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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developmental_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Color era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_science_fiction_boom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_science_fiction_boom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The science fiction boom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_science_fiction_boom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_computer-generated_imagery_(CGI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_computer-generated_imagery_(CGI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Introduction of computer-generated imagery (CGI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_computer-generated_imagery_(CGI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Planning and use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live_special_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_special_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Live special effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_special_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanical effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_special_effects_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_special_effects_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Visual special effects techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_special_effects_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noted_special_effects_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noted_special_effects_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Noted special effects companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noted_special_effects_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noted_special_effects_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noted_special_effects_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Noted special effects directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noted_special_effects_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Special effect</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="مؤثرات خاصة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤثرات خاصة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efectos_especials" title="Efectos especials – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Efectos especials" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeutos_especiales" title="Efeutos especiales – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Efeutos especiales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%BCsusi_effekt" title="Xüsusi effekt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xüsusi effekt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9" title="বিশেষ আবহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশেষ আবহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijalni_efekti" title="Specijalni efekti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Specijalni efekti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efectes_especials" title="Efectes especials – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efectes especials" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_efekty" title="Speciální efekty – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Speciální efekty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effects" title="Special effects – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Special effects" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezialeffekt" title="Spezialeffekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spezialeffekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efectos_especiales" title="Efectos especiales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efectos especiales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciala_efekto" title="Speciala efekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Speciala efekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efektu_bereziak" title="Efektu bereziak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Efektu bereziak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87" title="جلوه‌های ویژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جلوه‌های ویژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effets_sp%C3%A9ciaux" title="Effets spéciaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effets spéciaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effects" title="Special effects – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Special effects" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ifeachta%C3%AD_speisialta" title="Éifeachtaí speisialta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éifeachtaí speisialta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efectos_especiais" title="Efectos especiais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Efectos especiais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="특수 효과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="특수 효과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Համակցված կինոնկարահանում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համակցված կինոնկարահանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijalni_efekti" title="Specijalni efekti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Specijalni efekti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efek_khusus" title="Efek khusus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Efek khusus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igengamehlo" title="Igengamehlo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Igengamehlo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetti_speciali" title="Effetti speciali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetti speciali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אפקטים מיוחדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפקטים מיוחדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specefekts" title="Specefekts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Specefekts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialieji_efektai" title="Specialieji efektai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Specialieji efektai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Специјални ефекти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Специјални ефекти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesan_khas" title="Kesan khas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesan khas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFX" title="SFX – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="SFX" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciale_effecten" title="Speciale effecten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Speciale effecten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFX" title="SFX – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SFX" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesialeffekt" title="Spesialeffekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spesialeffekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ef%C3%A8ctes_especials" title="Efèctes especials – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Efèctes especials" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxsus_effekt" title="Maxsus effekt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maxsus effekt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekty_specjalne" title="Efekty specjalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efekty specjalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeito_especial" title="Efeito especial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeito especial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecte_speciale" title="Efecte speciale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Efecte speciale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Спецэффект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спецэффект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iffetti_spiciali" title="Iffetti spiciali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Iffetti spiciali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Special effect" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne_efekty" title="Špeciálne efekty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Špeciálne efekty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijalni_efekti" title="Specijalni efekti – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Specijalni efekti" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specijalni_efekti" title="Specijalni efekti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Specijalni efekti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikoistehoste" title="Erikoistehoste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Erikoistehoste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialeffekter" title="Specialeffekter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Specialeffekter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிறப்புத் தோற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறப்புத் தோற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Ҷилваҳои вижа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷилваҳои вижа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zel_efekt" title="Özel efekt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özel efekt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effects&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Illusions or tricks to change appearance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Creature effects" redirects here. For the company, see <a href="/wiki/Creature_Effects,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Creature Effects, Inc.">Creature Effects, Inc.</a> For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Special_Effects_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Special Effects (disambiguation)">Special Effects (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl-No%C3%ABl_Pigrizia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/No%C3%ABl-No%C3%ABl_Pigrizia.jpg/220px-No%C3%ABl-No%C3%ABl_Pigrizia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/No%C3%ABl-No%C3%ABl_Pigrizia.jpg/330px-No%C3%ABl-No%C3%ABl_Pigrizia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/No%C3%ABl-No%C3%ABl_Pigrizia.jpg/440px-No%C3%ABl-No%C3%ABl_Pigrizia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A special effect of a miniature person from the 1952 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(1952_film)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (1952 film)">The Seven Deadly Sins</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Special effects</b> (often abbreviated as <b>F/X</b> or simply <b>FX</b>) are illusions or visual tricks used in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulator</a> <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a> to simulate the imagined events in a <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">story</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a>. It is sometimes abbreviated as <b>SFX</b>, but this may also refer to <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a></i>. </p><p>Special effects are traditionally divided into the categories of <b>mechanical effects</b> and <b>optical effects</b>. With the emergence of digital film-making a distinction between special effects and <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a> has grown, with the latter referring to digital <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> and optical effects, while "special effects" refers to mechanical effects. </p><p>Mechanical effects (also called <a href="/wiki/Practical_effect" title="Practical effect">practical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physical_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical effects">physical effects</a>) are usually accomplished during the live-action shooting. This includes the use of mechanised <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical property">props</a>, scenery, <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">animatronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a> and atmospheric effects: creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building, etc. Mechanical effects are also often incorporated into set design and make-up. For example, <a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_make-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosthetic make-up">prosthetic make-up</a> can be used to make an actor look like a non-human creature. </p><p>Optical effects (also called photographic effects) are the techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either "in-camera" using <a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">multiple exposure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)" title="Matte (filmmaking)">mattes</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCfftan_process" title="Schüfftan process">Schüfftan process</a> or in post-production using an <a href="/wiki/Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">optical printer</a>. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background. </p><p>Since the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI) has come to the forefront of special effects technologies. It gives filmmakers greater control, and allows many effects to be accomplished more safely and convincingly and—as technology improves—at lower costs. As a result, many optical and mechanical effects techniques have been superseded by CGI. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developmental_history">Developmental history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Developmental history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart%2C_1895.ogv/220px--The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart%2C_1895.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart,_1895.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart,_1895.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart%2C_1895.ogv/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart%2C_1895.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart%2C_1895.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart%2C_1895.ogv/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart%2C_1895.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart%2C_1895.ogv/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart%2C_1895.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><i>The Execution of Mary Stuart</i> (1895)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1857, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gustave_Rejlander" title="Oscar Gustave Rejlander">Oscar Rejlander</a> created the world's first "special effects" image by combining different sections of 32 negatives into a single image, making a <a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">montaged</a> <a href="/wiki/Combination_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination print">combination print</a>. In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Clark_(director)" title="Alfred Clark (director)">Alfred Clark</a> created what is commonly accepted as the first-ever motion picture special effect. While filming a reenactment of the beheading of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, Clark instructed an actor to step up to the block in Mary's costume. As the executioner brought the axe above his head, Clark stopped the camera, had all of the actors freeze, and had the person playing Mary step off the set. He placed a Mary dummy in the actor's place, restarted filming, and allowed the executioner to bring the axe down, severing the dummy's head. Techniques like these would dominate the production of special effects for a century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It wasn't only the first use of trickery in cinema, it was also the first type of photographic trickery that was only possible in a motion picture, and referred to as the "stop trick". <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>, an early motion picture pioneer, accidentally discovered the same "stop trick." According to Méliès, his camera jammed while filming a street scene in Paris. When he screened the film, he found that the "stop trick" had caused a truck to turn into a hearse, pedestrians to change direction, and men to turn into women. Méliès, the stage manager at the Theatre Robert-Houdin, was inspired to develop a series of more than 500 short films between 1896 and 1914, in the process developing or inventing such techniques as <a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">multiple exposures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">time-lapse photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolve_(filmmaking)" title="Dissolve (filmmaking)">dissolves</a>, and hand painted colour. Because of his ability to seemingly manipulate and transform reality with the <a href="/wiki/Cinematograph" title="Cinematograph">cinematograph</a>, the prolific Méliès is sometimes referred to as the "Cinemagician." His most famous film, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon" title="A Trip to the Moon">Le Voyage dans la lune</a></i> (1902), a whimsical parody of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon" title="From the Earth to the Moon">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i>, featured a combination of live action and <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, and also incorporated extensive <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">miniature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">matte painting</a> work. </p><p>From 1910 to 1920, the main innovations in special effects were the improvements on the matte shot by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Dawn" title="Norman Dawn">Norman Dawn</a>. With the original matte shot, pieces of cardboard were placed to block the exposure of the film, which would be exposed later. Dawn combined this technique with the "glass shot." Rather than using cardboard to block certain areas of the film exposure, Dawn simply painted certain areas black to prevent any light from exposing the film. From the partially exposed film, a single frame is then projected onto an easel, where the matte is then drawn. By creating the matte from an image directly from the film, it became incredibly easy to paint an image with proper respect to scale and perspective (the main flaw of the glass shot). Dawn's technique became the textbook for matte shots due to the natural images it created.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1920s and 1930s, special effects techniques were improved and refined by the motion picture industry. Many techniques—such as the <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCfftan_process" title="Schüfftan process">Schüfftan process</a>—were modifications of illusions from the theatre (such as <a href="/wiki/Pepper%27s_ghost" title="Pepper's ghost">pepper's ghost</a>) and still photography (such as double exposure and <a href="/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)" title="Matte (filmmaking)">matte</a> compositing). <a href="/wiki/Rear_projection" title="Rear projection">Rear projection</a> was a refinement of the use of painted backgrounds in the theatre, substituting moving pictures to create moving backgrounds. Lifecasting of faces was imported from traditional maskmaking. Along with make-up advances, fantastic masks could be created which fit the actor perfectly. As material science advanced, horror film maskmaking followed closely. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Kong_1933_Promotional_Image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/King_Kong_1933_Promotional_Image.png/220px-King_Kong_1933_Promotional_Image.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/King_Kong_1933_Promotional_Image.png/330px-King_Kong_1933_Promotional_Image.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/King_Kong_1933_Promotional_Image.png/440px-King_Kong_1933_Promotional_Image.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Publicity still for the 1933 film <i>King Kong</i>, which used <a href="/wiki/Stop-motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop-motion">stop-motion</a> model special effects</figcaption></figure> <p>Many studios established in-house "special effects" departments, which were responsible for nearly all optical and mechanical aspects of motion-picture trickery. Also, the challenge of simulating spectacle in motion encouraged the development of the use of miniatures. <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a>, creating the illusion of motion, was accomplished with drawings (most notably by <a href="/wiki/Winsor_McCay" title="Winsor McCay">Winsor McCay</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Gertie_the_Dinosaur" title="Gertie the Dinosaur">Gertie the Dinosaur</a></i>) and with three-dimensional models (most notably by <a href="/wiki/Willis_O%27Brien" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis O'Brien">Willis O'Brien</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_World_(1925_film)" title="The Lost World (1925 film)">The Lost World</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)" title="King Kong (1933 film)">King Kong</a></i>). Naval battles could be depicted with models in studio. Tanks and aeroplanes could be flown (and crashed) without risk of life and limb. Most impressively, miniatures and <a href="/wiki/Matte_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Matte paintings">matte paintings</a> could be used to depict worlds that never existed. <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> was an early special effects spectacular, with innovative use of miniatures, matte paintings, the Schüfftan process, and complex compositing. </p><p>An important innovation in special-effects photography was the development of the <a href="/wiki/Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">optical printer</a>. Essentially, an optical printer is a projector aiming into a camera lens, and it was developed to make copies of films for distribution. Until <a href="/wiki/Linwood_G._Dunn" title="Linwood G. Dunn">Linwood G. Dunn</a> refined the design and use of the optical printer, effects shots were accomplished as <a href="/wiki/In-camera_effect" title="In-camera effect">in-camera effects</a>. Dunn demonstrating that it could be used to combine images in novel ways and create new illusions. One early showcase for Dunn was <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i>, where such locations as <a href="/wiki/Xanadu_(Citizen_Kane)" title="Xanadu (Citizen Kane)">Xanadu</a> (and some of <a href="/wiki/Gregg_Toland" title="Gregg Toland">Gregg Toland</a>'s famous '<a href="/wiki/Deep_focus" title="Deep focus">deep focus</a>' shots) were essentially created by Dunn's optical printer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_era">Color era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Color era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madame_Nobel_-_film_set_at_the_Embassy_of_France_in_Vienna_May_2014_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Madame_Nobel_-_film_set_at_the_Embassy_of_France_in_Vienna_May_2014_08.jpg/220px-Madame_Nobel_-_film_set_at_the_Embassy_of_France_in_Vienna_May_2014_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Madame_Nobel_-_film_set_at_the_Embassy_of_France_in_Vienna_May_2014_08.jpg/330px-Madame_Nobel_-_film_set_at_the_Embassy_of_France_in_Vienna_May_2014_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Madame_Nobel_-_film_set_at_the_Embassy_of_France_in_Vienna_May_2014_08.jpg/440px-Madame_Nobel_-_film_set_at_the_Embassy_of_France_in_Vienna_May_2014_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Period_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Period drama">period drama</a> set in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> uses a <a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">green screen</a> as a backdrop, to allow a background to be added during <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of color photography required greater refinement of effects techniques. Color enabled the development of such <i>travelling matte</i> techniques as <a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">bluescreen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sodium_vapour_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium vapour process">sodium vapour process</a>. Many films became landmarks in special-effects accomplishments: <i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Planet" title="Forbidden Planet">Forbidden Planet</a></i> used matte paintings, animation, and miniature work to create spectacular alien environments. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1956 film)">The Ten Commandments</a></i>, Paramount's <a href="/wiki/John_P._Fulton" title="John P. Fulton">John P. Fulton</a>, A.S.C., multiplied the crowds of extras in the Exodus scenes with careful compositing, depicted the massive constructions of Rameses with models, and split the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in a still-impressive combination of travelling mattes and water tanks. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Harryhausen" title="Ray Harryhausen">Ray Harryhausen</a> extended the art of stop-motion animation with his special techniques of compositing to create spectacular fantasy adventures such as <a href="/wiki/Jason_and_the_Argonauts_(1963_film)" title="Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)"><i>Jason and the Argonauts</i></a> (whose climax, a sword battle with seven animated skeletons, is considered a landmark in special effects). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_science_fiction_boom">The science fiction boom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The science fiction boom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1950s and 1960s numerous new special effects were developed which would dramatically increase the level of realism achievable in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction films</a>. Sci-fi special effects milestones in the 1950s included the <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)" title="Godzilla (franchise)"><i>Godzilla</i> films</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i> (featuring <a href="/wiki/Klaatu_(The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still)" title="Klaatu (The Day the Earth Stood Still)">Klaatu</a>), and <a href="/wiki/3-D_films" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D films">3-D films</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tron_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tron-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiji_Tsuburaya_-_AP_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Eiji_Tsuburaya_-_AP_1961.jpg/220px-Eiji_Tsuburaya_-_AP_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Eiji_Tsuburaya_-_AP_1961.jpg/330px-Eiji_Tsuburaya_-_AP_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Eiji_Tsuburaya_-_AP_1961.jpg/440px-Eiji_Tsuburaya_-_AP_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="3290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Godzilla" title="Godzilla">Godzilla</a> co-creator <a href="/wiki/Eiji_Tsuburaya" title="Eiji Tsuburaya">Eiji Tsuburaya</a> is one of the most influential individuals in the history of special effects.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a></i> genre of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese science fiction</a> film and television, which includes the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a></i> sub-genre of <a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">monster films</a>, rose to prominence in the 1950s. The special-effects director <a href="/wiki/Eiji_Tsuburaya" title="Eiji Tsuburaya">Eiji Tsuburaya</a> and the director <a href="/wiki/Ishir%C5%8D_Honda" title="Ishirō Honda">Ishirō Honda</a> became the driving forces behind the <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)" title="Godzilla (1954 film)">original <i>Godzilla</i></a> (1954). Taking inspiration from <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)" title="King Kong (1933 film)">King Kong</a></i> (1933), Tsuburaya formulated many of the techniques that would become staples of the <i>tokusatsu</i> genre, such as so-called <a href="/wiki/Suitmation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suitmation">suitmation</a>—the use of a human actor in a costume to play a giant monster—combined with the use of miniatures and scaled-down city sets. <i>Godzilla</i> changed the landscape of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese cinema">Japanese cinema</a>, science fiction and fantasy,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and kickstarted the <i>kaiju</i> genre in Japan called the "Monster Boom", which remained extremely popular for several decades, with characters such as the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Godzilla" title="Godzilla">Godzilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamera" title="Gamera">Gamera</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Ghidorah" title="King Ghidorah">King Ghidorah</a> leading the market. Tokusatsu films, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Warning_from_Space" title="Warning from Space">Warning from Space</a></i> (1956), sparked <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s interest in science fiction films; according to his biographer <a href="/wiki/John_Baxter_(author)" title="John Baxter (author)">John Baxter</a>, despite their "clumsy model sequences, the films were often well-photographed in colour ... and their dismal dialogue was delivered in well-designed and well-lit sets."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, Stanley Kubrick assembled his own effects team (<a href="/wiki/Douglas_Trumbull" title="Douglas Trumbull">Douglas Trumbull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Howard_(special_effects)" title="Tom Howard (special effects)">Tom Howard</a>, Con Pederson and Wally Veevers) rather than use an in-house effects unit for <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>. In this film, the spaceship miniatures were highly detailed and carefully photographed for a realistic <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>. The shots of spaceships were combined through hand-drawn <a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">rotoscoping</a> and careful motion-control work, ensuring that the elements were precisely combined in the camera—a surprising throwback to the silent era, but with spectacular results. Backgrounds of the African vistas in the "Dawn of Man" sequence were combined with soundstage photography via the then-new <a href="/wiki/Front_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Front projection">front projection</a> technique. Scenes set in zero-gravity environments were staged with hidden wires, mirror shots, and large-scale rotating sets. The finale, a voyage through hallucinogenic scenery, was created by Douglas Trumbull using a new technique termed <a href="/wiki/Slit-scan" class="mw-redirect" title="Slit-scan">slit-scan</a>. </p><p>The 1970s provided two profound changes in the special effects trade. The first was economic: during the industry's recession in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many studios closed down their in-house effects houses. Technicians became freelancers or founded their own effects companies, sometimes specialising on particular techniques (opticals, animation, etc.). </p><p>The second was precipitated by the blockbuster success of two science-fiction and fantasy films in 1977. <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></i> ushered in an era of science-fiction films with expensive and impressive special effects. Effects supervisor <a href="/wiki/John_Dykstra" title="John Dykstra">John Dykstra</a>, A.S.C. and crew developed many improvements in existing effects technology. They created a computer-controlled camera rig called the "Dykstraflex" that allowed precise repetition of camera motion, greatly facilitating travelling-matte compositing. Degradation of film images during compositing was minimised by other innovations: the Dykstraflex used <a href="/wiki/VistaVision" title="VistaVision">VistaVision</a> cameras that photographed <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> images horizontally along stock, using far more of the film per frame, and thinner-emulsion filmstocks were used in the compositing process. The effects crew assembled by Lucas was dubbed <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a>, and since 1977 has spearheaded many effects innovations. </p><p>That same year, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind" title="Close Encounters of the Third Kind">Close Encounters of the Third Kind</a></i> boasted a finale with impressive special effects by <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001</a></i> veteran Douglas Trumbull. In addition to developing his own motion-control system, Trumbull also developed techniques for creating intentional "<a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">lens flare</a>" (the shapes created by light reflecting in camera lenses) to provide the film's undefinable shapes of flying saucers. </p><p>The success of these films, and others since, has prompted massive studio investment in effects-heavy science-fiction films. This has fuelled the establishment of many independent effects houses, a tremendous degree of refinement of existing techniques, and the development of new techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI). It has also encouraged within the industry a greater distinction between special effects and <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a>; the latter is used to characterise post-production and optical work, while "special effects" refers more often to on-set and mechanical effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_computer-generated_imagery_(CGI)"><span id="Introduction_of_computer-generated_imagery_.28CGI.29"></span>Introduction of computer-generated imagery (CGI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Introduction of computer-generated imagery (CGI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> in film dates back to the early 1980s, with the films <i><a href="/wiki/Tron" title="Tron">Tron</a></i> (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-Tron_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tron-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Golgo_13:_The_Professional" title="Golgo 13: The Professional">Golgo 13: The Professional</a></i> (1983).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, a profound innovation in special effects has been the development of <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI), which has changed nearly every aspect of motion picture special effects. Digital compositing allows far more control and creative freedom than optical compositing, and does not degrade the image as with analogue (optical) processes. Digital imagery has enabled technicians to create detailed models, matte "paintings," and even fully realised characters with the malleability of computer software. </p><p>Arguably the biggest and most "spectacular" use of CGI is in the creation of photo-realistic images of science-fiction/fantasy characters, settings and objects. Images can be created in a computer using the techniques of animated cartoons and model animation. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Starfighter" title="The Last Starfighter">The Last Starfighter</a></i> (1984) used computer generated spaceships instead of physical <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale models</a>. In 1993, stop-motion animators working on the realistic dinosaurs of <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a></i> were retrained in the use of computer input devices. By 1995, films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> underscored the fact that the distinction between live-action films and animated films was no longer clear. Other landmark examples include a character made up of broken pieces of a stained-glass window in <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Sherlock_Holmes" title="Young Sherlock Holmes">Young Sherlock Holmes</a></i>, a shape-shifting character in <i><a href="/wiki/Willow_(1988_film)" title="Willow (1988 film)">Willow</a></i>, a tentacle formed from water in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Abyss" title="The Abyss">The Abyss</a></i>, the T-1000 Terminator in <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day" title="Terminator 2: Judgment Day">Terminator 2: Judgment Day</a></i>, hordes and armies of robots and fantastic creatures in the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_prequel_trilogy" title="Star Wars prequel trilogy">Star Wars (prequel)</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> trilogies, and the planet, Pandora, in <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning_and_use">Planning and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Planning and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although most visual effects work is completed during <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a>, it must be carefully planned and choreographed in <a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">pre-production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">production</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects_supervisor" title="Visual effects supervisor">visual effects supervisor</a> is usually involved with the production from an early stage to work closely with the Director and all related personnel to achieve the desired effects. </p><p>Practical effects also require significant pre-planning and co-ordination with performers and production teams. The live nature of the effects can result in situations where resetting due to an error, mistake, or safety concern incurs significant expense, or is impossible due to the destructive nature of the effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Live_special_effects">Live special effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Live special effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Live special effects are effects that are used in front of a live audience, such as in theatre, sporting generation genre, concerts and corporate shows. Types of effects that are commonly used include: flying effects, <a href="/wiki/Laser_lighting_display" title="Laser lighting display">laser lighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_smoke_and_fog" title="Theatrical smoke and fog">theatrical smoke and fog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_smoke_and_fog#Carbon_dioxide_and_dry_ice" title="Theatrical smoke and fog">CO<sub>2</sub> effects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a>. Other atmospheric effects can include flame, <a href="/wiki/Confetti" title="Confetti">confetti</a>, bubbles, and snow.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammelef2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammelef2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One notable example of live special effects in theatre production is in the <a href="/wiki/Bregenzer_Festspiele" title="Bregenzer Festspiele">Bregenz Festival</a> with its use of a large, intricate stage that moves to supplement what's being acted on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_effects">Mechanical effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mechanical effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rig_%26_Gimbal_Mechanical_Special_Effects.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rig_%26_Gimbal_Mechanical_Special_Effects.gif/220px-Rig_%26_Gimbal_Mechanical_Special_Effects.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rig_%26_Gimbal_Mechanical_Special_Effects.gif/330px-Rig_%26_Gimbal_Mechanical_Special_Effects.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rig_%26_Gimbal_Mechanical_Special_Effects.gif/440px-Rig_%26_Gimbal_Mechanical_Special_Effects.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Rig & Gimbal Mechanical Special Effects</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical effects">Mechanical effects</a> encompass the use of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a> to a greater degree. Cars being flipped and hauled over buildings are usually an effect built on specialised <a href="/wiki/Rig_(stage_lighting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig (stage lighting)">rigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbals</a>. Usually a team of engineers or freelance film companies provide these effects to <a href="/wiki/Production_company" title="Production company">producers</a>. Camera workers, stunt artists or doubles, directors and engineers collaborate to produce the proper effect as the action is recorded against a green screen. It is then edited and reviewed before final release to the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_special_effects_techniques">Visual special effects techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visual special effects techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exploded_bullet_hit_squibs_on_an_actor_wearing_scrubs_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Exploded_bullet_hit_squibs_on_an_actor_wearing_scrubs_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Exploded_bullet_hit_squibs_on_an_actor_wearing_scrubs_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Exploded_bullet_hit_squibs_on_an_actor_wearing_scrubs_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Exploded_bullet_hit_squibs_on_an_actor_wearing_scrubs_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Exploded_bullet_hit_squibs_on_an_actor_wearing_scrubs_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Exploded_bullet_hit_squibs_on_an_actor_wearing_scrubs_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="2174" /></a><figcaption>An actor behind-the-scenes with pre-scored "bullet holes" on his <a href="/wiki/Dead-character_costume" title="Dead-character costume">costume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bullet_hit_squib" title="Bullet hit squib">squibs</a> blowing open <a href="/wiki/Fake_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Fake blood">fake blood</a> packets for a <a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wound" title="Gunshot wound">gunshot wound</a> stunt.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hit_squibs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet hit squibs">Bullet hit squibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a> (often using <a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">Shaders</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_compositing" title="Digital compositing">Digital compositing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-camera_effect" title="In-camera effect">In-camera effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_moving" title="Match moving">Match moving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)" title="Matte (filmmaking)">Matte (filmmaking)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_matting" title="Video matting">Video matting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_effect" title="Miniature effect">Miniature effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_control_photography" title="Motion control photography">Motion control photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical effect">Optical effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">Optical printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_effect" title="Practical effect">Practical effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_make-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosthetic make-up">Prosthetic make-up</a> effects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">Go motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCfftan_process" title="Schüfftan process">Schüfftan process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splash_of_color" title="Splash of color">Splash of colour</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelling_matte" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelling matte">Travelling matte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_removal" title="Wire removal">Wire removal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noted_special_effects_companies">Noted special effects companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Noted special effects companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems Incorporated">Adobe Systems Incorporated</a> (San Jose, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Logic" title="Animal Logic">Animal Logic</a> (Sydney, Australia; Venice, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Studios" title="Bird Studios">Bird Studios</a> (London, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BUF_Compagnie" title="BUF Compagnie">BUF Compagnie</a> (Paris, France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanline_VFX" title="Scanline VFX">CA Scanline</a> (Munich, Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Research_Corporation" title="Cinema Research Corporation">Cinema Research Corporation</a>, defunct (Hollywood, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinesite" title="Cinesite">Cinesite</a> (London, UK; Hollywood, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rappaport_(creature_effects_artist)" title="Mark Rappaport (creature effects artist)">Creature Effects, Inc.</a> (Los Angeles, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Domain" title="Digital Domain">Digital Domain</a> (Playa Vista, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Negative_(VFX)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Negative (VFX)">Double Negative (VFX)</a> (London, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks</a> (Los Angeles, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Film_Works" title="Flash Film Works">Flash Film Works</a> (Los Angeles, USA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireark_Special_Effects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fireark Special Effects (page does not exist)">Fireark Special Effects</a> (Brisbane, Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framestore" title="Framestore">Framestore</a> (London, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulx" title="Hydraulx">Hydraulx</a> (Santa Monica, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Engine" title="Image Engine">Image Engine</a> (Vancouver, Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a> (San Francisco, USA), founded by <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Creatures" title="Intelligent Creatures">Intelligent Creatures</a> (Toronto, Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson%27s_Creature_Shop" title="Jim Henson's Creature Shop">Jim Henson's Creature Shop</a>, (Los Angeles; Hollywood; Camden Town, London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Effects" title="Legacy Effects">Legacy Effects</a>, (Los Angeles, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_Effects" title="Look Effects">Look Effects</a>, (Culver City, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M5_Industries" title="M5 Industries">M5 Industries</a> (San Francisco, USA) home of <i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Guff" title="Mac Guff">Mac Guff</a> (Los Angeles, USA; Paris, France)</li> <li>Machine Shop (London, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuta_VFX" title="Makuta VFX">Makuta VFX</a> (Universal City, USA; Hyderabad, India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matte_World_Digital" title="Matte World Digital">Matte World Digital</a> (Novato, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_Studios" title="Method Studios">Method Studios</a> (Los Angeles, USA; New York, USA; Vancouver, Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mill_(post-production)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mill (post-production)">The Mill</a> (London, UK; New York, USA; Los Angeles, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modus_FX" title="Modus FX">Modus FX</a> (Montreal, Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Company" title="Moving Picture Company">Moving Picture Company</a> (Soho, London, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixomondo" title="Pixomondo">Pixomondo</a> (Frankfurt; Munich; Stuttgart; Los Angeles; Beijing; Toronto; Baton Rouge, LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainmaker_Digital_Effects" title="Rainmaker Digital Effects">Rainmaker Digital Effects</a> (Vancouver, Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Hues_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm and Hues Studios">Rhythm and Hues Studios</a> (Los Angeles, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_FX" title="Rise FX">Rise FX</a> (Berlin, Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Pictures" title="Rising Sun Pictures">Rising Sun Pictures</a> (Adelaide, Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodeo_FX" title="Rodeo FX">Rodeo FX</a> (Montreal; Munich; Los Angeles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowmasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowmasters">Snowmasters</a> (Lexington, AL, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Imageworks" title="Sony Pictures Imageworks">Sony Pictures Imageworks</a> (Culver City, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strictly_FX" title="Strictly FX">Strictly FX</a>, live special effects company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_World" title="Surreal World">Surreal World</a> (Melbourne, Australia)</li> <li>Super FX, Special Effects Company (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippett_Studio" title="Tippett Studio">Tippett Studio</a> (Berkeley, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuburaya_Productions" title="Tsuburaya Productions">Tsuburaya Productions</a> (Hachimanyama, Setagaya, Tokyo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Crew_Unlimited" title="Vision Crew Unlimited">Vision Crew Unlimited</a>, defunct (Los Angeles, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81_FX" title="Wētā FX">Wētā FX</a>, (Wellington, New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoic_Studios" title="Zoic Studios">Zoic Studios</a> (Culver City, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFX_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="ZFX Inc">ZFX Inc</a> a flying effects company (Louisville, USA; Utrecht, the Netherlands)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noted_special_effects_directors">Noted special effects directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Noted special effects directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eiji_Tsuburaya" title="Eiji Tsuburaya">Eiji Tsuburaya</a>, the "Father of <a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Howard_(special_effects)" title="Tom Howard (special effects)">Tom Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Fulton" title="John P. Fulton">John P. Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Trumbull" title="Douglas Trumbull">Douglas Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Pepiot" title="Ken Pepiot">Ken Pepiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Winston" title="Stan Winston">Stan Winston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dykstra" title="John Dykstra">John Dykstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Kawakita" class="mw-redirect" title="Koichi Kawakita">Koichi Kawakita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teruyoshi_Nakano" title="Teruyoshi Nakano">Teruyoshi Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonesaburo_Tsukiji" title="Yonesaburo Tsukiji">Yonesaburo Tsukiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshiyuki_Kuroda" title="Yoshiyuki Kuroda">Yoshiyuki Kuroda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihiro_Nishimura" title="Yoshihiro Nishimura">Yoshihiro Nishimura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Watanabe_(art_director)" title="Akira Watanabe (art director)">Akira Watanabe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rickitt, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, 101-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tron-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tron_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tron_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Video_Games_Player_Vol_1_No_1_1982-09_Carnegie_Publications_US/page/n49/mode/2up">"The Making of Tron"</a>. <i>Video Games Player</i>. Vol. 1, no. 1. Carnegie Publications. September 1982. pp. 50–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Video+Games+Player&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Tron&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-5&rft.date=1982-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FVideo_Games_Player_Vol_1_No_1_1982-09_Carnegie_Publications_US%2Fpage%2Fn49%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Millennial Monsters: Japanese Toys and the Global Imagination</i>, pp. 47–8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24565-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24565-2">0-520-24565-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1997" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stanleykubrickbi00baxt/page/200"><i>Stanley Kubrick: A Biography</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stanleykubrickbi00baxt/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786704853" title="Special:BookSources/0786704853"><bdi>0786704853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley+Kubrick%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0786704853&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstanleykubrickbi00baxt%2Fpage%2F200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2005" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Jerry (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animatedmoviegui0000beck/page/216"><i>The Animated Movie Guide</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Review_Press" title="Chicago Review Press">Chicago Review Press</a>. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1569762228" title="Special:BookSources/1569762228"><bdi>1569762228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Animated+Movie+Guide&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1569762228&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimatedmoviegui0000beck%2Fpage%2F216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammelef2015-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammelef2015_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielle_S._Hammelef2015" class="citation book cs1">Danielle S. Hammelef (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFrmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Explosive Scenes: Fireballs, Furious Storms, and More Live Special Effects</i></a>. Capstone. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4914-2003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4914-2003-4"><bdi>978-1-4914-2003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explosive+Scenes%3A+Fireballs%2C+Furious+Storms%2C+and+More+Live+Special+Effects&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4914-2003-4&rft.au=Danielle+S.+Hammelef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTFrmBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinemalive.com/blog/bregenz-festival-spectacular-water-stages">"Bregenz Festival's most spectacular water stages"</a>. <i>CinemaLive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CinemaLive&rft.atitle=Bregenz+Festival%27s+most+spectacular+water+stages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemalive.com%2Fblog%2Fbregenz-festival-spectacular-water-stages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeshin2017" class="citation web cs1">Peshin, Akash (4 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/how-are-black-and-white-films-colorized.html">"How Are Black And White Films Colorized?"</a>. <i>Science ABC</i>. Wattcon Technologies Private Limited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+ABC&rft.atitle=How+Are+Black+And+White+Films+Colorized%3F&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft.aulast=Peshin&rft.aufirst=Akash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceabc.com%2Finnovation%2Fhow-are-black-and-white-films-colorized.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinefex.com/"><i>Cinefex</i></a> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascmag.com/magazine_includes/index.php"><i>American Cinematographer</i></a> magazine</li> <li>Richard Rickitt: <i>Special Effects: The History and Technique</i>, <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard Books">Billboard Books</a>; 2nd edition, 2007; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-8408-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-8408-6">0-8230-8408-6</a></li> <li><i>Movie Magic: The History of Special Effects in the Cinema</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Brosnan" title="John Brosnan">John Brosnan</a> (1974)</li> <li><i>Techniques of Special Effects Cinematography</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Fielding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Fielding (page does not exist)">Raymond Fielding</a> (For many years, the standard technical reference. Current edition 1985)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/specialfx2/">Special Effects: Titanic and Beyond</a> The online companion site to the NOVA documentary (See especially the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/specialfx2/timeline.html">timeline</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/specialfx2/glossary.html">glossary</a>)</li> <li>T. Porter and T. Duff, "Compositing Digital Images", Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '84, 18 (1984).</li> <li>The Art and Science of Digital Compositing (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-133960-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-133960-2">0-12-133960-2</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClean2007" class="citation book cs1">McClean, Shilo T. (2007). <i>Digital Storytelling: The Narrative Power of Visual Effects in Film</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13465-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13465-1"><bdi>978-0-262-13465-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Storytelling%3A+The+Narrative+Power+of+Visual+Effects+in+Film&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-262-13465-1&rft.aulast=McClean&rft.aufirst=Shilo+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Cotta_Vaz" title="Mark Cotta Vaz">Mark Cotta Vaz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Craig_Barron" title="Craig Barron">Craig Barron</a>: <i>The Invisible Art: The Legends of Movie Matte Painting</i>, Chronicle Books, 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8118-4515-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8118-4515-X">0-8118-4515-X</a></li> <li>Larry Nile Baker, A History of Special Effects Cinematography in the United States, 1895–1914<i>, Larry Nile Baker, 1969.</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_effect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BYovvLhy7A">Video (03:04) – Evolution of Special Effects since 1878.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animotica.com/blog/add-effects-to-videos/">How to Add Special Effects to Your Videos.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/special-effects-%e7%89%b9%e6%8a%80/">Chinese Film Classics: Special effects in early Chinese cinema</a>: clips and discussion of special effects in Chinese films from before 1949, on scholarly website chinesefilmclassics.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Filmmaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Filmmaking" title="Template:Filmmaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Filmmaking" title="Template talk:Filmmaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Filmmaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Filmmaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Filmmaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking#Development" title="Filmmaking">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_treatment" title="Film treatment">Film treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">Producer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scriptment" title="Scriptment">scriptment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_outline" title="Step outline">Step outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spec_script" title="Spec script">spec script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">film adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook (filmmaking)">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_(filmmaking)" title="Option (filmmaking)">Option</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_budgeting" title="Film budgeting">Film budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_finance" title="Film finance">Film finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(filmmaking)" title="Pitch (filmmaking)">pitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlight" title="Greenlight">Greenlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_title" title="Working title">Working title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">Pre-production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_breakdown" title="Script breakdown">Script breakdown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_down_the_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking down the script">process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_script" title="Shooting script">Shooting script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(performing_arts)" title="Casting (performing arts)">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scenography" title="Scenography">Scenography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">Rehearsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_board" title="Production board">Production board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_out_of_days_(filmmaking)" title="Day out of days (filmmaking)">Day out of days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_schedule" title="Production schedule">Production schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_schedule" title="Shooting schedule">Shooting schedule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_liner_schedule" title="One liner schedule">one-liner</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_crew" title="Film crew">Film crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques" title="Cinematic techniques">Cinematic techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Principal photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">Videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Videographer">Videographer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_call_sheet" title="Daily call sheet">Daily call sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dailies" title="Dailies">Dailies (rushes)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Daily_reports" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_inventory_report" title="Film inventory report">Film inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_report" title="Production report">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_production_report" title="Daily production report">Daily production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_progress_report" title="Daily progress report">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_report" title="Sound report">Sound</a></li> <li>Cost</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_editor_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily editor log">Editor log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">Post-production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Film editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_(filmmaking)" title="Re-recording (filmmaking)">Re-recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sync_sound" title="Sync sound">Sync sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">Timecode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Special effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_cost" title="Negative cost">Negative cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">Digital intermediate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_distributor" title="Film distributor">Film distributor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_distributors_by_country" title="List of film distributors by country">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_release" title="Art release">Film release</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wide_release" title="Wide release">wide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_theatrical_release" title="Limited theatrical release">limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_release_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed release (film)">delayed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadshow_theatrical_release" title="Roadshow theatrical release">Roadshow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_office" title="Box office">Box office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_hell" title="Development hell">Development hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography" title="Filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_rights" title="Film rights">Film rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(filmmaking)" title="Turnaround (filmmaking)">Turnaround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-dollar_gross" title="First-dollar gross">First-dollar gross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/16px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/24px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/32px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Special_effects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_effects" title="Template:Special effects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_effects" title="Template talk:Special effects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_effects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Special effects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Special_effects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Special effects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Practical_effect" title="Practical effect">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_rigging" title="Aerial rigging">Aerial rigging</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wire-flying" title="Wire-flying">wire-flying</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_bladder_effect" title="Air bladder effect">Air bladder effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hit_squib" title="Bullet hit squib">Bullet hit squib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumed_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Costumed character">Costumed character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_suit" title="Creature suit">Creature suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-character_costume" title="Dead-character costume">Dead-character costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitbashing" title="Kitbashing">Kitbashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_effect" title="Miniature effect">Miniature effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanging_miniature" title="Hanging miniature">hanging</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup" title="Prosthetic makeup">Prosthetic makeup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">Pyrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_mask" title="Rubber mask">Rubber mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_blood" title="Theatrical blood">Theatrical blood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/In-camera_effect" title="In-camera effect">In-camera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipack" title="Bipack">Bipacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_perspective" title="Forced perspective">Forced perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Front projection">Front projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting effects">Lighting effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear_projection" title="Rear projection">Rear projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCfftan_process" title="Schüfftan process">Schüfftan process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">Shutter effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan" class="mw-redirect" title="Slit-scan">Slit-scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilted_plane_focus" title="Tilted plane focus">Tilted plane focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-lapse">Time-lapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast motion">Fast motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_ramping" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed ramping">Speed ramping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">Chroma key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">Compositing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_compositing" title="Digital compositing">digital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">Go motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introvision" title="Introvision">Introvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_moving" title="Match moving">Match moving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">Optical printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallgantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallgantics">Smallgantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_screen_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split screen (filmmaking)">Split screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381243#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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