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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Naziv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naziv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Naziv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naziv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Discipline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discipline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Discipline</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metode_proučavanja_strukture_jezika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metode_proučavanja_strukture_jezika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Metode proučavanja strukture jezika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metode_proučavanja_strukture_jezika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discipline_po_pristupu_proučavanju_jezika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discipline_po_pristupu_proučavanju_jezika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Discipline po pristupu proučavanju jezika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discipline_po_pristupu_proučavanju_jezika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Povijest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Povijest</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rana_povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rana_povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rana povijest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rana_povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suvremena_lingvistička_teorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suvremena_lingvistička_teorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Suvremena lingvistička teorija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suvremena_lingvistička_teorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strukturalizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strukturalizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Strukturalizam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strukturalizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hrvatska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hrvatska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hrvatska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hrvatska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vanjske poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jezikoslovlje</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 202 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-202" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">202 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalwetenskappe" title="Taalwetenskappe – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taalwetenskappe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – švicarski njemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="švicarski njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የቋንቋ ጥናት – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቋንቋ ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BCistica" title="Lingüistica – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lingüistica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C7%A3ccr%C3%A6ft" title="Sprǣccræft – staroengleski" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sprǣccræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="staroengleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانيات – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لسانيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانيات – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لسانيات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم اللغويات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم اللغويات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Llingüística – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingüística" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avopa" title="Avopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Avopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil%C3%A7ilik" title="Dilçilik – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dilçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="دیلچیلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیلچیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D2%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Тел ғилеме – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тел ғилеме" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – balijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbuot%C4%ABra" title="Kalbuotīra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kalbuotīra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linggwistika" title="Linggwistika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Linggwistika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мовазнаўства – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мовазнаўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мовазнаўства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мовазнаўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Езикознание – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Езикознание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भाषा बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भाषा बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%82%8F%E1%80%92" title="ဘာႏသာႏဗေႏဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဘာႏသာႏဗေႏဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankalan" title="Kankalan – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kankalan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐད་བརྡ་རིག་པ། – tibetski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐད་བརྡ་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezhoniezh" title="Yezhoniezh – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D_%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэлэ шэнжэлэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэлэ шэнжэлэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lingüística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-ngi%C3%B2ng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Ngṳ̄-ngiòng-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngṳ̄-ngiòng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linggwistika" title="Linggwistika – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Linggwistika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانەوانی – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانەوانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – korzički" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korzički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwistika" title="Lingwistika – kašupski" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lingwistika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kašupski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A8%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D0%BE%EA%99%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%A5" title="Ѩꙁꙑкоꙁнаниѥ – crkvenoslavenski" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ѩꙁꙑкоꙁнаниѥ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="crkvenoslavenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithyddiaeth" title="Ieithyddiaeth – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprogvidenskab" title="Sprogvidenskab – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sprogvidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachwissenschaft" title="Sprachwissenschaft – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprachwissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6%C3%B6c%C3%ABthook" title="Piööcëthook – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piööcëthook" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C5%9F%C4%B1nasiye" title="Zıwanşınasiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanşınasiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%9Bcyw%C4%9Bda" title="Rěcywěda – donjolužički" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rěcywěda" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="donjolužički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ބަހަވިއްޔާތު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަހަވިއްޔާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γλωσσολογία – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλωσσολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistiko" title="Lingvistiko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvistiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lingüística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeleteadus" title="Keeleteadus – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keeleteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntzalaritza" title="Hizkuntzalaritza – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntzalaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BCistica" title="Lingüistica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lingüistica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زبان‌شناسی – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielitiede" title="Kielitiede – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kielitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeletiid%C3%BCs" title="Keeletiidüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Keeletiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics – fidžijski" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidžijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Málfrøði – ferojski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Málfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ferojski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Linguistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengouistica" title="Lengouistica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengouistica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Spr%C3%A4kewaasenschap" title="Portaal:Spräkewaasenschap – sjevernofrizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Portaal:Spräkewaasenschap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjevernofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghistiche" title="Lenghistiche – furlanski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghistiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="furlanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalkunde" title="Taalkunde – zapadnofrizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Taalkunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadnofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangeola%C3%ADocht" title="Teangeolaíocht – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengwistik" title="Lengwistik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lengwistik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nanachas" title="Cànanachas – škotski gaelski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànanachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotski gaelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingüística" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDkuaaty_ha_%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDtekuaa" title="Ñe'ẽkuaaty ha Ñe'ẽtekuaa – gvaranski" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽkuaaty ha Ñe'ẽtekuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%BCikii" title="Anüikii – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Anüikii" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengoaylleeaght" title="Çhengoaylleeaght – manski" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengoaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בלשנות – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלשנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भाषाविज्ञान – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाषाविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%9B%C4%8Despyt" title="Rěčespyt – gornjolužički" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rěčespyt" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="gornjolužički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengwistik" title="Lengwistik – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lengwistik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyelv%C3%A9szet" title="Nyelvészet – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyelvészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լեզվաբանություն – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեզվաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լեզուաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լեզուաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – interligua" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interligua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguistika" title="Lingguistika – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lingguistika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingušetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistiko" title="Linguistiko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Linguistiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lv%C3%ADsindi" title="Málvísindi – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málvísindi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%96%84%E1%93%AF%E1%93%95%E1%95%86%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᐅᖄᓯᓕᕆᓂᖅ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐅᖄᓯᓕᕆᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="言語学 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="言語学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bauske" title="bauske – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bauske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ენათმეცნიერება – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენათმეცნიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnilest_tamatut" title="Tasnilest tamatut – kabilski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnilest tamatut" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyenlilyem" title="Lyenlilyem – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Lyenlilyem" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="ភាសាសាស្ត្រ – kmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាសាស្ត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kmerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಭಾಷಾ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾಷಾ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99" title="언어학 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언어학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – karachay-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachay-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimannas%C3%AE" title="Zimannasî – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimannasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciens_yeth" title="Sciens yeth – kornski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sciens yeth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Тил илими – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тил илими" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistika" title="Linguistika – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Linguistika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproochw%C3%ABssenschaft" title="Sproochwëssenschaft – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sproochwëssenschaft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalweitesjap" title="Taalweitesjap – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taalweitesjap" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengo%C3%ACstica" title="Lengoìstica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengoìstica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguistega" title="Lenguistega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lenguistega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ພາສາສາດ – laoski" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbotyra" title="Kalbotyra – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalbotyra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol%C5%ABdzineiba" title="Volūdzineiba – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Volūdzineiba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valodniec%C4%ABba" title="Valodniecība – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valodniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кяльлувкссодама – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кяльлувкссодама" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitsikerafiteny" title="Haitsikerafiteny – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haitsikerafiteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Йылмышанче – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йылмышанче" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэл шинжлэл – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэл шинжлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ – manipurski" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भाषाशास्त्र – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भाषाशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwistika" title="Lingwistika – malteški" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwistika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဘာသာဗေဒ – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာသာဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlahtolmatiliztli" title="Tlahtolmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlahtolmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spraakwetenschop" title="Spraakwetenschop – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Spraakwetenschop" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproaklear" title="Sproaklear – donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sproaklear" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="donjosaksonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भाषाविज्ञान – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भाषाविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalkunde" title="Taalkunde – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taalkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistikk" title="Lingvistikk – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lingvistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistikk" title="Lingvistikk – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lingvistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistike" title="Linguistike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Linguistike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%98%DF%90%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߞߊ߲ߟߐ߲ߘߐߦߊ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߲ߟߐ߲ߘߐߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEndgistique" title="Lîndgistique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Lîndgistique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BCistica" title="Lingüistica – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lingüistica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଭାଷା ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – orijski" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାଷା ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="orijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Æвзагзонынад – osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзагзонынад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguistika" title="Lingguistika – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lingguistika" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistiks" title="Linguistiks – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Linguistiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zykoznawstwo" title="Językoznawstwo – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Językoznawstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengh%C3%ACstica" title="Lenghìstica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghìstica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لسانیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γλωσσολογία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γλωσσολογία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ژبپوهنه – paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژبپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%ADstica" title="Linguística – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linguística" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_yachay" title="Simi yachay – kečuanski" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simi yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhibavipen" title="Chhibavipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chhibavipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistic%C4%83" title="Lingvistică – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lingvistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistic%C3%A2" title="Lingvisticâ – aromunski" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Lingvisticâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Линґвистика – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Линґвистика" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лінґвістіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лінґвістіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भाषाविज्ञानम् – sanskrtski" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भाषाविज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrtski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D2%AF%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%8D%D2%95%D1%8D" title="Тыл үөрэҕэ – jakutski" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тыл үөрэҕэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – santalski" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%ACstica" title="Linguìstica – sardski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Linguìstica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%ACstica" title="Linguìstica – sicilijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Linguìstica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingueestics" title="Lingueestics – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lingueestics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانيات – sindski" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لسانيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="වාග් විද්‍යාව – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වාග් විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazykoveda" title="Jazykoveda – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jazykoveda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezikoslovje" title="Jezikoslovje – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezikoslovje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel%C3%A2tie%C4%91%C3%A2" title="Kielâtieđâ – inari sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kielâtieđâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inari sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ururimi" title="Ururimi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ururimi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABsia" title="Gjuhësia – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproakwietenskup" title="Sproakwietenskup – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sproakwietenskup" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kvetenskap" title="Språkvetenskap – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Språkvetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isimu" title="Isimu – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Isimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மொழியியல் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொழியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Забоншиносӣ – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забоншиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาศาสตร์ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguwistika" title="Lingguwistika – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lingguwistika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadi_bilong_pasin_bilong_ol_tokples" title="Stadi bilong pasin bilong ol tokples – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Stadi bilong pasin bilong ol tokples" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbilim" title="Dilbilim – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dilbilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knklaan_krkari" title="Knklaan krkari – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Knklaan krkari" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_beleme" title="Tel beleme – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Tel beleme" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="تىلشۇناسلىق – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تىلشۇناسلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Мовознавство – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мовознавство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانیات – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لسانیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilshunoslik" title="Tilshunoslik – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tilshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengu%C3%ACstega" title="Lenguìstega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lenguìstega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelentedo" title="Kelentedo – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kelentedo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ngôn ngữ học – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linwince" title="Linwince – valonski" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Linwince" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguwistika" title="Lingguwistika – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lingguwistika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="语言学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლინგვისტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლინგვისტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="לינגוויסטיק – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לינגוויסטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taelkunde" title="Taelkunde – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Taelkunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ – standardni marokanski tamašek" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardni marokanski tamašek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="语言学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語言學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%BA-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Giân-gú-ha̍k – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Giân-gú-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語言學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><table cellpadding="1" style="float: right; width:250px;border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; font-size: 100%; margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;font-size:100%"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jezikoslovlje‎</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"><b>Jezične razine</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika">Fonetika</a> ¤ <a href="/wiki/Fonologija" title="Fonologija">Fonologija</a> ¤ <a href="/wiki/Morfologija_(jezikoslovlje)" title="Morfologija (jezikoslovlje)">Morfologija</a> ¤ <a href="/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa">Sintaksa</a> ¤ <a href="/wiki/Semantika" title="Semantika">Semantika</a> ¤ <a href="/wiki/Leksikologija" title="Leksikologija">Leksikologija</a> ¤ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stilistika_(jezikoslovlje)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stilistika (jezikoslovlje) (stranica ne postoji)">Stilistika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"><b>Jezikoslovne discipline</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primijenjeno_jezikoslovlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primijenjeno jezikoslovlje (stranica ne postoji)">Primijenjeno jezikoslovlje</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Usvajanje_jezika" class="mw-redirect" title="Usvajanje jezika">Usvajanje jezika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psiholingvistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psiholingvistika (stranica ne postoji)">Psiholingvistika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tipolo%C5%A1ko_jezikoslovlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tipološko jezikoslovlje (stranica ne postoji)">Tipološko jezikoslovlje</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:80%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flektivni_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flektivni jezici (stranica ne postoji)">Flektivni jezici</a> ¤ <a href="/wiki/Aglutinativni_jezici" title="Aglutinativni jezici">Aglutinativni jezici</a> ¤ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izoliraju%C4%87i_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izolirajući jezici (stranica ne postoji)">Izolirajući jezici</a> ¤ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinteti%C4%8Dki_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintetički jezici (stranica ne postoji)">Sintetički jezici</a> ¤ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisintetski_jezici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polisintetski jezici (stranica ne postoji)">Polisintetski jezici</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetsko_jezikoslovlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetsko jezikoslovlje (stranica ne postoji)">Genetsko jezikoslovlje</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Dijalektologija" title="Dijalektologija">Dijalektologija</a> ¤ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poredbeno-povijesno_jezikoslovlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poredbeno-povijesno jezikoslovlje (stranica ne postoji)">Poredbeno-povijesno jezikoslovlje</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sociolingvistika" title="Sociolingvistika">Sociolingvistika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingvisti%C4%8Dka_antropologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingvistička antropologija (stranica ne postoji)">Lingvistička antropologija</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generativna_lingvistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generativna lingvistika (stranica ne postoji)">Generativna lingvistika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kognitivna_lingvistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kognitivna lingvistika (stranica ne postoji)">Kognitivna lingvistika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarska_lingvistika" title="Računarska lingvistika">Računarska lingvistika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deskriptivna_lingvistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deskriptivna lingvistika (stranica ne postoji)">Deskriptivna lingvistika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poredbeno_jezikoslovlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poredbeno jezikoslovlje (stranica ne postoji)">Poredbeno jezikoslovlje</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Leksikologija" title="Leksikologija">Leksikologija</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Etimologija" title="Etimologija">Etimologija</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korpusna_lingvistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korpusna lingvistika (stranica ne postoji)">Korpusna lingvistika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorijsko_jezikoslovlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorijsko jezikoslovlje (stranica ne postoji)">teorijsko jezikoslovlje</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empirijsko_jezikoslovlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empirijsko jezikoslovlje (stranica ne postoji)">empirijsko jezikoslovlje</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Op%C4%87e_jezikoslovlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opće jezikoslovlje (stranica ne postoji)">opće jezikoslovlje</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C4%8Dunsko_jezikoslovlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Računsko jezikoslovlje (stranica ne postoji)">računsko jezikoslovlje</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Povijest_jezikoslovlja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Povijest jezikoslovlja (stranica ne postoji)">Povijest jezikoslovlja</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_jezikoslovaca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis jezikoslovaca (stranica ne postoji)">Popis jezikoslovaca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerije%C5%A1eni_problemi_u_jezikoslovlju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neriješeni problemi u jezikoslovlju (stranica ne postoji)">Neriješeni problemi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jezikoslovlje</b> ili <b>lingvistika</b> <a href="/wiki/Humanisti%C4%8Dke_znanosti" title="Humanističke znanosti">humanistička je znanost</a> kojoj su predmet istraživanja <a href="/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik">jezik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Govor" title="Govor">govor</a>. Oni čine dva aspekta jezične djelatnosti <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek">čovjeka</a>. Istražuje ih se u svim oblicima i međusobnim odnosima. </p><p>Jezikoslovlje je interdisciplinarna znanost koja se bavi proučavanjem jezika, <a href="/wiki/Kognitivna_znanost" title="Kognitivna znanost">kognitivnih</a> i psiholoških procesa pri njegovoj uporabi te tehnologijā za analizu, generiranje te obradu teksta i govora. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezi%C4%8Dna_djelatnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jezična djelatnost (stranica ne postoji)">Jezična djelatnost</a> oblik je komunikacijske i društvene prakse koja čovjeku omogućuje mijenjanje svijeta koji ga okružuje.<sup id="cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogled_u_lingvistiku-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jezikoslovlje nastoji poredbenom metodom utvrditi pravilnosti koje vladaju u jezičnom izražavanju, a s druge strane opisati i klasificirati sve jezične pojave bez obzira na njihovu međusobnu srodnost (povijesna povezanost, logičko-izražajna izrađenost, kulturna važnost, književna upotreba...). Jezikoslovlje čini spojnu kariku između humanističkih i <a href="/wiki/Prirodne_znanosti" title="Prirodne znanosti">prirodnih znanosti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jezik je apstraktan sustav znakova koji su u relativnim međusobnim odnosima,<sup id="cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogled_u_lingvistiku-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jezikoslovlje proučava taj sustav, ono apstraktno, ali i njegovu realizaciju, ono konkretno što je rezultat psihofizičkog djelovanja. Jezikoslovlje tako proučava i <a href="/wiki/Psihologija" title="Psihologija">psihološke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizikalne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kognitivna_znanost" title="Kognitivna znanost">kognitivne</a> te razne druge procese. </p><p>Proučavanjem glasovne artikulacije bavi se <a href="/wiki/Fonetika" title="Fonetika">fonetika</a>. Treba napomenuti da realizacija jezika ne znači nužno glasovnu artikulaciju, nego ona može biti i gestovna kao u <a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_znakovni_jezik" title="Hrvatski znakovni jezik">hrvatskome znakovnom jeziku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HZJ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HZJ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naziv">Naziv</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Naziv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Naziv"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uz domaći termin upotrebljava se i <a href="/wiki/Internacionalizam" title="Internacionalizam">internacionalizam</a> <i>lingvistika</i> (<a href="/wiki/Francuski_jezik" title="Francuski jezik">fr.</a> <i>linguistique</i> od <a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat.</a> <i>lingua</i> 'jezik').<sup id="cite_ref-HJP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HJP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domaća riječ ponekad ne može označiti i obuhvatiti sve što bi trebala pa se ipak govori o <i><a href="/wiki/Sociolingvistika" title="Sociolingvistika">sociolingvistici</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pragmalingvistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pragmalingvistika (stranica ne postoji)">pragmalinvistici</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekstna_lingvistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekstna lingvistika (stranica ne postoji)">tekstnoj lingvistici</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generativna_lingvistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generativna lingvistika (stranica ne postoji)">generativnoj lingvistici</a></i> i sl.<sup id="cite_ref-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Jezikoslovlju</i> se prigovara da je to riječ koja zapravo označava <a href="/wiki/Filologija" title="Filologija">filologiju</a>, da je zastarjela i da je odraz politike jezičnog planiranja i <a href="/wiki/Jezi%C4%8Dni_purizam" title="Jezični purizam">jezičnog purizma</a> nakon osamostaljenja <a href="/wiki/Republika_Hrvatska" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika Hrvatska">Republike Hrvatske</a>.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Navo%C4%91enje_izvora" title="Wikipedija:Navođenje izvora">nedostaje izvor</a></i>]</sup> Činjenica jest da se usporedno upotrebljavaju i riječ <i>jezikoslovlje</i> (npr. <a href="/wiki/Institut_za_hrvatski_jezik_i_jezikoslovlje" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje">Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje</a>), ali i <i>lingvistika</i> (npr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrvatsko_dru%C5%A1tvo_za_primijenjenu_lingvistiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hrvatsko društvo za primijenjenu lingvistiku (stranica ne postoji)">Hrvatsko društvo za primijenjenu lingvistiku</a>). </p><p>Dugi jezici također često uz internacionalizam upotrebljavaju i domaću riječ: <a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik">njem.</a> <i>Sprachwissenschaft</i> i <i>Linguistik</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ruski_jezik" title="Ruski jezik">rus.</a> <i>jazykoznanie</i> i <i>lingvistika</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nizozemski_jezik" title="Nizozemski jezik">niz.</a> <i>taalwetenschap</i>/<i>taalkunde</i> i <i>linguïstiek</i>, <a href="/wiki/Talijanski_jezik" title="Talijanski jezik">tal.</a> <i>glottologia</i> i <i>linguistica</i>, i tako dalje.<i><sup id="cite_ref-domaći_termini_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domaći_termini-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discipline">Discipline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Discipline" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Discipline"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Budući da je jezikoslovlje složeno i <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarnost" title="Interdisciplinarnost">interdisciplinarno</a>, sistematizacija njegovih disciplina je otežana. Moguće je napraviti dvije veće podjele. U prvu podjelu moguće je ubrojiti discipline koje proučavaju sâm jezik, negov sastav i strukturu. Te discipline ekvivalentne su jezičnim razinama. U drugu kategoriju moguće je svrstati jezikoslovne discipline koje promatraju jezik izvan njega samoga, u odnosu prema prema nečemu što je dio izvanjezične zbilje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metode_proučavanja_strukture_jezika"><span id="Metode_prou.C4.8Davanja_strukture_jezika"></span>Metode proučavanja strukture jezika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Metode proučavanja strukture jezika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Metode proučavanja strukture jezika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osnovne metode i jezične razine su:<sup id="cite_ref-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogled_u_lingvistiku-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fonologija" title="Fonologija">Fonologija</a></b> – jezikoslovna disciplina koja proučava funkciju glasova u jezičnom sustavu. Osnovna jedinica u fonologiji je fonem – jedinica manja od jezičnog znaka. Fonemi nisu jezični znakovi – imaju izraz, ali nemaju sadržaj. Apstraktne su jedinice, predodžbe u svijesti govornika. U realizaciji jezika ostvaruju se alofoni, njihove pozicijske varijante. Postojanje fonema utvrđuje se metodom minimalnih parova.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Morfologija_(jezikoslovlje)" title="Morfologija (jezikoslovlje)">Morfologija</a></b> – nauka o oblicima pojedinih riječi i njihovim funkcijama u sastavu oblika koji tvore riječ kao jezični izraz pojma. Odnosno, bavi se najmanjim jezičnim znakovima, jedinicama s izrazom i sadržajem, morfemima. Zadaća morfologije je utvrditi i sintatmatske i paradigmatske odnose koji tvore morfološki sistem nekog jezika. Morfologija se pokušava zadržati samo na proučavanju izraza morfema, ali kako se radi o jezičnim znakovima, izraz je izravno vezan sa sadržajem.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfonologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morfonologija (stranica ne postoji)">Morfonologija</a></b> – ponekad i morfofonologija, proučava fonemski sastav morfema (fonološku strukturu morfema, fonološke razlike na morfološkom planu). Tradicionalno se govori o glasovnim promjenama. Disciplina koja spaja predmete i metode proučavanja fonologije i morfologije. Proučava ulogu fonetičkih struktura u tvorbi oblika ili učenju o morfonemima. Morfonologija utvrđuje zakonitosti različitog fonološkog izraza istog morfema.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintagmatika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintagmatika (stranica ne postoji)">Sintagmatika</a></b> – nauka o skupovima riječi i funkcijama pojedinih tipova riječi u njima, bavi se unutrašnjim ustrojstvom rečenice. Objekt proučavanja sintagmatike je sintagma – složeni jezični znak – skup riječi ili dio rečenice i ima semantičku i sintaktičku samostalnost.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa">Sintaksa</a></b> – proučava rečenice, tipove rečenica, funkciju i strukturu.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tvorba_rije%C4%8Di&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tvorba riječi (stranica ne postoji)">Tvorba riječi</a></b> – proučava morfološku strukturu riječi kako bi se došlo do zakonitosti po kojima se u jeziku mogu stvarati nove riječi ili rječotvorna gnijezda. Osnovni postupci pri stvaranju novih riječi su derivacija i kompozicija. U derivaciji se leksemima dodaju različiti gramatemi, a kompozicijom se prvo slažu dva ili više leksema, a onda im se dodaje gramatem.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leksikologija" title="Leksikologija">Leksikologija</a></b> – proučava morfološki i semantički sastav jezičnog sustava. Unutar leksikologije možemo govoriti i o leksikografiji, disciplini koja se bavi pisanjem rječnika, odnosno metodom i načinom zapisivanja morfološkog i semantičkog sastava jezika u rječničke knjige. Disciplinom unutar leksikologije smatra se i frazeologija – nauka o leksikaliziranim skupovima riječi i njihovim vrstama, o spojivosti riječi i povezanosti njihova značenja u određenim skupinama. Etimologija pak proučava podrijetlo riječi, njihovu etimološku srodnost te mijenjanje njihovih značenja u danom jeziku ili u skupini srodnih jezika.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stilistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stilistika (stranica ne postoji)">Stilistika</a></b> – nauka o izboru i upotrebi riječi i njihovih oblika u određenim stilovima jezika, ali i odnosu različitih stilova unutar jednog jezika. Stilistika proučava i ekspresivna svojstva jezika. Neki stilistiku smatraju i dijelom teorije književnosti.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Semantika" title="Semantika">Semantika</a></b> – proučava plan sadržaja u jeziku na svim nivoima. Osnovna semantička jedinica je semantem – jedinica kojoj na planu izraza odgovara morf. Kada jedinici na planu izraza <i>morfu</i> dodamo jedinicu na planu sadržaja <i>semantem</i>, dobiva se morfem koji je najmanji jezični znak. Semantemi se dijele na gramateme i lekseme. Gramatemi odražavaju dijelove unutar samog jezika kao sustava, gramatem ocrtava jezik i ono što mu je svojstveno. Leksemi pak označuju i sadržavaju ono što je izvan jezika, neki podskup univerzuma. Gramatemi su ograničeni jer jezik ima ograničen broj jedinica, dok je broj leksema barem teoretski neograničen. Semantemi s barem jednim zajedničkim elementom čine semantičko polje, a sva semantička polja nekog jezika s barem jednim zajedničkim elementom čine grozd semantičkih polja.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discipline_po_pristupu_proučavanju_jezika"><span id="Discipline_po_pristupu_prou.C4.8Davanju_jezika"></span>Discipline po pristupu proučavanju jezika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Discipline po pristupu proučavanju jezika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Discipline po pristupu proučavanju jezika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Predmeti jezikoslovnih proučavanja u odnosu jezika prema vanjskom svijetu moguće je sistematizirati na sljedeći način:<sup id="cite_ref-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogled_u_lingvistiku-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Antropološka lingvistika</b> – jezikoslovna disciplina koja proučava jezike kultura koje nemaju pismo. Bavi se i proučavanjem variranja i upotrebe jezika u vezi s kulturnim obrascima i vjerovanjima ljudi po pravilima antropološke teorije i metoda. Proučava kako se pripadnik (obično primitivne) zajednice može prepoznati kao član društvene, vjerske, profesionalne ili rodbinske grupe.</li> <li><b>Arealna lingvistika</b> – bavi se proučavanjem lingvističkih areala, odnosno raspodjelu i prisutnost lingvističkih pojava u prostoru.</li> <li><b>Behavioristička lingvistika</b> – na jezik gleda kao na jedan od oblika (ili vrsta) ljudskog ponašanja.</li> <li><b>Biolingvistika</b> – bavi se biloškim preduvjetima za razvoj i korištenje jezika kod čovjeka. U domenu proučavanja ulazi i promatranje genetskog prenosa jezika, neurofiziološki modeli jezične proizvodnje, anatomske paralele između čovjeka i drugih vrsta, ali i razvoj patoloških formi jezičnog ponašanja.</li> <li><b>Deskriptivna lingvistika</b> – pravac po kojemu je glavna zadaća jezikoznanstva izgradnja opće teorije jezičnog izraza kao osnove za detaljnu i iscrpnu konstrukciju (inventarizaciju) činjenica koje se odnose na sustave izraza pojedinih jezika. Teži čisto formalnom opisu jezika, odnosno prikazati sve jezične jedinici i njihove međusobne odnose.</li> <li><b>Etnolingvistika</b> – jezik se proučava u vezi s istraživanjem etničkih tipova i ponašanja. Ovaj se termin djelomično podudara s antropološkom lingvistikom i sociolingvistikom što odražava podudaranja polja interesa međusobno sličnih disciplina – enologije, antropologije i sociologije.</li> <li><b>Filozofska lingvistika</b> – jedna je od slabije razvijenih grana lingvistike. S jedne strane proučava ulogu jezika u razmjenjivanju i objašnjavaju filozofskih pojmova, a s druge strane filozofski status lingvističkih teorija, metoda.</li> <li><b>Normativna lingvistika</b> – izučava jezične pojave s tendencijom da formulira i propiše pravila o upotrebi jezičnog sustava u govoru. Ovu jezikoslovnu granu vežemo uz pojavu i brigu o standardnom jeziku.</li> <li><b>Povijesno jezikoslovlje</b> – kao što i samo ime govori, proučava jezične promjene u određenom vremenskom toku. Uspoređuje vremenski odijeljene presjeke jezičnih sistema i istraćuje zakonitosti kojie uvjetuju promjene nastale između tih presjeka.</li> <li><b>Poredbeno jezikoslovlje</b> – disciplina koja se bavi uspoređivanjem jezikâ.</li> <li><b>Matematička lingvistika</b> – grana je koja izučava matematička svojstva jezika, obično upotrebljavajući pojmove statistike i algebre. Njezinom razvoju doprinio je razvoj teorije informacija i računalna analiza. Ovim postavkama osobito se koristila generativna lingvistika. Matematička lingvistika statističkim analizama omogućuje utvrđivanje distribucije i frekvencije jezičnih jedinica i time pomaže pri utvrđivanju autorstva.</li> <li><b>Neurolingvistika</b> – bavi se proučavanjem neurološke osnove razvoja i uporabe jezika kod čovjeka i nstoji konstruirati model procesa kojima mozak kontrolira govor i sluh.</li> <li><b>Računalno jezikoslovlje</b> – grana lingvistike u kojoj se računalna tehnika primjenjuje u svrhu razrešavanja najrazličitijih lingvističkih problema. Računalna lingvistika omogućuje računalnu obradu sinteze govora, prepoznavanje govora, automatsko prevođenje, izradu konkordancija, provjera gramatike na računalima i dr.</li> <li><b>Teorijsko jezikoslovlje</b> – ponekad nazivana i općim jezikoslovljem, s gledišta jezičnog proučavanja najšira je od svih disciplina.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Povijest_jezikoslovlja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Povijest jezikoslovlja (stranica ne postoji)">Povijest jezikoslovlja</a></div></i></div> <p>Dokazi o čovjekovu svjesnu promišljanju o jeziku stari su oko dva i pol tisućljeća, a ipak se o lingvistici govori tek unazad dva stoljeća. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rana_povijest">Rana povijest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Rana povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Rana povijest"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U najranijim vremenima čovjek je kroz <a href="/wiki/Religija" title="Religija">religiju</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mit" title="Mit">mit</a> pokušao sebi objasniti postanak jezika. <a href="/wiki/Biblija" title="Biblija">Biblijska</a> <a href="/wiki/Stari_zavjet" title="Stari zavjet">starozavjetna</a> <a href="/wiki/Knjiga_postanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Knjiga postanka">Knjiga postanka</a> spominje kulu koju je čovjek htio sagraditi kako bi došao do <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Boga</a>, ali da ih spriječi, Bog je ljudima pobrkao jezike i onemogućio ih u njihovu naumu. Sličan mit postoji i u srednjoameričkih <a href="/wiki/Maje" class="mw-redirect" title="Maje">Maja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">afričkog</a> <a href="/wiki/Pleme" title="Pleme">plemena</a> Subiya, burmunskog naroda Lahu i zapadnokineskog plemena Lolo.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Navo%C4%91enje_izvora" title="Wikipedija:Navođenje izvora">nedostaje izvor</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Najstariji praktični dokazi o bavljenju jezikom pronađeni su u <a href="/wiki/Sumerani" title="Sumerani">sumersko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Asirci" class="mw-disambig" title="Asirci">asirskim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silabarij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silabarij (stranica ne postoji)">silabarima</a> i popisima <a href="/wiki/Rije%C4%8D" title="Riječ">riječi</a> iz 2. tisućljeća prije Krista. </p><p>U staroj <a href="/wiki/Indija" title="Indija">Indiji</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panini (stranica ne postoji)">Pânini</a> (<i>Osam razdjela</i>) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katyayan (stranica ne postoji)">Kâtyâyan</a> (<i>Napomenama</i>) proučavaju <a href="/wiki/Sanskrt" title="Sanskrt">sanskrt</a> u svrhu tumačenja i priređivanja svetih <a href="/wiki/Vede" title="Vede">vedskih</a> tekstova. </p><p>U antičkoj <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Gr%C4%8Dka" class="mw-redirect" title="Antička Grčka">Grčkoj</a> i <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dki_Rim" title="Antički Rim">Rimu</a> <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retorika" class="mw-redirect" title="Retorika">retorika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logika</a> imale su velik ugled, pa se jezik i proučavalo upravo kroz te discipline, a osnovno pitanje koje je zaokupljalo mislioce bio je odnos riječi i stvari koje imenuju, zanimalo ih je je li taj odnos unaprijed zadan, prirodan ili pak arbitraran. </p><p>U ranome <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="Srednji vijek">srednjem vijeku</a> izjednačavaju se <a href="/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik">jezik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika">gramatika</a> jer se smatralo da je gramatika shematski prikaz jezika. <a href="/wiki/Skolastika" title="Skolastika">Skolastici</a> su smatrali da logika i jezik imaju isti predmet – smislenu <a href="/wiki/Re%C4%8Denica" title="Rečenica">rečenicu</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Humanizam" title="Humanizam">Humanizam</a> i <a href="/wiki/Renesansa" title="Renesansa">renesansa</a> predstavljaju svojevrstan zaokret u odnosu na prošlo razdoblje, polako se shvaća da su proučavanja vrijedni i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narodni_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narodni jezik (stranica ne postoji)">narodni jezici</a>, ne samo <a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">latinski</a>, a prvo važnije djelo posvećeno narodnom jeziku je <i>Nauk o pučkom jeziku</i> <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dantea Alighierija</a>. </p><p>U sljedećem razdoblju (17. i 18. st.) na jezik se gledalo idealistički, vjerovalo se u nadređenost duha materiji. Mislilo se da jezik odražava duh <a href="/wiki/Nacija" title="Nacija">nacije</a>, ali ga se i dovodilo u izravno vezu s čovjekovom sposobnošću razmišljanja, odnosno smatralo se da čovjek i misli zato što se služi jezikom.<sup id="cite_ref-Uvod_u_lingvistiku_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uvod_u_lingvistiku-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O jezikoslovlju kao samostalnoj znanstvenoj disciplini – koja je izvan domene logike, retorike i filozofije – prvi se puta govori u 19. st. Tvorcem takve opće lingvistike smatra se <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jakoba Grimma</a> se uzima za začetnika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Povijesno_jezikoslovlje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Povijesno jezikoslovlje (stranica ne postoji)">povijesnog jezikoslovlja</a> jer je njegovo djelo <i>Deutsche Grammatik</i> zapravo pregled povijesnog razvoja <a href="/wiki/Germanski_jezici" title="Germanski jezici">germanskih jezika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogled_u_lingvistiku-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U 19. stoljeću u domeni poredbeno-povijesnog jezikoslovlja djeluju i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mladogramati%C4%8Dari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mladogramatičari (stranica ne postoji)">mladogramatičari</a> (njem. <i>Junggrammatiker</i>). Jezik promatraju kroz određene fonetske zakonitosti i analogije. Glavni predstavnici su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Paul (stranica ne postoji)">Hermann Paul</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Brugmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Brugmann (stranica ne postoji)">Karl Brugmann</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Delbr%C3%BCck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthold Delbrück (stranica ne postoji)">Berthold Delbrück</a> te <a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Leskien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Leskien (stranica ne postoji)">August Leskien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LZMK-HOL1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LZMK-HOL1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uvod_u_lingvistiku_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uvod_u_lingvistiku-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U Jugoslaviji se na njihova tumačenja nadovezuju <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Beli%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Belić">Aleksandar Belić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petar_Skok" title="Petar Skok">Petar Skok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Stjepan Ivšić">Stjepan Ivšić</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran_Ramov%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fran Ramovš (stranica ne postoji)">Fran Ramovš</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogled_u_lingvistiku-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suvremena_lingvistička_teorija"><span id="Suvremena_lingvisti.C4.8Dka_teorija"></span>Suvremena lingvistička teorija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Suvremena lingvistička teorija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Suvremena lingvistička teorija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sva teorijska razmišljanja do početka 20. st. samo su uvertira <a href="/wiki/Strukturalizam" title="Strukturalizam">strukturalističkoj</a> teoriji koju će postaviti <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeneva" title="Ženeva">ženevski</a> lingvist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a> (1857 - 1913). Sam strukturalizam gleda na jezik kao na strukturu jedinica koje stoje u međusobnom donosu, a vrijednost dobivaju ovisno o uporabi ili opoziciji prema drugim jezičnim elementima u komunikacijskom procesu.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Britanica_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Britanica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na Saussurov se strukturalizam nadovezuju i druge lingvističke škole dvadesetog stoljeća, ali s pomalo izmijenjenim teorijskim pogledima na jezik – ženevska škola, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pra%C5%A1ka_fonolo%C5%A1ka_%C5%A1kola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praška fonološka škola (stranica ne postoji)">praška fonološka škola</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Funkcionalna_lingvistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funkcionalna lingvistika (stranica ne postoji)">funkcionalna lingvistika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glosematika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glosematika (stranica ne postoji)">glosematika</a>, biheviorizam itd.<sup id="cite_ref-LZMK-HOL2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LZMK-HOL2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iako se strukturalističke postavke rađaju u <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europi</a> i u <a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Americi</a> uzimaju maha, a predstavnici su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Bloomfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopold Bloomfield (stranica ne postoji)">Leopold Bloomfield</a> koji je postavio temelje povijesnoj strukturalnoj lingvistici u Americi i <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Avram Noam Chomsky</a>, tvorac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Generativna_gramatika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generativna gramatika (stranica ne postoji)">generative gramatike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uvod_u_lingvistiku_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uvod_u_lingvistiku-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Važno je naglasiti da se danas jezik više ne promatra kao odraz duha, niti se mitologizira na bilo koji način, jeziku se više ne pristupa sa stajališta mita ili religije, u 20. st. govori se o lingvistici i jezik se pokušava sagledati i opisati metodama egzaktnih znanosti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strukturalizam">Strukturalizam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Strukturalizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Strukturalizam"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg/200px-Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg/300px-Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a> (1857. – 1913.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Budući da je strukturalizam učenje koje na jezik gleda kao na sustav znakova koji ima svoju strukturu, a sve što je u jeziku relevantno mora se moći iskazati na planu izraza.<sup id="cite_ref-LZMK-HOL2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LZMK-HOL2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saussureov <i><a href="/wiki/Te%C4%8Daj_op%C4%87e_lingvistike" title="Tečaj opće lingvistike">Tečaj opće lingvistike</a></i> izdan 1916. posthumno. De Saussure je lingvističku naobrazbu stekao u <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzigu</a> učeći od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mladogramati%C4%8Dari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mladogramatičari (stranica ne postoji)">mladogramatičara</a>, a zatim je bio profesorom lingvistike u <a href="/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz">Parizu</a> i Ženevi gdje je održao tri ciklusa predavanja. <i>Tečaj</i> su priredili njegovi studenti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Bally (stranica ne postoji)">Charles Bally</a> (1865. – 1974.) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_S%C3%A8chehaye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Sèchehaye (stranica ne postoji)">Albert Sèchehaye</a> (1870. – 1956.) na temelju studentskih bilježaka.<sup id="cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogled_u_lingvistiku-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tečaj</i> nije plod trenutnog nadahnuća autora, nego rezultat sazrijevanja jezikoslovne misli, a utjecaj na Saussura mogli su imati američki sanskrtolog <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Dwight_Whithey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Dwight Whithey (stranica ne postoji)">William Dwight Whithey</a> (1827. – 1894.) i poljski lingvist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Ignaciy_Baudouin_de_Courtenay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Ignaciy Baudouin de Courtenay (stranica ne postoji)">Jan Ignaciy Baudouin de Courtenay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uvod_u_lingvistiku_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uvod_u_lingvistiku-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferdinand de Saussure smatrao je da je predmet lingvističkog istraživanja mora biti sam jezik. Nastojao je proučiti zakonitosti koje su svojstvene svim jezicima. Jezik smatra sustavom znakova, slično kao što su to <a href="/wiki/Znakovni_jezici" title="Znakovni jezici">znakovni jezici</a> (svaki izraz – pokret ruke, gesta lica – ima neko značenje) ili vojni signali. Sukladno tome, pokušava uspostaviti novu disciplinu – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiologija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiologija (stranica ne postoji)">semiologiju</a> – znanost o znakovima, a jezikoslovlje bi trebalo biti samo jednom od njezinih disciplina. Uz to, jezik promatra kao psihičku, a govor kao psihofizičku pojavu. Po njegovu tumačenju jezik je neopipljiv, postoji samo u svijesti govornika konkretnog jezika, apstraktan je i svodi se na mogućnost izražavanja misli. Sam čin izražavanja Sassure naziva govorom i to je realizacija jezika.<sup id="cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogled_u_lingvistiku-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Govor smatra individualnom, a jezik društvenom pojavom. </p><p>Naravno, iako vrlo važna, ovakva teorija nailazila je na kritike. F. de Saussure je sustav shvatio prekrutno. Smatrao je da se ljudi razumiju samo ako sustav ostaje nepromijenjen, izmjenom kojeg od elemenata sustav se ruši i onemogućuje komunikaciju. Takvo razmišljanje vjerojatno je uvjetovano pridavanjem pažnje isključivo sinkoniji. Jezik se neprestano razvija i mijenja.<sup id="cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogled_u_lingvistiku-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unatoč promjenama (uvođenje novih leksema za moderne i tek izmišljene predmete) govornici određenog jezika uglavnom se razumiju. Taj problem pokušali su riješiti pripadnici praške lingvističke škole govoreći o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elasti%C4%8Dna_stabilnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elastična stabilnost (stranica ne postoji)">elastičnoj stabilnosti</a> jezika (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vil%C3%A9m_Mathesius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilém Mathesius (stranica ne postoji)">Vilém Mathesius</a>, <i>O požadavku stability ve spisovném jazyce</i>, 1932).<sup id="cite_ref-Zagrebačka_slavistička_škola_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zagrebačka_slavistička_škola-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hrvatska">Hrvatska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Hrvatska" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Hrvatska"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Za područje bivše <a href="/wiki/SFRJ" class="mw-redirect" title="SFRJ">Jugoslavije</a>, tj. za bivši <a href="/wiki/Srpskohrvatski_jezik" title="Srpskohrvatski jezik">srpskohrvatski/hrvatski ili srpski jezik</a>, moglo bi se zaključiti sljedeće: do konca 19. stoljeća stvorena su mnoga važna djela na području leksikografije (rječnici) i gramatike. Najbrojnija su djela hrvatskih jezikoslovaca, od <a href="/wiki/Faust_Vran%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Faust Vrančić">Vrančića</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bartol_Ka%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Bartol Kašić">Kašića</a> (<a href="/wiki/1595." title="1595.">1595.</a> i <a href="/wiki/1604." title="1604.">1604.</a>, respektivno), pa sve do <i>Zagrebačke škole</i> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=1870-ih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1870-ih (stranica ne postoji)">1870-ima</a>. U tom je razdoblju objavljeno mnoštvo rječnika i gramatika. Bošnjaci su počeli svoj leksikografski rad s Uskufijom (<a href="/wiki/1631." title="1631.">1631.</a>), no, to je ostao izolirani prodor zbog više povijesnih razloga. Prvu srpsku gramatiku i rječnik objelodanio je <a href="/wiki/1818." title="1818.">1818.</a> <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Vuk Karadžić">Vuk Karadžić</a>, iako mu prethode neka djela iz ortografije ili pravopisa autorom kojih bijaše <a href="/wiki/Sava_Mrkalj" title="Sava Mrkalj">Sava Mrkalj</a>. No, ta važna djela ne ulaze u repertoar znanstvenih škola filologije i jezikoslovlja modernoga doba – iako su izuzetno važna, pa čak i važnija od kasnijih opisa navedenih djela koja su dovršila ili dovršavaju modernu jezičnu standardizaciju. Od kraja 19. stoljeća do <a href="/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat">2. svjetskoga rata</a> u području proučavanja hrvatskog jezika, utjecajem je prevladala ispolitizirana mladogramatičarska škola, a njen najistaknutiji predstavnik hrvatski jezikoslovac <a href="/wiki/Tomo_Mareti%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomo Maretić">Tomo Maretić</a>. U svojim gramatikama, kao i leksikografskom radu, te brojnim opsežnim studijama, zasnovao je klasični oblik toga jezika, u dobrom dijelu ugledajući se na nazore Vuka Karadžića, zanemarivši stoljeća hrvatske jezikoslovne tradicije. Srpski filolog <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Beli%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Belić">Aleksandar Belić</a>, najistaknutiji srpski jezikoslovac prve polovice 20. stoljeća, dao je mnoge istaknute radove iz <a href="/wiki/Dijalektologija" title="Dijalektologija">dijalektologije</a>, općeg jezikoslovlja i <a href="/wiki/Slavistika" title="Slavistika">slavistike</a>, a njegov utjecaj se protegao i na područje srpskog pravopisa, kakav je kratkotrajno bio nametnut i u Hrvatskoj.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uoči 2. svjetskoga rata, a najviše u <a href="/wiki/1950-ih" title="1950-ih">50-im</a> i <a href="/wiki/1960-ih" title="1960-ih">60-im</a> godinama, među hrvatskim jezikoslovcima (<a href="/wiki/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Radoslav Katičić">Katičić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Brozovi%C4%87" title="Dalibor Brozović">Brozović</a>) jača utjecaj strukturalizma i sociolingvistike, koji postaju dominantni i istiskuju mladogramatičarska shvaćanja. Po svojoj prirodi, strukturalizam temeljen na djelima de Saussurea i Jakobsona, bio je moderniji i bolje pojmovno ustrojen od mladogramatičarske škole da se nosi s dilemama u odnosima hrvatskog i srpskog, a kasnije i bosanskog jezika.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Navo%C4%91enje_izvora" title="Wikipedija:Navođenje izvora">nedostaje izvor</a></i>]</sup> Srpski, bošnjački i hrvatski jezikoslovci su, naravno, posvetili svoj interes i područjima koja nemaju veze s nacionalno-jezičnim pitanjima (npr. neurolingvistici, kognitivnom jezikoslovlju i sl.), no polja koja zahvaćaju status i stanje hrvatskog, bošnjačkog i srpskog jezika su, najčešće: leksikografija i povijesna leksikografija, arealno jezikoslovlje i dijalektologija, korpusno jezikoslovlje i sociolingvistika, kao i opis standardnih jezika u svim klasičnim jezikoslovnim područjima, od fonetike do pragmatike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pogled_u_lingvistiku-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pogled_u_lingvistiku_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Škiljan, <i>Pogled u lingvistiku</i>, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enciklopedijski_rječnik_lingvističkih_naziva_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Simeon, <i>Enciklopedijski rječnik lingvističkih naziva</i>, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HZJ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HZJ_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dodir.hr/hzj.php#.UJ-Xb4VHAUM">Hrvatski znakovni jezik</a></i>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122102112/http://www.dodir.hr/hzj.php#.UJ-Xb4VHAUM">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 22. studenoga 2012. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)Hrvatski savez gluhih osoba</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HJP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HJP_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=e19vURU%3D&keyword=lingvistika">"lingvistika"</a>. Hrvatski jezični portal. pristupljeno 29. studenoga 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-domaći_termini-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-domaći_termini_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://langs.eserver.org/linell/chapter05.html"><i>Linguistics and the overall theory of language</i></a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121208120822/http://langs.eserver.org/linell/chapter05.html">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 8. prosinca 2012. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uvod_u_lingvistiku-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Uvod_u_lingvistiku_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uvod_u_lingvistiku_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uvod_u_lingvistiku_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uvod_u_lingvistiku_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glovacki-Bernardi <i>et al.</i>, <i>Uvod u lingvistiku</i>, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LZMK-HOL1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LZMK-HOL1_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hol.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=25999">LZMK / Hrvatski obiteljski leksikon: mladogramatičari</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135053/http://hol.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=25999">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 1. prosinca 2018. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), pristupljeno 4. studenoga 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online_Britanica-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Online_Britanica_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/569649/structuralism">[1]</a> Britanica.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LZMK-HOL2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-LZMK-HOL2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LZMK-HOL2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hol.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=38024">LZMK / Hrvatski obiteljski leksikon: strukturalna lingvistika</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072859/http://hol.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=38024">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 5. ožujka 2016. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), pristupljeno 4. studenoga 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zagrebačka_slavistička_škola-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zagrebačka_slavistička_škola_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7012897">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><cite id="CITEREFMićanović2009" class="citation web cs1">Mićanović, Krešimir. 18. listopada 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zagrebacka-slavisticka-skola.com/article.php?id=1828&naslov=mjesto-standardologije-u-jezikoslovnoj-kroatistici">Mjesto standardologije u jezikoslovnoj kroatistici</a>. <i>Zagrebačka slavistička škola</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zagreba%C4%8Dka+slavisti%C4%8Dka+%C5%A1kola&rft.atitle=Mjesto+standardologije+u+jezikoslovnoj+kroatistici&rft.date=2009-10-18&rft.aulast=Mi%C4%87anovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Kre%C5%A1imir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzagrebacka-slavisticka-skola.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D1828%26naslov%3Dmjesto-standardologije-u-jezikoslovnoj-kroatistici&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AJezikoslovlje" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFKatičić2013" class="citation book cs1">Katičić, Radoslav. 2013. <i>Hrvatski jezik</i>. Školska knjiga. Zagreb. str. 229–230</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hrvatski+jezik&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=229-230&rft.pub=%C5%A0kolska+knjiga&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Radoslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AJezikoslovlje" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_poveznice">Vanjske poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Vanjske poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807192601/http://www.appliedlinguistics.org/">Applied Linguistics Official Website</a> <span style="cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<span style="color:#606060; font-size:80%; position:relative; bottom:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Engl." class="mw-redirect" title="Engl.">engl.</a></span>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihjj.hr/">Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje (IHJJ)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistlist.org/">The Linguist List</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelinguist.org">The Linguist.Org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028043456/http://ling.unizd.hr/">Odjel za lingvistiku Sveučilišta u Zadru</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ffzg.hr/oling/">Odsjek za lingivistiku Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&oldid=7038963">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jezikoslovlje&oldid=7038963</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C4%8Clanci_kojima_nedostaje_izvor" title="Kategorija:Članci kojima nedostaje izvor">Članci kojima nedostaje izvor</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Articles_with_hatnote_templates_targeting_a_nonexistent_page&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page (stranica ne postoji)">Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Jezikoslovlje" title="Kategorija:Jezikoslovlje">Jezikoslovlje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Kognitivna_znanost" title="Kategorija:Kognitivna znanost">Kognitivna znanost</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 15. listopada 2024. u 10:02.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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