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(PDF) A Book, a Pen, and the Sphere: Reading Sacrobosco in the Renaissance | Richard Oosterhoff - Academia.edu
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By - J. M. ASHMAND</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="117684547" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WEAREMADE">Alexander T H E L I B R A R Y C A T (New Alexandria library of Texas)</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sir Isaac Newton has the following remarks in regard to the origin of Astrology:--"After the study of Astronomy was set on foot for the use of navigation, and the Ægyptians, by the heliacal risings and settings of the stars, had determined the length of the solar year of 365 days, and by other observations had fixed the solstices, and formed the fixed stars into asterisms, all which was done in the reigns of Ammon, Sesac, Orus, and Memnon," (about 1000 years before Christ), "it may be presumed that they continued to observe the motions of the planets, for they called them after the names of their gods; and Nechepsos, or Nicepsos, King of Sais," [772 B.C.], "by the assistance of Petosiris, a priest of Ægypt, invented astrology, grounding it upon the aspects of the planets, and the qualities of the men and women to whom they were dedicated *1; and in the beginning of the reign of Nabonassar, King of Babylon, about which time the Æthiopians, under Sabacon, invaded Ægypt" [751 B.C.], "those Ægyptians who fled from him to Babylon, carried thither the Ægyptian year of 365 days, and the study of astronomy and astrology, and founded the a era of Nabonassar, dating it from the first year of that king's reign" [747 B.C.], "and beginning the year on the same day with the Ægyptians for the sake of their calculations. So Diodorus: 'they say that the Chaldæan in Babylon, being colonies of the Ægyptians, became famous for astrology, having learned it from the priests of Ægypt.'"--Newton's Chronology, pp. 251, 252. The arcana of Astrology constituted a main feature in the doctrines of the Persian Magi; and it further appears, by Newton's Chronology, p. 347, that Zoroaster (although the æra of his life has been erroneously assigned to various remoter periods) lived in the reign of Darius Hystaspis, about 520 B.C., and assisted Hystaspes, the father of Darius, in reforming the Magi, of whom the said Hystaspes was Master. Newton adds, p. 352, that "about the same time with Hystaspes and Zoroaster, lived also Ostanes, another eminent Magus: Pliny places him under Darius Hystaspis, and Suidas makes him the follower of Zoroaster: he came into Greece with Xerxes about 480 B.C., and seems to be the Otanes of Herodotus. In his book, called the Octateuchus, he taught the same doctrine of the Deity as Zoroaster." The world is divided into two parts, the elemental region and the æthereal. The elemental region is constantly subject to alteration, and comprises the four elements; earth, water, air and fire. The æthereal region, which philosophers call the fifth essence, encompasses, by its concavity, the elemental; its substance remains always unvaried, and consists of ten spheres; of which the greater one always spherically environs the next smaller, and so on in consecutive order. First, therefore, around the sphere of fire, GOD, the creator of the world, placed the sphere of the Moon, then that of Mercury, then that of Venus, then that of the Sun, and afterwards those of Mars, of Jupiter, and of Saturn. Each of these spheres, however, contains but one star: and these stars, in passing through the zodiac, always struggle against the primum mobile, or the motion of the tenth sphere; they are also entirely luminous. In the next place follows the firmament, which is the eighth or starry sphere, and which trembles or vibrates (trepidat) in two small circles at the beginning of Aries and Libra (as placed in the ninth sphere); this motion is called by astronomers the motion of the access and recess of the fixed stars." (Probably in order to account for the procession of the equinoxes.) "This is surrounded by the ninth sphere, called the chrystalline or watery heaven, because no star is discovered in it. Lastly, the primum mobile, styled also the tenth sphere, encompasses all the before-mentioned æthereal spheres, and is continually turned upon the poles of the world, by one revolution in twenty-four hours, from the east through the meridian to the west, again coming round to the east. At the same time, it rolls all the inferior spheres round with it, by its own force; and there is no star in it. Against this primum mobile, the motion of the other spheres, running from the west through the meridian to the east, p. 3 contends. Whatever is beyond this, is fixed and immovable, and the professors of our orthodox faith affirm it to be the empyrean heaven which GOD inhabits with the elect."--Cosmographia of Peter Apianus (named Benewitz), dedicated to the Archbishop of Saltzburg, edited by Gemma Frisius, and printed at Antwerp 1574. The practice of observing the stars began in Ægypt in the days of Ammon, as above, and was propagated from thence, in the reign of his son Sesac, into Afric, Europe, and Asia, by conquest; and then Atlas formed the sphere of the Libyans" [956 B.C.], "and Chiron that of the Greeks [939 B.C.]; and the Chaldæans also made a sphere of their own. But astrology p. xii was invented in Ægypt by Nichepsos, or Necepsos, one of the Kings of the Lower Ægypt, and Petosiris his priest, a little before the days of Sabacon, and propagated thence into Chaldæa, where Zoroaster, the legislator of the Magi, met with it: so Paulinus;</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ptolemy Tetrabiblos or Quadrripartite Being Four Books Of The Influence Of The Stars newly TRANSLATED From the Greek paraphrase Of Proclus \r\nWith A Preface + MASSIVE FOOT NOTES\r\n+ APPENDIX\r\nCONTAINING - Extracts From The Almagest Of Ptolemy AND The Whole Of his Centiloquy .\r\nBy - \r\nJ. M. ASHMAND","attachmentId":96397550,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93744348/Ptolemy_Tetrabiblos_or_Quadrripartite_Being_Four_Books_Of_The_Influence_Of_The_Stars_newly_TRANSLATED_From_the_Greek_paraphrase_Of_Proclus_With_A_Preface_MASSIVE_FOOT_NOTES_APPENDIX_CONTAINING_Extracts_From_The_Almagest_Of_Ptolemy_AND_The_Whole_Of_his_Centiloquy_By_J_M_ASHMAND","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93744348/Ptolemy_Tetrabiblos_or_Quadrripartite_Being_Four_Books_Of_The_Influence_Of_The_Stars_newly_TRANSLATED_From_the_Greek_paraphrase_Of_Proclus_With_A_Preface_MASSIVE_FOOT_NOTES_APPENDIX_CONTAINING_Extracts_From_The_Almagest_Of_Ptolemy_AND_The_Whole_Of_his_Centiloquy_By_J_M_ASHMAND"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="8910434" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8910434/CLAUDIUS_PTOLEMY_TETRABIBLOS_OR_THE_QUADRIPARTITE_MATHEMATICAL_TREATISE_FOUR_BOOKS_OF_THE_INFLUENCE_OF_THE_STARS_TRANSLATED_FROM_THE_GREEK_PARAPHRASE_OF_PROCLUS_By">CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY: TETRABIBLOS OR THE QUADRIPARTITE MATHEMATICAL TREATISE FOUR BOOKS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE STARS TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK PARAPHRASE OF PROCLUS By</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19626376" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StephanieWhittaker">Stephanie Whittaker</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY: TETRABIBLOS OR THE QUADRIPARTITE MATHEMATICAL TREATISE FOUR BOOKS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE STARS TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK PARAPHRASE OF PROCLUS By","attachmentId":35237334,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8910434/CLAUDIUS_PTOLEMY_TETRABIBLOS_OR_THE_QUADRIPARTITE_MATHEMATICAL_TREATISE_FOUR_BOOKS_OF_THE_INFLUENCE_OF_THE_STARS_TRANSLATED_FROM_THE_GREEK_PARAPHRASE_OF_PROCLUS_By","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8910434/CLAUDIUS_PTOLEMY_TETRABIBLOS_OR_THE_QUADRIPARTITE_MATHEMATICAL_TREATISE_FOUR_BOOKS_OF_THE_INFLUENCE_OF_THE_STARS_TRANSLATED_FROM_THE_GREEK_PARAPHRASE_OF_PROCLUS_By"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="25959443" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25959443/The_dichotomy_between_practical_and_theoretical_astronomy_in_ancient_and_late_antique_literature">The dichotomy between 'practical' and 'theoretical' astronomy in ancient and late antique literature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="941785" href="https://inaf.academia.edu/ElioAntonello">Elio Antonello</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In Plato's dialogues Republic and Laws, the most important disciplines for the best education of the rulers of the city are identified with arithmetic, geometry and astronomy. Those disciplines, however, are not intended for practical applications, but to reach the truth and see the form of good. In particular, another dialogue, Epinomis, stresses on the relevance of astronomy itself as main discipline, since it coincides with the study of the gods, that is, the planets and the heaven. According to Epinomis, the wise astronomer does not observe the risings and settings of stars for practical applications such as the farmer calendar, but he studies the orbits of the planets. Therefore, the 'practical' astronomy of farmers appears intrinsically less important than the 'theoretical' astronomy, i.e. the study of the planetary motions. We discuss the possibly far-reaching negative implications of such a specific discrimination. We report some examples taken from Greek and Latin literature illustrating the difficulties of a coherent description of the risings and settings of stars that had been attempted by scholars, and probably had been of little help for farming. We conclude by pointing out the practical importance of astronomy (intended in a broad sense) even today, and of the dangers of the separation or discrimination of disciplines and sub-disciplines for the culture during the present global economic crisis.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The dichotomy between 'practical' and 'theoretical' astronomy in ancient and late antique literature","attachmentId":46311608,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25959443/The_dichotomy_between_practical_and_theoretical_astronomy_in_ancient_and_late_antique_literature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25959443/The_dichotomy_between_practical_and_theoretical_astronomy_in_ancient_and_late_antique_literature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="48348380" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48348380/Studies_in_Medieval_Astronomy_and_Optics">Studies in Medieval Astronomy and Optics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5057864" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9LuisMancha">José Luis Mancha</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Aestimatio: Critical Reviews in the History of Science</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Studies in Medieval Astronomy and Optics","attachmentId":67008200,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48348380/Studies_in_Medieval_Astronomy_and_Optics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48348380/Studies_in_Medieval_Astronomy_and_Optics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="82652131" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82652131/Orazio_Grassi_and_a_1623_Treatise_on_the_Sphere_Astronomy_and_Physico_Mathematics_at_the_Collegio_Romano_in_the_Early_Seventeenth_Century">Orazio Grassi and a 1623 Treatise on the Sphere: Astronomy and Physico-Mathematics at the Collegio Romano in the Early Seventeenth Century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56582211" href="https://ou.academia.edu/KraigBartel">Kraig J Bartel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The University of Oklahoma History of Science Collections recently acquired a 1623 manuscript which has been attributed to the Jesuit mathematician Orazio Grassi. The first section of the manuscript, entitled “Tractatus de sphaera” or “Treatise on the sphere,” is a fair copy of student notes on spherical astronomy. As such, it is a significant new primary source for understanding the teaching of astronomy at the Collegio Romano in the seventeenth century. Through a physical examination of the manuscript, critical discussion of its subject matter and comparison with other Jesuit writings, this thesis argues that Orazio Grassi was teaching physico-mathematics in his astronomy course at the Jesuit Roman College in 1623 as part of a concerted effort started by Christopher Clavius and institutionalized in Jesuit education. Jesuit educators such as Orazio Grassi were actively introducing novel observations and contemporary discoveries to astronomy students in the early seventeenth century</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Orazio Grassi and a 1623 Treatise on the Sphere: Astronomy and Physico-Mathematics at the Collegio Romano in the Early Seventeenth Century","attachmentId":88288324,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82652131/Orazio_Grassi_and_a_1623_Treatise_on_the_Sphere_Astronomy_and_Physico_Mathematics_at_the_Collegio_Romano_in_the_Early_Seventeenth_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82652131/Orazio_Grassi_and_a_1623_Treatise_on_the_Sphere_Astronomy_and_Physico_Mathematics_at_the_Collegio_Romano_in_the_Early_Seventeenth_Century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="6814583" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6814583/Astrology_Cambridge_History_of_Science_">Astrology (Cambridge History of Science)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3352548" href="https://unive.academia.edu/HDarrelRutkin">H Darrel Rutkin</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Astrology (Cambridge History of Science)","attachmentId":33513330,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6814583/Astrology_Cambridge_History_of_Science_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6814583/Astrology_Cambridge_History_of_Science_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":54549296,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":54549296,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_54549296" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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