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href="#Bell's_personal_research_after_the_telephone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Bell's personal research after the telephone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell's_personal_research_after_the_telephone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_antecedent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_antecedent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early antecedent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_antecedent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_organization_and_location_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_organization_and_location_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Formal organization and location changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal_organization_and_location_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_Complex_Location_(code)_information,_past_and_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_Complex_Location_(code)_information,_past_and_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Building Complex Location (code) information, past and present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_Complex_Location_(code)_information,_past_and_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Bell_Labs_(1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Bell_Labs_(1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 List of Bell Labs (1974) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Bell_Labs_(1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Bell_Labs_(2024)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Bell_Labs_(2024)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 List of Bell Labs (2024) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Bell_Labs_(2024)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discoveries_and_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discoveries_and_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Discoveries and developments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discoveries_and_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Discoveries and developments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Discoveries_and_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1920s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1930s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1940s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calculators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Calculators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1950s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prize,_Turing_Award,_IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prize,_Turing_Award,_IEEE_Medal_of_Honor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Nobel Prize, Turing Award, IEEE Medal of Honor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prize,_Turing_Award,_IEEE_Medal_of_Honor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emmy_Awards,_Grammy_Award,_and_Academy_Award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emmy_Awards,_Grammy_Award,_and_Academy_Award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Emmy Awards, Grammy Award, and Academy Award </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emmy_Awards,_Grammy_Award,_and_Academy_Award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Presidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bell Labs</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مختبرات بل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مختبرات بل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C" title="বেল ল্যাবরেটরিজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেল ল্যাবরেটরিজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Si%CC%8Dt-gi%C4%81m-s%C3%B3%CD%98" title="Bell Si̍t-giām-só͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bell Si̍t-giām-só͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%E2%80%9E%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%E2%80%9C" title="Лаборатории „Бел“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лаборатории „Бел“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoris_Bell" title="Laboratoris Bell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laboratoris Bell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellovy_laborato%C5%99e" title="Bellovy laboratoře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bellovy laboratoře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" title="Bell Laboratories – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bell Laboratories" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laborategiak" title="Bell Laborategiak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bell Laborategiak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%84" title="آزمایشگاه‌های بل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایشگاه‌های بل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoires_Bell" title="Laboratoires Bell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laboratoires Bell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" title="벨 연구소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨 연구소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC_%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բելլ լաբորատորիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բելլ լաբորատորիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="बेल प्रयोगशाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेल प्रयोगशाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" title="Bell Laboratories – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bell Laboratories" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9C" title="מעבדות נוקיה בל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעבדות נוקיה בל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Bell_Labs" title="Nokia Bell Labs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nokia Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബെൽ ലാബ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെൽ ലാബ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE" title="बेल प्रयोगशाळा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेल प्रयोगशाळा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბელიშ ლაბორატორია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბელიშ ლაბორატორია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bell Labs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="ベル研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベル研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" title="Bell Laboratories – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bell Laboratories" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborat%C3%B2ris_Bell" title="Laboratòris Bell – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laboratòris Bell" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bell_Labs&params=40_41_0_N_74_24_1_W_">40°41′0″N 74°24′1″W / 40.68333°N 74.40028°W / 40.68333; -74.40028</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Research and scientific development company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the building, see <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Building" title="Bell Laboratories Building">Bell Laboratories Building</a>. For the part that continues under AT&T, see <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Labs" title="AT&T Labs">AT&T Labs</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nokia Bell Labs</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg/250px-Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg/375px-Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg/500px-Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="244" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo since 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Laboratories_at_New_Providence,_New_Jersey_(7235324892)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bell_Laboratories_at_New_Providence%2C_New_Jersey_%287235324892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bell_Laboratories_at_New_Providence%2C_New_Jersey_%287235324892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bell_Laboratories_at_New_Providence%2C_New_Jersey_%287235324892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bell_Laboratories_at_New_Providence%2C_New_Jersey_%287235324892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bell_Laboratories_at_New_Providence%2C_New_Jersey_%287235324892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bell_Laboratories_at_New_Providence%2C_New_Jersey_%287235324892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="635" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Bell Labs' headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Murray_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Murray Hill, New Jersey">Murray Hill, New Jersey</a> in 2012</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Telecommunication, information technology, <a href="/wiki/Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">material science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1925; 99 years ago (1925-01) (as Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Murray Hill, New Jersey">Murray Hill, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a> (1925–1996)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a> (1996–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a> (2006–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nokia Shanghai Bell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com">bell-labs.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Bell Labs<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> is an American industrial <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> (R&D) company, currently operating as a subsidiary of Finnish technology company <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>. With a long history, Bell Labs is credited with the development of <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic cell">photovoltaic cell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD), <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system, and the programming languages <a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/S_(programming_language)" title="S (programming language)">S</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNOBOL" title="SNOBOL">SNOBOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">AWK</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMPL" title="AMPL">AMPL</a>, and others, throughout the 20th century. Ten <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Awards</a> have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a> The laboratory began in the late 19th century as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a> Engineering Department, located at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Building_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan)">463 West Street</a> in New York City. After years of conducting research and development under <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>, a Bell subsidiary, the Engineering Department was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1925 and placed under the shared ownership of Western Electric and the <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone and Telegraph Company">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a> (AT&T). In the 1960s, laboratory and company headquarters were moved to <a href="/wiki/Murray_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Murray Hill, New Jersey">Murray Hill, New Jersey</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bell_Labs_alumni" title="List of Bell Labs alumni">Its alumni</a> during this time include people like <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a>. Bell Labs became a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Technologies" title="AT&T Technologies">AT&T Technologies</a> in 1984 after the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">Bell System was broken up</a>. After the breakup, its funding greatly declined.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> In 1996, AT&T Technologies was spun off and renamed to Lucent Technologies, who used the Murray Hill site as their headquarters. Bell Laboratories was split as well, with part of it going to <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> as <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Laboratories">AT&T Laboratories</a>. In 2006, Lucent merged with French telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/Alcatel" title="Alcatel">Alcatel</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a>, which was in turn acquired by <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> in 2016. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_historical_locations">Origin and historical locations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and historical locations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bell's_personal_research_after_the_telephone">Bell's personal research after the telephone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bell's personal research after the telephone">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing,_Georgetown,_Washington,_DC_(31666507267).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An oblique view of a large salmon colored two-story stone building, of some prominence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing%2C_Georgetown%2C_Washington%2C_DC_%2831666507267%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing%2C_Georgetown%2C_Washington%2C_DC_%2831666507267%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing%2C_Georgetown%2C_Washington%2C_DC_%2831666507267%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing%2C_Georgetown%2C_Washington%2C_DC_%2831666507267%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing%2C_Georgetown%2C_Washington%2C_DC_%2831666507267%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing%2C_Georgetown%2C_Washington%2C_DC_%2831666507267%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Bell's 1893 <a href="/wiki/Volta_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta Bureau">Volta Bureau</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> In 1880, when the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French government</a> awarded <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Prize" title="Volta Prize">Volta Prize</a> of 50,000 <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">francs</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">invention of the telephone</a> (equivalent to about US$10,000 at the time, or about $330,000 now),<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-6">[4]</a> he used the award to fund the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory</a> (also known as the "Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory") in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Sumner Tainter</a> and Bell's cousin <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce1990-7">[5]</a> The laboratory was variously known as the Volta Bureau, the Bell Carriage House, the Bell Laboratory and the Volta Laboratory. It focused on the analysis, recording, and transmission of sound. Bell used his considerable profits from the laboratory for further research and education advancing the diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce1990-7">[5]</a> This resulted in the founding of the Volta Bureau (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1887) at the Washington, D.C. home of his father, linguist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexander Melville Bell</a>. The carriage house there, at 1527 35th Street N.W., became their headquarters in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce1990-7">[5]</a> In 1893, Bell constructed a new building close by at 1537 35th Street N.W., specifically to house the lab.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce1990-7">[5]</a> This building was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv2-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-dctravelitin-10">[8]</a> After the invention of the telephone, Bell maintained a relatively distant role with the Bell System as a whole, but continued to pursue his own personal research interests.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_antecedent">Early antecedent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early antecedent">edit</a>]</div> The Bell Patent Association was formed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, Thomas Sanders, and <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Hubbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardiner Hubbard">Gardiner Hubbard</a> when filing the first patents for the telephone in 1876. Bell Telephone Company, the first telephone company, was formed a year later. It later became a part of the American Bell Telephone Company. In 1884, the <a href="/wiki/American_Bell_Telephone_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bell Telephone Company">American Bell Telephone Company</a> created the Mechanical Department from the Electrical and Patent Department formed a year earlier. <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph Company">American Telephone & Telegraph Company</a> (AT&T) and its own subsidiary company took control of American Bell and the Bell System by 1889. American Bell held a controlling interest in <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a> (which was the manufacturing arm of the business) whereas AT&T was doing research into the service providers.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_organization_and_location_changes">Formal organization and location changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formal organization and location changes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Laboratories_West_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="463 West Street New York Bell Labs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bell_Laboratories_West_Street.jpg/220px-Bell_Laboratories_West_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bell_Laboratories_West_Street.jpg/330px-Bell_Laboratories_West_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bell_Laboratories_West_Street.jpg/440px-Bell_Laboratories_West_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="3886" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Building" title="Bell Laboratories Building">Bell Laboratories Building</a>, built at 463 West Street in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1925</figcaption></figure> In 1896, Western Electric bought property at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Building_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan)">463 West Street</a> to centralize the manufacturers and engineers which had been supplying AT&T with such technology as telephones, <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchange</a> switches and transmission equipment. During the early 20th century, several historically significant laboratories were established. In 1915, the first radio transmissions were made from a shack in <a href="/wiki/Montauk,_Long_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Montauk, Long Island">Montauk, Long Island</a>. That same year, tests were performed on the first transoceanic radio telephone at a house in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>. A radio reception laboratory was established in 1919 in the <a href="/wiki/Cliffwood,_New_Jersey" title="Cliffwood, New Jersey">Cliffwood</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Aberdeen Township, New Jersey">Aberdeen Township, New Jersey</a>. Additionally for 1919, a transmission studies site was established in <a href="/wiki/Phoenixville,_Pennsylvania" title="Phoenixville, Pennsylvania">Phoenixville, Pennsylvania</a> that built, in 1929, the coaxial conductor line for first tests of long-distance transmission in various frequencies.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> On January 1, 1925, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. was organized to consolidate the development and research activities in the communication field and allied sciences for the Bell System. Ownership was evenly shared between Western Electric and AT&T. The new company had 3600 engineers, scientists, and support staff. Its 400,000-square-foot (37,000 m2) space was expanded with a new building occupying about one quarter of a city block.<a href="#cite_note-telephony1925-15">[13]</a> The first chairman of the board of directors was <a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty" title="John J. Carty">John J. Carty</a>, AT&T's vice president, and the first president was <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Jewett" title="Frank B. Jewett">Frank B. Jewett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-telephony1925-15">[13]</a> also a board member, who stayed there until 1940.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> The operations were directed by E. B. Craft, executive vice-president, and formerly chief engineer at Western Electric. In the early 1920s, a few outdoor facilities and radio communications development facilities were developed. In 1925, the test plot studies were established at <a href="/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi" title="Gulfport, Mississippi">Gulfport, Mississippi</a>, where there were numerous telephone pole samples established for wood preservation. At the <a href="/wiki/Deal,_New_Jersey" title="Deal, New Jersey">Deal, New Jersey</a> location, work was done on ship-to-shore radio telephony. In 1926, in the <a href="/wiki/Whippany,_New_Jersey" title="Whippany, New Jersey">Whippany</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Hanover Township, New Jersey">Hanover Township, New Jersey</a>, land was acquired and established for the development of a 50-kilowatt broadcast transmitter. In 1931, Whippany increased with 75 acres (30 ha) added from a nearby property. In 1928, a 15-acre (6.1 ha) site in <a href="/wiki/Chester_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Chester Township, New Jersey">Chester Township, New Jersey</a>, was leased for outdoor tests, though the facility became inadequate for such purposes. In 1930, the Chester location required the purchase of an additional 85 acres (34 ha) of land to be used for a new outdoor plant development laboratory. Prior to Chester being established, a test plot was installed in <a href="/wiki/Limon,_Colorado" title="Limon, Colorado">Limon, Colorado</a> in 1929, similar to the one in Gulfport. The three test plots at Gulfport, Limon, and Chester were outdoor facilities for preservatives and prolonging the use of telephone poles. Additionally, in 1929, a land expansion was done at the Deal Labs to 208 acres (84 ha). This added land increased the facility for radio transmission studies.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> The beginning of 1930s, established three facilities with radio communications experiments and chemical aspects testing. By 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Summit,_New_Jersey" title="Summit, New Jersey">Summit, New Jersey</a>, chemical laboratory was nearly 10 years established in a three-story building conducted experiments in corrosion, using various fungicides tests on cables, metallic components, or wood. For 1929, land was purchased in <a href="/wiki/Holmdel_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Holmdel Township, New Jersey">Holmdel Township, New Jersey</a>, for a radio reception laboratory to replace the <a href="/wiki/Cliffwood,_New_Jersey" title="Cliffwood, New Jersey">Cliffwood</a> location that had been in operation since 1919. In 1930, the Cliffwood location was ending its operations as Holmdel was established. Whereas, in 1930, a location in <a href="/wiki/Mendham_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Mendham Township, New Jersey">Mendham Township, New Jersey</a>, was established to continue radio receiver developments farther from the Whippany location and eliminate transmitter interference at that facility with developments. The Mendham location worked on communication equipment and broadcast receivers. These devices were used for marine, aircraft, and police services as well as the location performed precision frequency-measuring apparatus, field strength measurements, and conducted radio interference.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> By the early 1940s, Bell Labs engineers and scientists had begun to move to other locations away from the congestion and environmental distractions of New York City, and in 1967 Bell Laboratories headquarters was officially relocated to <a href="/wiki/Murray_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Murray Hill, New Jersey">Murray Hill, New Jersey</a>. Among the later Bell Laboratories locations in New Jersey were <a href="/wiki/Holmdel_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Holmdel Township, New Jersey">Holmdel Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crawford_Hill" title="Crawford Hill">Crawford Hill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deal_Test_Site" title="Deal Test Site">Deal Test Site</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freehold_Borough,_New_Jersey" title="Freehold Borough, New Jersey">Freehold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincroft,_New_Jersey" title="Lincroft, New Jersey">Lincroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Branch,_New_Jersey" title="Long Branch, New Jersey">Long Branch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middletown_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Middletown Township, New Jersey">Middletown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Neptune Township, New Jersey">Neptune Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piscataway,_New_Jersey" title="Piscataway, New Jersey">Piscataway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Bank,_New_Jersey" title="Red Bank, New Jersey">Red Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Chester Township, New Jersey">Chester Township</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whippany,_New_Jersey" title="Whippany, New Jersey">Whippany</a>. Of these, Murray Hill and Crawford Hill remain in existence (the Piscataway and Red Bank locations were transferred to and are now operated by <a href="/wiki/Telcordia_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telcordia Technologies">Telcordia Technologies</a> and the Whippany site was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a>). The largest grouping of people in the company was in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois" title="Naperville, Illinois">Naperville</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lisle,_Illinois" title="Lisle, Illinois">Lisle</a>, in the Chicago area, which had the largest concentration of employees (about 11,000) prior to 2001. There also were groups of employees in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, Indiana; <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>; <a href="/wiki/North_Andover,_Massachusetts" title="North Andover, Massachusetts">North Andover, Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, Pennsylvania</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading, Pennsylvania</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Breinigsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Breinigsville, Pennsylvania">Breinigsville, Pennsylvania</a>; Burlington, North Carolina (1950s–1970s, moved to Greensboro 1980s) and <a href="/wiki/Westminster,_Colorado" title="Westminster, Colorado">Westminster, Colorado</a>. Since 2001, many of the former locations have been scaled down or closed. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Labs_Holmdel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bell_Labs_Holmdel.jpg/220px-Bell_Labs_Holmdel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bell_Labs_Holmdel.jpg/330px-Bell_Labs_Holmdel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bell_Labs_Holmdel.jpg/440px-Bell_Labs_Holmdel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Old <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs_Holmdel_Complex" title="Bell Labs Holmdel Complex">Bell Labs Holmdel Complex</a>, located about 20 miles south of New York City, in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> Bell's <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs_Holmdel_Complex" title="Bell Labs Holmdel Complex">Holmdel research and development lab</a>, a 1,900,000-square-foot (180,000 m2) structure set on 473 acres (191 ha), was closed in 2007. The mirrored-glass building was designed by <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a>. In August 2013, Somerset Development bought the building, intending to redevelop it into a mixed commercial and residential project. A 2012 article expressed doubt on the success of the newly named Bell Works site,<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> but several large tenants had announced plans to move in through 2016 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_Complex_Location_(code)_information,_past_and_present">Building Complex Location (code) information, past and present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Building Complex Location (code) information, past and present">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Chester (CH) – North Road, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Chester Township, New Jersey">Chester Township, New Jersey</a> (began 1930, outdoor test site for small size telephone pole preservation, timber-related equipment, cable laying mechanism for the first undersea voice cable, research for loop transmission, Lucent Technologies donated land for park)<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></li> <li>Crawford Hill (HOH) – Crawfords Corner Road, <a href="/wiki/Crawford_Hill" title="Crawford Hill">Holmdel</a>, NJ (built 1930s, currently as exhibit and building sold, <a href="/wiki/Holmdel_Horn_Antenna" title="Holmdel Horn Antenna">horn antenna</a> used for "Big Bang" theory)</li> <li>Red Hill (HR) – located at exit 109 on the Garden State Parkway (480 Red Hill Rd, Middletown, NJ), the building that formerly housed hundreds of Bell Labs researchers is now in use by <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Sloan_Kettering" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Sloan Kettering">Memorial Sloan Kettering</a></li> <li>Holmdel (HO) – 101 Crawfords Corner, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs_Holmdel_Complex" title="Bell Labs Holmdel Complex">Holmdel</a>, NJ (built 1959–1962, older structures in the 1920s, currently as private building called Bell Works, discovered extraterrestrial radio emissions, undersea cable research, satellite transmissions systems Telstar 3 and 4); provided office space for ~8000 workers in the 1980s (reaching a peak of ~9000 in 1982); prized glass building with hollow interior designed by <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a>; a 3-legged white water tower built to resemble a <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> marks the long entrance drive to this facility.</li> <li>Indian Hill (IH) – 2000 Naperville Road, Naperville, IL (built 1966, currently Nokia, developed switching technology and systems)<a href="#cite_note-auto-26">[24]</a></li> <li>Indian Hill New (IHN) – 1960 Lucent Lane, Naperville, IL (built in 2000 by Lucent Technologies for growth of the Indian Hill Bell Labs complex.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> The steel and glass designed, 613,620-square-foot (57,007 m2) building with 900 parking places, was sold by Nokia for $4.8 million in April 2023. The buyer, Franklin Partners, purchased the 41-acre (17 ha) site for warehousing but decisions were made to demolish the building for future approved planning. The pedestrian bridge to Indian Hill building was demolished as a separated company.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The conference room<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> and lobby scenes of the building<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> were filmed in July 2010, during Alcatel-Lucent ownership, for the Ron Howard film, <a href="/wiki/The_Dilemma" title="The Dilemma">The Dilemma</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></li> <li>Indian Hill Park (IHP) - 200 Park Pl, Naperville, IL (Leased facility until Lucent Technologies consolidation to Indian Hill location.)<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></li> <li>Indian Hill South (IX) - Naperville, IL (Leased facility until Lucent Technologies consolidation to Indian Hill location.)<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></li> <li>Indian Hill West (IW) - Naperville, IL (Leased facility until Lucent Technologies consolidation to Indian Hill location.)<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></li> <li>Murray Hill (MH) – 600 Mountain Ave, Murray Hill, NJ (built 1941–1945, currently Nokia, developed transistor, UNIX operating system and C programming language, <a href="/wiki/Anechoic_chamber" title="Anechoic chamber">anechoic chamber</a>, several building sections demolished)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_Whippany_New_Jersey_entrance_sign_in_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_Whippany_New_Jersey_entrance_sign_in_1994.jpg/220px-AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_Whippany_New_Jersey_entrance_sign_in_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_Whippany_New_Jersey_entrance_sign_in_1994.jpg/330px-AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_Whippany_New_Jersey_entrance_sign_in_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_Whippany_New_Jersey_entrance_sign_in_1994.jpg/440px-AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_Whippany_New_Jersey_entrance_sign_in_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Whippany Bell Labs was an AT&T location from the mid-1920s until 1996. Lucent Technologies from 1996 to 2006 and Alcatel-Lucent from 2006 to 2009 (closure). The buildings were sold and demolished in 2010, except for two buildings repurposed for Bayer Healthcare.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Network Software Center (NSC and/or NW) - 2500-2600 Warrenville Rd, Lisle, IL (Built in mid 1970s. Owned property under AT&T Bell Labs, then Lucent Technologies constructed an additional building in 2000s. During Alcatel-Lucent consolidation to Indian Hill location, the buildings were placed for sale and sold to <a href="/wiki/Navistar" class="mw-redirect" title="Navistar">Navistar</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a>)</li> <li>Short Hills (HL) – 101–103 JFK Parkway, Short Hills, NJ (Various departments such as Accounts Payable, IT Purchasing, HR Personnel, Payroll, Telecom, and the Government group, and Unix Administration Systems Computer Center. Buildings exist without the overhead walkway between the two buildings and two different companies are located from banking and business analytics.)</li> <li>Summit (SF) – 190 River Road, Summit, NJ (building was part of the UNIX Software Operations and became UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. In December 1991, USL combined with Novell. Location is a banking company.)</li> <li>West St ( ) – 463 West Street, New York, NY (built 1898, 1925 until December 1966 as Bell Labs headquarters, experimental talking movies, wave nature of matter, radar)</li> <li>Whippany (WH) – 67 Whippany Road, Whippany, NJ (built 1920s, demolished and portion building as Bayer, performed military research and development, research and development in radar, in guidance for the <a href="/wiki/Project_Nike" title="Project Nike">Nike missile</a>, and in underwater sound, <a href="/wiki/Telstar_1" title="Telstar 1">Telstar 1</a>, wireless technologies)<a href="#cite_note-auto-26">[24]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Bell_Labs_(1974)">List of Bell Labs (1974)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of Bell Labs (1974)">edit</a>]</div> Bell Lab's 1974 corporate directory listed 22 labs in the United States, located in: <ul><li>Allentown – Allentown, PA</li> <li>Atlanta – Norcross, GA</li> <li>Centennial Park – Piscataway, NJ</li> <li>Chester – Chester, NJ</li> <li>Columbus – Columbus, OH</li> <li>Crawford Hill – Holmdel, NJ</li> <li>Denver – Denver, CO</li> <li>Grand Forks-MSR – Cavalier, ND [Missile Site Radar (MSR) Site]</li> <li>Grand Forks-PAR – Cavalier, ND [Perimeter Acquisition Radar (PAR) Site]</li> <li>Guilford Center – Greensboro, NC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs_Holmdel_Complex" title="Bell Labs Holmdel Complex">Holmdel</a> – Holmdel, NJ</li> <li>Indianapolis – Indianapolis, IN</li> <li>Indian Hill – Naperville, IL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwajalein" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwajalein">Kwajalein</a> – San Francisco, CA<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></li> <li>Madison – Madison, NJ</li> <li>Merrimack Valley – North Andover, MA</li> <li>Murray Hill – Murray Hill, NJ</li> <li>Raritan River Center – Piscataway, NJ</li> <li>Reading – Reading, PA</li> <li>Union – Union, NJ</li> <li>Warren Service Center – Warren, NJ</li> <li>Whippany – Whippany, NJ</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Bell_Labs_(2024)">List of Bell Labs (2024)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of Bell Labs (2024)">edit</a>]</div> Nokia Bell Lab's 2024 website pictured 10 labs, located in:<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <ul><li>Antwerp – (Copernicuslaan 50, 2018 <a href="/wiki/Antwerp,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp, Belgium">Antwerp, Belgium</a>)</li> <li>Budapest – (Skypark 8A, Bókay János utca 36–42, 1083, <a href="/wiki/Budapest,_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest, Hungary">Budapest, Hungary</a>)</li> <li>Cambridge – (Broers Building, 21 J.J. Thomson Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, CB3 0FA, United Kingdom)</li> <li>Espoo – (Karaportti 3 FI-02610, <a href="/wiki/Espoo,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Espoo, Finland">Espoo, Finland</a>)</li> <li>Munich – (Werinherstrasse 91 81541, <a href="/wiki/Munich,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich, Germany">Munich, Germany</a>)</li> <li>Murray Hill – (600 Mountain Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Murray Hill, New Jersey">Murray Hill, New Jersey</a> 07974-0636) (Global Headquarters)</li> <li>Oulu – (Kaapelitie 4, 90620 <a href="/wiki/Oulu,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oulu, Finland">Oulu, Finland</a>)</li> <li>Paris – (12 rue Jean Bart, 91300 Massy) <a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay" title="Paris-Saclay">Paris-Saclay</a>, Nozay, France</li> <li>Shanghai – (No.388 Ningqiao Road, Pudong Jinqiao, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> 201206 China</li> <li>Stuttgart – (Magirusstraße 8, 70469 <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuttgart, Germany">Stuttgart, Germany</a>)</li></ul> Also listed as research locations without additional information was <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale, California</a>, US and <a href="/wiki/Tampere,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampere, Finland">Tampere, Finland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois" title="Naperville, Illinois">Naperville, Illinois</a> Bell Labs location near Chicago was considered the Chicago Innovation Center and hosted Nokia's second annual Algorithm World event in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discoveries_and_developments">Discoveries and developments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Discoveries and developments">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bell_Labs" title="Special:EditPage/Bell Labs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Bell Laboratories was, and is, regarded by many as the premier research facility of its type, developing a wide range of revolutionary technologies, including <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>, the operating system <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, the programming languages <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cells">solar cells</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD), and many other optical, wireless, and wired communications technologies and systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1920s">edit</a>]</div> In 1924, Bell Labs physicist <a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Shewhart" title="Walter A. Shewhart">Walter A. Shewhart</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Control_chart" title="Control chart">control chart</a> as a method to determine when a process was in a state of statistical control. Shewhart's methods were the basis for <a href="/wiki/Statistical_process_control" title="Statistical process control">statistical process control</a> (SPC): the use of statistically based tools and techniques to manage and improve processes. This was the origin of the modern quality control movement, including <a href="/wiki/Six_Sigma" title="Six Sigma">Six Sigma</a>. In 1926, the laboratories invented an early <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">synchronous-sound motion picture</a> system, in competition with <a href="/wiki/Movietone_sound_system" title="Movietone sound system">Fox Movietone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">DeForest Phonofilm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> In 1927, a Bell team headed by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Ives" title="Herbert E. Ives">Herbert E. Ives</a> successfully transmitted long-distance 128-line television images of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> from Washington to New York. In 1928 the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal noise">thermal noise</a> in a resistor was first measured by <a href="/wiki/John_Bertrand_Johnson" title="John Bertrand Johnson">John B. Johnson</a>, for which <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nyquist" title="Harry Nyquist">Harry Nyquist</a> provided the theoretical analysis; this is now termed Johnson noise. During the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/One-time_pad" title="One-time pad">one-time pad</a> <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">cipher</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Vernam" title="Gilbert Vernam">Gilbert Vernam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mauborgne" title="Joseph Mauborgne">Joseph Mauborgne</a> at the laboratories. Bell Labs' <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> later proved that it is unbreakable. In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Stephen_Black" title="Harold Stephen Black">Harold Black</a> invented the negative feedback system commonly used in amplifiers. Later, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nyquist" title="Harry Nyquist">Harry Nyquist</a> analyzed Black's design rule for negative feedback. This work was published in 1932 and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Nyquist_stability_criterion" title="Nyquist stability criterion">Nyquist criterion</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s">1930s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1930s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Banks_-_Jansky_Antena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Green_Banks_-_Jansky_Antena.jpg/220px-Green_Banks_-_Jansky_Antena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Green_Banks_-_Jansky_Antena.jpg/330px-Green_Banks_-_Jansky_Antena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Green_Banks_-_Jansky_Antena.jpg/440px-Green_Banks_-_Jansky_Antena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the directional antenna used in the discovery of radio emission of extraterrestrial origin by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Guthe_Jansky" title="Karl Guthe Jansky">Karl Guthe Jansky</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Laboratories">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a> in 1932</figcaption></figure> In 1931, a foundation for <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a> was laid by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jansky" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Jansky">Karl Jansky</a> during his work investigating the origins of static on long-distance <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_bands" title="Shortwave bands">shortwave communications</a>. He discovered that radio waves were being emitted from the center of the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a>. In 1931 and 1932, the labs made experimental high fidelity, long playing, and even stereophonic recordings of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo signals</a> were transmitted live from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> to Washington, D.C. In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder">vocoder</a>, an electronic speech compression device, or codec, and the <a href="/wiki/Voder" title="Voder">Voder</a>, the first electronic <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesizer</a>, were developed and demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Homer_Dudley" title="Homer Dudley">Homer Dudley</a>, the Voder being demonstrated at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Bell researcher <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Clinton Davisson</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a> for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">electron diffraction</a>, which helped lay the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid-state electronics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s">1940s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1940s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg/220px-Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg/330px-Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg/440px-Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>A replica of the first <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">point-contact</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> device, invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947</figcaption></figure> In the early 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic cell">photovoltaic cell</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Russell_Ohl" title="Russell Ohl">Russell Ohl</a>. In 1943, Bell developed <a href="/wiki/SIGSALY" title="SIGSALY">SIGSALY</a>, the first digital scrambled speech transmission system, used by the Allies in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The British wartime codebreaker <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> visited the labs at this time, working on speech encryption and meeting <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Bell Labs Quality Assurance Department gave the world and the United States such statisticians as <a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Shewhart" title="Walter A. Shewhart">Walter A. Shewhart</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._Edwards_Deming" title="W. Edwards Deming">W. Edwards Deming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_F._Dodge" title="Harold F. Dodge">Harold F. Dodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_D._Edwards" title="George D. Edwards">George D. Edwards</a>, Harry Romig, R. L. Jones, Paul Olmstead, E.G.D. Paterson, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_N._Torrey" title="Mary N. Torrey">Mary N. Torrey</a>. During World War II, Emergency Technical Committee – Quality Control, drawn mainly from Bell Labs' statisticians, was instrumental in advancing Army and Navy ammunition acceptance and material sampling procedures. In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>, arguably the most important invention developed by Bell Laboratories, was invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Bradford Shockley</a> (who subsequently shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956). In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Richard Hamming</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Hamming_code" title="Hamming code">Hamming codes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">error detection and correction</a>. For patent reasons, the result was not published until 1950. In 1948, "<a href="/wiki/A_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication" title="A Mathematical Theory of Communication">A Mathematical Theory of Communication</a>", one of the founding works in <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>, was published by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System_Technical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell System Technical Journal">Bell System Technical Journal</a>. It built in part on earlier work in the field by Bell researchers <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nyquist" title="Harry Nyquist">Harry Nyquist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hartley" title="Ralph Hartley">Ralph Hartley</a>, but went much further. Bell Labs also introduced a series of increasingly complex calculators through the decade. Shannon was also the founder of <a href="/wiki/History_of_cryptography" title="History of cryptography">modern cryptography</a> with his 1949 paper <a href="/wiki/Communication_Theory_of_Secrecy_Systems" title="Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems">Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calculators">Calculators</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Calculators">edit</a>]</div> <a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[44]</a> <ul><li>Model I: A <a href="/wiki/Complex_number_calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex number calculator">complex number calculator</a>, completed in 1939 and put into operation in 1940, for doing calculations of <a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex numbers</a>.</li> <li>Model II: Relay Computer / Relay Interpolator,<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> September 1943, for interpolating data points of flight profiles (needed for performance testing of a gun director).<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> This model introduced error detection (self checking).<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></li> <li>Model III: Ballistic Computer,<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> June 1944, for calculations of ballistic trajectories</li> <li>Model IV: Error Detector Mark II, March 1945,<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[51]</a> improved ballistic computer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_V" title="Model V">Model V</a>:<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> General-purpose electromechanical computer, of which two were built, July 1946 and February 1947<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_V#Model_VI" title="Model V">Model VI</a>: 1949, an enhanced Model V</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1950s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bell_Labs" title="Special:EditPage/Bell Labs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bell+Labs%22">"Bell Labs"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bell+Labs%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bell+Labs%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bell+Labs%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bell+Labs%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bell+Labs%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (November 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The 1950s also saw developments based upon <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>. The central development was <a href="/wiki/Binary_code" title="Binary code">binary code</a> systems. Efforts concentrated on the prime mission of supporting the Bell System with engineering advances, including the N-carrier system, TD <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radio_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave radio relay">microwave radio relay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_distance_dialing" title="Direct distance dialing">direct distance dialing</a>, E-<a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wire_spring_relay" title="Wire spring relay">wire spring relay</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Number_Five_Crossbar_Switching_System" title="Number Five Crossbar Switching System">Number Five Crossbar Switching System</a>. In 1952, <a href="/wiki/William_Gardner_Pfann" title="William Gardner Pfann">William Gardner Pfann</a> revealed the method of <a href="/wiki/Zone_melting" title="Zone melting">zone melting</a>, which enabled semiconductor purification and level doping. In 1953, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Karnaugh" title="Maurice Karnaugh">Maurice Karnaugh</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Karnaugh_map" title="Karnaugh map">Karnaugh map</a>, used for managing of <a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean algebra (logic)">Boolean algebraic</a> expressions. In January 1954, Bell Labs built one of the first completely transistorized computer machines,<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/TRADIC" title="TRADIC">TRADIC</a> or Flyable TRADIC,<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> for the United States Air Force with 10,358 germanium point-contact diodes and 684 Bell Labs Type 1734 Type A cartridge transistors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The design team was led by electrical engineer Jean Howard Felker with James R. Harris and Louis C. Brown ("Charlie Brown") as the lead engineers on the project, which started in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The device took only 3 cubic-feet and consumed 100 watt power for its small and low powered design in comparison to the vacuum tube designs of the times. The device could be installed in a B-52 Stratofortress Bomber and had a performance up to one million logical operations a second. The flyable program used a Mylar sheet with punched holes, instead of the removable plugboard.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> In 1954, the first modern <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cell</a> was invented at Bell Laboratories. In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Frosch" title="Carl Frosch">Carl Frosch</a> and Lincoln Derick discovered semiconductor surface passivation by silicon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> In 1956 <a href="/wiki/TAT-1" title="TAT-1">TAT-1</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_communications_cable" title="Transatlantic communications cable">transatlantic communications cable</a> to carry telephone conversations, was laid between Scotland and Newfoundland in a joint effort by AT&T, Bell Laboratories, and British and Canadian telephone companies. In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a> created <a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC</a>, one of the first computer programs to play <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Prim" title="Robert C. Prim">Robert C. Prim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kruskal" title="Joseph Kruskal">Joseph Kruskal</a> developed new <a href="/wiki/Greedy_algorithm" title="Greedy algorithm">greedy algorithms</a> that revolutionized <a href="/wiki/Network_planning_and_design" title="Network planning and design">computer network design</a>. In 1957 Frosch and Derick, using masking and predeposition, were able to manufacture silicon dioxide field effect transistors; the first planar transistors, in which drain and source were adjacent at the same surface. They showed that silicon dioxide insulated, protected silicon wafers and prevented dopants from diffusing into the wafer.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> In 1958, a technical paper by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schawlow">Arthur Schawlow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a> first described the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>. Following Frosch and Derick research, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Atalla">Mohamed Atalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a> proposed a silicon MOS transistor in 1959<a href="#cite_note-Bassett22-63">[61]</a> and successfully demonstrated a working MOS device with their Bell Labs team in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Their team included E. E. LaBate and E. I. Povilonis who fabricated the device; M. O. Thurston, L. A. D’Asaro, and J. R. Ligenza who developed the diffusion processes, and H. K. Gummel and R. Lindner who characterized the device.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> K. E. Daburlos and H. J. Patterson of Bell Laboratories continued on the work of C. Frosch and L. Derick, and developed a process similar to Hoerni’s <a href="/wiki/Planar_process" title="Planar process">planar process</a> about the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Lojek1203-68">[66]</a> J.R. Ligenza and W.G. Spitzer studied the mechanism of thermally grown oxides, fabricated a high quality Si/<a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO2</a> stack and published their results in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deal2-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1960s">edit</a>]</div> On October 1, 1960, the Kwajalein Field Station was announced as a location for the <a href="/wiki/Nike_Zeus" title="Nike Zeus">Nike Zeus</a> test program. Mr. R. W. Benfer was the first director to arrive shortly on October 5 for the program. Bell Labs designed many of the major system elements and conducted fundamental investigations of phase-controlled scanning antenna arrays.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png/220px-US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png/330px-US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png/440px-US_Patent_3118022_-_Gerhard_M._Sessler_James_E._West_-_Bell_labs_-_electroacustic_transducer_-_foil_electret_condenser_microphone_1962_1964_-_pages_1-3.png 2x" data-file-width="3964" data-file-height="1958" /></a><figcaption>The patent for the electret microphone, an invention by Gerhard Sessler and James West</figcaption></figure> In December 1960, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Javan" title="Ali Javan">Ali Javan</a>, PhD physicist from the University of Tehran, Iran with help by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Seebach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Seebach (page does not exist)">Rolf Seebach</a> and his associates <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr._William_R._Bennett_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr. William R. Bennett Jr. (page does not exist)">William Bennett</a> and Donald Heriot, successfully operated the first <a href="/wiki/Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">gas laser</a>, the first continuous-light laser, operating at an unprecedented accuracy and color purity. In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Electret_microphone" title="Electret microphone">electret microphone</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Sessler" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Sessler">Gerhard M. Sessler</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_West_(inventor)" title="James West (inventor)">James E. West</a>. Also in 1962, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a>'s vision of <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a> was realized by the launch of <a href="/wiki/Telstar" title="Telstar">Telstar</a>. On July 10, 1962, the Telstar spacecraft was launched into orbit by NASA and it was designed and built by Bell Laboratories. The first worldwide television broadcast was July 23, 1962 with a press conference by President Kennedy.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> In Spring 1964, the building of an electronic switching systems center was planned at Bell Laboratories near Naperville, Illinois. The building in 1966 would be called Indian Hill, and development work from former electronic switching organization at Holmdel and Systems Equipment Engineering organization would occupy the laboratory with engineers from Western Electric Hawthorne Works. Scheduled for work were about 1,200 people when completed in 1966, and peaked at 11,000 before October 2001 Lucent Technologies downsizing occurred.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> In 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">carbon dioxide laser</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Kumar_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumar Patel">Kumar Patel</a> and the discovery/operation of the Nd:YAG laser was demonstrated by J.E. Geusic et al. Experiments by <a href="/wiki/Myriam_Sarachik" title="Myriam Sarachik">Myriam Sarachik</a> provided the first data that confirmed the <a href="/wiki/Kondo_effect" title="Kondo effect">Kondo effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> The research of <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a> into electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems led to improved understanding of metals and insulators for which he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a>, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Frank W. Sinden, Edward E. Zajac, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Knowlton" title="Ken Knowlton">Ken Knowlton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._Michael_Noll" title="A. Michael Noll">A. Michael Noll</a> made computer-animated movies during the early to mid-1960s. <a href="/wiki/Ken_Knowlton" title="Ken Knowlton">Ken Knowlton</a> invented the computer animation language <a href="/wiki/BEFLIX" title="BEFLIX">BEFLIX</a>. The first digital computer art was created in 1962 by Noll. In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a> (OFDM), a key technology in wireless services, was developed and patented by R. W. Chang. In December 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Building_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan)">New York City site</a> was sold and became the <a href="/wiki/Westbeth_Artists_Community" title="Westbeth Artists Community">Westbeth Artists Community</a> complex. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-19.jpg/220px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-19.jpg/330px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-19.jpg/440px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>The charge-coupled device was invented by George E. Smith and Willard Boyle.</figcaption></figure> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_beam_epitaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular beam epitaxy">molecular beam epitaxy</a> was developed by J.R. Arthur and A.Y. Cho; molecular beam epitaxy allows semiconductor chips and laser matrices to be manufactured one atomic layer at a time. In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> created the computer operating system <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> for the support of telecommunication switching systems as well as general-purpose computing. Also, in 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD) was invented by <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a>, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009. From 1969 to 1971, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Marcus" title="Aaron Marcus">Aaron Marcus</a>, the first graphic designer involved with computer graphics, researched, designed, and programmed a prototype interactive page-layout system for the Picturephone. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_C_Programming_Language_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_C_Programming_Language_logo.svg/220px-The_C_Programming_Language_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_C_Programming_Language_logo.svg/330px-The_C_Programming_Language_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_C_Programming_Language_logo.svg/440px-The_C_Programming_Language_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>The C programming language was developed in 1972.</figcaption></figure> The 1970s and 1980s saw more and more computer-related inventions at the Bell Laboratories as part of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computing">personal computing</a> revolution. In the 1970s, major central office technology evolved from crossbar electromechanical relay-based technology and discrete transistor logic to Bell Labs-developed thick film hybrid and <a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">transistor–transistor logic</a> (TTL), stored program-controlled switching systems; <a href="/wiki/1ESS_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="1ESS switch">1A</a>/<a href="/wiki/4ESS_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="4ESS switch">#4 TOLL</a> Electronic Switching Systems (ESS) and 2A Local Central Offices produced at the Bell Labs Naperville and Western Electric Lisle, Illinois facilities. This technology evolution dramatically reduced floor space needs. The new ESS also came with its own diagnostic software that needed only a switchman and several frame technicians to maintain. About 1970, the coax-22 cable was developed by Bell Labs. This coax cable with 22 strands allowed a total capacity of 132,000 telephone calls. Previously, a 12-strand coax cable was used for L-carrier systems. Both of these types of cables were manufactured at Western Electrics' Baltimore Works facility on machines designed by a Western Electric Senior development engineer.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> In 1970, <a href="/wiki/A._Michael_Noll" title="A. Michael Noll">A. Michael Noll</a> invented a tactile, force-feedback system, coupled with interactive stereoscopic computer display. In 1971, an improved task priority system for computerized <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchange</a> switching systems for telephone traffic was invented by <a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a>, who received one of the first <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software patents</a> for it. In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> developed the compiled programming language <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> as a replacement for the interpreted language <a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B</a>, which was then used in a <a href="/wiki/Worse_is_better" title="Worse is better">worse is better</a> rewrite of UNIX. Also, the language <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">AWK</a> was designed and implemented by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aho" title="Alfred Aho">Alfred Aho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weinberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Weinberger">Peter Weinberger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> of Bell Laboratories. Also in 1972, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Rochkind" title="Marc Rochkind">Marc Rochkind</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Source_Code_Control_System" title="Source Code Control System">Source Code Control System</a>. In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> systems were first tested in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. Production of their first internally designed <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BELLMAC-8" title="BELLMAC-8">BELLMAC-8</a>, began in 1977. In 1980 they demonstrated the first single-chip <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> microprocessor, the <a href="/wiki/Bellmac_32" title="Bellmac 32">Bellmac 32</a>A, which went into production in 1982. In 1978, the proprietary operating system <a href="/wiki/Oryx/Pecos" title="Oryx/Pecos">Oryx/Pecos</a> was developed from scratch by Bell Labs in order to run AT&T's large-scale <a href="/wiki/PBX/IPBX" class="mw-redirect" title="PBX/IPBX">PBX</a> switching equipment. It was first used with AT&T's flagship System 75, and until very recently was used in all variations up through and including Definity G3 (Generic 3) switches, now manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Avaya" title="Avaya">Avaya</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1980s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_logo.svg/220px-AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_logo.svg/330px-AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_logo.svg/440px-AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>Bell Laboratories logo, used from 1984 until 1995</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teletype_DMD_5620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Teletype_DMD_5620.jpg/220px-Teletype_DMD_5620.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Teletype_DMD_5620.jpg/330px-Teletype_DMD_5620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Teletype_DMD_5620.jpg/440px-Teletype_DMD_5620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Teletype/AT&T 5620 DMD version of the Blit. Terminal software written by Rob Pike and hardware designed by Bart Locanthi, Jr.</figcaption></figure> During the 1980s, the operating system <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a> was developed extending the UNIX model. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Radiodrum" title="Radiodrum">Radiodrum</a>, an electronic music instrument played in three space dimensions, was invented. In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">TDMA</a> digital cellular telephone technology was patented. In late 1981, the Bell Labs Research organization internal use of a terminal called Jerq led to the <a href="/wiki/Blit_(computer_terminal)" title="Blit (computer terminal)">Blit terminal</a> being renamed by designers <a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a> and Bart Locanthi, Jr for the UNIX operating system. It was a programmable bitmap graphics terminal using multi-layers of opened windows operated by a keyboard and a distinguished red-colored three-button digitized mouse.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> It was later known as the AT&T 5620 DMD terminal for commercial sales. The Blit used the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, whereas the Teletype/AT&T 5620 Dot Mapped Display terminal used the Western Electric WE32000 microprocessor.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The launching of the Bell Labs Fellows Award started in 1982 to recognize and honor scientists and engineers who have made outstanding and sustained R&D contributions at AT&T with a level of distinction. As of the 2021 inductees, 336 people have received the honor.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie were also Bell Labs Fellows for 1982. Ritchie started in 1967 at Bell Labs in the Bell Labs Computer Systems Research department.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Thompson started in 1966. Both co-inventors of the UNIX operating system and C language were also awarded decades later the 2011 Japan Prize for Information and Communications. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Fractional_quantum_Hall_effect" title="Fractional quantum Hall effect">fractional quantum Hall effect</a> was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Horst Störmer</a> and former Bell Laboratories researchers <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Robert B. Laughlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Daniel C. Tsui</a>; they consequently won a Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery. In 1984, the first photoconductive antennas for picosecond electromagnetic radiation were demonstrated by Auston and others. This type of antenna became an important component in <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_time-domain_spectroscopy" title="Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy">terahertz time-domain spectroscopy</a>. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Karmarkar%27s_algorithm" title="Karmarkar's algorithm">Karmarkar's algorithm</a> for linear programming was developed by mathematician <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Karmarkar" title="Narendra Karmarkar">Narendra Karmarkar</a>. Also in 1984, <a href="/wiki/Modification_of_Final_Judgment" title="Modification of Final Judgment">a divestiture agreement</a> signed in 1982 with the American Federal government forced the breakup of AT&T, and <a href="/wiki/Bellcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellcore">Bellcore</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Iconectiv" title="Iconectiv">iconectiv</a>) was split off from Bell Laboratories to provide the same R&D functions for the newly created <a href="/wiki/Local_exchange_carrier" title="Local exchange carrier">local exchange carriers</a>. AT&T also was limited to using the Bell trademark only in association with Bell Laboratories. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. became a wholly owned company of the new <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Technologies" title="AT&T Technologies">AT&T Technologies</a> unit, the former Western Electric. The <a href="/wiki/5ESS_Switch" class="mw-redirect" title="5ESS Switch">5ESS Switch</a> was developed during this transition. The National Medal of Technology was awarded to Bell Labs, the first corporation to achieve this honor in February 1985.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooling</a> was used to slow and manipulate atoms by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> and team. In 1985, the modeling language A Mathematical Programming Language, <a href="/wiki/AMPL" title="AMPL">AMPL</a>, was developed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fourer" title="Robert Fourer">Robert Fourer</a>, David M. Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories. Also in 1985, Bell Laboratories was awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a> "For contribution over decades to modern communication systems". In 1985,<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> the programming language <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> had its first commercial release.<a href="#cite_note-JANA-85">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> started developing C++ at Bell Laboratories in 1979 as an extension to the original C language.<a href="#cite_note-JANA-85">[83]</a> Arthur Ashkin invented optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers. A major breakthrough came in 1987, when Ashkin used the tweezers to capture living bacteria without harming them. He immediately began studying biological systems using the optical tweezers, which are now widely used to investigate the machinery of life.<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[84]</a> He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (2018) for his work involving optical tweezers and their application to biological systems. In the mid-1980s, the Transmission System departments of Bell Labs developed highly reliable long-haul <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic communications</a> systems based on <a href="/wiki/SONET" class="mw-redirect" title="SONET">SONET</a>, and network operations techniques, that enabled very high volume, near-instantaneous communications across the North American continent. Fail-safe and disaster-related traffic management operations systems enhanced the usefulness of the fiber optics. There was a synergy in the land-based and seas-based fiber optic systems, although they were developed by different divisions within the company. These systems are still in use throughout the U.S. today. Charles A. Burrus became a Bell Labs Fellow in 1988 for his work done as a Technical Staff member. Prior to this accomplishment, was awarded in 1982 the AT&T Bell Laboratories Distinguished Technical Staff Award. Charles started in 1955 at the Holmdel Bell Labs location and retired in 1996 with consultations to Lucent Technologies up to 2002.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In 1988, <a href="/wiki/TAT-8" title="TAT-8">TAT-8</a> became the first transatlantic <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_cable" title="Fiber-optic cable">fiber-optic cable</a>. Bell Labs in Freehold, NJ developed the 1.3-micron fiber, cable, splicing, laser detector, and 280 Mbit/s repeater for 40,000 telephone-call capacity. In the late 1980s, realizing that voiceband modems were approaching the Shannon limit on bit rate, <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Gitlin" title="Richard D. Gitlin">Richard D. Gitlin</a>, Jean-Jacques Werner, and their colleagues pioneered a major breakthrough by inventing DSL (<a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">digital subscriber line</a>) and creating the technology that enabled megabit transmission on installed copper telephone lines, thus facilitating the broadband era.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> Bell Labs' John Mayo received the National Medal of Technology in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily.com-89">[87]</a> In May 1990, Ronald Snare was named AT&T Bell Laboratories Fellow, for "Singular contributions to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Common-channel_signaling" title="Common-channel signaling">common-channel signaling</a> network and the signal transfer points globally." This system began service in the United States in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> In the early 1990s, approaches to increase <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> speeds to 56K were explored at Bell Labs, and early patents were filed in 1992 by Ender Ayanoglu, Nuri R. Dagdeviren and their colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The scientist, W. Lincoln Hawkins in 1992 received the National Medal of Technology for work done at Bell Labs.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily.com-89">[87]</a> In 1992, Jack Salz, Jack Winters and <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Gitlin" title="Richard D. Gitlin">Richard D. Gitlin</a> provided the foundational technology to demonstrate that adaptive antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver can substantially increase both the reliability (via diversity) and capacity (via spatial multiplexing) of wireless systems without expanding the bandwidth.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Subsequently, the BLAST system proposed by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Foschini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Foschini">Gerard Foschini</a> and colleagues dramatically expanded the capacity of wireless systems.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> This technology, known today as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), was a significant factor in the standardization, commercialization, performance improvement, and growth of cellular and wireless LAN systems. Amos Joel in 1993 received the National Medal of Technology.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily.com-89">[87]</a> Two AT&T Bell Labs scientists, Joel Engel and Richard Frenkiel, were honored with the National Medal of Technology, in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily.com-89">[87]</a> In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_cascade_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum cascade laser">quantum cascade laser</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Capasso" title="Federico Capasso">Federico Capasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cho" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Cho">Alfred Cho</a>, Jerome Faist and their collaborators. Also in 1994, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shor" title="Peter Shor">Peter Shor</a> devised his quantum factorization algorithm. In 1996, SCALPEL electron <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a>, which prints features atoms wide on microchips, was invented by Lloyd Harriott and his team. The operating system <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a>, an update of Plan 9, was created by Dennis Ritchie with others, using the then-new <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrent</a> programming language <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a>. A high performance database engine (Dali) was developed which became DataBlitz in its product form.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> In 1996, AT&T spun off Bell Laboratories, along with most of its equipment manufacturing business, into a new company named <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Lucent Technologies</a>. AT&T retained a small number of researchers who made up the staff of the newly created <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Labs" title="AT&T Labs">AT&T Labs</a>. Lucy Sanders was the third woman to receive the Bell Labs Fellow award in 1996, for her work in creating a <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a> chip that allowed more phone calls using software and hardware on a single server. She started in 1977 and was one of the few woman engineers at Bell Labs.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> In November 1997, Lucent planned a Bell Laboratories location at <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_Research_Park" title="Yokosuka Research Park">Yokosuka Research Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka" title="Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a>, Japan for developing a third generation Wideband Code Division Multiple Access cellular system (<a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> In 1997, the smallest then-practical transistor (60 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometers</a>, 182 atoms wide) was built. In 1998, the first <a href="/wiki/Optical_IP_Switching" title="Optical IP Switching">optical router</a> was invented. Rudolph Kazarinov and Federico Capasso received the optoelectronics Rank Prize on December 8, 1998.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily.com-89">[87]</a> In December 1998, Ritchie and Thompson also were honorees of the National Medal of Technology for their work done for pre-Lucent Technologies Bell Labs. The award was presented by U.S. President William Clinton in 1999 in a White House ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily.com-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg/220px-Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg/330px-Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg/440px-Alcatel_Lucent_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="63" /></a><figcaption>The pre-2013 logo of <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a>, the parent company of Bell Labs</figcaption></figure> 2000 was an active year for the Laboratories, in which <a href="/wiki/DNA_machine" title="DNA machine">DNA machine</a> prototypes were developed; progressive geometry compression algorithm made widespread 3-D communication practical; the first electrically powered <a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">organic laser</a> was invented; a large-scale map of cosmic <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> was compiled; and the F-15 (material), an organic material that makes <a href="/wiki/Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">plastic transistors</a> possible, was invented. In 2002, physicist <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6n_scandal" title="Schön scandal">Jan Hendrik Schön was fired</a> after his work was found to contain fraudulent data. It was the first known case of fraud at Bell Labs. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Institute_of_Technology" title="New Jersey Institute of Technology">New Jersey Institute of Technology</a> Biomedical Engineering Laboratory was created at <a href="/wiki/Murray_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Murray Hill, New Jersey">Murray Hill, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In 2004, Lucent Technologies awarded two women the prestigious Bell Labs Fellow Award. Magaly Spector, a director in INS/Network Systems Group, was awarded for "sustained and exceptional scientific and technological contributions in <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_physics" title="Solid-state physics">solid-state physics</a>, III-V material for semiconductor lasers, <a href="/wiki/Gallium_Arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium Arsenide">Gallium Arsenide</a> integrated circuits, and the quality and reliability of products used in high speed optical transport systems for next generation high bandwidth communication." Eve Varma, a technical manager in MNS/Network Systems Group, was awarded for her citation in "sustained contributions to digital and <a href="/wiki/Optical_networking" title="Optical networking">optical networking</a>, including architecture, synchronization, restoration, standards, operations and control." In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Jeong_H._Kim" title="Jeong H. Kim">Jeong H. Kim</a>, former President of Lucent's Optical Network Group, returned from academia to become the President of Bell Laboratories. In April 2006, Bell Laboratories' parent company, Lucent Technologies, signed a merger agreement with <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel</a>. On December 1, 2006, the merged company, <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a>, began operations. This deal raised concerns in the United States, where Bell Laboratories works on defense contracts. A separate company, LGS Innovations, with an American board was set up to manage Bell Laboratories' and Lucent's sensitive <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> contracts. In March 2019, LGS Innovations was purchased by <a href="/wiki/CACI" title="CACI">CACI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> In December 2007, it was announced that the former Lucent Bell Laboratories and the former Alcatel Research and Innovation would be merged into one organization under the name of Bell Laboratories. This is the first period of growth following many years during which Bell Laboratories progressively lost manpower due to layoffs and spin-offs making the company shut down briefly. In February 2008, Alcatel-Lucent continued the Bell Laboratories tradition of awarding the prestigious award for outstanding technical contributors. Martin J. Glapa, a former chief Technical Officer of Lucent's Cable Communications Business Unit and Director of Advanced Technologies,<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> was presented by Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs President Jeong H. Kim with the 2006 Bell Labs Fellow Award in <a href="/wiki/Network_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Architecture">Network Architecture</a>, Network Planning, and Professional Services with particular focus in Cable TV Systems and <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a> Services having "significant resulting Alcatel-Lucent commercial successes." Glapa is a patent holder and has co-written the 2004 technical paper called "Optimal Availability & Security For Voice Over Cable Networks" and co-authored the 2008 "Impact of bandwidth demand growth on HFC networks" published by IEEE.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> As of July 2008, however, only four scientists remained in physics research, according to a report by the scientific journal Nature.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> On August 28, 2008, Alcatel-Lucent announced it was pulling out of basic science, material physics, and semiconductor research, and it will instead focus on more immediately marketable areas, including networking, high-speed electronics, wireless networks, nanotechnology and software.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> In 2009, Willard Boyle and George Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention and development of the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD).<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Rob Soni was an Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Fellow in 2009 as cited for work in winning North American customers wireless business and for helping to define 4G wireless networks with transformative system architectures.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nokia_Bell_Labs_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nokia_Bell_Labs_sign.jpg/220px-Nokia_Bell_Labs_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nokia_Bell_Labs_sign.jpg/330px-Nokia_Bell_Labs_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nokia_Bell_Labs_sign.jpg/440px-Nokia_Bell_Labs_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The entrance sign to Nokia Bell Labs at the company's headquarters in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> from 2016-2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg/220px-Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg/330px-Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg/440px-Nokia_Bell_Labs_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Logo of Bell Labs since 2023</figcaption></figure> Gee Rittenhouse, former Head of Research, returned from his position as chief operating officer of Alcatel-Lucent's Software, Services, and Solutions business in February 2013, to become the 12th President of Bell Labs.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> On November 4, 2013, Alcatel-Lucent announced the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Weldon" title="Marcus Weldon">Marcus Weldon</a> as President of Bell Labs. His stated charter was to return Bell Labs to the forefront of innovation in <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and communications technology</a> by focusing on solving the key industry challenges, as was the case in the great Bell Labs innovation eras in the past.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> On May 20, 2014, Michel Combes, CEO of Alcatel-Lucent, announced the opening of a Bell Labs location in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv, Israel">Tel Aviv, Israel</a> by summer time. The Bell Labs research team would be directed by an Israeli computer scientist and alum of Bell Labs, Danny Raz. The Bell Labs research would be in 'cloud networking' technologies for communications. The location would have approximately twenty academic scientific background employees.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> In July 2014, Bell Labs announced it had broken "the broadband Internet speed record" with a new technology dubbed XG-FAST that promises 10 gigabits per second transmission speeds.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs in the Semiconductor Physics Research Department.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> On April 15, 2015, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> agreed to acquire Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs' parent company, in a share exchange worth $16.6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Their first day of combined operations was January 14, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> In September 2016, Nokia Bell Labs, along with <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a>, Deutsche Telekom T-Labs and the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a> achieved a data rate of one terabit per second by improving transmission capacity and spectral efficiency in an optical communications field trial with a <a href="/wiki/Constellation_shaping#Probabilistic_Constellation_Shaping" title="Constellation shaping">new modulation technique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Antero Taivalsaari became a Bell Labs Fellow in 2016 for his specific work.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> In 2017, Dragan Samardzija was awarded the Bell Labs Fellow.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Arthur Ashkin</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on "the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[84]</a> which was developed at Bell Labs in the 1980s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2020s">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aho" title="Alfred Aho">Alfred Aho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Ullman" title="Jeffrey Ullman">Jeffrey Ullman</a> shared the Turing Award for their work on compilers, starting with their tenure at Bell Labs during 1967–69. On, November 16, 2021, Nokia presented the 2021 Bell Labs Fellows Award Ceremony, six new members (Igor Curcio, Matthew Andrews, Bjorn Jelonnek, Ed Harstead, Gino Dion, Esa Tiirola) held at Nokia Batvik Mansion, Finland.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> In December 2021, Nokia's Chief Strategy and Technology Officer decided to reorganize Bell Labs in two separate functional organizations: Bell Labs Core Research and Bell Labs Solutions research. Bell Labs Core Research is in charge of creating disruptive technologies with 10-year horizon. Bell Labs Solutions Research, looks for shorter term solutions that can provide growth opportunities for Nokia.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The Nokia 2022 Bell Labs Fellows were recognized on November 29, 2022, in a New Jersey ceremony. Five researchers were inducted to the total of 341 recipients since its inception by AT&T Bell Labs in 1982. One member was from New Jersey, two were from Cambridge, UK, and two were from Finland representing Espoo and Tampere locations.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> On December 11, 2023, Nokia announced a state of the art research facility in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick, New Jersey</a>. The planned relocation of the 80 year old, Murray Hill New Jersey Bell Labs facility would take place before 2028.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> The new building would be LEED Gold certified.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> The Murray Hill location has had iconic research of various historical innovations for <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Corp.">AT&T Corp.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a>, and Nokia.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Prize,_Turing_Award,_IEEE_Medal_of_Honor">Nobel Prize, Turing Award, IEEE Medal of Honor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize, Turing Award, IEEE Medal of Honor">edit</a>]</div> Ten Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <ul><li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Clinton J. Davisson</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating the wave nature of matter.</li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Brattain">Walter H. Brattain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> received the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the first <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>.</li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing an improved understanding of the electronic structure of glass and magnetic materials.</li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Arno_A._Penzias" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno A. Penzias">Arno A. Penzias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert W. Wilson</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Physics. Penzias and Wilson were cited for their discovering <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic microwave background radiation">cosmic microwave background radiation</a>, a nearly uniform glow that fills the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> in the microwave band of the radio spectrum.</li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horst Störmer">Horst Störmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Laughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Laughlin">Robert Laughlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tsui" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Tsui">Daniel Tsui</a>, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering and explaining the <a href="/wiki/Fractional_quantum_Hall_effect" title="Fractional quantum Hall effect">fractional quantum Hall effect</a>.</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Willard_S._Boyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard S. Boyle">Willard S. Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a>. Boyle and Smith were cited for inventing <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD) semiconductor imaging sensors.</li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs.</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Arthur Ashkin</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on "the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"<a href="#cite_note-:2-86">[84]</a> which was developed at Bell Labs.</li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brus" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Brus">Louis Brus</a> shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in "the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> which he began at Bell Labs.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> has been won five times by Bell Labs researchers. <ul><li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Richard Hamming</a> for his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes.<a href="#cite_note-O'Regan-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> for their work on operating system theory, and for developing <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O'Regan-125">[123]</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tarjan" title="Robert Tarjan">Robert Tarjan</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_Hopcroft" title="John Hopcroft">John Hopcroft</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a> shared the Turing Award with <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a> for their work in Deep Learning.</li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aho" title="Alfred Aho">Alfred Aho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Ullman" title="Jeffrey Ullman">Jeffrey Ullman</a> shared the Turing Award for their work on Compilers.</li></ul> First awarded in 1917, the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a> is the highest form of recognition by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>. The IEEE Medal of Honor has been won 22 times by Bell Labs researchers. <ul><li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Greenleaf_Whittier_Pickard" title="Greenleaf Whittier Pickard">Greenleaf Whittier Pickard</a> For his contributions as to crystal detectors, coil antennas, wave propagation and atmospheric disturbances.</li> <li>1936 <a href="/wiki/G_A_Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="G A Campbell">G A Campbell</a> For his contributions to the theory of electrical network.</li> <li>1940 <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Espenschied" title="Lloyd Espenschied">Lloyd Espenschied</a> For his accomplishments as an engineer, as an inventor, as a pioneer in the development of radio telephony, and for his effective contributions to the progress of international radio coordination.</li> <li>1946 <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hartley" title="Ralph Hartley">Ralph Hartley</a> For his early work on oscillating circuits employing triode tubes and likewise for his early recognition and clear exposition of the fundamental relationship between the total amount of information which may be transmitted over a transmission system of limited band-width and the time required.</li> <li>1949 <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brown" title="Ralph Brown">Ralph Brown</a> For his extensive contributions to the field of radio and for his leadership in Institute affairs</li> <li>1955 <a href="/wiki/Harald_T._Friis" title="Harald T. Friis">Harald T. Friis</a> For his outstanding technical contributions in the expansion of the useful spectrum of radio frequencies, and for the inspiration and leadership he has given to young engineers.</li> <li>1960 <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nyquist" title="Harry Nyquist">Harry Nyquist</a> For fundamental contributions to a quantitative understanding of thermal noise, data transmission and negative feedback.</li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/George_C._Southworth" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Southworth">George C. Southworth</a> (with <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_H._Hammond,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John H. Hammond, Jr. (page does not exist)">John H. Hammond, Jr.</a>) For pioneering contributions to microwave radio physics, to radio astronomy, and to waveguide transmission.</li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> For his development of a mathematical theory of communication which unified and significantly advanced the state of the art.</li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> For his significant contributions in the field of quantum electronics which have led to the maser and the laser.</li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> For his profound contributions to the understanding of the conductivity of solids, to the invention of the transistor, and to the microscopic theory of superconductivity</li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a> For a major contribution to world-wide communication through the conception of the traveling wave tube embodying a new principle of amplification.</li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> For his pioneering concrete proposals and the realization of satellite communication experiments, and for contributions in theory and design of traveling wave tubes and in electron beam optics essential to this success.</li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/H._Earle_Vaughan" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Earle Vaughan">H. Earle Vaughan</a> For his vision, technical contributions and leadership in the development of the first high-capacity pulse-code-modulation time-division telephone switching system.</li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> For the invention of the junction transistor, the analog and the junction field-effect transistor, and the theory underlying their operation.</li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Darlington" title="Sidney Darlington">Sidney Darlington</a> For fundamental contributions to filtering and signal processing leading to chirp radar.</li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/John_Wilder_Tukey" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilder Tukey">John Wilder Tukey</a> For his contributions to the spectral analysis of random processes and the fast Fourier transform algorithm.</li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar N. Patel</a> For fundamental contributions to quantum electronics, including the carbon dioxide laser and the spin-flip Raman laser.</li> <li>1992 <a href="/wiki/Amos_E._Joel_Jr." title="Amos E. Joel Jr.">Amos E. Joel Jr.</a> For fundamental contributions to and leadership in telecommunications switching systems.</li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a> For seminal contributions to the development of molecular beam epitaxy.</li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Kogelnik" title="Herwig Kogelnik">Herwig Kogelnik</a> For fundamental contributions to the science and technology of lasers and optoelectronics, and for leadership in research and development of photonics and lightwave communication systems.</li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a> For sustained leadership and outstanding contributions in speech technology.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emmy_Awards,_Grammy_Award,_and_Academy_Award">Emmy Awards, Grammy Award, and Academy Award</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Emmy Awards, Grammy Award, and Academy Award">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a> has been won five times by Bell Labs: one under Lucent Technologies, one under Alcatel-Lucent, and three under Nokia. <ul><li>1997: Primetime Engineering Emmy Award for "work on digital television as part of the HDTV Grand Alliance."<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></li> <li>2013: Technology and Engineering Emmy for its "Pioneering Work in Implementation and Deployment of Network DVR" <a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a></li> <li>2016: Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for the pioneering invention and deployment of fiber-optic cable.</li> <li>2020: Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for the CCD (<a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a>) was crucial in the development of television, allowing images to be captured digitally for recording transmission.</li> <li>2021: Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for the "ISO Base Media File Format standardization, in which our multimedia research unit has played a major role."<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a></li></ul> The inventions of fiber-optics and research done in digital television and media File Format were under former AT&T Bell Labs ownership. The <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> has been won once by Bell Labs under Alcatel-Lucent. <ul><li>2006: Technical Grammy Award for outstanding technical contributions to the recording field.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> has been won once by E. C. Wente and Bell Labs. <ul><li>1937: Scientific or Technical Award (Class II) for their multi-cellular high-frequency horn and receiver.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> The American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Western Electric, and other Bell System companies issued numerous publications, such as local house organs, for corporate distribution, for the scientific and industry communities, and for the general public, including telephone subscribers. The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Record" title="Bell Laboratories Record">Bell Laboratories Record</a> was a principal house organ, featuring general interest content such as corporate news, support staff profiles and events, reports of facilities upgrades, but also articles of research and development results written for technical or non-technical audiences. The publication commenced in 1925 with the founding of the laboratories. A prominent journal for the focussed dissemination of original or reprinted scientific research by Bell Labs engineers and scientists was the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System_Technical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell System Technical Journal">Bell System Technical Journal</a>, started in 1922 by the AT&T Information Department. Bell researchers also published widely in industry journals. Some of these articles were reprinted by the Bell System as Monographs, consecutively issued starting in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> These reprints, numbering over 5000, comprise a catalog of Bell research over the decades. Research in the Monographs is aided by access to associated indexes,<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> for monographs 1–1199, 1200–2850 (1958), 2851–4050 (1962), and 4051–4650 (1964). Essentially all of the landmark work done by Bell Labs is memorialized in one or more corresponding monographs. Examples include: <ul><li>Monograph 1598 – Shannon, A Mathematical Theory of Communication, 1948 (reprinted from BSTJ).</li> <li>Monograph 1659 – Bardeen and Brattain, Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action, 1949 (reprinted from BSTJ).</li> <li>Monograph 1757 – Hamming, Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes, 1950 (reprinted from BSTJ).</li> <li>Monograph 3289 – Pierce, Transoceanic Communications by Means of Satellite, 1959 (reprinted from Proc. I.R.E.).</li> <li>Monograph 3345 – Schawlow & Townes, Infrared and Optical Masers, 1958 (reprinted from Physical Review).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Presidents">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Period</th> <th>Name of President</th> <th>Lifetime </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1925–1940</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a></td> <td>1879–1949 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>1940–1951</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Buckley">Oliver Buckley</a></td> <td>1887–1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>1951–1959</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mervin_Kelly" title="Mervin Kelly">Mervin Kelly</a></td> <td>1895–1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>1959–1973</td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_Fisk" title="James Brown Fisk">James Brown Fisk</a></td> <td>1910–1981<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>1973–1979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Oliver_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="William Oliver Baker">William Oliver Baker</a></td> <td>1915–2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>1979–1991</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ian_Munro_Ross" title="Ian Munro Ross">Ian Munro Ross</a></td> <td>1927–2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>1991–1995</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sullivan Mayo">John Sullivan Mayo</a></td> <td>b. 1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>1995–1999</td> <td>Dan Stanzione</td> <td>b. 1945 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>1999–2001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arun_Netravali" title="Arun Netravali">Arun Netravali</a></td> <td>b. 1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>2001–2005</td> <td>Bill O'Shea</td> <td>b. 1957 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>2005–2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeong_H._Kim" title="Jeong H. Kim">Jeong Hun Kim</a></td> <td>b. 1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>2013–2013</td> <td>Gee Rittenhouse</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>2013–2021</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Weldon" title="Marcus Weldon">Marcus Weldon</a></td> <td>b. 1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>2021–</td> <td>Thierry Klein (Bell Labs Solutions Research<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a>)</td> <td>b. 1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>2021–</td> <td>Peter Vetter (Bell Labs Core Research<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a>)</td> <td>b. 1963 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs_Technical_Journal" title="Bell Labs Technical Journal">Bell Labs Technical Journal</a>—Published scientific journal of Bell Laboratories (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Labs Record">Bell Labs Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial laboratory">Industrial laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stibitz" title="George Stibitz">George Stibitz</a>—Bell Laboratories engineer—"father of the modern digital computer"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History of mobile phones</a>—Bell Laboratories conception and development of cellular phones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_speed_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="High speed photography">High speed photography</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wollensak" title="Wollensak">Wollensak</a>—Fastax high speed (rotating prism) cameras developed by Bell Labs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knolls_Atomic_Power_Laboratory" title="Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory">Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Message_Desk_Interface" title="Simplified Message Desk Interface">Simplified Message Desk Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound film</a>—Westrex sound system for cinema films developed by Bell Labs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWX_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="TWX Magazine">TWX Magazine</a>—A short-lived trade periodical published by Bell Laboratories (1944–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiments_in_Art_and_Technology" title="Experiments in Art and Technology">Experiments in Art and Technology</a>—A collaboration between artists and Bell Labs engineers & scientists to create new forms of art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> created a new subsidiary <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Technologies" title="AT&T Technologies">AT&T Technologies</a>. It split up Western Electric into multiple companies as AT&T Technologies subsidiaries. Bell Labs became one of subsidiaries. In 1996, AT&T Technologies was divested and renamed to <a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Originally named Bell Telephone Laboratories (1925–1984), then AT&T Bell Laboratories (1984–1996) and Bell Labs Innovations (1996–2007). Currently it is named Nokia Bell Labs. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2018/12/18/2018-nobel-prize-in-physics-laureate-arthur-ashkin-delivers-his-nobel-lecture-at-nokia-bell-labs/">"2018 Nobel Prize in Physics laureate Arthur Ashkin delivers his Nobel Lecture at Nokia Bell Labs"</a>. 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XXIV (12): 457–460. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050000/https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Bell_Laboratories_Record_Issue_Key.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2023. 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Turing Award Laureate"</a>. amturing.acm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027145715/https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hopcroft_1053917.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2021. 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Retrieved July 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcatel-Lucent+wins+Emmy%C2%AE+Award+for+contributing+to+fundamental+changes+in+how+television+is+watched&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Falcatel-lucent-wins-emmy-award-for-contributing-to-fundamental-changes-in-how-television-is-watched-223280531.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Labs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNokia2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia [@nokia]</a> (January 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/nokia/status/1354723811371982849">"Proud to announce that The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences granted a Technology & Engineering Emmy Award to the ISO Base Media File Format standardization, in which our multimedia research unit has played a major role. #video #nokiainnovates #techemmys @TheEmmys https://t.co/HCAHFDi4c3"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318044148/https://twitter.com/nokia/status/1354723811371982849">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proud+to+announce+that+The+National+Academy+of+Television+Arts+%26+Sciences+granted+a+Technology+%26+Engineering+Emmy+Award+to+the+ISO+Base+Media+File+Format+standardization%2C+in+which+our+multimedia+research+unit+has+played+a+major+role.+%23video+%23nokiainnovates+%23techemmys+%40TheEmmys+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FHCAHFDi4c3&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.au=Nokia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fnokia%2Fstatus%2F1354723811371982849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Labs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKcjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA167">"Bell Telephone Monograph #1"</a>. 1920. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050005/https://books.google.com/books?id=fKcjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bell+Telephone+Monograph+%231&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKcjAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Labs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2258253">Index of monographs</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2258253">2258253</a>. Retrieved March 20, 2022 – via Worldcat.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Index+of+monographs&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2258253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F2258253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Labs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnaby_J._Feder1981" class="citation news cs1">Barnaby J. Feder (August 13, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/13/obituaries/james-fisk-bell-labs-executive-and-leader-in-radar-dies-at-70.html">"James Fisk, Bell Labs Executive And Leader In Radar, Dies At 70"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120153059/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/13/obituaries/james-fisk-bell-labs-executive-and-leader-in-radar-dies-at-70.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=James+Fisk%2C+Bell+Labs+Executive+And+Leader+In+Radar%2C+Dies+At+70&rft.date=1981-08-13&rft.au=Barnaby+J.+Feder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F08%2F13%2Fobituaries%2Fjames-fisk-bell-labs-executive-and-leader-in-radar-dies-at-70.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Labs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/about/researcher-profiles/thierryklein/">"Thierry e Klein"</a>. July 22, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214025007/https://www.bell-labs.com/about/researcher-profiles/thierryklein/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thierry+e+Klein&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fabout%2Fresearcher-profiles%2Fthierryklein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Labs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/about/researcher-profiles/petervetter/">"Peter Vetter"</a>. April 27, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214025004/https://www.bell-labs.com/about/researcher-profiles/petervetter/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peter+Vetter&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fabout%2Fresearcher-profiles%2Fpetervetter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Labs" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Martin, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/business/ian-ross-who-led-bell-labs-dies-at-85.html">Ian M. Ross, a President at Bell Labs, Dies at 85</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, March 16, 2013, p. A23</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Gertner2013" class="citation book cs1">Jon Gertner (2013). <a href="/wiki/The_Idea_Factory:_Bell_Labs_and_the_Great_Age_of_American_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation">The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143122791" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143122791"><bdi>978-0143122791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+Factory%3A+Bell+Labs+and+the+Great+Age+of+American+Innovation&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0143122791&rft.au=Jon+Gertner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+Labs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleick,_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleick, James">Gleick, James</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood" title="The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood">The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood</a>. Vintage Books, 2012, 544 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400096237" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400096237">978-1400096237</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bell_Labs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bell-labs.com/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217365#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bell.works">Bell Works</a>, the re-imagining of the historic former Bell Labs building in Holmdel, New Jersey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100520212253/http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/BellLabs/History/Timeline">Timeline of discoveries as of 2006</a> <<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/timeline">Nokia Bell-Labs Timeline</a>></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411150628/https://www.bell-labs.com/anechoic-chamber/">Bell Labs' Murray Hill anechoic chamber</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stokowski.org/Development_of_Electrical_Recording.htm">Bell Laboratories and the Development of Electrical Recording</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bellsystemmemorial.com/belllabs.html">History of Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. (from Bell System Memorial)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publicartinpublicplaces.info/bell-communications-1961-by-anthony-b-heinsbergen">Bell Communications Around the Globe</a>, public art sculpture, Los Angeles, California</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?305445-1/book-discussion-idea-factory">The Idea Factory</a> – a video interview with Jon Gertner, author of "<a href="/wiki/The_Idea_Factory:_Bell_Labs_and_the_Great_Age_of_American_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation">The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation</a>, by Dave Iverson of <a href="/wiki/KQED-FM" title="KQED-FM">KQED-FM</a> Public Radio, San Francisco</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Parent company</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Local_telephone_companies_still_extant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Local telephone companies still extant</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Wholly owned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Bell" title="Nevada Bell">Bell Telephone Company of Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Pennsylvania" title="Verizon Pennsylvania">The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26P_Telephone" title="C&P Telephone">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Maryland" title="Verizon Maryland">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_West_Virginia" title="Frontier West Virginia">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Virginia">The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Delaware">Diamond State Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Bell" title="Illinois Bell">Illinois Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Bell" title="Indiana Bell">Indiana Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Bell" title="Michigan Bell">Michigan Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwest_Corporation" title="Qwest Corporation">Mountain Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_New_England" title="Verizon New England">New England Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_New_Jersey" title="Verizon New Jersey">New Jersey Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_New_York" title="Verizon New York">New York Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Bell" title="Northwestern Bell">Northwestern Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Bell" title="Ohio Bell">Ohio Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Bell" title="Pacific Northwest Bell">Pacific Northwest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Bell" title="Pacific Bell">Pacific Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Bell" title="South Central Bell">South Central Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bell" title="Southern Bell">Southern Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Bell" title="Southwestern Bell">Southwestern Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Bell" title="Wisconsin Bell">Wisconsin Telephone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Partially owned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Communications_of_Connecticut" title="Frontier Communications of Connecticut">Southern New England Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Bell">Cincinnati Bell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_subsidiaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other subsidiaries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Manufacturing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bell Labs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Long distance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Communications" title="AT&T Communications">Long Lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Wireless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Service" title="Advanced Mobile Phone Service">Advanced Mobile Phone Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Regional Bell companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> (1880-1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Commemorative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneers,_a_Volunteer_Network" title="Pioneers, a Volunteer Network">Telephone Pioneers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Communication" title="Spirit of Communication">Spirit of Communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" title="New England Telephone and Telegraph Company">New England Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">International Bell Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">The Bell Telephone Company of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Northern Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company#Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Technologies" title="AT&T Technologies">AT&T Technologies, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">Divestiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Bell_Operating_Company" title="Regional Bell Operating Company">Regional Bell Operating Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_music" title="Template:Computer music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_music" title="Template talk:Computer music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Battier" title="Marc Battier">Marc Battier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boulanger" title="Richard Boulanger">Richard Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cope" title="David Cope">David Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chowning" title="John Chowning">John Chowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_di_Giugno" title="Giuseppe di Giugno">Giuseppe di Giugno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dodge_(composer)" title="Charles Dodge (composer)">Charles Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lansky" title="Paul Lansky">Paul Lansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pape" title="Gérard Pape">Gérard Pape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Puckette" title="Miller Puckette">Miller Puckette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Reynolds" title="Roger Reynolds">Roger Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Jean-Claude Risset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Roads" title="Curtis Roads">Curtis Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hub_(band)" title="The Hub (band)">The Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimpin" title="Trimpin">Trimpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Vercoe" title="Barry Vercoe">Barry Vercoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/CSIRAC" title="CSIRAC"><img alt="CSIRAC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/80px-CSIRAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/120px-CSIRAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/160px-CSIRAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/80px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/120px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/160px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs and instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChucK" title="ChucK">ChucK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composers_Desktop_Project" title="Composers Desktop Project">Composers Desktop Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csound" title="Csound">Csound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAUST_(programming_language)" title="FAUST (programming language)">FAUST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_Music_Specification_Language" title="Hierarchical Music Specification Language">HMSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyma_(sound_design_language)" title="Kyma (sound design language)">Kyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptop_orchestra" title="Laptop orchestra">Laptop orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(software)" title="Max (software)">Max/MSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Mouse" title="Music Mouse">Music Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Data" title="Pure Data">Pure Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC-N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodrum" title="Radiodrum">Radiodrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffusion" title="Riffusion">Riffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Pi" title="Sonic Pi">Sonic Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperCollider" title="SuperCollider">SuperCollider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPIC" title="UPIC">UPIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">CCRMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCMIX" title="CCMIX">CEMAMu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Center" title="Computer Music Center">Computer Music Center at Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Music_Studios" title="Experimental Music Studios">Experimental Music Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Electroacoustic_Music" title="International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music">ICEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Music_Association" title="International Computer Music Association">ICMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_New_Music_and_Audio_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for New Music and Audio Technologies">Center for New Music and Audio Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Sound_Lab" title="Princeton Sound Lab">Princeton Sound Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMARA" title="TIMARA">Oberlin TIMARA Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electronic_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics">IEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_composition" title="Algorithmic composition">Algorithmic composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Sound synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">Digital synthesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illiac_Suite" title="Illiac Suite">Illiac Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuos_Plango,_Vivos_Voco" title="Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco">Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Electric" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Electric" title="Template:Western Electric"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Electric" title="Template talk:Western Electric"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Electric" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Electric"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Electric" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlestick_telephone" title="Candlestick telephone">Candlestick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_302_telephone" title="Model 302 telephone">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_5302_telephone" title="Model 5302 telephone">5302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_500_telephone" title="Model 500 telephone">500/1500/2500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_telephone" title="Princess telephone">Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimline_telephone" title="Trimline telephone">Trimline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Line_telephone" title="Design Line telephone">Design Line telephones</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Electric_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Western_Electric_logo.svg/150px-Western_Electric_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Western_Electric_logo.svg/225px-Western_Electric_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Western_Electric_logo.svg/300px-Western_Electric_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2453" data-file-height="252" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Switching systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panel_switch" title="Panel switch">Panel switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_One_Crossbar_Switching_System" title="Number One Crossbar Switching System">1XB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_Five_Crossbar_Switching_System" title="Number Five Crossbar Switching System">5XB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1ESS_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="1ESS switch">1ESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5ESS_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="5ESS switch">5ESS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Orthophonic_Victrola" title="Victor Orthophonic Victrola">Orthophonic recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTMF" title="DTMF">Touch-Tone / DTMF </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Technologies" title="AT&T Technologies">AT&T Technologies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graybar" title="Graybar">Graybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">IBTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">Nippon Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Northern Electric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Electric" title="Automatic Electric">Automatic Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTE" title="GTE">GTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITT_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Inc">ITT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Switchboard_%26_Supply_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromberg-Carlson" title="Stromberg-Carlson">Stromberg-Carlson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_System_Practices" title="Bell System Practices">Bell System Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Eastland#The_Eastland_disaster" title="SS Eastland">Eastland disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_Works" title="Hawthorne Works">Hawthorne Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dreyfuss" title="Henry Dreyfuss">Henry Dreyfuss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/214072-X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79093275">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001142519">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36513297">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2011638660&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2011638659&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2011638658&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90335125">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000187038&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811249456305606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007311192305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02262959?l=en">CiNii</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00191372?l=en">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/22546">Museum of Modern Art</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/10960">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/7206">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/140706607">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bell_Labs&params=40_41_0_N_74_24_1_W_">40°41′0″N 74°24′1″W / 40.68333°N 74.40028°W / 40.68333; -74.40028</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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