvarve%2Bgeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythmite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuecher_et_al._1990-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuecher_et_al._1990_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuecherWoodlandBroadhurst1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kuecher, Gerald J.; Woodland, Bertram G.; Broadhurst, Frederick M. (1 September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(90)90113-8">"Evidence of deposition from individual tides and of tidal cycles from the Francis Creek Shale (host rock to the Mazon Creek Biota), Westphalian D (Pennsylvanian), northeastern Illinois"</a>. <i>Sedimentary Geology</i>. <b>68</b> (3): 211–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0037-0738%2890%2990113-8">10.1016/0037-0738(90)90113-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-0738">0037-0738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+deposition+from+individual+tides+and+of+tidal+cycles+from+the+Francis+Creek+Shale+%28host+rock+to+the+Mazon+Creek+Biota%29%2C+Westphalian+D+%28Pennsylvanian%29%2C+northeastern+Illinois&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=211-221&rft.date=1990-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0037-0738%2890%2990113-8&rft.issn=0037-0738&rft.aulast=Kuecher&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J.&rft.au=Woodland%2C+Bertram+G.&rft.au=Broadhurst%2C+Frederick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2F0037-0738%2890%2990113-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythmite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer_et_al._1995-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archer_et_al._1995_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcherKuecherKvale1995" class="citation journal cs1">Archer, Allen W; Kuecher, Gerald J; Kvale, Erik P (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306/D42680D6-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D">"The Role of Tidal-Velocity Asymmetries in the Deposition of Silty Tidal Rhythmites (Carboniferous, Eastern Interior Coal Basin, U.S.A.)"</a>. <i>SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research</i>. <b>65</b>: 408–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2Fd42680d6-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d">10.1306/d42680d6-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEPM+Journal+of+Sedimentary+Research&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Tidal-Velocity+Asymmetries+in+the+Deposition+of+Silty+Tidal+Rhythmites+%28Carboniferous%2C+Eastern+Interior+Coal+Basin%2C+U.S.A.%29&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=408-416&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2Fd42680d6-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Allen+W&rft.au=Kuecher%2C+Gerald+J&rft.au=Kvale%2C+Erik+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1306%2FD42680D6-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythmite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flemming-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flemming_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.W._Flemming_and_A._Bartholoma1995" class="citation book cs1">B.W. Flemming and A. Bartholoma (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4EjP8kHgRIC&q=rhythmite+geology"><i>Tidal signatures in modern and ancient sediments</i></a>. Blackwell Science, Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865429789" title="Special:BookSources/9780865429789"><bdi>9780865429789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tidal+signatures+in+modern+and+ancient+sediments&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science%2C+Oxford&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780865429789&rft.au=B.W.+Flemming+and+A.+Bartholoma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4EjP8kHgRIC%26q%3Drhythmite%2Bgeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythmite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_1989-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_1989_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1989" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, G. E. (January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.146.1.0097">"Late Precambrian tidal rhythmites in South Australia and the history of the Earth's rotation"</a>. <i>Journal of the Geological Society</i>. <b>146</b> (1): 97–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsjgs.146.1.0097">10.1144/gsjgs.146.1.0097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=Late+Precambrian+tidal+rhythmites+in+South+Australia+and+the+history+of+the+Earth%27s+rotation&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-111&rft.date=1989-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2Fgsjgs.146.1.0097&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1144%2Fgsjgs.146.1.0097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythmite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wallawallawatershed.org/_acrobat/WRIA32Level1/S2%20Regional%20Overview.pdf#search=%22Touchet%20Formation%22">"Walla Walla Level 1 Watershed Assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>WRIA 32 Watershed Plan</i>. Walla Walla Watershed Management Partnership<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WRIA+32+Watershed+Plan&rft.atitle=Walla+Walla+Level+1+Watershed+Assessment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallawallawatershed.org%2F_acrobat%2FWRIA32Level1%2FS2%2520Regional%2520Overview.pdf%23search%3D%2522Touchet%2520Formation%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythmite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjornstad-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bjornstad_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjornstad,_Bruce2006" class="citation book cs1">Bjornstad, Bruce (2006). <i>On the Trail of the Ice Age Floods: A Geological Guide to the Mid-Columbia Basin</i>. Keokee Books; San Point, Idaho. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879628-27-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-879628-27-4"><bdi>978-1-879628-27-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Trail+of+the+Ice+Age+Floods%3A+A+Geological+Guide+to+the+Mid-Columbia+Basin&rft.pub=Keokee+Books%3B+San+Point%2C+Idaho&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-879628-27-4&rft.au=Bjornstad%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythmite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washburn-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Washburn_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashburn1997" class="citation book cs1">Washburn, Albert Lincoln (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q03MG41XoyYC&q=rhythmite+geology"><i>Plugs and Plug Circles: A Basic Form of Patterned Ground, Cornwallis Island, Arctic Canada - Origin and Implications</i></a>. Geological Society of America, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-1190-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-1190-4"><bdi>978-0-8137-1190-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plugs+and+Plug+Circles%3A+A+Basic+Form+of+Patterned+Ground%2C+Cornwallis+Island%2C+Arctic+Canada+-+Origin+and+Implications&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8137-1190-4&rft.aulast=Washburn&rft.aufirst=Albert+Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq03MG41XoyYC%26q%3Drhythmite%2Bgeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythmite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhythmite&oldid=1208881254">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhythmite&oldid=1208881254</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incremental_dating" title="Category:Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sedimentary_rocks" title="Category:Sedimentary rocks">Sedimentary rocks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sedimentology" title="Category:Sedimentology">Sedimentology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 February 2024, at 09:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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