Rethinking Peer Review: From Critiques to Innovations

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<div class="hero"> <div class="container mx-auto px-6 md:px-0"> <div class="hero__content"> <div class="hero__details"> <p class="hero__tag" data-module-tag=""> <span class="tag">[ RESEARCH INTEGRITY ]</span> <span class="hero__date"> September 26, 2023 </span> </p> </div> <h1 class="hero__heading">Rethinking Peer Review: From Critiques to Innovations</h1> </div> <div class="hero__img"></div> </div> </div></div> <div id="hs_cos_wrapper_intro_text" class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_widget hs_cos_wrapper_type_module" style="" data-hs-cos-general-type="widget" data-hs-cos-type="module"><style> #hs_cos_wrapper_intro_text .intro-text { padding-top:140px; } #hs_cos_wrapper_intro_text .intro-text h2 { font-weight:400 !important; line-height:1.2; font-size:42px !important; } @media (max-width:1680px) { #hs_cos_wrapper_intro_text .intro-text h2 { font-size:28px !important; } #hs_cos_wrapper_intro_text .intro-text { padding-top:60px; } } </style> <div class="container mx-auto px-6 md:px-0 intro-text"> <h2 class="md:w-3/4">As we welcome Peer Review Week 2023, it's time for us to reflect. What valuable insights can we learn about the peer review process, our current efforts, and the potential directions it can take?</h2> </div></div> <div> <span id="hs_cos_wrapper_post_body" class="hs_cos_wrapper hs_cos_wrapper_meta_field hs_cos_wrapper_type_rich_text" style="" data-hs-cos-general-type="meta_field" data-hs-cos-type="rich_text"><h2>The worst way to judge research?</h2> <p>Since its early days, peer review has had its critics, with Ernest Hart, the editor of the British Medical Journal, famously calling the process, “a laborious and difficult method” in <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2302593120" style="color: #0600ff;">1893</a>.</span> More recently, <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://mindmatters.ai/2023/05/the-death-of-peer-review/" style="color: #0600ff;">Gary Smith</a></span> notably said, “Once scientific accomplishments came to be gauged by the publication of peer-reviewed research papers, peer review ceased to be a good measure of scientific accomplishments.”</p> <p>Are the critics right? Currently, about <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/upshot/peer-review-the-worst-way-to-judge-research-except-for-all-the-others.html" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0600ff;">2.5</span> million</a> peer-reviewed papers are published annually worldwide.  And while there are certainly willing experts ready to review, the supply of reviewers falls short in matching the expanding volume of research.</p> <p>In a <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/upshot/peer-review-the-worst-way-to-judge-research-except-for-all-the-others.html" style="color: #0600ff;">study</a></span> conducted back in 1982, researchers selected 12 articles that had previously been accepted by prestigious journals, replaced the authors' genuine identities and academic affiliations with fake ones, and resubmitted these identical articles. Only 8 percent of editors or reviewers identified the duplication.</p> <p>On top of issues of bias and consistency, peer review is slow. After peer review took a collective <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/researchers-spent-an-estimated-130-million-hours-peer-reviewing-papers-in-2020/4014841.article" style="color: #0600ff;">15,000 years</a></span> in 2022, many argue that the pace of the peer review process can hinder innovation and render findings less impactful.</p> <p>Another pressing concern is the potential for <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/reviewers-award-higher-marks-when-paper-s-author-famous" style="color: #0600ff;">bias</a></span> in peer review. Reviewers often have access to the names of authors and their affiliations, and many studies have shown that reviews tend to favor or reject articles based on specific demographic factors.</p>  <p> </p> <h2 style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal;">Are we doing enough?</h2> <p>Many believe that the peer reviewer <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://www.morressier.com/post/where-are-your-next-generation-of-peer-reviewers-coming-from" style="color: #0600ff;">shortage</a>,</span> the rise in <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://www.morressier.com/post/the-challenge-of-citing-retracted-research" style="color: #0600ff;">retractions</a>,</span> and controversies in peer-reviewed journals all stem from issues such as a lack of incentive for reviewers and a reluctance to innovate the traditional peer review system. </p> <p>Even still, our industry has made great strides to provide more recognition for reviewers and evaluate research outside the traditional confines of the peer review process.</p> <p> </p> <h2> </h2> <h2>The different shades of peer review</h2> <p> </p> <h2 style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18px;">Reviewer Recognition</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Many societies are collaborating with the <a href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/peer-review-recognition">Web of Science Reviewer Recognition Service</a>, formerly Publons, to provide recognition for peer review. Many researchers, like James Heathers, have also advocated for financial incentives for reviewers. In 2020, Heathers began the <a href="https://jamesheathers.medium.com/the-450-movement-1f86132a29bd">450 movement</a>, stating that $450 is an adequate fee for peer reviewers to charge publishers,  even creating a <a href="https://osf.io/5ey8g">sample contract</a> approved by lawyers for researchers to use when negotiating with publishers. These recognition efforts for peer reviewers not only boost motivation but also contribute to more rigorous evaluations.</span></p> <h2><span style="font-size: 18px;"></span><span style="font-size: 18px;"></span><br><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>Crowdsourcing peer review</strong></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Crowdsourcing peer review involves facilitating peer review with a diverse audience that includes researchers, practitioners, and even the general public. This approach seeks to diversify perspectives and speed up the review process. <a href="https://pubpeer.com/static/about">PubPeer </a>has played a huge role in identifying  misconduct and fraud cases in research papers through collaborative efforts.</span></p> <p> </p> <h2><strong style="font-size: 18px;">Preprint archives</strong></h2> <p><span style="font-size: 18px;">In the pre-publication model, articles are shared before undergoing formal peer review in the form of preprints, as seen on platforms like </span><a href="https://arxiv.org/" style="font-size: 18px;">arXiv</a><span style="font-size: 18px;"> and </span><a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/" style="font-size: 18px;">bioRxiv</a><span style="font-size: 18px;">. Preprints are rapidly rising in popularity, kickstarting instant feedback and dissemination of research findings, and inviting feedback from the wider community.</span></p> <p> </p> <h2><span style="font-size: 18px;"></span><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>Post-publication peer review</strong></span></h2> <p><span style="font-size: 18px;">In the post-publication review approach, articles are published first and then peer reviewed. Journals like <a href="https://f1000research.com/" rel="noopener">F1000Research</a> have embraced this approach, another model that brings speed to scholarly publishing while still checking for quality control.</span></p> <h2> </h2> <h2>The Morressier Difference</h2> <p style="font-size: 20px;">Since the announcement of our <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://www.morressier.com/post/iopp-morressier-partner-to-develop-journal-submission-system" style="color: #0600ff;">partnership</a></span> with IOP, both teams have been dedicated to <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://www.morressier.com/post/in-our-digital-world-is-traditional-journal-publishing-enough" style="color: #0600ff;">reimagining</a></span> journal workflows and submission systems. As we set our sights on the future of peer review, how can we transform this process for the better?</p> <p style="font-size: 20px;">Our approach to this problem comes from a service design mindset, combining the objectives of every stakeholder involved and reflecting these viewpoints in tangible software solutions. It champions a human-centric understanding of the entire publishing ecosystem, which is necessary these days given the amount of players within the scholarly ecosystem.</p> <p style="font-size: 20px;">But what might this innovative approach look like when applied to peer review? One possibility is a more transparent, <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://www.morressier.com/post/how-open-peer-review-can-help-us-harness-the-power-of-early-stage-research" style="color: #0600ff;">open</a></span> model that shares the identities of both authors and reviewers, and publishes an article alongside the reviews and comments that improved its quality. Peer review could become more of a dialogue and exchange rather than separate documents of manuscript, edits, and comments. </p> <p style="font-size: 20px;">What about <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://www.morressier.com/post/how-can-ai-impact-every-step-of-the-research-process" style="color: #0600ff;">AI</a>-powered</span> systems and automated solutions? They can step in for manual tasks and accelerate the peer review process, leaving the ‘peers’ in the review process to focus on deeper, more substantive feedback.</p> <p style="font-size: 20px;"><span style="color: #000000;">Another compelling avenue is the concept of </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457321002089" style="font-size: 10px;"><span><span style="font-size: 20px; color: #0600ff;">decentralized</span> </span></a><span style="color: #000000;">peer review. Blockchain-based systems are taking center stage, recording reviewers' contributions in a transparent way. This approach ensures accountability while minimizing the risk of manipulation, and offers a fresh perspective on how we can boost the integrity of peer review.</span></p> <p> </p> <h2 style="font-size: 30px;">Conclusion</h2> <p>Last Peer Review Week, <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2022/09/14/we-asked-the-community-is-research-integrity-possible-without-peer-review/?informz=1&nbd=34a82bba-35c3-41a8-831f-64cc634713b1&nbd_source=informz"><span><span style="color: #0600ff;">Dana Compton</span></span></a>, Managing Director and Publisher, at American Society of Civil Engineers, said,</p> <p><em> “Hey, I love peer review as much as the next girl, but there are countless ways it can be improved, from new methods to minimize bias to better technologies and automation. Hopefully that will come with time and money.”</em></p> <p>We feel the same way! We believe in the value of peer review and feel confident about its future. But, we must start exchanging the parts that aren’t working for new tools, streamlined workflows, and progressive ways of thinking so we can open the door to exciting new advancements and avoid getting locked in a status quo because it's too hard to change.</p> <p>Learn more about our vision for peer review <span style="color: #0600ff;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcGPanEzdSw" rel="noopener" style="color: #0600ff;">here</a>.</span></p> <p><span class="hs-cta-wrapper" id="hs-cta-wrapper-008c07c6-d3fd-4166-8f87-ba018b09c665"><span class="hs-cta-node hs-cta-008c07c6-d3fd-4166-8f87-ba018b09c665" id="hs-cta-008c07c6-d3fd-4166-8f87-ba018b09c665"><a href="https://hubspot-cta-redirect-eu1-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/cta/redirect/25151219/008c07c6-d3fd-4166-8f87-ba018b09c665"><img class="hs-cta-img" id="hs-cta-img-008c07c6-d3fd-4166-8f87-ba018b09c665" style="border-width:0px;" height="561" width="1501" src="https://hubspot-no-cache-eu1-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/cta/default/25151219/008c07c6-d3fd-4166-8f87-ba018b09c665.png" alt="future peer review whitepaper"></a></span><script charset="utf-8" src="/hs/cta/cta/current.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(25151219, '008c07c6-d3fd-4166-8f87-ba018b09c665', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"eu1"}); 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Rethinking Peer Review: From Critiques to Innovations