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Saudi-Arabien - Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi

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class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Historie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tidlig_historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidlig_historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tidlig historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidlig_historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efter_Saudi-Arabiens_samling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efter_Saudi-Arabiens_samling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Efter Saudi-Arabiens samling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efter_Saudi-Arabiens_samling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Politik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monarkiet_og_den_kongelige_familie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarkiet_og_den_kongelige_familie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Monarkiet og den kongelige familie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarkiet_og_den_kongelige_familie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al_ash-Sheikh_og_ulemaens_rolle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al_ash-Sheikh_og_ulemaens_rolle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Al ash-Sheikh og ulemaens rolle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al_ash-Sheikh_og_ulemaens_rolle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retsvæsenet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retsvæsenet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Retsvæsenet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retsvæsenet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menneskerettigheder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menneskerettigheder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Menneskerettigheder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menneskerettigheder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Udenrigsrelationer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Udenrigsrelationer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Udenrigsrelationer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Udenrigsrelationer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militær" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militær"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Militær</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militær-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrativ_inddeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrativ_inddeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrativ inddeling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrativ_inddeling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Administrativ inddeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrativ_inddeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De_største_byer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_største_byer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>De største byer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_største_byer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Natur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Natur</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Natur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Klima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Økonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Økonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Økonomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Økonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uddannelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uddannelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Uddannelse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uddannelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastruktur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastruktur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Infrastruktur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastruktur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Infrastruktur</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastruktur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flytrafik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flytrafik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Flytrafik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flytrafik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jernbaner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jernbaner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Jernbaner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jernbaner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havne_og_skibsfart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havne_og_skibsfart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Havne og skibsfart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havne_og_skibsfart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veje_og_biltrafik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veje_og_biltrafik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Veje og biltrafik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veje_og_biltrafik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Demografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Demografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sprog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sprog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sprog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sprog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Kultur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Kultur</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kultur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalsymboler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalsymboler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Nationalsymboler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalsymboler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamiske_helligdomme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamiske_helligdomme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Islamiske helligdomme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamiske_helligdomme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kvinders_stilling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvinders_stilling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Kvinders stilling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvinders_stilling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Påklædning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Påklædning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Påklædning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Påklædning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musik_og_dans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musik_og_dans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Musik og dans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musik_og_dans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Billedkunst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Billedkunst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7</span> <span>Billedkunst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Billedkunst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scenekunst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scenekunst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.8</span> <span>Scenekunst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scenekunst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.9</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arkitektur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arkitektur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.10</span> <span>Arkitektur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arkitektur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kommunikation_og_medier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kommunikation_og_medier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.11</span> <span>Kommunikation og medier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kommunikation_og_medier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mad_og_drikke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mad_og_drikke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.12</span> <span>Mad og drikke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mad_og_drikke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.13</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Referencer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Eksterne henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saudi-Arabien</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 267 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-267" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">267 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – achinesisk" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="achinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сауд Арабие – adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Сауд Арабие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Arabië – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saoedi-Arabië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Saudi-Arabien – schweizertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%91%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ሳዑዲ አረቢያ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳዑዲ አረቢያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_arabia" title="Saudi arabia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Saudi arabia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudisc_Arabea" title="Saudisc Arabea – oldengelsk" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Saudisc Arabea" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="oldengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawudi_Arebia" title="Sawudi Arebia – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Sawudi Arebia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सऊदी अरब – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सऊदी अरब" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السعودية – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السعودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܣܥܘܕܝܐ – aramæisk" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܥܘܕܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramæisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السعودية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="السعودية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المملكه العربيه السعوديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المملكه العربيه السعوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B1" title="চৌদি আৰৱ – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চৌদি আৰৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="СагӀудиязул ГӀарабия – avarisk" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="СагӀудиязул ГӀарабия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सउदी अरब – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99udiyy%C9%99_%C6%8Fr%C9%99bistan%C4%B1" title="Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سعودی عربیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سعودی عربیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D2%93%D2%AF%D0%B4_%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сәғүд Ғәрәбстаны – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәғүд Ғәрәбстаны" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabien" title="Saudi Arabien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Saudi Arabien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauda_Arab%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Sauda Arabėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sauda Arabėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabya" title="Saudi Arabya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Saudi Arabya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Саудаўская Аравія – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саудаўская Аравія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Саудаўская Арабія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саудаўская Арабія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудитска Арабия – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саудитска Арабия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सउदी अरब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arebia" title="Saudi Arebia – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Saudi Arebia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="သော်ဒီအာရေးဗီးယားခမ်းထီ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သော်ဒီအာရေးဗီးယားခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia_Arabu_ka_Faamamara" title="Saudia Arabu ka Faamamara – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Saudia Arabu ka Faamamara" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC" title="সৌদি আরব – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৌদি আরব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="སའུ་དི་ཨ་ར་པི་ཡ། – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སའུ་དི་ཨ་ར་པི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC" title="সৌদি আরব – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সৌদি আরব" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saoudat" title="Arabia Saoudat – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arabia Saoudat" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudijska_Arabija" title="Saudijska Arabija – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saudijska Arabija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%85_%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%97" title="ᨕᨑᨅ ᨔᨕᨘᨉᨗ – buginesisk" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨑᨅ ᨔᨕᨘᨉᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="buginesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Саудай Арави – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Саудай Арави" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A0bia_Saudita" title="Aràbia Saudita – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aràbia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_%C4%80-l%C3%A1-b%C3%A1ik" title="Saudi Ā-lá-báik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Saudi Ā-lá-báik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="СаӀудийн Ӏаьрбийчоь – tjetjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="СаӀудийн Ӏаьрбийчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudinhong_Arabiya" title="Saudinhong Arabiya – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Saudinhong Arabiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8C%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%97_%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%A0" title="ᏌᎤᏗ ᎡᎴᏈᎠ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏌᎤᏗ ᎡᎴᏈᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="عەرەبستانی سعوودی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەرەبستانی سعوودی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiy_Arabistan" title="Saudiy Arabistan – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Saudiy Arabistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BAdsk%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1bie" title="Saúdská Arábie – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saúdská Arábie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud%C3%ABjsk%C3%B4_Arabij%C3%B4" title="Saudëjskô Arabijô – kasjubisk" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Saudëjskô Arabijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kasjubisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Сауд Аравийĕ – tjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сауд Аравийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawdi_Arabia" title="Sawdi Arabia – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sawdi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Saudi-Arabien – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereb%C4%B1stan%C3%AA_Seudi" title="Erebıstanê Seudi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Erebıstanê Seudi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabska" title="Saudi-Arabska – nedersorbisk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Saudi-Arabska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="nedersorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="साउदी अरब – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="साउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%AB%DE%8B%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ސައޫދީ އަރަބިއްޔާ – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސައޫދީ އަރަބިއްޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B" title="སའུ་དི་ཨེ་ར་སྦི་ཡ་ – dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སའུ་དི་ཨེ་ར་སྦི་ཡ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σαουδική Αραβία – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαουδική Αραβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauda_Arabio" title="Sauda Arabio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sauda Arabio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Araabia" title="Saudi Araabia – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saudi Araabia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="عربستان سعودی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عربستان سعودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarabe_Sawdiyanke" title="Aarabe Sawdiyanke – fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Aarabe Sawdiyanke" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Araabia" title="Saudi Araabia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Saudi Araabia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiarabia" title="Saudiarabia – færøsk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Saudiarabia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_saoudite" title="Arabie saoudite – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabie saoudite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_saoudita" title="Arabia saoudita – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Arabia saoudita" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Araabien" title="Saudi-Araabien – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Saudi-Araabien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BBdy-Araabje" title="Saûdy-Araabje – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Saûdy-Araabje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Araib_Sh%C3%A1dach" title="An Araib Shádach – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Araib Shádach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiya" title="Saudi Arabiya – gagauzisk" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Saudi Arabiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauzisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯 – gan-kinesisk" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="沙特阿拉伯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_Saoudit" title="Arabi Saoudit – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Arabi Saoudit" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A0ibia_nan_Sabhd" title="Aràibia nan Sabhd – skotsk gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aràibia nan Sabhd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1via_Saud%C3%ADta" title="Arávia Saudíta – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arávia Saudíta" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सौदी अरेबिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सौदी अरेबिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="સાઉદી અરેબિયા – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સાઉદી અરેબિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Araab_Saudi" title="Yn Araab Saudi – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Araab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arebiya" title="Saudi Arebiya – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saudi Arebiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_%C3%82-l%C3%A2-pak" title="Saudi Â-lâ-pak – hakka-kinesisk" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Saudi Â-lâ-pak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_%CA%BBAlapia" title="Saudi ʻAlapia – hawaiiansk" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Saudi ʻAlapia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ערב הסעודית – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערב הסעודית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सउदी अरब – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudijska_Arabija" title="Saudijska Arabija – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saudijska Arabija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawdi-Arabska" title="Sawdi-Arabska – øvresorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sawdi-Arabska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="øvresorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_Sawoudit" title="Arabi Sawoudit – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Arabi Sawoudit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sza%C3%BAd-Ar%C3%A1bia" title="Szaúd-Arábia – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szaúd-Arábia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սաուդյան Արաբիա – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաուդյան Արաբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սէուտական Արաբիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սէուտական Արաբիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="СаӀудий Ӏарбий мохк – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="СаӀудий Ӏарбий мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1di-Arab%C3%ADa" title="Sádi-Arabía – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sádi-Arabía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="サウジアラビア – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サウジアラビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Ariebia" title="Saadi Ariebia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Saadi Ariebia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/djogu%27e" title="djogu&#039;e – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="djogu&#039;e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საუდის არაბეთი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საუდის არაბეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiya_Arabstan%C4%B1" title="Saudiya Arabstanı – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Saudiya Arabstanı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C9%9Budiya" title="Suɛudiya – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Suɛudiya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Сауд Хьэрыпей – kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Сауд Хьэрыпей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabii-Sah%CA%8Aditi" title="Arabii-Sahʊditi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Arabii-Sahʊditi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CC%B1udi_A%CC%B1rabya" title="Sa̱udi A̱rabya – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Sa̱udi A̱rabya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сауд Арабиясы – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сауд Арабиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F" title="អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಸೌದಿ ಅರೇಬಿಯಾ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೌದಿ ಅರೇಬಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="사우디아라비아 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우디아라비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сауд Арабия – karatjai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сауд Арабия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatjai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%97%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سوٗدی عرب – kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سوٗدی عرب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebistana_Si%C3%BBd%C3%AE" title="Erebistana Siûdî – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erebistana Siûdî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудса Аравия – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Саудса Аравия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_Saoudek" title="Arabi Saoudek – cornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arabi Saoudek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сауд Арабиясы – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сауд Арабиясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Saudi-Arabien – luxembourgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саоьдуллал Аьрабусттан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Саоьдуллал Аьрабусттан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сауди Арабистан – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сауди Арабистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudi" title="Arabia Saudi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arabia Saudi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Arabië – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Saoedi-Arabië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saud%C3%AFa" title="Arabia Saudïa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Arabia Saudïa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_di_Saudi" title="Arabia di Saudi – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Arabia di Saudi" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudo_Arabija" title="Saudo Arabija – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saudo Arabija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%ABda_Ar%C4%81bija" title="Saūda Arābija – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saūda Arābija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="साउदी अरब – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="साउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудонь Арабия – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Саудонь Арабия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saodita" title="Arabia Saodita – malagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arabia Saodita" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сауд Аравий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сауд Аравий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauti_Ar%C4%81pia" title="Hauti Arāpia – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hauti Arāpia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Саудиска Арабија – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Саудиска Арабија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="സൗദി അറേബ്യ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൗദി അറേബ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Саудын Араб – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Саудын Араб" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯁꯥꯎꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯌꯥ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯥꯎꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सौदी अरेबिया – marathisk" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सौदी अरेबिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabja_Sawdija" title="Arabja Sawdija – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arabja Sawdija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita" title="Arábia Saudita – mirandesisk" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Arábia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆော်ဒီအာရေးဘီးယားနိုင်ငံ – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆော်ဒီအာရေးဘီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудовонь Аравия – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Саудовонь Аравия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="سعودی عربستون – mazenisk" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سعودی عربستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazenisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Saudi-Arabien – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="साउदी अरब – nepalesisk" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साउदी अरब" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="साउदी अरबिया – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="साउदी अरबिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Arabië – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saoedi-Arabië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8E%DF%B0%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߛߎ߰ߘߎ߬ߟߊ߫ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߎ߰ߘߎ߬ߟߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_Saudi" title="Arabie Saudi – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Arabie Saudi" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah_Ntsaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabii" title="Saudi Arabii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Saudi Arabii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ud_Arabiyaa" title="Sa&#039;ud Arabiyaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sa&#039;ud Arabiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC" title="ସାଉଦି ଆରବ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାଉଦି ଆରବ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1" title="Сауды Арабб – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сауды Арабб" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC" title="ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ – punjabisk" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudita_Arabia" title="Saudita Arabia – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Saudita Arabia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_saoudite" title="Arabie saoudite – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arabie saoudite" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सऊदी अरब – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="सऊदी अरब" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Erabia" title="Saudi Erabia – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Saudi Erabia" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudyjska" title="Arabia Saudyjska – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arabia Saudyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saodita" title="Arabia Saodita – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Arabia Saodita" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سعودی عرب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سعودی عرب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سعودي عربستان – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سعودي عربستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita" title="Arábia Saudita – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arábia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawutya_Arapya" title="Sawutya Arapya – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sawutya Arapya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita – rætoromansk" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="rætoromansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudit%C4%83" title="Arabia Saudită – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arabia Saudită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudesc%C3%A3" title="Arabia Saudescã – arumænsk" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arabia Saudescã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_Saudite" title="Arabie Saudite – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Arabie Saudite" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саудовская Аравия – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саудовская Аравия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Саудьска Арабія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Саудьска Арабія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiya_Sawudite" title="Arabiya Sawudite – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Arabiya Sawudite" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC" title="सऊदी अरब – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सऊदी अरब" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сауд Арабията – jakutisk" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сауд Арабията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱥᱳᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱳᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A0bia_Saudita" title="Aràbia Saudita – sardinsk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aràbia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabbia_Saudita" title="Arabbia Saudita – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arabbia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabie" title="Saudi Arabie – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saudi Arabie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سعودي عرب – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سعودي عرب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – nordsamisk" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudijska_Arabija" title="Saudijska Arabija – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saudijska Arabija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagldit_Tasa%C9%9Budit" title="Tagldit Tasaɛudit – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tagldit Tasaɛudit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းသေႃႇတီႇဢႃႇရေးပီးယႃး – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသေႃႇတီႇဢႃႇရေးပီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සෞදි අරාබිය – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෞදි අරාබිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudsk%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1bia" title="Saudská Arábia – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saudská Arábia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سعودی عرب – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سعودی عرب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudova_Arabija" title="Saudova Arabija – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saudova Arabija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia – enaresamisk" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="enaresamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudhi_Arabhia" title="Saudhi Arabhia – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Saudhi Arabhia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacuudi_Carabiya" title="Sacuudi Carabiya – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sacuudi Carabiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudite" title="Arabia Saudite – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arabia Saudite" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Саудијска Арабија – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саудијска Арабија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Arabhiya" title="I-Arabhiya – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Arabhiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Saudi-Arabien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiarabien" title="Saudiarabien – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saudiarabien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia" title="Saudia – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saudia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudyjsk%C5%8F_Arabij%C5%8F" title="Saudyjskŏ Arabijŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Saudyjskŏ Arabijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="சவூதி அரேபியா – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சவூதி அரேபியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_arabia" title="Saudi arabia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Saudi arabia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="సౌదీ అరేబియా – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సౌదీ అరేబియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita" title="Arábia Saudita – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Arábia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Арабистони Саудӣ – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арабистони Саудӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศซาอุดีอาระเบีย – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศซาอุดีอาระเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%91%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5" title="ስዑዲ ዓረብ – tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ስዑዲ ዓረብ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_Arabystan" title="Saud Arabystan – turkmensk" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Saud Arabystan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99udi_%C6%8Fr%C9%99bistan" title="Səudi Ərəbistan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Səudi Ərəbistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauti_%CA%BBAlepea" title="Sauti ʻAlepea – tongansk" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Sauti ʻAlepea" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suudi_Arabistan" title="Suudi Arabistan – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suudi Arabistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Согуд Гарәбстаны – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Согуд Гарәбстаны" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сауд Аравия – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сауд Аравия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سەئۇدى ئەرەبىستان – uygurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سەئۇدى ئەرەبىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uygurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Саудівська Аравія – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саудівська Аравія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="سعودی عرب – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سعودی عرب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiya_Arabistoni" title="Saudiya Arabistoni – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saudiya Arabistoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saud%C3%ACa" title="Arabia Saudìa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Arabia Saudìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudan_Arabii" title="Saudan Arabii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saudan Arabii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_X%C3%AA_%C3%9At" title="Ả Rập Xê Út – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ả Rập Xê Út" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauda-Larab%C3%A4n" title="Sauda-Larabän – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sauda-Larabän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Saudi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabi_Sawdit" title="Araabi Sawdit – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Araabi Sawdit" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="沙特阿拉伯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საუდიშ არაბეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საუდიშ არაბეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סאודי אראביע – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאודי אראביע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1%C3%BAd%C3%AD_Ar%C3%A1b%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Sáúdí Arábíà – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sáúdí Arábíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Ahlazbwz" title="Saudi Ahlazbwz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saudi Ahlazbwz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Araobi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Araobië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Saoedi-Araobië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%84%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ – tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沙特阿拉伯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="沙特阿拉伯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_A-la-pek" title="Saudi A-la-pek – min-kinesisk" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Saudi A-la-pek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙地阿拉伯 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙地阿拉伯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q851#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabien" title="Se indholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Saudi-Arabien" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om indholdet på siden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=da&amp;pagename=Saudi-Arabien&amp;params=23.71667_N_44.11667_E_type:country_region:SA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kort, flyfoto og andre data for dette sted"><span class="latitude">23°43′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°07′00″Ø</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kort, flyfoto og andre data for dette sted">23.71667°N 44.11667°Ø</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">23.71667; 44.11667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gode_artikler" title="Dette er en god artikel. Klik her for mere information."><img alt="God artikel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/15px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/22px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="da" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11833479">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-title{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="font-size:85%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">Kongeriget Saudi-Arabien</div><br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em;">المملكة العربيّة السّعوديّة <br />Al-Mamlakah al-Arabiyah as-Sa'ūdiyah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center; padding:0.5em 0;"><div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saudi-Arabiens flag"><img alt="Saudi-Arabiens flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabiens_flag" title="Saudi-Arabiens flag">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saudi-Arabiens nationalvåben"><img alt="Saudi-Arabiens nationalvåben" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%;">Nationalvåben</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a>:&#160;</b><span style="white-space:nowrap">لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله</span><br />"Lā ʾilāha ʾillā l–lāh, Muḥammadun rasūlu l–lāh" <br /><span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%">"Der er ikke andre guder end Gud; Muhammed er Guds profet."</span> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nationalsang" title="Nationalsang">Nationalmelodi</a>:&#160;</b>Dansk: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalhymnen_(Saudi-Arabien)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationalhymnen (Saudi-Arabien) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nationalhymnen</a></i><br />(<i>an-Našīd al-Waṭaniyy</i>)<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Saudi_Arabian_national_anthem,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Saudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga/Saudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Saudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=ar&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=arz&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="arz" label="مصرى ‪(arz)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=en&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=es&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=fa&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=fr&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=id&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=kge&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kge" label="Kumoring ‪(kge)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=ko&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=pt&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=sl&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=ta&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=vi&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=zh-hans&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文(简体) ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ASaudi_Arabian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&amp;lang=zh-hant&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文(繁體) ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Asch al-Malik</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Saudi_Arabia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saudi-Arabiens placering"><img alt="Saudi-Arabiens placering" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Saudi_Arabia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Hovedstad" title="Hovedstad">Hovedstad</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal">og største&#160;by</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:90%;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11755137">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=da&amp;pagename=Saudi-Arabien&amp;params=24_42_N_46_43_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kort, flyfoto og andre data for dette sted"><span class="latitude">24°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">46°43′Ø</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kort, flyfoto og andre data for dette sted">24.700°N 46.717°Ø</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">24.700; 46.717</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Officielt_sprog" title="Officielt sprog">Officielle sprog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabisk_(sprog)" title="Arabisk (sprog)">Arabisk</a> (officielt)<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Etnicitet" title="Etnicitet">Etnicitet</a> <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;">Arabere (90&#160;%)<br /> Afro-asiatiske (10&#160;%)<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;">Saudiarabere<br />saudier (uformelt)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Statsform" class="mw-redirect" title="Statsform">Regeringsform</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamisk_stat" title="Islamisk stat">Islamisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Enhedsstat" title="Enhedsstat">enhedsstat</a> <a href="/wiki/Enev%C3%A6lde" title="Enevælde">enevældigt</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">monarki</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11833479"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabiens_regenter" title="Saudi-Arabiens regenter">Konge</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Salman_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Salman af Saudi-Arabien">Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabiens_premierministre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi-Arabiens premierministre (ikke skrevet endnu)">Premierminister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud">Mohammed bin Salman</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Statsdannelse" class="mw-redirect" title="Statsdannelse">Statsdannelse</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11833479"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Kongeriget oprettet </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/23._september" title="23. september">23. september</a> <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Verdens_landes_arealer" title="Verdens landes arealer">Areal </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/1_E12_m%C2%B2" title="1 E12 m²"> 2.149.690&#160;km<sup>2</sup></a>&#160;&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Verdens_landes_arealer" title="Verdens landes arealer">nr.&#160;13</a>)&#160;</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/Vand" title="Vand">Vand</a>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Procent" title="Procent">%</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;">0,7</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Befolkning" title="Befolkning">Befolkning</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Anslået&#160;2014</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;">30.770.375<sup id="cite_ref-befolk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-befolk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#32;(<a href="/wiki/Verdens_landes_befolkningsst%C3%B8rrelser" title="Verdens landes befolkningsstørrelser">nr.&#160;41</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/Befolkningst%C3%A6thed" title="Befolkningstæthed">Tæthed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;">12,3/km<sup>2</sup>&#160;&#32;(<a href="/wiki/Verdens_landes_befolkningst%C3%A6thed" title="Verdens landes befolkningstæthed">nr.&#160;216</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Bruttonationalprodukt" title="Bruttonationalprodukt">BNP</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B8bekraftsparitet" title="Købekraftsparitet">KKP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;">Anslået&#160;2014</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;">1,652 <a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">bill.</a> <a href="/wiki/Dollar" title="Dollar">USD</a><sup id="cite_ref-imf_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#32;(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdens_landes_BNP_(KKP)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Verdens landes BNP (KKP) (ikke skrevet endnu)">nr.&#160;14</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Pr. indbygger</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;">53.935 <a href="/wiki/Dollar" title="Dollar">USD</a><sup id="cite_ref-imf_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#32;(<a href="/wiki/Verdens_landes_BNP_(KKP)_pr._indbygger" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdens landes BNP (KKP) pr. indbygger">nr.&#160;11</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Bruttonationalprodukt" title="Bruttonationalprodukt">BNP</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominelt)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;">Anslået&#160;2014</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;">777,870 <a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">bill.</a> <a href="/wiki/Dollar" title="Dollar">USD</a><sup id="cite_ref-imf_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#32;(<a href="/wiki/Verdens_landes_BNP" title="Verdens landes BNP">nr.&#160;19</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Pr. indbygger</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;">25.401 <a href="/wiki/Dollar" title="Dollar">USD</a><sup id="cite_ref-imf_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#32;(<a href="/wiki/Verdens_landes_BNP_pr._indbygger" title="Verdens landes BNP pr. indbygger">nr.&#160;31</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index"><abbr title="Human Development Index">HDI</abbr></a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(2013)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">0,836<sup id="cite_ref-hdi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>&#32;(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:#090;">meget høj</span></span>)&#160;(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lande_rangordnet_efter_HDI&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lande rangordnet efter HDI (ikke skrevet endnu)">nr.&#160;34</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Valuta" title="Valuta">Valuta</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Saudiske_riyal" title="Saudiske riyal">Saudiske riyal</a> (<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SAR</a></code>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Tidszone" title="Tidszone">Tidszone</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UTC" title="UTC">UTC</a>+3</span> (Arabisk standardtid (AST))</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sommertid" title="Sommertid">Sommertid</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UTC" title="UTC">UTC</a>+3</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationale_kendingsbogstaver_(biler)" title="Nationale kendingsbogstaver (biler)">Kendings-<br />bogstaver&#160;(bil)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><b>KSA</b> (<i>Kingdom of Saudi-Arabia</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationale_kendingsbogstaver_(fly)" title="Nationale kendingsbogstaver (fly)">Luftfartøjs-<br />registreringskode</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><b>HZ</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationalt_topdom%C3%A6ne" title="Nationalt topdomæne">Internetdomæne</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/.sa" title=".sa">.sa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/International_telefonkode" title="International telefonkode">Telefonkode</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><code>+966</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.4em; width:10em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO&#160;3166-kode</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:SA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:SA (ikke skrevet endnu)">SA</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-3">SAU</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_numerisk" title="ISO 3166-1 numerisk">682</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0; padding-left:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11833479"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saudi-Arabien</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabisk_(sprog)" title="Arabisk (sprog)">arabisk</a>: السعودية <i><span title="&#91;&#91;:Skabelon:ISO 639 name ar&#93;&#93; transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">as-Saʿūdīyah</span></i>), officielt <b>Kongeriget Saudi-Arabien</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabisk_(sprog)" title="Arabisk (sprog)">arabisk</a>: المملكة العربية السعودية <i><span title="&#91;&#91;:Skabelon:ISO 639 name ar&#93;&#93; transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Al-Mamlakah al-Arabiyah as-Sa'ūdiyah</span></i>), er et land i <a href="/wiki/Mellem%C3%B8sten" title="Mellemøsten">Mellemøsten</a> og det største land på den <a href="/wiki/Arabiske_Halv%C3%B8" title="Arabiske Halvø">Arabiske Halvø</a>. </p><p>Landet grænser mod <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> i nordvest, <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> i nord, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> i nordøst, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> og <a href="/wiki/De_Forenede_Arabiske_Emirater" class="mw-redirect" title="De Forenede Arabiske Emirater">De Forenede Arabiske Emirater</a> i øst, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> i sydøst og <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> i syd. Landet ligger ud til den <a href="/wiki/Persiske_Bugt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persiske Bugt">Persiske Bugt</a> i nordøst og det <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8de_Hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Røde Hav">Røde Hav</a> mod vest og er det eneste land, der har kyster mod begge disse have. Saudi-Arabien har anslået 30,8 millioner indbyggere og et areal på cirka 2.150.000 km². </p><p>Kongeriget Saudi-Arabien bliver nogle gange kaldt "De to hellige moskeers land" med tanke på <a href="/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka">Mekka</a> og <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, som er muslimernes to helligste byer. Saudi-Arabien blev grundlagt af <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud_af_Saudi-Arabien" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Saud af Saudi-Arabien">Abdul Aziz bin Saud</a>, hvis offensiv i 1902 generobrede Al-Saud-familiens forfædres hjemby <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> og kulminerede i 1932 med udråbelsen og anerkendelsen af Kongeriget Saudi-Arabien. </p><p>Saudi-Arabien er det land i verden, som eksporterer mest olie, og denne eksport udgør basis i den saudiarabiske økonomi. Olie står for over 90&#160;% af landets eksportindtægter og næsten 75&#160;% af de statslige indtægter. Dette danner grundlaget for den markante stigning i levestandarden, som er indtruffet i løbet af det seneste halve århundrede. </p><p>Landet er både juridisk, politisk og kulturelt præget af <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> i den strenge <a href="/wiki/Sunnisme" title="Sunnisme">sunnimuslimske</a> udgave, der går under betegnelsen <a href="/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme">wahhabisme</a>. <a href="/wiki/Menneskerettigheder" class="mw-redirect" title="Menneskerettigheder">Menneskerettighedsorganisationer</a> som <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> og <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> har gentagne gange udtrykt bekymringer angående menneskerettigheder i Saudi-Arabien herunder kvinders rettigheder; bekymringer som er afvist af den saudiarabiske regering. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymologi">Etymologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Etymologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Etymologi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efter sammenlægningen af kongerigerne <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a> og <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> fik den nye stat navnet <i>al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah as-Suʻūdīyah</i> (translittereret fra المملكة العربية السعودية) efter kongeligt dekret ved statens oprettelse 23. september 1932 af dens grundlægger, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Abdul Aziz af Saudi-Arabien">Abdul Aziz</a>. Dette oversættes normalt til Kongedømmet Saudi-Arabien, men teknisk set burde det være Det saudiarabiske Kongedømme. </p><p>Ordet "Saudi" er afledt af elementet <i>as-Suʻūdīyah</i> i landets navn og er et adjektiv kaldet en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nisba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nisba (ikke skrevet endnu)">nisba</a>, skabt ud fra navnet på kongefamiliens slægt, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huset_Saud&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Huset Saud (ikke skrevet endnu)">Al Saud</a>. Ved at inddrage det i landets navn markerede landets herskere, at de opfattede det som en personlig ejendom for kongehuset.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kamrava_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamrava-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Al Saud er et arabisk navn, der er dannet ved at tilføje "Al", der betyder "Huset" eller "Slægten", til personnavnet på en betydelig forfader. I dette tilfælde henviser Saud til slægtens grundlægger fra det 18. århundrede, <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_ibn_Saud" title="Muhammed ibn Saud">Muhammed ibn Saud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hariri_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hariri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>De, der ikke anerkender det saudiske overherredømme, kalder landet for "Haramayn-landet".<sup id="cite_ref-gardner1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Historie"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uddybende"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span>Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabiens_historie" title="Saudi-Arabiens historie">Saudi-Arabiens historie</a></span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidlig_historie">Tidlig historie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Tidlig historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tidlig historie"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/220px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/330px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/440px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Kalifatets ekspansion under <a href="/wiki/Umayyade-kalifatet" title="Umayyade-kalifatet">umayyaderne</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>I tiden før <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islams</a> fremkomst var området, der nu er Saudi-Arabien, bortset fra enkelte bymæssige handelsbosættelser (som <a href="/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka">Mekka</a> og <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>) beboet nomadestammer i den ugæstfri ørken.<sup id="cite_ref-gordon_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den <a href="/wiki/Islams_profeter" title="Islams profeter">islamiske profet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> blev født i Mekka omkring år 571. I begyndelsen af det 7. århundrede samlede Muhammed de forskellige stammer på den Arabiske Halvø og dannede en samlet islamisk stat på religiøs baggrund. Efter hans død i 632 udvidede hans efterfølgere inden for få årtier territoriet under islamisk overherredømme ud over Arabien i en <a href="/wiki/Islamiske_ekspansion" title="Islamiske ekspansion">islamisk ekspansion</a>, der på sit højdepunkt under <a href="/wiki/Umayyade-kalifatet" title="Umayyade-kalifatet">Umayyade-kalifatet</a> dækkede området fra en del af den <a href="/wiki/Iberiske_Halv%C3%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberiske Halvø">Iberiske Halvø</a> i vest til <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> i øst. Arabien blev inden ret længe en politisk set perifer region i den islamiske verden, idet fokus skiftede til de <a href="/wiki/Kalifat" title="Kalifat">mere udviklede områder</a> længere mod nord.<sup id="cite_ref-lindsay_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindsay-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fra det 10. til begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede stod Mekka og Medina under herredømme af den lokale arabiske hersker, kaldet <a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">shariffen</a> af Mekka, men for det meste svor denne troskab til et af de store islamiske riger med basis i enten <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. Størstedelen af resten af det, der skulle blive til Saudi-Arabien, vendte tilbage til traditionel stammeliv med lokal ledelse.<sup id="cite_ref-east_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I det 16. århundrede tilføjede det <a href="/wiki/Osmanniske_Rige" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanniske Rige">Osmanniske Rige</a> kysterne ved det <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8de_Hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Røde Hav">Røde Hav</a> og den <a href="/wiki/Persiske_Golf" class="mw-redirect" title="Persiske Golf">Persiske Golf</a> (Hejaz, Asir og Al-Hasa) til sit område og erklærede <a href="/wiki/Suzer%C3%A6nitet" title="Suzerænitet">suzerænitet</a> over de indre områder. En af årsagerne hertil var at forhindre <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">portugisiske</a> forsøg på at angribe det Røde Hav (ved Hejaz) og det <a href="/wiki/Indiske_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiske Ocean">Indiske Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Osmannernes kontrol over området varierede i løbet af de følgende fire århundreder i forhold til den skiftende styrke i rigets centralmagt.<sup id="cite_ref-bowen68_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowen68-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chatterji_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chatterji-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fremkomsten af det, der skulle blive den saudiarabiske kongeslægt, kendt som Al Saud, tog sit udgangspunkt i <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> i det centrale Arabien i 1744, da <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_ibn_Saud" title="Muhammed ibn Saud">Muhammed ibn Saud</a>, slægtens grundlægger, forenede sine kræfter med den religiøse leder <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bowen69_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowen69-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> grundlægger af Wahhabi-bevægelsen, en strengt puritansk form for <a href="/wiki/Sunnisme" title="Sunnisme">sunni-islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harris_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harris-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den alliance, der således blev indgået i det 18. århundrede, gav den ideologiske impuls til den saudiske ekspansion og er den dag i dag basis for den saudiarabiske kongeslægts magt.<sup id="cite_ref-fakish_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fakish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den første "saudiske stat" etableret i 1744 i omegnen af Riyadh blev hastigt udvidet og havde kortvarigt herredømmet over det meste af nutidens Saudi-Arabien,<sup id="cite_ref-gold_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> men blev ødelagt i 1818 af den osmanniske vicekonge i Egypten, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Pasha" title="Muhammad Ali Pasha">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metz_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> En betydeligt mindre "saudisk stat", primært centreret i og omkring Najd, blev etableret i 1824. I store dele af resten af det 19. århundrede kæmpede Al Saud om magten over det indre af det, der skulle blive Saudi-Arabien, med en anden arabisk herskerslægt, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Rashid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Rashid (ikke skrevet endnu)">Al Rashid</a>. I 1891 løb Al Rashid af med sejren, hvilket tvang Al Saud til eksil i <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, hvor den yngre søn af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faisal_bin_Turki_bin_Abdullah_Al_Saud&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud (ikke skrevet endnu)">Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud</a>, prins <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Rahman bin Faisal (ikke skrevet endnu)">Abdul Rahman bin Faisal</a> blev hyldet af Kuwaits konge, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_Al-Sabah_2.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdullah Al-Sabah 2. (ikke skrevet endnu)">Abdullah Al-Sabah 2.</a> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Arabia_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arabia_1914.png/220px-Arabia_1914.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arabia_1914.png/330px-Arabia_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arabia_1914.png/440px-Arabia_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Politisk opdeling af Arabien i 1914.</figcaption></figure> <p>I begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede var det igen osmannerne, der kontrollerede eller udøvede suverænitet over det meste af den Arabiske Halvø. Som følge af denne suverænitet lå den egentlige magt i området hos en broget skare af stammehøvdinge,<sup id="cite_ref-murphy_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murphy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rasheed_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasheed-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hvor dog shariffen af Mekka havde forrang og regerede over Hejaz.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 1902 generobrede Abdul Rahmans søn, Abdul Aziz (senere kendt som <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Abdul Aziz af Saudi-Arabien">Ibn Saud</a>), kontrollen over Riyadh i Najd under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mubarak_Al-Sabah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mubarak Al-Sabah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Mubarak Al-Sabah</a>, hvilket bragte Al Saud tilbage til tronen i Najd.<sup id="cite_ref-metz1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metz1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aziz fik støtte af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikhwan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikhwan (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ikhwan</a>, en stammemilits inspireret af Wahhabi-bevægelsen anført af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faisal_Al-Dawish&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Faisal Al-Dawish (ikke skrevet endnu)">Faisal Al-Dawish</a>, som var vokset hastigt siden sin grundlæggelse i 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-dekmejian_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dekmejian-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Med Ikhwans hjælp erobrede Aziz Hofuf fra osmannerne i 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-metz1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metz1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opmuntret og støttet af Storbritannien, som kæmpede mod osmannerne under <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_verdenskrig" class="mw-redirect" title="Første verdenskrig">første verdenskrig</a>, anførte shariffen af Mekka, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali" title="Hussein bin Ali">Hussein bin Ali</a>, starten på den <a href="/wiki/Araberopstanden" title="Araberopstanden">arabiske revolte</a> mod osmannerne i 1916 med henblik på at skabe en samlet arabisk stat.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Skønt revolten, der fortsatte til 1918, ikke nåede sit mål, medførte <a href="/wiki/Ententemagterne" title="Ententemagterne">ententemagternes</a> sejr i verdenskrigen, at osmannernes suverænitet og kontrol over Arabien ophørte.<sup id="cite_ref-hourani_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hourani-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdul Aziz undgik at blive indblandet i den arabiske revolte og fortsatte i stedet sin kamp med Al Rashid, og efter Al Rashids endegyldige nederlag tog han titlen sultan af Najd i 1921. Med hjælp fra Ikhwan blev Hijaz erobret i 1924-25, og 10. januar 1926 erklærede Aziz sig for konge af Hijaz.<sup id="cite_ref-wynbrandt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynbrandt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Året efter tiltog han sig også titlen konge af Najd. De følgende fem år styrede han de to dele af sit rige som separate enheder. </p><p>Efter erobringen af Hijaz ændredes målene for ledelsen af Ikhwan til udbredelse af det wahhabistiske rige til også at omfatte det britiske protektorat <a href="/wiki/Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transjordan">Transjordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> og <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, og bevægelsen begyndte at gøre udfald mod dette område. Dette stred mod Aziz' udenrigspolitik,<sup id="cite_ref-metz2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metz2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> idet var bekymret for en direkte konfrontation med briterne. Samtidig blev Ikhwan utilfreds med Aziz' indenrigspolitik, som arbejdede for en modernisering af samfundet samt flere ikke-muslimske udenlandske tilflyttere til landet. Derfor vendte bevægelsen sig mod Aziz, og efter to års kampe løb Aziz af med sejren efter blandt andet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slaget_ved_Sabilla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Slaget ved Sabilla (ikke skrevet endnu)">slaget ved Sabilla</a> i 1929, og Ikhwans ledelse blev tilintetgjort.<sup id="cite_ref-lacey_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacey-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 1932 blev de to kongeriger, Hijaz og Najd, samlet i Kongeriget Saudi-Arabien. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efter_Saudi-Arabiens_samling">Efter Saudi-Arabiens samling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Efter Saudi-Arabiens samling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Efter Saudi-Arabiens samling"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Dammam_No._7_on_March_4,_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg/220px-Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg/330px-Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Dammam_No._7_on_March_4%2C_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Den første kommercielle boring i Saudi-Arabien, hvorfra olien begyndte at vælde i 1938.</figcaption></figure> <p>Det nye kongerige var et af de fattigste lande i verden og var afhængigt af en beskeden landbrugsproduktion samt indtægter fra tilrejsende pilgrimme.<sup id="cite_ref-ghonemy_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghonemy-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dette ændredes imidlertid, da der i 1938 blev fundet enorme mængder af <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5olie" title="Råolie">olie</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hasa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hasa (ikke skrevet endnu)">Al-Hasa</a>-regionen ved den <a href="/wiki/Persiske_Golf" class="mw-redirect" title="Persiske Golf">Persiske Golf</a>. Den egentlige udvinding begyndte i 1941 under det amerikansk kontrollerede <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Aramco</a> (Arabian American Oil Company). Olien gav Saudi-Arabien et kraftigt økonomisk løft samt markant større politisk indflydelse på internationalt plan. Det kulturelle liv udviklede sig hastigt, først og fremmest i Hijaz, som var centrum for aviser og radio. Imidlertid betød den store tilstrømning af udlændinge, der kom for at arbejde i olieindustrien, en øget tilbøjelighed til <a href="/wiki/Xenofobi" title="Xenofobi">xenofobi</a>. I samme periode udviklede regeringen en stigende ekstravagance, så der i 1950'erne opstod et stort underskud på statsfinanserne, som blev dækket af enorme udenlandske lån.<sup id="cite_ref-metz3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metz3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saud_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Saud af Saudi-Arabien">Saud</a> overtog tronen efter sin far, Ibn Sauds, død i 1953. Han sad imidlertid ikke så sikkert på tronen, da han blev kraftigt udfordret af sin halvbroder <a href="/wiki/Faisal_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Faisal af Saudi-Arabien">prins Faisal</a> som følge af omfattende utilfredshed i den kongelige familie med Sauds evner som konge. Dette førte til, at Saud i 1964 blev afsat, hvorpå Faisal blev ny konge.<sup id="cite_ref-metz3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metz3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Faisal var noget mere moderne indstillet end sin forgænger og satte sig for at modernisere det saudiarabiske samfund på en række punkter. Således afskaffede han <a href="/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri">slaveriet</a> og gennemførte en række reformer inden for undervisning og sundhedspleje. Han forbedrede også landets forhold til stormagter som USA, Frankrig og Storbritannien ved at indfri store gældsposter i disse lande, hvilket blandt andet skete ved i 1972 at nationalisere 20&#160;% af Aramco.<sup id="cite_ref-metz3_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metz3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saudi-Arabiens position blandt de muslimske lande i Mellemøsten blev også øget under Faisals styre, idet han var kendt som en rettroende muslim og desuden var rundhåndet med økonomisk støtte til andre lande i området, blandt andet <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, der efter <a href="/wiki/Seksdageskrigen" title="Seksdageskrigen">seksdageskrigen</a> i 1967 følte sig truet af <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israels</a> aggressioner.<sup id="cite_ref-metz3_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metz3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efter <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur-krigen" title="Yom Kippur-krigen">Yom Kippur-krigen</a> i 1973 reducerede Saudi-Arabien i protest mod USA's støtte til Israel sin olieproduktion med 5&#160;% om måneden, hvilket USA besvarede ved kraftigt at øge støtten til Israel. Som modsvar på dette iværksatte Saudi-Arabien en olieembargo mod USA. Embargoen blev snart støttet af flere andre mellemøstlige stater og blev udvidet til at omfatte en række andre vestlige lande, heriblandt Danmark, hvilket førte til <a href="/wiki/Oliekrise" title="Oliekrise">oliekrisen</a> samme år.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Faisal blev i 1975 myrdet af sin nevø, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faisal_bin_Musaid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Faisal bin Musaid (ikke skrevet endnu)">Faisal bin Musaid</a>, og efterfulgt på tronen af sin halvbror <a href="/wiki/Khalid_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Khalid af Saudi-Arabien">Khalid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rasheed2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasheed2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-metz3_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metz3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1976 var Saudi-Arabien blevet verdens største olieproducent.<sup id="cite_ref-viola_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viola-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dette betød voldsom økonomisk og social vækst under Khalids styre. Infrastrukturen og uddannelsessystemet blev meget forbedret i disse år, lige som han prioriterede at forbedre landbrugssektoren,<sup id="cite_ref-metz4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metz4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og på den udenrigspolitiske front forbedrede Khalid igen forholdet til USA, så de to lande blev nære allierede.<sup id="cite_ref-rasheed2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasheed2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 1979 indtraf der to hændelser, der truede landets sikkerhed og satte sig dybe spor både inden- og udenrigspolitisk.<sup id="cite_ref-rabasa_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabasa-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den første var den <a href="/wiki/Den_iranske_revolution" title="Den iranske revolution">iranske islamiske revolution</a>. Som følge af denne frygtede man for, at det <a href="/wiki/Shiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiisme">shiitiske</a> mindretal i den østlige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ash-Sharqiyah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ash-Sharqiyah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ash-Sharqiyah</a>-provins, hvor de store oliefelter ligger, skulle gøre oprør under inspiration af deres iranske trosfæller, og der fandt da også flere opstande sted i landet i 1979 og 1980. Den anden hændelse var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bes%C3%A6ttelsen_af_Al-Haram-moskeen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Besættelsen af Al-Haram-moskeen (ikke skrevet endnu)">besættelsen af Al-Haram-moskeen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka">Mekka</a>, gennemført af ekstremistiske islamister. Disse ekstremister var til dels vrede over, hvad de anså som den saudiarabiske regerings korruption og uislamiske opførsel.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det tog regeringen ti dage at genindtage moskeen, og de tilfangetagne blev henrettet. En af reaktionerne fra kongehuset var at påtvinge en meget strammere overholdelse af traditionelle religiøse og sociale normer i landet (fx at lukke alle biografer) samt at give <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulemaen</a> en større rolle i regeringen.<sup id="cite_ref-hegghammer1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hegghammer1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ingen af tiltagene lykkedes for alvor, idet <a href="/wiki/Islamisme" title="Islamisme">islamismen</a> fortsatte med øge sin indflydelse.<sup id="cite_ref-cordesman_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cordesman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kong Khalid døde i 1982 og blev efterfulgt af sin bror, <a href="/wiki/Fahd_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Fahd af Saudi-Arabien">Fahd</a>, som tilføjede titlen "Vogter af de To Hellige Moskeer" til sit navn i 1986 som følge af betydeligt pres fra fundamentalister om at undgå brugen af titlen "majestæt" om andet end Gud. Fahd fortsatte bestræbelserne på at få og vedligeholde et godt forhold til USA og øgede sine indkøb af militært materiel fra USA og Storbritannien. Skønt olieindtægterne i 1980'erne faldt noget, var landet fortsat præget af en enorm rigdom, der blandt andet førte til øget modernisering, urbanisering, uddannelsesniveau og oprettelsen af nye medier. Kongefamilien sad stadig tungt på magten i landet, hvilket efterhånden førte til bredere utilfredshed i befolkningen, der ønskede mere indflydelse på landets ledelse.<sup id="cite_ref-abir_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abir-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1980'erne havde Saudi-Arabien støttet <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> og Irak i <a href="/wiki/Iran-Irak-krigen" title="Iran-Irak-krigen">Iran-Irak-krigen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fisk_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisk-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> men da et på grund af krigen forarmet Irak nægtede at betale enorme lån tilbage til Kuwait og Saudi-Arabien og Hussein vendte sig mod disse lande i voldsomme retoriske vendinger, kunne saudiaraberne ikke sidde dette overhørigt. Da Irak i 1990 invaderede Kuwait, protesterede det saudiarabiske styre derfor og frygtede samtidig for, at Irak skulle udvide angrebet til også at omfatte Saudi-Arabien, var landet parat til at deltage på allieret side i <a href="/wiki/Golfkrigen" title="Golfkrigen">Golfkrigen</a> mod <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> i <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> både økonomisk og med blandt andet allierede baser på sit territorium. Irak angreb hovedstaden Riyadh med <a href="/wiki/Scud" title="Scud">Scud</a>-raketter under krigen,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og saudiaraberne deltog aktivt i de allierede angreb på Irak, både fra luften og på landjorden. Saudi-Arabien tog imod en stribe flygtninge fra Kuwait, men udviste samtidig jordanere og yemenitter fra landet, idet disse to nationer støttede Irak. </p><p>Efterhånden skabte Saudi-Arabiens tætte bånd til Vesten bekymringer hos ulemaen og andre, der studerede <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>-loven, og det var med til fra 1990'erne og frem at skabe grobund en række <a href="/wiki/Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror">terroraktioner</a> begået af saudiarabere i landet selv samt i Vesten. <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> var af saudiarabisk oprindelse (hans saudiarabiske nationalitet blev dog frataget ham i 1994), og 15 af de 19 deltagere i <a href="/wiki/Terrorangrebet_den_11._september_2001" title="Terrorangrebet den 11. september 2001">terrorangrebet den 11. september 2001</a> var af saudiarabisk nationalitet.<sup id="cite_ref-blanchard1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blanchard1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Også en række saudiarabere, der ikke støttede den islamitiske terrorisme, var meget utilfredse med regeringens politik.<sup id="cite_ref-hegghammer2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hegghammer2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Skønt landet fortsat var hovedrigt, var økonomien stagnerende, og øgede skatter og arbejdsløshed bidrog til utilfredsheden, hvilket førte til social uro i landet. Kong Fahd svar herpå var et antal mindre reforminitiativer, men gjorde det samtidig klart, at han ikke havde planer om at indføre demokratiske valg i landet: "Et valgsystem har ingen plads inden for den islamiske religion, der i stedet har brug for rådgivning og konsultation, en hyrdes åbenhed over for sin flok og holder en regent fuldt ansvarlig for sit folk."<sup id="cite_ref-sisk_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sisk-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1995 blev kong Fahd ramt af et slagtilfælde, og hans halvbror, kronprins <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Abdullah af Saudi-Arabien">Abdullah</a>, overtog <i>de facto</i> magten i landet. Hans autoritet blev dog svækket af konflikter med kongens helbrødre.<sup id="cite_ref-rasheed3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasheed3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Utilfredsheden bredte sig fortsat og førte blandt andet til en række bombeattentater i Riyadh, Jeddah, Yanbu og Khobar i 2003-04.<sup id="cite_ref-cordesman2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cordesman2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I foråret 2005 blev de første lokalvalg afholdt, hvor dog kun mænd havde stemme- og valgret.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kong Fahd døde i 2005 og Abdullah efterfulgte ham på tronen. Han fortsatte linjen med forsigtige og begrænsede reformer og slog hårdt ned på protester.<sup id="cite_ref-jerichow_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jerichow-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> På den økonomiske side introducerede han reformer, der skulle mindske landets afhængighed af olieindtægter i form af blandt andet opmuntring af udenlandske investeringer.<sup id="cite_ref-hvidt_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hvidt-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Abdullah døde i 2015 og blev efterfulgt af sin halvbror, <a href="/wiki/Salman_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Salman af Saudi-Arabien">Salman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uland_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uland-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> På grund af Salmans alder og dårlige helbred samt sine egne politiske manøvrer anses kronprins <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a> for at være Saudi-Arabiens <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> leder.<sup id="cite_ref-DR_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik">Politik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Politik"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg/330px-Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg/440px-Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salman_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Salman af Saudi-Arabien">Salman</a>, konge af Saudi-Arabien siden januar 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saudi-Arabien er et <a href="/wiki/Enev%C3%A6lde" title="Enevælde">enevældigt</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">monarki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cavendish_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavendish-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imidlertid skal kongen ifølge Saudi-Arabiens forvaltningslov, vedtaget ved et kongeligt dekret i 1992, overholde <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (islamisk lov) og <a href="/wiki/Koranen" title="Koranen">Koranen</a>, idet Koranen og <a href="/wiki/Sunna" title="Sunna">Sunnaen</a> (Muhammeds traditioner) er erklæret som værende Saudi-Arabiens <a href="/wiki/Grundlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundlov">grundlov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-robbers_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbers-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Politiske partier er ikke tilladt, og der afholdes ikke nationale valg.<sup id="cite_ref-cavendish_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavendish-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> placerede det saudiarabiske styre som det femtemest autoritære blandt 167 landes styrer på sit <a href="/wiki/Demokrati-indeks" title="Demokrati-indeks">demokrati-indeks</a> i 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-economist_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> giver styret sin laveste vurdering, 7,0 (på en skala fra 1 til 7), med betydningen "ikke frit" i 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kongen fungerer også som premierminister i regeringen, der derudover består af to vicepremierministre (normalt de to første i tronfølgen), 23 ressortministre samt 5 ministre uden portefølje.<sup id="cite_ref-derouen_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derouen-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Regeringens medlemmer udpeges af kongen, der også udpeger medlemmer af en rådgivende forsamling på 150 mand, Majlis al-Shura, som kan foreslå love for kongen, men ikke har nogen selvstændig beslutningskraft. Medlemmerne af denne forsamling udpeges for fire år ad gangen.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Desuden er der tradition i landet for, at kongen modtager råd fra en begrænset skare af religiøse, civile og forretningsmæssige ledere i form af <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulemaen</a>, stammehøvdinge og medlemmer af vigtige familier inden for forretningslivet.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 2005 blev der indført lokalvalg, hvor der blev valgt lokalråd i 178 kommuner i landet. Ved disse valg blev halvdelen af lokalrådenes medlemmer fundet, mens den anden halvdel blev udpeget fra centralt hold. Kvinder havde ikke stemmeret.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 2007 påpegede en saudiarabisk kommentator, at lokalrådene reelt ingen magt havde, men generelt blev blot afholdelsen af valgene set som et vigtigt skridt i en modernisering af regimet.<sup id="cite_ref-rasheed4_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasheed4-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nyvalg var planlagt til afholdelse i 2009, men blev udsat til 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der er planlagt valg igen til afholdelse i 2015, hvortil afdøde kong Abdullah havde stillet i udsigt, at kvinder kunne få både valg- og stemmeret.<sup id="cite_ref-berlingske_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berlingske-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det enevældige styre i Saudi-Arabien møder modstand fra fire fronter: <a href="/wiki/Sunnisme" title="Sunnisme">Sunnimuslimsk</a> islamitisk aktivisme, liberale kritikere, det <a href="/wiki/Shiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiisme">shiitiske</a> mindretal – især i den østlige provins – samt fra langvarige særinteresser hos forskellige stammer og regioner, fx i Hijaz.<sup id="cite_ref-beranek_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beranek-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Af disse har de islamitiske aktivister vist sig at udgøre den største trussel mod styret og har i de senere år gennemført en række terroraktioner og andre voldelige handlinger i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-cordesman2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cordesman2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarkiet_og_den_kongelige_familie">Monarkiet og den kongelige familie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Monarkiet og den kongelige familie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Monarkiet og den kongelige familie"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ibn_Saud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ibn_Saud.jpg/220px-Ibn_Saud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ibn_Saud.jpg/330px-Ibn_Saud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ibn_Saud.jpg/440px-Ibn_Saud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Saud, den første konge i Saudi-Arabien</figcaption></figure> <p>Kongen kombinerer både den lovgivende, udøvende og dømmende magt i landet, idet han har kontrol over alle tre instanser ved at udpege ledelsen af disse. Lovene gives i form af kongelige dekreter, der som nævnt ovenfor udstedes efter rådgivning fra henholdsvis regeringen, den rådgivende forsamling samt mere uformelle kontakter. </p><p>Kongefamilien er meget omfattende, idet <a href="/wiki/Flerkoneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerkoneri">flerkoneri</a> er udbredt, og efterkommere i bred forstand af kong Ibn Said regnes for at høre til familien. Det præcise antal af prinser er ukendt, men estimeres til at være på mindst 7000.<sup id="cite_ref-khalaf_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khalaf-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De vigtigste ministerier besættes i reglen af medlemmer af kongefamilien,<sup id="cite_ref-cavendish_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavendish-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> lige som posterne som guvernører i de tretten provinser.<sup id="cite_ref-bowen15_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowen15-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Også andre vigtige poster er besat af medlemmer af den kongelige familie, blandt andet posten som chef for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabiens_Nationalgarde&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi-Arabiens Nationalgarde (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nationalgarden</a>. </p><p>En så stor familie kan naturligvis ikke være enige om alt, og politisk set er den opdelt i grupperinger ud fra klantilhørsforhold, personlige ambitioner og ideologiske forskelle.<sup id="cite_ref-noreng_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noreng-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den mest magtfulde af disse klangrupperinger betegnes som de "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syv_Sudairier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Syv Sudairier (ikke skrevet endnu)">syv Sudairier</a>", som består af den afdøde kong Fahd, hans helbrødre samt deres direkte efterkommere.<sup id="cite_ref-economist2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ideologiske forskelle handler først og fremmest om hastigheden og retningen af reformer,<sup id="cite_ref-kostiner_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kostiner-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> samt om ulemaens indflydelse skal forøges eller reduceres. Der har ofte været stridigheder om, hvem der har skullet være kronprins; denne udpeges i reglen af den siddende konge. </p><p>Den saudiarabiske regering og kongefamilien har gennem årene ofte været beskyldt for <a href="/wiki/Korruption" title="Korruption">korruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bowen108_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowen108-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cordesman47_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cordesman47-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alianak_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alianak-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I et land, der siges at "tilhøre" den kongelige familie og er opkaldt efter den, kan man sige, at forskellen mellem statens formue og de mest betydende prinsers private formuer er uklar.<sup id="cite_ref-khalaf_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khalaf-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Korruptionen er åbenlys og fx prins <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_bin_Sultan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar bin Sultan (ikke skrevet endnu)">Bandar bin Sultan</a> har ikke lagt skjul på det.<sup id="cite_ref-frontline_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frontline-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ofte er beskyldningerne herom ret vage og generelle, men i 2007 blev det britiske firma <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> anklaget for at have prins Bandar $2 milliarder i bestikkelse i forbindelse med <a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Yamamah_v%C3%A5benhandlen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="El-Yamamah våbenhandlen (ikke skrevet endnu)">El-Yamamah våbenhandlen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leigh_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leigh-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prins Bandar benægtede dog disse beskyldninger.<sup id="cite_ref-jordan_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jordan-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Undersøgelser af både myndigheder fra Storbritannien og USA resulterede i 2010 i et forlig med BAE Systems, der måtte betale $447 millioner i bøde, men afviste at have betalt bestikkelse.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc10_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc10-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> tildelte i 2014 Saudi-Arabien karakteren 49 (på en skala fra 0 til 100, hvor 0 svarer til "totalt korrupt" og 100 svarer til "helt fri for korruption"), en karakter der har været stigende de seneste år (44 i 2012, 46 i 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-tpi_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpi-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Landet er undergået en proces med politiske og sociale reformer, der blandt andet har forbedret den gennemskueligheden i de politiske processer samt forbedret ledelsen i det hele taget. Der er dog stadig områder, der har en tendens til korruption, fx offentlige indkøb. Dette er med til at gøre handel med landet til en risikabel affære for udenlandske virksomheder.<sup id="cite_ref-economist3_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al_ash-Sheikh_og_ulemaens_rolle">Al ash-Sheikh og ulemaens rolle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Al ash-Sheikh og ulemaens rolle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Al ash-Sheikh og ulemaens rolle"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saudi-Arabien er næsten ene om at give ulemaen (organet bestående af islamiske religiøse ledere og jurister) en direkte rolle i landets ledelse;<sup id="cite_ref-goldstein_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldstein-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> det eneste andet eksempel er <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frd_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frd-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ulemaen har haft en afgørende indflydelse på centrale regeringsbeslutninger, som for eksempel <a href="/wiki/Oliekrise" title="Oliekrise">olieembargoen i 1973</a> og <a href="/wiki/Golfkrigen" title="Golfkrigen">invitationen af udenlandske tropper i forbindelse med Golfkrigen</a> i 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-obaid_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obaid-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Endvidere har den spillet en vigtig rolle i udformningen af de retssystemet og uddannelsessystemet<sup id="cite_ref-farsy_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farsy-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> samt haft autoritetsmonopol inden for områderne med religion og offentlig adfærd.<sup id="cite_ref-hassner_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hassner-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Da landet i 1970'erne som følge af olien opnåede voldsom velstand og for alvor indledte en moderniseringsproces under kong Faisal, førte det til en faldende indflydelse for ulemaen.<sup id="cite_ref-abir2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abir2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dette ændrede sig imidlertid med besættelsen af stormoskeen i Mekka i 1979, iværksat af radikale islamister.<sup id="cite_ref-abir3_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abir3-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Regeringen reagerede på denne krise ved blandt andet at styrke ulemaens magt og øge tilskuddet til denne;<sup id="cite_ref-hegghammer1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hegghammer1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> specielt opnåede den her større kontrol over uddannelsessystemet<sup id="cite_ref-abir3_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abir3-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og fik indført strengere overholdelse af Wahhabi-lovene om moral og offentlig adfærd.<sup id="cite_ref-hegghammer1_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hegghammer1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I sin regeringstid (2005-2015) søgte kong Abdullah igen at begrænse ulemaens magt, for eksempel ved at overføre kontrollen over pigers undervisning til undervisningsministeriet.<sup id="cite_ref-ussaudi_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ussaudi-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ulemaen er historisk set ledet af Al ash-Sheikh,<sup id="cite_ref-abir4_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abir4-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> landets førende religiøse familie.<sup id="cite_ref-hassner_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hassner-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Al ash-Sheikh er efterkommere af <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>, der i det 18. århundrede grundlagde wahhabi-formen for <a href="/wiki/Sunnisme" title="Sunnisme">sunnisme</a>, som i nutiden er den dominerende gren af islam i Saudi-Arabien.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Familien er den næsthøjest rangerende i landet, kun overgået af kongefamilien, Al Saud,<sup id="cite_ref-long11_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long11-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> med hvilken den udformede en "gensidig støttepagt"<sup id="cite_ref-ibp_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibp-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og fordeling af magten med for næsten 300 år siden.<sup id="cite_ref-obaid_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obaid-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pagten, der fortsat gælder,<sup id="cite_ref-ibp_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibp-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> er baseret på, at Al Saud sikrer Al ash-Sheikhs autoritet i religiøse spørgsmål samt opretholder og udbreder Wahhabi-doktrinen. Til gengæld støtter Al ash-Sheikh Al Sauds politiske autoritet<sup id="cite_ref-nyrop_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyrop-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ved at bruge sin religiøs-moralske autoritet til at legitimere den kongelige families styre.<sup id="cite_ref-bligh_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bligh-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Skønt Al ash-Sheikhs dominans i ulemaen er blevet reduceret i de senere årtier,<sup id="cite_ref-maltar_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maltar-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sidder familien fortsat på de vigtigste religiøse poster og er stærkt knyttet til Al Saud gennem talrige giftermål familierne imellem.<sup id="cite_ref-hassner_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hassner-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retsvæsenet"><span id="Retsv.C3.A6senet"></span>Retsvæsenet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Retsvæsenet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Retsvæsenet"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Dira_Square.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dira_Square.JPG/220px-Dira_Square.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dira_Square.JPG/330px-Dira_Square.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dira_Square.JPG/440px-Dira_Square.JPG 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>På Dira-pladsen i Riyadh foretages offentlige halshugninger, der kan dømmes som straf for flere forskellige forbrydelser.</figcaption></figure> <p>Basis for det saudiarabiske retssystem er den islamiske <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, der er udledt af Koranens og Sunnas lære.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saudi-Arabien står alene blandt moderne muslimske stater ved, at sharia ikke er <a href="/wiki/Kodifikation" title="Kodifikation">kodificeret</a>, og der ikke findes nogen <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A6cedens" title="Præcedens">juridisk præcedens</a> til at give dommerne magt til at bruge uafhængig retslig ræsonnement til at afgøre sager. Saudiarabiske dommere synes at følge principperne fra den ældgamle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanbali&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanbali (ikke skrevet endnu)">hanbali</a>-skole for retspraksis (kaldet <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-hefner_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hefner-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> der er kendetegnet ved sin meget bogstavelige fortolkning af Koranen og <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-campo_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campo-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fordi dommeren har magt til at se bort fra tidligere domme (egne eller andres) og kan lægge sin personlige fortolkning af sharia til enhver sag, forekommer forskellige domme i tilsyneladende meget ensartede sager,<sup id="cite_ref-otto161_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto161-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hvilket gør retssystemet uforudsigeligt.<sup id="cite_ref-obg_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obg-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dommerne (qadi) og advokaterne hører til <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulemaen</a>, landets islamiske lærde. </p><p>Kongelige dekreter udgør en anden basis for retsvæsenet, men kaldes ofte <i>regulativer</i> i stedet for <i>love</i>, fordi de er underlag sharia.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De kongelige dekreter supplerer sharia på områder som arbejds-, forretnings- og virksomhedslov. Endelig har stammelove og <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6dvaneret" title="Sædvaneret">sædvane</a> en vis betydning på retsafgørelser.<sup id="cite_ref-otto157_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto157-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Regeringstribunaler uden om sharia forekommer, som regel for at afgøre tvister vedrørende kongelige dekreter.<sup id="cite_ref-esposito_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Appel af domme sker i sidste instans til kongen, og alle retsinstanser og tribunaler følger sharias regler for bevisførelse og procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-campbell268_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbell268-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det saudiarabiske retssystem er blevet kritiseret for at være langsommeligt, uforståeligt,<sup id="cite_ref-economist4_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist4-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> for at mangle retsbeskyttelse samt at være ude af trit med en moderne verden.<sup id="cite_ref-ft_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Retssystem er også blevet beskrevet ved at udstikke "ultra-puritanske domme", der til tider er særdeles strenge (fx med halshugning for hekseri), men i andre tilfælde er meget lempelige (fx ved voldtægt eller hustrumishandling), mens langsommeligheden ses for eksempel ved, at en lang række kvinder, der er blevet forladt af deres ægtemænd, ikke får bevilget skilsmisse.<sup id="cite_ref-economist5_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist5-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-economist6_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist6-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 2007 udstedte kong Abdullah dekreter, der skulle reformere retssystemet,<sup id="cite_ref-otto161_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto161-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og i 2009 foretog kongen en række betydningsfulde udskiftninger inden for retssystemet på de øverste niveauer og bragte derved en yngre generation ind i systemet.<sup id="cite_ref-economist4_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist4-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8dsstraf" title="Dødsstraf">Dødsstraf</a> og fysiske afstrafninger udstedt af det saudiarabiske retssystem, såsom <a href="/wiki/Halshugning" title="Halshugning">halshugning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stening" title="Stening">stening</a> (til døden), <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">afhugning af lemmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korsf%C3%A6stelse" title="Korsfæstelse">korsfæstelse</a> og piskestraf, såvel som selve omfanget af dødsstraffe er blevet stærkt kritiseret.<sup id="cite_ref-otto175_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto175-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dødsstraf kan gives i for en lang række forbrydelser som mord, voldtægt, væbnet røveri, gentagen brug af narkotika, <a href="/wiki/Apostasi" title="Apostasi">apostasi</a> (frasigelse af den islamiske tro), utroskab, hekseri og magi; straffen kan eksekveres som halshugning med sværd, stening eller skydning, efterfulgt af korsfæstelse.<sup id="cite_ref-frd304_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frd304-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc2003_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2003-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-miethe_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miethe-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I perioden 2007-2010 er der meldt om 345 henrettelser gennemført ved offentlige halshugninger. Der er meldt om henrettelse for magi så sent som i september 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-giovanni_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giovanni-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selvom gentagne tilfælde af tyveri kan straffes med afhugning af højre hånd, er der kun rapporteret om ét tilfælde heraf i perioden 2007-2010. Homoseksualitet kan straffes med pisk eller døden.<sup id="cite_ref-frd304_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frd304-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-miethe_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miethe-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme">Ateisme</a> eller "at betvivle det fundamentale i den islamiske tro på hvilken, denne stat er baseret" anses for at være en terroristisk handling.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pisk er en almindeligt forekommende straf<sup id="cite_ref-cnn2010_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn2010-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og gives ofte for forbrydelser mod religionen eller offentlig adfærd, såsom at drikke alkohol eller manglende overholdelse af krav om bøn eller faste.<sup id="cite_ref-frd304_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frd304-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hævnaktioner, kaldet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qisas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Qisas (ikke skrevet endnu)">qisas</a>, praktiseres i landet. For eksempel kan et øje blive fjernet kirurgisk, hvis et offer for en forbrydelse har mistet sit øje og insisterer på denne hævn.<sup id="cite_ref-economist6_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist6-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Familierne til personer, der er blevet dræbt uden retslig baggrund, kan vælge mellem at kræve dødsstraf eller at vise mildhed og i stedet få betaling i form af såkaldt diyya (blodpenge) af gerningsmanden.<sup id="cite_ref-wp2008_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp2008-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menneskerettigheder">Menneskerettigheder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Menneskerettigheder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Menneskerettigheder"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vestligt baserede organisationer som <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> og <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> fordømmer Saudi-Arabiens strafferetssystem og de hårde straffe. Jury-begrebet kendes ikke i landet, og retsinstanserne overholder kun få formaliteter.<sup id="cite_ref-shoult_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shoult-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Human Rights Watch anførte i en rapport fra 2008, at der i 2002 for første gang var blevet indført en lovbog for strafferet, men at denne manglede basale beskrivelser af beskyttelsesforhold samt under alle omstændigheder i vidt omfang var blevet ignoreret af domstolene. De anklagede får ofte ikke at vide, hvilken forbrydelse de er anklaget for, og de får ofte ikke tilladelse til en forsvarer, lige som de kan blive udsat for krænkende behandling og tortur, hvis ikke de tilstår forbrydelsen. Under retssagen går retten ud fra en formodning om skyld, og den anklagede har ofte ikke mulighed for at udspørge vidner eller at fremlægge bevismateriale. Det fleste retssager afholdes i hemmelighed.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw1_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw1-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imidlertid støtter den "almindelige befolkning" ifølge en <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>-rapport systemet og hævder, at det sikrer en lav kriminalitet.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2000_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2000-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi-Arabien har gennem en lang periode været kritiseret for sine menneskerettighedsforhold. Blandt de områder, der har givet størst kritik, er de ekstremt uværdige forhold for kvinder, dødsstraf for <a href="/wiki/Homoseksualitet" title="Homoseksualitet">homoseksualitet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wp2014_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp2014-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mangel på religiøs frihed samt det religiøse politis aktiviteter.<sup id="cite_ref-otto175_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto175-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I perioden 1996-2000 tiltrådte landet fire FN-konventioner om menneskerettigheder, og i 2004 godkendte regeringen etableringen af et nationalt råd for menneskerettigheder, med regeringsudpeget personale, for at sikre implementeringen af konventionerne. Indtil nu har rådets aktiviteter været begrænset, og der er usikkerhed om dets neutralitet og uafhængighed.<sup id="cite_ref-rasheed250_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasheed250-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saudi-Arabien er et af de ganske få lande i verden, der ikke har anerkendt <a href="/wiki/FN%27s_Verdenserkl%C3%A6ring_om_Menneskerettighederne" title="FN&#39;s Verdenserklæring om Menneskerettighederne">FN's Verdenserklæring om Menneskerettighederne</a>. Som svar på den gentagne kritik af menneskerettighederne i landet har den saudiarabiske regering peget på landets særlige islamiske karakter og vurderer, at denne retfærdiggør en anderledes social og politisk orden.<sup id="cite_ref-otto168_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto168-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> USA's kommission for International Religiøs Frihed forsøgte uden held<sup id="cite_ref-hrw21_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw21-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> at få præsiden <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> til at vise sin bekymring for menneskerettighederne over for kong Abdullah på sit statsmandsbesøg i landet i april 2014, mere specifikt fængslingerne af sultan Hamid Marzooq al-Enezi, Saud Falih Awad al-Enezi samt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raif_Badawi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raif Badawi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Raif Badawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uscirf_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscirf-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 2013 deporterede den saudiarabiske regering tusinder af ikke-saudiarabere, af hvilke mange arbejdede illegalt i landet eller hvis visa var udløbet. Det vrimler med rapporter om udenlandske arbejdere, der er blevet tortureret af arbejdsgivere eller andre.<sup id="cite_ref-nightmare_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nightmare-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dm_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dm-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dette har resulteret i, at en række basale services ikke har kunnet få tilstrækkeligt med ansatte, da de fleste saudiarabiske indbyggere ikke er interesseret i at udføre manuelt arbejde.<sup id="cite_ref-huff_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arabbus1_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabbus1-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arabbus2_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabbus2-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saudi-Arabien har et "antiradikaliseringsprogram", der har til hensigt at "bekæmpe udbredelsen og tiltrækningen af ekstremistiske ideologier i den brede befolkning" og at "indgyde de ægte værdier fra den islamiske tro, såsom tolerance og mådehold."<sup id="cite_ref-sauemb_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sauemb-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der er blevet stillet spørgsmålstegn ved den anførte "tolerance" og "mådehold" af <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Sun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltimore Sun (ikke skrevet endnu)">Baltimore Sun</a></i> på baggrund af rapporter fra <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> om behandlingen af systemkritikeren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raif_Badawi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raif Badawi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Raif Badawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-balsun_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balsun-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Udenrigsrelationer">Udenrigsrelationer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Redigér afsnit: Udenrigsrelationer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Udenrigsrelationer"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Obama_meets_King_Abdullah_July_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Obama_meets_King_Abdullah_July_2014.jpg/220px-Obama_meets_King_Abdullah_July_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Obama_meets_King_Abdullah_July_2014.jpg/330px-Obama_meets_King_Abdullah_July_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Obama_meets_King_Abdullah_July_2014.jpg/440px-Obama_meets_King_Abdullah_July_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>USA er en af Saudi-Arabiens nære allierede. Her mødes præsident <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> med <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Abdullah af Saudi-Arabien">kong Abdullah</a> i juli 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saudi-Arabien var et af de grundlæggende medlemmer af <a href="/wiki/Forenede_Nationer" title="Forenede Nationer">FN</a> i 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-fnfound_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnfound-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> den <a href="/wiki/Arabiske_Liga" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabiske Liga">Arabiske Liga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-arableague_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arableague-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Golfstaternes_samarbejdsr%C3%A5d" title="Golfstaternes samarbejdsråd">Golfstaternes samarbejdsråd</a><sup id="cite_ref-mofa_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mofa-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Islamic_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Islamic Conference">Organization of the Islamic Conference</a> (nu Organisation of Islamic Cooperation).<sup id="cite_ref-oic_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oic-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Landet har en fremtrædende rolle i den <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Valutafond" title="Internationale Valutafond">Internationale Valutafond</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdensbankgruppen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Verdensbankgruppen (ikke skrevet endnu)">Verdensbankgruppen</a> og blev i 2005 medlem af <a href="/wiki/WTO" title="WTO">WTO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ussa_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ussa-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saudi-Arabien bakker op om dannelsen af en arabisk toldunion i 2015 og et arabisk fællesmarked<sup id="cite_ref-arabnews_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabnews-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i 2020, som bebudet på den Arabiske Ligas møde i 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-kuwnews_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuwnews-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Landet er endvidere en af grundlæggerne af <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> og i denne organisation er dets politik angående oliepriserne overordnet set at stabilisere verdensmarkedet for råolie og forsøge at dæmpe voldsomme udsving i priserne, så den vestlige økonomi ikke kommer i vanskeligheder.<sup id="cite_ref-ussa_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ussa-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fra midten af 1970'erne op til 2002 brugte Saudi-Arabien over $70 milliarder "oversøisk udviklingsbistand."<sup id="cite_ref-jonsson_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jonsson-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imidlertid er der beviser for, at størstedelen af dette beløb gik til at fremme og udvide Wahhabi-læren på bekostning af andre former for islam.<sup id="cite_ref-jonsson_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jonsson-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det har været intenst diskuteret, hvorvidt den saudiarabiske bistandshjælp og wahhabismen har ansporet til ekstremisme i modtagerlandene.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2007_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2007-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Forbindelsen mellem Saudi-Arabien og USA blev anstrengt efter <a href="/wiki/Terrorangrebet_den_11._september_2001" title="Terrorangrebet den 11. september 2001">terrorangrebet den 11. september 2001</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rasheed233_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasheed233-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Amerikanske politikere og medier beskyldte Saudi-Arabiens regering for at støtte terrorisme og tolerere en <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihadisk</a> kultur.<sup id="cite_ref-kaim_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaim-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det er et faktum, at <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> samt femten ud af de nitten flykaprere fra 11. september stammede fra Saudi-Arabien.<sup id="cite_ref-rasheed178_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasheed178-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ifølge USA's tidligere udenrigsminister <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> "[er] Saudi-Arabien (..) fortsat en kritisk finansiel støttebase for al-Qaeda, <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">LeT</a> og andre terrorgrupper (..) Donorer i Saudi-Arabien udgør den vigtigste økonomiske kilde til sunni-terrorgrupper på verdensplan."<sup id="cite_ref-walsh_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walsh-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tidligere <a href="/wiki/CIA" title="CIA">CIA</a>-direktør <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Woolsey&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Woolsey (ikke skrevet endnu)">James Woolsey</a> beskriver landet som "grobunden, hvori al-Qaeda og dens søsterterroristorganisationer blomstrer."<sup id="cite_ref-iags_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iags-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den saudiarabiske regering nægter pure disse påstande, heriblandt at landet skulle eksportere religiøs eller kulturel ekstremisme.<sup id="cite_ref-malbouisson_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malbouisson-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I den arabiske og den muslimske verden opfattes Saudi-Arabien som pro-vestlig og pro-amerikansk,<sup id="cite_ref-menoret_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menoret-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og det er da også korrekt, at landet igennem en årrække har været allieret med USA.<sup id="cite_ref-walker_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imidlertid har dette<sup id="cite_ref-burnell_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnell-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og Saudi-Arabiens rolle i <a href="/wiki/Golfkrigen" title="Golfkrigen">Golfkrigen</a> i 1991, specielt udstationeringen af amerikanske tropper på saudiarabisk jord siden 1991, ført til udviklingen af en fjendtlig islamistisk stemning internt i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-wiktorowicz_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiktorowicz-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Som et resultat af dette har Saudi-Arabien til en vis grad distanceret sig fra USA og for eksempel nægtet at støtte eller deltage i den amerikansk-ledede <a href="/wiki/Irakkrigen" title="Irakkrigen">invasion i Irak</a> i 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-rasheedweb_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasheedweb-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I de seneste år har der i det saudiarabiske monarki været en stigende bekymring for Irans stadig voksende indflydelse i regionen, som det fx kom til udtryk i private kommentarer fra kong Abdullah,<sup id="cite_ref-slackman_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slackman-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hvor han opfordrer USA til at angribe Iran og "hugge slangens hoved af."<sup id="cite_ref-black_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De forsøgsvise tilnærmelser mellem USA og Iran, der begyndte i hemmelighed i 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-ynet_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ynet-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hævdedes at bekymre saudiaraberne,<sup id="cite_ref-black2_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black2-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og undervejs mod den ellers vel modtagne aftale om Irans atomprogram, som markerede første skridt i en afspænding mellem USA og Iran, udtalte Robert Jordan, USA's ambassadør i Saudi-Arabien (2001-2003), at "saudiarabernes værste mareridt ville være, hvis [Obama-]regeringen indgik en væsentlig aftale med Iran."<sup id="cite_ref-mcdowall1_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdowall1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Under et besøg fra præsident Obama i Saudi-Arabien i 2014 blev de amerikansk-iranske relationer diskuteret, men det gav ikke anledning til for alvor at dæmpe saudiarabernes bekymringer.<sup id="cite_ref-buluwi_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buluwi-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi-Arabien står generelt for en moderat linje i <a href="/wiki/Den_israelsk-arabiske_konflikt" title="Den israelsk-arabiske konflikt">den israelsk-arabiske konflikt</a> ved med mellemrum at fremkomme med tidsplaner for fredsforhandlinger mellem <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> og <a href="/wiki/Det_pal%C3%A6stinensiske_folk" title="Det palæstinensiske folk">palæstinenserne</a> samt klart tage afstand fra <a href="/wiki/Hizbollah" title="Hizbollah">Hizbollah</a>-bevægelsen.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I kølvandet på <a href="/wiki/Protesterne_i_den_arabiske_verden_2010-2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Protesterne i den arabiske verden 2010-2011">det arabiske forår</a> tilbød Saudi-Arabien asyl til <a href="/wiki/Tunesien" title="Tunesien">Tunesiens</a> afsatte præsident <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a>, lige som kong Abdullah var i telefonisk kontakt med <a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egyptens</a> præsident <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> (inden dennes afsættelse) for at tilbyde ham sin støtte.<sup id="cite_ref-black3_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black3-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I begyndelsen af 2014 blev landets relation med <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> dårligere på grund af qatarernes støtte til <a href="/wiki/Det_muslimske_broderskab" title="Det muslimske broderskab">Det muslimske broderskab</a> og den saudiarabiske opfattelse af, at Qatar blandede sig i de saudiarabiske indenrigsforhold. I august samme år så det ud til, at de to lande søgte at afslutte tvisten.<sup id="cite_ref-sanews_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanews-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militær"><span id="Milit.C3.A6r"></span>Militær</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Redigér afsnit: Militær" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Militær"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Saudi_Arabia_-_Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Saudi_Arabia_-_Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon.jpg/220px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Saudi_Arabia_-_Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon.jpg/330px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Saudi_Arabia_-_Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon.jpg/440px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Eurofighter_EF-2000_Typhoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Saudiarabisk Eurofighter Typhoon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saudi-Arabien har den procentvis næsthøjeste udgift til militæret i verden på 9&#160;% af <a href="/wiki/BNP" class="mw-redirect" title="BNP">BNP</a>, kun overgået af <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> (tal fra 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-wob_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wob-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det saudiarabiske militær består af de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabiens_h%C3%A6r&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi-Arabiens hær (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kongelige Saudiske Landstyrker</a>, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabiens_luftstyrker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi-Arabiens luftstyrker (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kongelige Saudiske Luftstyrker</a>, den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabiens_fl%C3%A5de&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi-Arabiens flåde (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kongelige Saudiske Flåde</a>, det <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabiens_luftforsvar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi-Arabiens luftforsvar (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kongelige Saudiske Luftforsvar</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabiens_Nationalgarde&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi-Arabiens Nationalgarde (ikke skrevet endnu)">Saudi-Arabiens Nationalgarde</a> (SANG, en uafhængig militærstyrke) samt paramilitære styrker; i alt har militæret samlet et personel på 216.000 i aktiv tjeneste (2005),<sup id="cite_ref-nama_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nama-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> der var fordelt med 75.000 til landstyrkerne, 18.000 til luftstyrkerne, 15.500 til flåden, 16.000 til luftforsvaret, 75.000 til nationalgarden.<sup id="cite_ref-cpsa_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpsa-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dertil kommer de paramilitære styreker, der i 2014 udgjorde 15.500.<sup id="cite_ref-nama_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nama-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Endelig findes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Mukhabarat_Al_A%27amah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Mukhabarat Al A&#39;amah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah</a>, den militære efterretningstjeneste. Minimumsalderen for aktiv tjeneste er 18 år, og der er ikke <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6rnepligt" title="Værnepligt">værnepligt</a> i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-nama_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nama-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>SANG er ikke blot reservestyrker, men en fuldt operationel frontlinjestyrke, der har rødder tilbage til Ibn Sauds militær-religiøse stammestyrker, Ikhwan. I moderne sammenhæng har SANG dog siden 1960'erne været at regne for kongens, specielt afdøde Abdullahs, private hær og er i modsætning til det øvrige militær uafhængigt af forsvars- og luftfartsministeriet. SANG har derved skabt en slags balance til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudairi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudairi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Sudairi</a>-fraktionen af den kongelige familie; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan_bin_Abdulaziz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultan bin Abdulaziz (ikke skrevet endnu)">Sultan bin Abdulaziz</a>, der sad på ministerposten i perioden 1963-2011 og dermed var overhoved for resten af militæret, var medlem af de Syv Sudairier, der stod i opposition til Abdullah.<sup id="cite_ref-glosec_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glosec-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Udgifterne til militær og sikkerhed er øget betragteligt fra midten af 1990'erne med et budget i 2012 på over $54 milliarder.<sup id="cite_ref-milbud_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milbud-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saudi-Arabiens militære udstyr er yderst moderne og primært indkøbt i USA, Frankrig og Storbritannien.<sup id="cite_ref-cpsa_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpsa-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Alene USA har solgt militærudstyr for mere end $80 milliarder fra midten af 1950'erne til 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-fas_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 20. oktober 2010 bekendtgjorde USA's udenrigsministerium over for Kongressen, at det havde planer om at foretage den største våbenhandel nogensinde i USA's historie på $60,5 milliarder med Saudi-Arabien. Handlen skulle sikre saudiaraberne en betragtelig forbedring af de offensive kvaliteter i Saudi-Arabiens militær.<sup id="cite_ref-jcpa_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcpa-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Storbritannien har været en af de store leverandører af militærudstyr til Saudi-Arabien siden 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-gardner_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Siden 1985 har briterne leveret militært flyudstyr, herunder kampflytyperne <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a> og <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a>, som en del af langtidskontrakten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Yamanah-v%C3%A5benaftalen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Yamanah-våbenaftalen (ikke skrevet endnu)">Al-Yamanah-våbenaftalen</a>, som per 2006 var estimeret til at have en værdi på £43 milliarder samt på længere sigt yderligere £40 milliarder.<sup id="cite_ref-oconnell_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oconnell-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I maj 2012 underskrev det store britiske militærudstyrsfirma <a href="/w/index.php?title=BAE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="BAE (ikke skrevet endnu)">BAE</a> en kontrakt på en værdi af £1,9 milliarder på en leverance af deres Hawk-træningsfly til Saudi-Arabien.<sup id="cite_ref-gamal_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamal-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Også Sverige har indgået betydelige kontrakter med Saudi-Arabien om leverancer af militært udstyr. I perioden 2004-2013 solgte svenskerne materiel for 4,9 milliarder SEK til saudiaraberne, og i 2005 indgik de to lande en militær samarbejdsaftale, der løb fem år og blev forlænget med yderligere fem år i 2010. Et af resultaterne heraf var, at Saudi-Arabien har bygget en våbenfabrik i nært samarbejde med det svenske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalf%C3%B6rsvarets_forskningsinstitut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (ikke skrevet endnu)">Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut</a>, hvilket kom frem i 2012 og skabte stor debat.<sup id="cite_ref-svenska_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svenska-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landet har gennem lang tid haft militære relationer med <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, og der har været spekulationer på, om Saudi-Arabien i hemmelighed har været med til at finansiere Pakistans <a href="/wiki/Atombombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Atombombe">atombombeprogram</a>, og at man i nær fremtid vil forsøge at købe sådanne våben af pakistanerne.<sup id="cite_ref-venter_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venter-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atimes_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc2013_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2013-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrativ_inddeling">Administrativ inddeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Redigér afsnit: Administrativ inddeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Administrativ inddeling"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saudi-Arabien er inddelt i 13 regioner<sup id="cite_ref-adm_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adm-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (<i>manatiq idāriyya</i>, ental: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mintaqah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mintaqah (ikke skrevet endnu)">mintaqah</a> idariyya</i>). Regionerne er yderligere inddelt i 118 guvernementer (arabisk: muhafazat, محافظات, ental: muhafazah). Dette antal indeholder provinshovedstæderne, som har en anden status som kommuner (amanah) styret af borgmestre (amin). Guvernementerne er yderligere inddelt i underguvernementer (marakiz, ental: markaz). </p><p>Hver region (tidligere benævnt provinser, nu også omtalt som emirater<sup id="cite_ref-regserv_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regserv-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) har en regional guvernør med titel af minister, som refererer direkte til indenrigsministeren.<sup id="cite_ref-admreg_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admreg-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Regionens guvernør sidder i spidsen for et regionsråd, hvoraf halvdelen udpeges af regeringen og halvdelen vælges for fem år ad gangen.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn2_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Regionernes opgave er at udvikle regionen på det sociale, økonomiske og bymæssige plan, at udvikle og effektivisere de offentlige services, at rådgive og kontrollere de tilhørende guvernementer, at beskytte statens ejendomme samt fungere som bindeled til regeringen.<sup id="cite_ref-reglaw_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reglaw-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Saudi_Arabia,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saudi_Arabia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/220px-Saudi_Arabia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saudi_Arabia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/330px-Saudi_Arabia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saudi_Arabia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/440px-Saudi_Arabia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>Saudi Arabiens provinser</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#ececec"> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Nr. på kort </th> <th>Off. nr.<sup id="cite_ref-adm_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adm-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Navn </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hovedstad" title="Hovedstad">Hovedstad</a> </th> <th>Areal (km<sup><small>2</small></sup>) </th> <th>Indbyggertal </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Jouf_(region)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Jouf (region) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Al Jouf</a> (eller Al Jawf) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakakah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakakah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Sakakah</a> </td> <td align="right">100.212 </td> <td align="right">449.009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>09 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordlige_Gr%C3%A6nseregion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordlige Grænseregion (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nordlige Grænseregion</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arar (ikke skrevet endnu)">Arar</a> </td> <td align="right">111.797 </td> <td align="right">320.524 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>07 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabouk_(region)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabouk (region) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Tabouk</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabouk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabouk (ikke skrevet endnu)">Tabouk</a> </td> <td align="right">146.076 </td> <td align="right">791.535 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>08 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ha%27il_(region)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ha&#39;il (region) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Hail</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ha%27il" title="Ha&#39;il">Ha'il</a> </td> <td align="right">103.887 </td> <td align="right">597.144 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>03 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madinah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Madinah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Madinah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> </td> <td align="right">151.900 </td> <td align="right">1.777.933 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>04 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qasim_(region)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Qasim (region) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Qasim</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buraidah" title="Buraidah">Buraidah</a> </td> <td align="right">58.046 </td> <td align="right">1.215.858 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>02 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makkah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Makkah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Makkah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka">Mekka</a> </td> <td align="right">153.148 </td> <td align="right">6.915.006 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_(region)" title="Riyadh (region)">Riyadh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> </td> <td align="right">404.240 </td> <td align="right">6.777.146 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>05 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98stregionen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Østregionen (ikke skrevet endnu)">Østregionen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a> </td> <td align="right">672.522 </td> <td align="right">4.105.780 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baha_(region)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baha (region) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Baha</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Bahah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Bahah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Al Bahah</a> </td> <td align="right">9.921 </td> <td align="right">411.888 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>06 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Asir&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="&#39;Asir (ikke skrevet endnu)">Asir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abha" title="Abha">Abha</a> </td> <td align="right">81.000 </td> <td align="right">2.188.461 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jizan_(region)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jizan (region) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Jizan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a> </td> <td align="right">11.671 </td> <td align="right">1.365.110 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najran_(region)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Najran (region) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Najran</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Najran (ikke skrevet endnu)">Najran</a> </td> <td align="right">149.511 </td> <td align="right">505.652 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_største_byer"><span id="De_st.C3.B8rste_byer"></span>De største byer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Redigér afsnit: De største byer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: De største byer"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" style="width:75%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="11">Liste over de største byer i Saudi-Arabien </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="11"><br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Kingdom_Tower_at_night.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Riyadh"><img alt="Riyadh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kingdom_Tower_at_night.JPG/135px-Kingdom_Tower_at_night.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kingdom_Tower_at_night.JPG/203px-Kingdom_Tower_at_night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kingdom_Tower_at_night.JPG/270px-Kingdom_Tower_at_night.JPG 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="461" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Hafen_von_dschidda,_fahnenmast.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jeddah"><img alt="Jeddah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hafen_von_dschidda%2C_fahnenmast.JPG/135px-Hafen_von_dschidda%2C_fahnenmast.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hafen_von_dschidda%2C_fahnenmast.JPG/203px-Hafen_von_dschidda%2C_fahnenmast.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hafen_von_dschidda%2C_fahnenmast.JPG/270px-Hafen_von_dschidda%2C_fahnenmast.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> </p> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Nr. </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">By </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Region (nr) </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Indbyggertal </th> <th rowspan="11"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mecca_from_Jabal_Nur.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mekka"><img alt="Mekka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mecca_from_Jabal_Nur.JPG/135px-Mecca_from_Jabal_Nur.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mecca_from_Jabal_Nur.JPG/203px-Mecca_from_Jabal_Nur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mecca_from_Jabal_Nur.JPG/270px-Mecca_from_Jabal_Nur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka">Mekka</a> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mescidi_nebevi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Medina"><img alt="Medina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mescidi_nebevi.JPG/135px-Mescidi_nebevi.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mescidi_nebevi.JPG/203px-Mescidi_nebevi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mescidi_nebevi.JPG/270px-Mescidi_nebevi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></td> <td>01</td> <td align="right">4.138.329 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></td> <td>02</td> <td align="right">2.821.371 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka">Mekka</a></td> <td>02</td> <td align="right">1.402.944 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></td> <td>03</td> <td align="right">995.619 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ahsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ahsa (ikke skrevet endnu)">Al-Ahsa</a></td> <td>05</td> <td align="right">907.738 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" title="Ta&#39;if">Ta'if</a></td> <td>02</td> <td align="right">883.538 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a></td> <td>05</td> <td align="right">745.658 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Buraidah" title="Buraidah">Buraidah</a></td> <td>04</td> <td align="right">505.333 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabouk&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabouk (ikke skrevet endnu)">Tabouk</a></td> <td>07</td> <td align="right">488.365 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qatif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Qatif (ikke skrevet endnu)">Qatif</a></td> <td>05</td> <td align="right">473.454 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Indbyggertal ved folketællingen 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-cens2004_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cens2004-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Redigér afsnit: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Geografi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Arabian_Desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Arabian_Desert.jpg/220px-Arabian_Desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Arabian_Desert.jpg/330px-Arabian_Desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Arabian_Desert.jpg/440px-Arabian_Desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Økoregionens afgrænsning ifølge <a href="/wiki/WWF_Verdensnaturfonden" title="WWF Verdensnaturfonden">WWF</a>: Mellem de gule linjer ligger økoregionerne den Arabiske Ørken, den Øst-Sahero-Arabiske tørre kratskov samt et par mindre ørkenområder.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Saudi-Arabien udgør omkring 80&#160;% af den <a href="/wiki/Arabiske_Halv%C3%B8" title="Arabiske Halvø">Arabiske Halvø</a> (verdens største <a href="/wiki/Halv%C3%B8" title="Halvø">halvø</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-stokes_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokes-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og ligger mellem <a href="/wiki/16._nordlige_breddekreds" title="16. nordlige breddekreds">16.</a> og <a href="/wiki/33._nordlige_breddekreds" title="33. nordlige breddekreds">33. nordlige breddekreds</a> i nord-sydlig retning samt <a href="/wiki/34._%C3%B8stlige_l%C3%A6ngdekreds" title="34. østlige længdekreds">34.</a> og <a href="/wiki/56._%C3%B8stlige_l%C3%A6ngdekreds" title="56. østlige længdekreds">56. østlige længdekreds</a> i vest-østlig retning. Idet landets sydlige grænse mod henholdsvis <a href="/wiki/Forenede_Arabiske_Emirater" title="Forenede Arabiske Emirater">Forenede Arabiske Emirater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> og <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> ikke er præcist draget eller markeret, er det præcise areal af Saudi-Arabien ukendt.<sup id="cite_ref-stokes_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokes-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIAs <i>The World Factbook</i></a> estimerer landets areal til at være 2.149.690 km², hvilket gør det til det 13. største i verden.<sup id="cite_ref-ciarank_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciarank-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Landet grænser mod nord op til Jordan, Irak og Kuwait, mod øst ligger det ud til den <a href="/wiki/Persiske_Bugt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persiske Bugt">Persiske Bugt</a>, afbrudt af grænser mod Qatar og de Forenede Arabiske Emirater, mod sydøst grænser det op til Oman og mod syd til Yemen, og endelig ligger det ud til det <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8de_Hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Røde Hav">Røde Hav</a> mod vest. </p><p>Landets geografi er domineret af den <a href="/wiki/Arabiske_%C3%B8rken" title="Arabiske ørken">Arabiske ørken</a> samt tilhørende halvørken og <a href="/wiki/Kratskov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratskov">kratskov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der er mere præcist tale om en række forbundne ørkener og omfatter blandt andet i den sydlige del af landet det 647.500 km² store <a href="/wiki/Rub_al-Khali" title="Rub al-Khali">Rub al-Khali</a> ("Tom egn"), verdens største sammenhængende sandørken.<sup id="cite_ref-vincent_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vincent-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der findes så at sige ikke floder eller søer i landet, men der findes en lang række <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadier</a>. De få frugtbare områder i landet findes i form af kilder omkring wadier, bækkener og oaser. De dyrkbare områder i landet anslås til at udgøre 1,45&#160;% af landets samlede areal.<sup id="cite_ref-cialand_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cialand-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det mest markante topografiske karaktertræk er den centrale plateau, som stiger brat op fra det <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8de_Hav" class="mw-redirect" title="Røde Hav">Røde Hav</a> og gradvist daler ned mod <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> og videre mod den <a href="/wiki/Persiske_Bugt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persiske Bugt">Persiske Bugt</a>. På Rødehavskysten findes en smal kystslette, kaldet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tihamah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tihamah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Tihamah</a>, hvorfra bjergene stiger ad en enorm skrænt. Den sydvestlige region, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Asir&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="&#39;Asir (ikke skrevet endnu)">Asir</a> er bjergrig, og her finder man landets højeste punkt, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabal_Sawda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabal Sawda (ikke skrevet endnu)">Jabal Sawda</a> (3.133 m).<sup id="cite_ref-sawda_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sawda-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geologisk set er den Arabiske Halvø et ældgammelt massiv bestående af klippekrystal, hvis struktur blev dannet på samme tid som <a href="/wiki/Alperne" title="Alperne">Alperne</a> i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. Bevægelser i kontinentalpladerne pressede hele dette massiv opad og østpå, og i den dal, der derved blev dannet (kaldet <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a>) opstod det Røde Hav. Under ørkenen i nærheden af Riyadh er der formationer af kalksten, og her finder man komplekse huler med krystalstrukturer, <a href="/wiki/Stalaktit" title="Stalaktit">stalaktitter</a> og <a href="/wiki/Stalagmit" title="Stalagmit">stalagmitter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caves_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caves-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natur">Natur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Redigér afsnit: Natur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Natur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Redigér afsnit: Fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fauna"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Arabian_Wolf_Al_Ain_Zoo_1_leicht_verbessert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Arabian_Wolf_Al_Ain_Zoo_1_leicht_verbessert.jpg/220px-Arabian_Wolf_Al_Ain_Zoo_1_leicht_verbessert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Arabian_Wolf_Al_Ain_Zoo_1_leicht_verbessert.jpg/330px-Arabian_Wolf_Al_Ain_Zoo_1_leicht_verbessert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Arabian_Wolf_Al_Ain_Zoo_1_leicht_verbessert.jpg/440px-Arabian_Wolf_Al_Ain_Zoo_1_leicht_verbessert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2911" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>Ulven er udbredt i Saudi-Arabien, her dog et zoo-eksemplar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Af større <a href="/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr">pattedyr</a> finder man i Saudi-Arabien <a href="/wiki/Kamel" title="Kamel">kameler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulv" title="Ulv">ulve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A6ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyæne">hyæner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmerdyr" title="Desmerdyr">desmerdyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savannebavianer" title="Savannebavianer">bavianer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare">harer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98rkenrotte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ørkenrotte (ikke skrevet endnu)">ørkenrotter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flagermus" title="Flagermus">flagermus</a> og <a href="/wiki/Springmus" title="Springmus">springmus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fauna_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fauna-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Indtil omkring 1950'erne fandt man også <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazelle">gazeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antilope" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilope">antiloper</a> og <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leoparder</a>, men jagt fra motoriserede køretøjer reducerede bestandene af disse dyr til at være stort set udryddet. Af fuglearter finder man blandt andet <a href="/wiki/Falk" title="Falk">falke</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%98rn" title="Ørn">ørne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egentlige_h%C3%B8ge" title="Egentlige høge">høge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grib_(fugl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grib (fugl)">gribbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandh%C3%B8ns" title="Sandhøns">sandhøns</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulbuler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulbuler (ikke skrevet endnu)">bulbuler</a>. Der findes flere <a href="/wiki/Slange" class="mw-redirect" title="Slange">slangearter</a>, heriblandt en række giftslanger, og talrige <a href="/wiki/Firben" title="Firben">firben</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fauna_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fauna-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I den Persiske Bugt og i det Røde Hav findes der mange forskellige dyrearter, blandt andet <a href="/wiki/Delfin" class="mw-redirect" title="Delfin">delfiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnel%C3%B8st_marsvin" title="Finneløst marsvin">finneløse marsvin</a>, lige som der findes over 700 fiskearter alene i den Persiske Bugt, heraf mange <a href="/wiki/Endemisk" title="Endemisk">endemiske</a> for dette område; mange af disse arter lever i og omkring det store <a href="/wiki/Koralrev" title="Koralrev">koralrev</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Redigér afsnit: Flora" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Flora"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trods det barske ørkenområde er der fundet over 2.200 plantearter i Saudi-Arabien, heraf 269 <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6s-familien" title="Græs-familien">græsarter</a>, 246 arter af <a href="/wiki/Kurvblomst-familien" title="Kurvblomst-familien">kurvblomstfamilien</a> og 217 <a href="/wiki/%C3%86rteblomstfamilien" class="mw-redirect" title="Ærteblomstfamilien">ærteblomstarter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-flora_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flora-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I alt er 131 plantefamilier repræsenteret i landet; omkring 70&#160;% af plantearterne findes i det nordvestlige og sydvestlige af landet.<sup id="cite_ref-flora_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flora-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Af de mange plantearter er temmelig få, blot 97, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A6_(organisme)" title="Træ (organisme)">træer</a>, primært <a href="/wiki/Akacie" title="Akacie">akacier</a> og <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commiphora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Commiphora (ikke skrevet endnu)">commiphora</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-flora_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flora-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klima">Klima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Redigér afsnit: Klima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Klima"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Red_Sand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_Sand.jpg/220px-Red_Sand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_Sand.jpg/330px-Red_Sand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_Sand.jpg/440px-Red_Sand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Rødt sand i ørkenen nær Riyadh.</figcaption></figure> <p>Klimaet i det meste af Saudi-Arabien har et meget ensartet mønster med <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98rkenklima&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ørkenklima (ikke skrevet endnu)">ørkenklima</a> præget af yderst begrænset nedbør samt meget varme og relativt store temperaturudsving. Det sydvestlige område er lidt anderledes med lidt mere nedbør fordelt over hele året samt lidt mindre varme og mindre temperaturudsving. Herunder ses en klimaoversigt fra et typisk ørkenområde, eksemplificeret ved landets hovedstad, Riyadh, samt et eksempel fra det sydvestlige område, byen <a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a> (også kendt som Qizan og Gizan) i regionen af samme navn. </p> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%"><a href="/wiki/Klimaoversigt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klimaoversigt">Klimaoversigt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Klimaoversigt/Forklaring" title="Skabelon:Klimaoversigt/Forklaring">forklaring</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:6em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-top:dotted 1px #cba;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:-1px 0">&#160;</div> <div style="background:#ace;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.2em;overflow:hidden">&#160;</div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">10</span></div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.6em;height:2.2em;">&#160;</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.8em; 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text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: red">Gennemsnitlige max. og min. temperaturer i °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: blue">Nedbørsmængde i mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><i>Kilde: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11752076">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=83404&amp;cityname=Riyadh-Saudi-Arabia&amp;units=metric">"Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"</a>. weatherbase.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:80%">30</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: red">Gennemsnitlige max. og min. temperaturer i °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: blue">Nedbørsmængde i mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><i>Kilde: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=4114&amp;cityname=Qizan-">"Qizan, Saudi Arabia"</a>. weatherbase.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Qizan%2C+Saudi+Arabia&amp;rft.pub=weatherbase.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather.php3%3Fs%3D4114%26cityname%3DQizan-&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=411410&amp;cityname=Gizan-">"Gizan, Saudi Arabia"</a>. weatherbase.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gizan%2C+Saudi+Arabia&amp;rft.pub=weatherbase.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather.php3%3Fs%3D411410%26cityname%3DGizan-&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></i></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br clear="all" /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Økonomi"><span id=".C3.98konomi"></span>Økonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Redigér afsnit: Økonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Økonomi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:AramcoCoreArea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AramcoCoreArea.jpg/220px-AramcoCoreArea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AramcoCoreArea.jpg/330px-AramcoCoreArea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AramcoCoreArea.jpg/440px-AramcoCoreArea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Hovedkvarteret for Saudi Aramco, det statslige olieselskab.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saudi-Arabien har <a href="/wiki/Plan%C3%B8konomi" title="Planøkonomi">planøkonomi</a>, der er baseret på <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5olie" title="Råolie">råolie</a>: Omkring 75&#160;% af statens budgetindtægter og 85&#160;% af eksportindtjeningen kommer fra olieindustrien.<sup id="cite_ref-eia_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Landet er stærkt afhængigt af fremmedarbejdere, idet cirka 80&#160;% af alle ansatte i den private sektor kommer fra udlandet, mens saudiaraberne selv foretrækker at arbejder i den lukrative, behagelige offentlige sektor, hvor to tredjedele er indfødte.<sup id="cite_ref-coy_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coy-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Blandt udfordringerne for den saudiarabiske økonomi er en stagnerende eller ligefrem faldende <a href="/wiki/BNP_per_indbygger" class="mw-redirect" title="BNP per indbygger">BNP per indbygger</a>, forbedring af uddannelsessystemet, så ungdommen er bedre forberedt for at indgå i arbejdsstyrken og skaffe dem arbejde, spredning af økonomiens basis, så man ikke i så høj grad er afhængig af olien, stimulering af den private sektor, heriblandt opførelsen af boliger, samt reduktion af korruptionen og uligheden i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-ecochal_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecochal-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fitch_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitch-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olieindustriens bidrag til BNP'et er på 44&#160;%<sup id="cite_ref-fitch_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitch-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og langt størstedelen af olien går til asiatiske lande, ikke mindst Kina og Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-eia_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der eksporteres både råolie og raffinerede produkter; for begge typers vedkommende er landet verdens næststørste eksportør (efter Rusland med råolie og efter USA med raffinerede olieprodukter).<sup id="cite_ref-eia_183-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1990'erne oplevede Saudi-Arabien en betydelig nedgang i olieindtægterne kombineret med en høj befolkningstilvækst. Dette medførte, at indkomsten per indbygger faldt fra rekordhøje $11.700 i 1981 til $6.300 i 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-jica_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jica-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stigningen i oliepriserne siden årtusindskiftet, ikke mindst i perioden 2008-2009, har vendt denne kurve, så indkomsten per indbygger $25.400 i 2014 ($9.750 i 1981-priser).<sup id="cite_ref-imf_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infla_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infla-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> begrænser sine medlemmers olieproduktion baseret på "kendte reserver". Det estimeres, at Saudi-Arabien besidder 16&#160;% af verdens oliereserver, i alt omkring 266 milliarder <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nde_(rumm%C3%A5l)" title="Tønde (rummål)">tønder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eia_183-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> men en af verdens førende kendere af oliemarkedet, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Simmons&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Simmons (ikke skrevet endnu)">Matthew Simmons</a>, mente, at landet overdriver sine reserver voldsomt og snart vil vise en nedgang i produktionen.<sup id="cite_ref-simmons_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simmons-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landet har haft tradition for en stor offentlig sektor, men i perioden 2003-2013 blev "flere nøgleservices" privatiseret; det gælder fx vandforsyningen i kommunerne, elektricitet, telekommunikation, havne og jernbanedrift, foruden dele af uddannelsessektoren og sundhedsvæsenet.<sup id="cite_ref-ramady_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramady-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Privatiseringen har ikke været nogen ubetinget succes, idet der ifølge <i>Arab News</i>-skribenten Abdel Aziz Aluwaisheg "på næsten alle områder har været bekymringer i befolkningen om resultaterne af de privatiserede enheder."<sup id="cite_ref-aluwaisheg_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aluwaisheg-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadawul&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadawul (ikke skrevet endnu)">Tadawul</a> aktieindekset (TASI) toppede på 16.712,64 i 2005 og lukkede på 8.333,30 med udgangen af 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-tadawul_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tadawul-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saudi-Arabien blev medlem af <a href="/wiki/WTO" title="WTO">WTO</a> i 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-wto_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wto-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I april 2000 etablerede regeringen Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority, der skulle opmuntre udenlandske direkte investeringer i landet. Landet har fortsat en negativliste over sektorer, hvor man ikke ønsker udenlandske investeringer, men regeringen planlægger at åbne for nogle af disse pt. lukkede sektorer, såsom telekommunikation, forsikring og strømdistribution. Blandt organisationens forslag har været at etablere seks "økonomibyer", fx <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Abdullah%27s_Economic_City&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="King Abdullah&#39;s Economic City (ikke skrevet endnu)">King Abdullah's Economic City</a>, der efter planen skal stå færdige i 2020. Hensigten med disse økonomicentre er at sprede økonomien og skaffe flere job. Kong Abdullah bekendtgjorde i den forbindelse, at han forventede en stigning i indkomsten per indbygger fra cirka $15.000 i 2006 til $33.500 i 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-tdctrade_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdctrade-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tanken var at fordele økonomibyerne rundt om i landet, så de forskellige regioner fik glæde af en udvidelse af forretningsområderne og fik forbedret deres økonomi, og de seks byer er projekteret til at øge den samlede <a href="/wiki/Bruttonationalprodukt" title="Bruttonationalprodukt">BNP</a> med $150 milliarder. </p><p>Ud over olieproduktionen har Saudi-Arabien en mindre udvinding af <a href="/wiki/Guld" title="Guld">guld</a> i området <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahd_adh_Dhahab&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahd adh Dhahab (ikke skrevet endnu)">Mahd adh Dhahab</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madinah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Madinah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Madinah</a>-regionen, men de saudiarabiske lagerbeholdninger af guld faldt betragteligt under faldet i guldsalget i 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-bullion_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bullion-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arbejdsstyrken har gennem årtier været præget af fremmedarbejdere, særligt inden for den private sektor, men det har efterhånden betydet, at der er en markant arbejdsløshed blandt indfødte saudiarabere. For at afbøde dette har regeringen indført en "saudifikations-proces", hvor man har forsøgt at erstatte nogle af de udenlandske arbejdere med lokale. Denne proces har dog ikke båret succes, idet man forventede en arbejdsløshed blandt saudiarabere på 2,8&#160;% i 2009, men det officielle tal blev i stedet 10,5&#160;%.<sup id="cite_ref-house_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kønsfordelingen på arbejdsmarkedet er ret skæv, idet kvinderne udgør mindre end 15&#160;% af den aktive arbejdsstyrke.<sup id="cite_ref-saner_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saner-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fattigdom er et tabu i Saudi-Arabien. Landet indgår ikke i FN-statistikker om fattigdom, idet landet ikke systematisk udsender tal herom.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 2009 bekendtgjorde man, at der fandtes henved 670.000 fattige familier i landet, hvilket ifølge uafhængige kilder svarer til omkring 3 millioner personer, og dette tal vidner om et markant fattigdomsproblem i et land med cirka 18 millioner indfødte (ud af en samlet befolkning på omkring 30 millioner).<sup id="cite_ref-npr_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Iagttagere af fattigdomsproblemet foretrækker generelt at være anonyme,<sup id="cite_ref-obsfrance_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsfrance-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> fordi de ellers risikerer at blive arresteret. Et eksempel herpå stammer fra perioden efter det <a href="/wiki/Protesterne_i_den_arabiske_verden_2010-2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Protesterne i den arabiske verden 2010-2011">arabiske forår</a>, hvor indenrigsministeren lod journalisten Feros Boqna og to kolleger tilbageholde i to uger for at forhøre dem om en video om emnet, som de havde lagt på <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gutman_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutman-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I filmen hævder journalisterne, at 22&#160;% af Saudi-Arabiens befolkning lever i fattigdom (2009), og at 70&#160;% af befolkningen ikke ejer deres eget hjem.<sup id="cite_ref-zak_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zak-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uddannelse">Uddannelse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Redigér afsnit: Uddannelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Uddannelse"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Fakultas-fakultas_Umum_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fakultas-fakultas_Umum_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_%281%29.jpg/220px-Fakultas-fakultas_Umum_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fakultas-fakultas_Umum_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_%281%29.jpg/330px-Fakultas-fakultas_Umum_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fakultas-fakultas_Umum_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_%281%29.jpg/440px-Fakultas-fakultas_Umum_Universitas_Islam_Madinah_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Islamisk Universitet i Medina.</figcaption></figure> <p>Uddannelse er gratis på alle niveauer i Saudi-Arabien.<sup id="cite_ref-ibe_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibe-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Skolesystemet er opbygget med en seksårig grundskole, en mellemniveauskole opdelt i to trin på hvert tre år samt en række videregående uddannelser.<sup id="cite_ref-ibe_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibe-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Andelen af befolkningen over 15 år, der kan læse og skrive, er 90,8&#160;% for mænd og 82,2&#160;% for kvinder.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Skolesystemet er som udgangspunkt kønsopdelt, så der specielt på de første niveauer er særskilte skoler for drenge og piger. I 2011 blev verdens største universitet udelukkende for kvinder med plads til 50.000 studerende indviet i Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-saner_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saner-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Landets ældste universitet er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kong_Saud_Universitetet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kong Saud Universitetet (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kong Saud Universitetet</a> i Riyadh fra 1957; det blev fulgt af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamisk_Universitet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamisk Universitet (ikke skrevet endnu)">Islamisk Universitet</a> i Medina i 1961 og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kong_Abdulaziz_Universitetet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kong Abdulaziz Universitetet (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kong Abdulaziz Universitetet</a> i Jeddah i 1967. Siden er fulgt en række videregående institutioner, og særligt i perioden efter 2000 er opførelsen af sådanne institutioner boomet. Et fælles træk for hele uddannelsessystemet er, at undervisning i islam er et vigtigt element. </p><p>Grundskolen er seksårig, og eleverne starter i 6-årsalderen. De afslutter forløbet med en eksamen, som – hvis den bestås – giver adgang til mellemniveauet. Målet med grundskoleundervisningen er følgende: At indgyde den korrekte islamiske tro, at udvikle basale sproglige, talmæssige og fysiske færdigheder, at udvikle en ansvarlighed i rettigheder og pligter, herunder at fremme fædrelandskærligheden og lydigheden over for landets ledelse, samt at skabe en lyst til at lære, at arbejde og at bruge fritiden positivt.<sup id="cite_ref-ibe_202-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibe-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mellemskoleniveauet er todelt og består af en treårig overbygning over grundskolen, samt en treårig ungdomsuddannelse. På mellemniveauet er pensum fælles i de fire første år, hvorpå der vælges en af fire studieretninger: Administration og samfundsfag, naturvidenskab samt sharia og arabiske studier.<sup id="cite_ref-ibe_202-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibe-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mellemniveauet afsluttes med en eksamen, der giver mulighed for at studere videre på videregående uddannelser. </p><p>På det videregående niveau findes der en lang række specialiserede uddannelser, der er berammet til fra to år og opefter. Tekniske skoler har en række toårige uddannelser samt <a href="/wiki/Bachelor" title="Bachelor">bacheloruddannelser</a> på tre år. På de fleste andre områder tager bachelorgraden fra fire år og opefter; den kan efterfølges af en <a href="/wiki/Kandidat" title="Kandidat">kandidatgrad</a>, der typisk opnås med yderligere ét til to års studier, mens diplomuddannelser oftest tager tre år. </p><p>Studiet af islam gennemsyrer det saudiarabiske uddannelsessystem, og der er i stor udstrækning tale om udenadslære af store dele af <i><a href="/wiki/Koranen" title="Koranen">Koranen</a></i>, fortolkning og forståelse heraf samt anvendelsen af islamiske traditioner i dagligdagen. Denne type undervisning er obligatorisk på alle niveauer, inklusiv de videregående uddannelser.<sup id="cite_ref-wenr_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wenr-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> En konsekvens af denne massive undervisning i religiøse emner er med ord fra CIAs <i><a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a></i>, at den saudiarabiske ungdom "generelt mangler uddannelse og tekniske færdigheder, der efterspørges af den private sektor."<sup id="cite_ref-ibt_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibt-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tilsvarende skrev <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i> i 2010, at "landet har brug for uddannede saudiarabiske unge med brugbar viden og en sans for innovation og iværksætteri. Dette er ikke i almindelighed, hvad Saudi-Arabiens uddannelsessystem leverer, så gennemsyret det er med udenadslære og religiøs læring."<sup id="cite_ref-che_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-che-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Et af de store kritikpunkter ved islam-undervisningen er, at den i så høj grad er baseret på wahhabi-læren. Dette blev i en rapport i 2006 kritiseret af <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> for at fremelske en ideologi, der fortsat udbreder had mod andre trosretninger, herunder kristendom, jødedom samt andre opfattelser af islam.<sup id="cite_ref-butt_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butt-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freedom2006_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom2006-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der undervises også i pensum fra de saudiarabiske religiøse studier uden for landet i <a href="/wiki/Madrassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassa">madrassaer</a>, skoler og klubber.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2010_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2010-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kritikere har beskrevet uddannelsessystemet som "middelalderligt", og at dets primære mål er at "fastholde det enevældige monarkis rolle ved at fremstille det som troens ægte beskyttere, og at islam er i krig med andre trosretninger og kulturer.<sup id="cite_ref-ahmed_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahmed-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beskyldningerne om at opmuntre til islamisk terrorisme har ført til reformforsøg i det saudiarabiske uddannelsessystem.<sup id="cite_ref-slate_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lake_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lake-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For at løse det dobbelte problem med opmuntring til ekstremisme og den manglende evne hos landets videregående uddannelsesinstitutioner til at uddanne unge til den moderne økonomiske realitet, har regeringen iværksat en glidende modernisering af uddannelsessystemet med det såkaldte "Tatweer"-reformprogram.<sup id="cite_ref-slate_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tatweer-programmet har et budget på omkring $2 milliarder og fokuserer på at ændre undervisningen fra den traditionelle arabiske udenadslære til en mere analyserende og problemløsende tilgang. Det stræber også efter at skabe et mere sekulært og erhvervsrettet uddannelsessystem.<sup id="cite_ref-che_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-che-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kinani_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kinani-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastruktur">Infrastruktur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Redigér afsnit: Infrastruktur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Infrastruktur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saudi-Arabien har siden olie-boomet i 1970'erne investeret stadig større summer i landets infrastruktur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flytrafik">Flytrafik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Redigér afsnit: Flytrafik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Flytrafik"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Hajj_Terminal_01_Jeddah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hajj_Terminal_01_Jeddah.jpg/220px-Hajj_Terminal_01_Jeddah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hajj_Terminal_01_Jeddah.jpg/330px-Hajj_Terminal_01_Jeddah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hajj_Terminal_01_Jeddah.jpg/440px-Hajj_Terminal_01_Jeddah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Hajj-terminalen i King Abdulaziz International Airport, der er landets passagermæssigt vigtigste lufthavn.</figcaption></figure> <p>Der findes 35 <a href="/wiki/Lufthavn" title="Lufthavn">lufthavne</a> i Saudi-Arabien.<sup id="cite_ref-prokerala_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prokerala-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Heraf er fire internationale lufthavne: <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Fahd_International_Airport&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="King Fahd International Airport (ikke skrevet endnu)">King Fahd International Airport</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a>, som er arealmæssigt verdens største lufthavn, <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdulaziz International Airport">King Abdulaziz International Airport</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, som er passagermæssigt landets største, <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Khaled_International_Airport&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="King Khaled International Airport (ikke skrevet endnu)">King Khaled International Airport</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> samt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Mohammad_bin_Abdulaziz_Airport&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport (ikke skrevet endnu)">Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-airports_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airports-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Passagertallene for de fire lufthavne lød i 2012 på 27,11 millioner for King Abdulaziz (Jeddah), 17,07 millioner for King Khaled (Riyadh), 6,42 millioner for King Fahd (Dammam) og 4,74 millioner for Prince Mohammad (Medina). Tallet for landets øvrige lufthavne tilsammen var samme år på 9,43 millioner.<sup id="cite_ref-anna_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anna-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mange store internationale luftfartselskaber beflyver de internationale lufthavne i Saudi-Arabien, og der er direkte flyruter til storbyer over hele verden som <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> foruden alle betydende lufthavne i Mellemøsten. De mest befærdede ruter til udlandet går til henholdsvis <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> og <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anna_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anna-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saudia" title="Saudia">Saudia</a> er det nationale luftfartselskab i Saudi-Arabien med basis i Jeddah. Selskabet har 117 fly, hvoraf 36 er <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a>, 35 er <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" title="Airbus A320">Airbus A320-200</a>, 27 er andre Airbus modeller, mens resten fordeler sig mellem <a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer 170</a> og <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-saudiover_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saudiover-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ifølge selskabet selv transporterede det 25,24 millioner passagerer på 177.435 ture i 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-saudihist_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saudihist-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jernbaner">Jernbaner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Redigér afsnit: Jernbaner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Jernbaner"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Rail_transport_map_of_Saudi_Arabia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rail_transport_map_of_Saudi_Arabia.png/220px-Rail_transport_map_of_Saudi_Arabia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rail_transport_map_of_Saudi_Arabia.png/330px-Rail_transport_map_of_Saudi_Arabia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rail_transport_map_of_Saudi_Arabia.png/440px-Rail_transport_map_of_Saudi_Arabia.png 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>Oversigt over eksisterende og planlagte jernbaner i Saudi-Arabien.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jernbanedriften i Saudi-Arabien kontrolleres af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Railways_Organization&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi Railways Organization (ikke skrevet endnu)">Saudi Railways Organization</a> (SRO), der har to divisioner til henholdsvis passager- og godstransport. Jernbanenettet i landet er indtil videre ret begrænset, idet det primært består af to linjer, der begge forløber mellem Riyadh og Dammam, samt en kort strækning i Dammam. Linje 1 er på 449 km og beregnet på passagertransport, mens linje 2, der går lidt sydligere, er på 556 km og bruges til godstransport.<sup id="cite_ref-saudirail_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saudirail-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dertil kommer en række korte sidestrækninger,<sup id="cite_ref-saudirail_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saudirail-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> heriblandt en kort strækning på 12,8 km fra Dammams hovedbanegård til byens havn. </p><p>Den første jernbane i landet var en del af et storstilet projekt fra den sidste periode af osmannernes styre i området. De anlagde en jernbane fra <a href="/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus">Damaskus</a> i det nuværende Syrien til Medina i Saudi-Arabien. Hensigten med denne linje var at lette rejsen for de <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">muhamedanske pilgrimmes</a> valfart til Mekka, der ellers gik gennem det barske landskab. Linjen blev indviet i 1908, men den blev udsat for sabotage under <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_verdenskrig" class="mw-redirect" title="Første verdenskrig">første verdenskrig</a> og ophørte med drift på den saudiarabiske strækning i 1920. </p><p>I tiden efter <a href="/wiki/Anden_verdenskrig" class="mw-redirect" title="Anden verdenskrig">anden verdenskrig</a> blev der introduceret moderne jernbanedrift i landet med henblik på fragttransport for det statslige olieselskab, Saudi Aramco. Linjen mellem Riyadh og Dammam blev indviet i 1951 (den nuværende linje 2), mens den kortere linje 1 blev indviet i 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-samirad_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samirad-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>SRO har materiel bestående af 59 diesellokomotiver og 75 passagervogne.<sup id="cite_ref-railfleet_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railfleet-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ifølge SRO transporteres årligt 1,3 millioner passagerer og 350.000 containere.<sup id="cite_ref-railstat_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railstat-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Der er store planer om udbygning af jernbanenettet. Projektet omfatter tre nye linjer: "Landbro"-projektet på tværs af landet, som skal udvide strækningen fra Riyadh til Dammam, så der fra Riyadh føres spor til den vestlige hovedhavneby Jeddah, mens der fra Dammam føres spor langs kysten nordpå til Jubail. Det vil give en samlet strækning på 1065 km. Haramain-højhastighedstoget skal gå fra Medina over Jeddah til Mekka, en strækning på 450 km, og endelig er der projekteret en nord-syd-strækning fra den jordanske grænse ved den lille by Al Haditha midt gennem landet til Riyadh med flere sidegrene, hvoraf den længste går til østkysten til en nyanlagt havneby, Ras Al-Zour, 60 km nord for Jubail.<sup id="cite_ref-railplan_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railplan-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den samlede strækning af denne linje er på omkring 2.400 km. Den samlede tidshorisont for dette projekt er 30 år fra 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-railgaz_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railgaz-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Havne_og_skibsfart">Havne og skibsfart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Redigér afsnit: Havne og skibsfart" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Havne og skibsfart"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I 2009 blev der samlet set i de saudiarabiske havne håndteret omkring 142,30 millioner tons last. Dette tal var faldet med 8,82&#160;% i forhold til året forinden, primært fordi importen faldt med 17,11&#160;%.<sup id="cite_ref-port_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-port-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De største målt på fragtet tonnage var i det år havnene i <a href="/wiki/Jubail" title="Jubail">Jubail</a> (ca. 43 millioner tons, primært eksport af olieprodukter og kunstgødning samt import af forskellige råvarer), <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> (ca. 41 millioner tons; 59&#160;% af landets import går via denne havn), <a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a> (ca. 33 millioner tons, primært eksport af olieprodukter) og <a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a> (ca. 19 millioner tons, havneby for hovedstaden Riyadh).<sup id="cite_ref-port_224-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-port-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Der er flere færgeruter til og fra Saudi-Arabien. Det største rederi inden for denne branche er Al Blagha,<sup id="cite_ref-lonely_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonely-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> der opererer seks ruter, primært til og fra Egypten (<a href="/wiki/Duba" title="Duba">Duba</a>-<a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duba" title="Duba">Duba</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a> og <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>), Sudan (<a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Swakin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Swakin (ikke skrevet endnu)">Swakin</a>), Yemen (<a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Al-Hudaydah" title="Al-Hudaydah">Al-Hudaydah</a>) samt fra <a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a> til de saudiarabiske øer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farasan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Farasan (ikke skrevet endnu)">Farasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alblagha_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alblagha-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handelsflåden i landet er relativt lille i antal store skibe (over 1000 bruttoregistertons), men ganske stort i transportmængde. I 2003 blev antallet af disse skibe opgjort til 95, deraf 77 tankskibe, og den samlede fragtmængde på disse var på 11,398 millioner tons, hvilket rakte til en fjortendeplads blandt verdens landes handelsflåder.<sup id="cite_ref-fleet_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fleet-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veje_og_biltrafik">Veje og biltrafik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Redigér afsnit: Veje og biltrafik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Veje og biltrafik"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I 2005 var der et vejnet på 221.372 km i Saudi-Arabien,<sup id="cite_ref-tradeeco_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradeeco-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roads_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roads-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> deraf var 21,5&#160;% asfalteret eller på anden måde med fast belægning. Vejnettets omfang er øget fra 139.425 i 1990, mens asfalteringsandelen i samme periode er faldet fra 40,6&#160;%.<sup id="cite_ref-roads_229-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roads-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antallet af motorkøretøjer per 1.000 indbyggere var i 2005 på 192.<sup id="cite_ref-vehicles_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vehicles-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Da landet er storproducent af olie, er brændstof meget billigt i landet med 2010-priser på $0,1 per liter dieselolie og $0,2 per liter benzin,<sup id="cite_ref-tradeeco_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradeeco-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og der er ikke konkurrence på priserne.<sup id="cite_ref-lonely2_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonely2-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Busruter findes i og mellem de store byer i landet,<sup id="cite_ref-pubtrans_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubtrans-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lonely2_231-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonely2-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og fra nogle af de større byer findes en række internationale busruter.<sup id="cite_ref-lonely_225-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonely-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bustransporten er centralt styret af Saudi Arabian Public Transport Company,<sup id="cite_ref-lonely2_231-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonely2-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> der opererer med 2.000 busser og årligt transporterer over 3 millioner passagerer.<sup id="cite_ref-pubtrans_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubtrans-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> er de almindelige køreplaner sat på vågeblus, idet rigtig mange busser (i alt cirka 15.000) bruges til at transportere pilgrimme til islams hellige steder som Mekka.<sup id="cite_ref-pubtrans_232-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubtrans-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Redigér afsnit: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Demografi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png/220px-Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png/330px-Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png/440px-Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Befolkningstætheden i Saudi-Arabien 2010.</figcaption></figure> <p>Det er estimeret, at der i Saudi-Arabien bor (per 2014) 30.770.375 mennesker,<sup id="cite_ref-befolk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-befolk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> heriblandt 8,5 millioner<sup id="cite_ref-census_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eller omkring 10 millioner immigranter med udenlandsk statsborgerskab.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcdowall_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdowall-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der er sket en markant forøgelse af befolkningen, idet den i 1950 var estimeret til at være på lidt over 3 millioner.<sup id="cite_ref-wpp_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpp-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I mange år havde landet en af verdens højeste fødselsrater med omkring 3&#160;% årligt.<sup id="cite_ref-long27_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long27-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Så sent som i 1970 boede de fleste saudiarabere i landområder, hvor de skaffede sig indtægter lokalt, men siden olieeventyret er der sket en tilflytning til byområderne, så det i 2012 var cirka 80&#160;%, der boede i storbyområderne, især i og omkring Riyadh, Jeddah og Dammam.<sup id="cite_ref-house69_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house69-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det befolkningsmæssigt største område er <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a> på vestkysten,<sup id="cite_ref-yamani_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamani-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> der blandt andet omfatter regionerne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makkah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Makkah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Makkah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madinah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Madinah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Madinah</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Asir&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="&#39;Asir (ikke skrevet endnu)">Asir</a>. </p><p>Landet har en meget ung befolkning, hvor mere end halvdelen er under 25 år;<sup id="cite_ref-murphy2_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murphy2-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> nogle kilder går så vidt som til at sige, at over 60&#160;% er under 21 år.<sup id="cite_ref-house221_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house221-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comfort_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comfort-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Der er varierende oplysninger om omfanget af indvandrere til Saudi-Arabien, hvilket blandt andet skyldes, at der er ganske stort antal illegale indvandrere, der i nogle tilfælde ikke regnes med. Det officielle tal i midten af 2013 lyder på 9,7 millioner indvandrere, men når man ser på tallene for nationaliteter hver for sig, summer det op til noget over det officielle tal, jf. tabellen herunder.<sup id="cite_ref-belair_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belair-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Af tabellen fremgår ikke, at der også findes en mindre gruppe (fortrinsvis højtuddannede) immigranter fra vestlige lande. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Indvandret fra </th> <th>Antal indvandrere (est., 1.000)<sup id="cite_ref-belair_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belair-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a> </td> <td>2.000-2.800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>1.500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td>1.500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien">Indonesien</a> </td> <td>1.500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a> </td> <td>1.000-2.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a> </td> <td>1.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> <td>800-1.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td>500-900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A6stina" title="Palæstina">Palæstina</a> </td> <td>500-1.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Filippinerne" title="Filippinerne">Filippinerne</a> </td> <td>670 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etiopien" title="Etiopien">Etiopien</a> </td> <td>150-700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> </td> <td>250-600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td>250-300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a> </td> <td>160 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Der rejser også folk ud af landet, men ikke i nært samme omfang som indvandringen. I 2012 emigrerede 92.403 saudiarabere, og af disse rejste over halvdelen til USA (58.022). De næststørste mål var Australien (13.610), Canada (11.625) og EU (7.803).<sup id="cite_ref-belair_242-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belair-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Der har indtil nyere tid været <a href="/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri">slaveri</a> i landet, som først blev forbudt i 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcslav_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcslav-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det tog dog lidt tid, inden det i praksis blev afviklet, og i 1963 var det estimeret, at der fortsat var omkring 300.000 slaver i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-laffin_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laffin-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslimske indvandrere i Saudi-Arabien kan efter at have boet ti år i landet ansøge om at få saudiarabisk statsborgerskab.<sup id="cite_ref-citizen_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citizen-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I praksis får ansøgere med højere uddannelser inden for medicin, it samt anden videnskab og teknologi positiv særbehandling og hurtigere behandlingstid, mens statsløse palæstinensere ikke får statsborgerskab på grund af en beslutning taget i den <a href="/wiki/Arabiske_Liga" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabiske Liga">Arabiske Liga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ghafour_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghafour-246"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efterhånden som den saudiarabiske befolkning er vokset og indtægterne fra olien er stagneret, er der vokset et pres frem for en "saudifikation", hvor udenlandsk arbejdskraft erstattes af indfødte saudiarabere, og den saudiarabiske regering håber at kunne skære ned på antallet af udlændinge i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-ghafour2_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghafour2-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I perioden 1990-1991 udviste Saudi-Arabien 800.000 yemenitter,<sup id="cite_ref-hill_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og saudiaraberne opførte en mur på en længere del af grænsen mod Yemen for at forhindre illegal indvandring og begrænse indsmuglingen af narkotika og våben.<sup id="cite_ref-kibsi_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kibsi-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I november 2013 udviste Saudi-Arabien tusindvis af etiopiere fra landet, hvilket blev kritiseret af flere menneskerettighedsorganisationer.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty-250"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sprog">Sprog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Redigér afsnit: Sprog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sprog"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det officielle sprog i Saudi-Arabien er <a href="/wiki/Arabisk_(sprog)" title="Arabisk (sprog)">arabisk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-study_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der findes tre betydelige, regionale varianter af sproget: Najd-arabisk (talt af cirka 8 millioner), hijaz-arabisk (cirka 6 millioner) og golf-arabisk (cirka 200.000).<sup id="cite_ref-study_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethno_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-252"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det vigtigste sprog for de døve i landet er <a href="/wiki/Tegnsprog" title="Tegnsprog">arabisk tegnsprog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ethno_252-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-252"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Med de store immigrantgrupper i landet findes der også andre sprog, der dagligt tales af større grupper. De mest udbredte er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_(sprog)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagalog (sprog) (ikke skrevet endnu)">tagalog</a> (cirka 700.000), <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" title="Rohingya">rohingya</a> (cirka 400.000), <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">urdu</a> (cirka 382.000) og <a href="/wiki/Egyptisk_arabisk" title="Egyptisk arabisk">egyptisk arabisk</a> (cirka 300.000).<sup id="cite_ref-ethno2_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno2-253"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-study_251-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Redigér afsnit: Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Religion"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Opened_Qur%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Opened_Qur%27an.jpg/220px-Opened_Qur%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Opened_Qur%27an.jpg/330px-Opened_Qur%27an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Opened_Qur%27an.jpg/440px-Opened_Qur%27an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption><i>Koranen</i> er islams hellige skrift.</figcaption></figure> <p>Så at sige alle saudiarabiske statsborgere er muslimer. Medregnes beboere fra andre lande bekender 97&#160;% sig til denne religion.<sup id="cite_ref-pew_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Data til opgørelsen af religiøse overbevisninger stammer hovedsageligt fra befolkningsundersøgelser, der er mindre pålidelige end folketællinger eller demografiske storskalaundersøgelser.<sup id="cite_ref-pew_254-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det vurderes, at 85-90&#160;% af muslimerne er <a href="/wiki/Sunnisme" title="Sunnisme">sunnier</a>, mens 10-15&#160;% er <a href="/wiki/Shiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiisme">shiaer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pew_254-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den officielle og mest udbredte form for sunni-islam i Saudi-Arabien er <a href="/wiki/Wahhabisme" title="Wahhabisme">wahhabisme</a>, opkaldt efter grundlæggeren <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>, der levede i det 18. århundrede i det nuværende Saudi-Arabien.<sup id="cite_ref-bowen69_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowen69-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Denne form er blevet blandet med den mere radikale <a href="/wiki/Salafisme" title="Salafisme">salafisme</a>, der har sit udgangspunkt i Egypten i det 19. århundrede.<sup id="cite_ref-jamestown_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamestown-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der findes i religiøse kredse i landet en strid, der går på det "korrekte" omfang af salafisme i den officielle religion.<sup id="cite_ref-jamestown_255-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamestown-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den officielle religion har siden 1970'erne søgt at begrænse salafismens indflydelse ved blandt andet at beskære finansieringen af salafistisk-baseret undervisning.<sup id="cite_ref-jamestown_255-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamestown-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Såvel wahhabisme som salafisme beskrives ofte som "puritanske", "intolerante" og "ultrakonservative". Fortalerne for den officielle religion i landet hævder imidlertid, at dens lære søger mod at rense islam for enhver nytænkning eller praksis, der afviger fra den lære, som Muhammed og hans fæller gav i det 7. århundrede.<sup id="cite_ref-blanchard_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blanchard-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ifølge Human Rights Watch diskrimineres den shiamuslimske minoritet systematisk af den saudiarabiske regering på områder som undervisning, retsstilling og særligt religionsfrihed.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw-257"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shiaerne møder også diskrimination på jobmarkedet, og deres ret til at fejre shiitiske mærkedage som <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">ashura</a> samt deltagelse i almindelig offentlig gudsdyrkelse.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw2_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw2-258"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-price_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-price-259"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I en rapport fra 2010 fra <a href="/wiki/Udenrigsministeriet_(USA)" title="Udenrigsministeriet (USA)">USA's udenrigsministerium</a> hedder det, at i Saudi-Arabien er "<a href="/wiki/Religionsfrihed" title="Religionsfrihed">religionsfrihed</a> hverken anerkendt eller lovmæssigt beskyttet og i praksis stærkt begrænset" samt at "regeringens politik fortsat i høj grad modvirker religionsfrihed."<sup id="cite_ref-relfri_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relfri-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det er ikke tilladt at dyrke nogen anden form for religion end islam, skønt der er næsten en million <a href="/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom">kristne</a> – så at sige alle indvandrere – i Saudi-Arabien.<sup id="cite_ref-owen_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owen-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ingen kirker eller andre ikke-muslimske helligdomme er tilladt i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-relfri_260-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relfri-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selv gudstjenester i privat regi er i praksis forbudt, og det saudiarabiske religiøse politi hævdes med jævne mellemrum at ransage kristne hjem.<sup id="cite_ref-owen_261-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owen-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 2007 anmodede Human Rights Watch kong Abdullah om at stoppe en kampagne for at arrestere og udvise udenlandske tilhængere af <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">ahmadiyya</a>-troen.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw3_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw3-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ved konvertering fra islam til en anden religion (<a href="/wiki/Apostasi" title="Apostasi">apostasi</a>) kan en person idømmes dødsstraf, idet der dog ikke i de senere år er bekræftede tilfælde af henrettelse for konvertering.<sup id="cite_ref-relfri_260-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relfri-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Missionering for ikke-islamiske religioner er forbudt,<sup id="cite_ref-relfri_260-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relfri-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og den sidste kristne præst blev udvist fra Saudi-Arabien i 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-owen_261-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owen-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der findes enkelte hinduer og buddhister i landet. Ahmadiyya-muslimer får ikke indrejsetilladelse i landet,<sup id="cite_ref-martino_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martino-263"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> men enkelte saudiarabere er konverteret til denne tro.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw3_262-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw3-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Erstatninger i retssager diskriminerer mod ikke-muhamedanere: En muslim får den fulde erstatning, der er fastsat, en kristen eller jøde får halv erstatning, mens alle andre får en sekstendedel erstatning.<sup id="cite_ref-owen_261-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owen-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saudi-Arabien har officielt erklæret <a href="/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme">ateister</a> for terrorister.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultur">Kultur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Redigér afsnit: Kultur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kultur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saudi-Arabiens har århundredgamle holdninger og traditioner, ofte stammende fra arabiske civilisationer. Denne kultur er blevet kraftigt påvirket af den barske, puritanske form for islam, wahhabisme, der stammer fra det 18. århundrede og nu er dominerende i landet. De mange begrænsninger herfra i beklædning og levevis bliver strengt håndhævet både retsligt og socialt. Imidlertid er der rapporteringer om, at den ret omfattende kongelige familie til tider anlægger en anden moral, end der generelt opretholdes i samfundet og holder fester med alkohol, narkotika og prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-brooke_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooke-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dagliglivet er præget af de islamiske skikke og ritualer. Fem gange dagligt kaldes muslimerne til bøn fra <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minareter</a> på <a href="/wiki/Moske" class="mw-redirect" title="Moske">moskeerne</a>, der findes overalt i landet. Da fredag er den helligste dag for muslimerne, udgøres weekenden af fredag og lørdag; indtil juni 2013 var weekenden torsdag og fredag, men dette blev ændret af hensyn til økonomiske interesser og internationale relationer.<sup id="cite_ref-subramanian_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subramanian-265"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ifølge wahhabismen er der kun to nationale, religiøse helligdagsperioder om året, <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a> og <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Adha" title="Eid ul-Adha">Eid ul-Adha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-holiday_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holiday-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Andre traditionelle islamiske festdage, som <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Muhammeds fødselsdag</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a> (vigtig for shiiterne), tolereres,<sup id="cite_ref-holiday_266-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holiday-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hvis blot de fejres under private former og i mindre grupper. Andre former for ikke-religiøse nationale fejringer har i mange år ikke været afholdt, men siden 2006 har nationaldagen, <a href="/wiki/23._september" title="23. september">23. september</a>, været national festdag trods indvendinger fra religiøse kredse.<sup id="cite_ref-lacey2_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacey2-267"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalsymboler">Nationalsymboler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Redigér afsnit: Nationalsymboler" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Nationalsymboler"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabiens_flag" title="Saudi-Arabiens flag">Saudi-Arabiens flag</a> er grønt med en inskription oven over et sværd. Inskriptionen angiver <a href="/wiki/Shahadah" title="Shahadah">shahadah</a>, den islamiske trosbekendelse. Ordet "grøn" forekommer flere i <i>Koranen</i> og opfattes generelt som et symbol på islam. En række varianter er blevet brugt siden selvstændigheden; de første havde en hvid lodret stribe til venstre, men ellers har de tidligere varianter grundlæggende haft samme indhold som det nuværende. Flaget skal bruges med omtanke, da symboler generelt ikke bruges i islam. </p><p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aash_Al_Maleek&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aash Al Maleek (ikke skrevet endnu)">Aash Al Maleek</a>" er Saudi-Arabiens <a href="/wiki/Nationalsang" title="Nationalsang">nationalsang</a>, hvis melodi blev skrevet i 1947 af egypteren Abdul Rahman al-Khateeb og officielt taget i brug i 1950. I 1958 kom der en tekst til, men den blev kun sjældent anvendt, og kong Fahd bad i 1984 Ibrahim al-Khafaji skrive en tekst, som siden har været den officielle.<sup id="cite_ref-natant_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natant-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Teksten er ganske kort og tilskynder landet til hurtigst muligt at opnå storhed, hejse flaget, ære Gud og beder Gud om at give kongen et langt liv.<sup id="cite_ref-natanttekst_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natanttekst-269"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabiens_nationalv%C3%A5ben&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi-Arabiens nationalvåben (ikke skrevet endnu)">Saudi-Arabiens nationalvåben</a> stammer fra 1950<sup id="cite_ref-coa_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coa-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og viser et palmetræ over to krydsede sværd. Dette er indskrevet i landets basale lov.<sup id="cite_ref-lov4_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lov4-271"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sværdet repræsenterer de to gamle kongedømmer, Najd og Hijaz, mens palmetræet repræsenterer kongerigets rigdomme defineret som dets folk, arv, historie og ressourcer (naturlige som ikke-naturlige). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamiske_helligdomme">Islamiske helligdomme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Redigér afsnit: Islamiske helligdomme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Islamiske helligdomme"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:(S.A.W)_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%28S.A.W%29_grave.jpg/220px-%28S.A.W%29_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%28S.A.W%29_grave.jpg/330px-%28S.A.W%29_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%28S.A.W%29_grave.jpg/440px-%28S.A.W%29_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nabawi-moskeen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nabawi-moskeen (ikke skrevet endnu)">Al-Nabawi-moskeen</a> i Medina er en af islams store helligdomme.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saudi-Arabien, især Hijaz-området, rummer som vugge for den islamiske religion mange af de mest betydningsfulde historiske islamiske steder, heriblandt de to helligste islamiske byer, <a href="/wiki/Mekka" title="Mekka">Mekka</a> og <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zwemer_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zwemer-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Et af kongens tilnavne er "Vogter af de To Hellige Moskeer", og her hentydes til henholdsvis <a href="/wiki/Al-Haram-moskeen" title="Al-Haram-moskeen">Al-Haram-moskeen</a> (som indeholder islams allerhelligste sted, <a href="/wiki/Kaba" title="Kaba">Ka'baen</a>) i Mekka og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nabawi-moskeen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nabawi-moskeen (ikke skrevet endnu)">Al-Nabawi-moskeen</a> (som indeholder Muhammeds grav) i Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-holyplace_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holyplace-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under det saudiarabiske styre har byerne i Hijaz lidt under omfattende ødelæggelser af deres fysiske arv, og for eksempel anslås det, at 95&#160;% af Mekkas historiske bygninger, mange af dem over tusind år gamle, er blevet ødelagt.<sup id="cite_ref-howden_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howden-274"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Wahhabismen modsætter sig enhver form for ærbødighed over for historiske eller religiøse steder af betydning af frygt for, at det vil give anledning til <a href="/wiki/Shirk" title="Shirk">shirk</a> (tro på andet end Allah). Disse ødelæggelser er blandt andet gået ud over moskeen, der oprindeligt var opført af Muhammeds datter <a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Zahra" title="Fatima al-Zahra">Fatima</a>, og andre moskeer opført af <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> (Muhammeds svigerfar og den første <a href="/wiki/Kalifat" title="Kalifat">kalif</a>), <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">Umar</a> (den anden kalif), <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (Muhammeds svigersøn og den fjerde kalif) samt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salman_al-Farsi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Salman al-Farsi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Salman al-Farsi</a> (en anden af Muhammeds disciple).<sup id="cite_ref-musaji_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musaji-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Andre historiske bygninger, der er blevet ødelagt, er <a href="/wiki/Khadija" title="Khadija">Khadijas</a> hus (Muhammeds hustru), Abu Bakrs hus, som nu er hjemsted for det lokale Hilton-hotel, Ali-Oraids hus (Muhammeds svigersøn) og Abu-Qubais-moskeen, der er erstattet af kongens palads i Mekka.<sup id="cite_ref-howden2_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howden2-276"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kritikere har beskrevet disse handlinger som "saudiarabisk vandalisme" og hævder, at over de seneste 50 år er over 300 historiske steder med tilknytning til Muhammed, hans familie og disciple gået tabt.<sup id="cite_ref-alawi_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alawi-277"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det rapporteres, at der nu findes færre end 20 strukturer tilbage i Mekka, der kan dateres til Muhammeds levetid.<sup id="cite_ref-howden2_276-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howden2-276"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kvinders_stilling">Kvinders stilling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Redigér afsnit: Kvinders stilling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kvinders stilling"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_3.jpg/220px-Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_3.jpg/330px-Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_3.jpg/440px-Saudi_Arabian_woman_with_Niqab_taking_photo_from_Mosque_of_Mohammad_al_Mahruq_-_Nishapur_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Saudiarabiske kvinder i det offentlige rum, på traditionel vis iført heldækkende klædedragter.</figcaption></figure> <p>I den vestlige verden og i humanitære organisationer betragter man den saudiarabiske regerings diskrimination mod kvinder som et alvorligt problem.<sup id="cite_ref-hrr13_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrr13-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kvinder har kun få politiske rettigheder og må for eksempel ikke stille op til eller stemme ved nationale valg. Dette gælder også ved lokale valg,<sup id="cite_ref-cnn2_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> men der har fra officiel side været talt om at give kvinder valgret ved lokalvalget i 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-berlingske_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berlingske-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nordjyske_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordjyske-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dog kun hvis de får lov til det af deres mandlige beskytter.<sup id="cite_ref-kirchick_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirchick-280"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der findes i landets lovgivning ingen lov, der kriminaliserer vold mod kvinder.<sup id="cite_ref-hrr13_278-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrr13-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> har i deres årlige <i>Global Gender Gap Report</i> fra 2013 rangeret Saudi-Arabien som nummer 127 blandt de 136 vurderede lande hvad angår lighed mellem kønnene.<sup id="cite_ref-ggr_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ggr-281"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi-Arabiens love siger, at enhver kvinde skal have en "beskytter" i form af en mandlig slægtning.<sup id="cite_ref-hrr13_278-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrr13-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-perpmin_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perpmin-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kvinder skal have lov af deres beskytter til at arbejde, rejse, studere og gifte sig.<sup id="cite_ref-perpmin_282-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perpmin-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nordjyske_279-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordjyske-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mænd har ret til <a href="/wiki/Polygami" title="Polygami">polygami</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-long66_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long66-283"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og de har ret til forlange skilsmisse uden retlig begrundelse, hvilket kvinder ikke har.<sup id="cite_ref-otto164_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto164-284"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> En kvinde kan kun opnå skilsmisse, hvis hendes mand giver hende lov til det, eller hvis han efter loven har skadet hende.<sup id="cite_ref-otto163_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto163-285"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I praksis er det dog meget vanskeligt for en kvinde at få en skilsmisse, hvis manden har skadet hende.<sup id="cite_ref-otto163_285-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto163-285"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kvinder bliver gift, når de er 24-25 år gamle (tal fra 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-quandl_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quandl-286"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Barneægteskaber forekommer i Saudi-Arabien (eksempler findes med piger ned til 8 år), hvilket misbilliges af menneskerettighedsorganisationer.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn09_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn09-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> En kvinde arver ifølge <i>Koranen</i> halvdelen af, hvad en mandlig arving får.<sup id="cite_ref-otto165_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto165-288"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De dele af ejendommene, der ikke er skrevet testamente for, tilfalder udelukkende mandlige arvinger.<sup id="cite_ref-otto165_288-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otto165-288"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>På grund af de mange restriktioner er kun 13&#160;% af kvinderne aktive på arbejdsmarkedet på trods af, at over halvdelen af dem, der gennemfører en videregående uddannelse, er kvinder.<sup id="cite_ref-saugaz_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saugaz-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Årsagen hertil er dels traditioner, der siger, at kvinder bliver hjemme og passer hus og hjem, dels praktiske problemer med at indrette arbejdspladser, så kvinderne ikke der kommer til at overtræde retlige og/eller moralske regler i samfundet.<sup id="cite_ref-saugaz_289-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saugaz-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der findes en række situationer, hvor mænd og kvinder holdes adskilt i offentlige sammenhænge, og dette forhold overvåges af det religiøse politi.<sup id="cite_ref-hrr13_278-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrr13-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Blandt restriktionerne er, at kvinder skal sidde i specielle familieafdelinger på restauranter, og desuden at de skal bære <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abaya (ikke skrevet endnu)">abaya</a>, en heldækkende dragt, samt have håret helt tildækket.<sup id="cite_ref-hrr13_278-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrr13-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Desuden har Saudi-Arabien ved lov bestemt, at kvinder ikke må føre bil.<sup id="cite_ref-nordjyske_279-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordjyske-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Påklædning"><span id="P.C3.A5kl.C3.A6dning"></span>Påklædning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Redigér afsnit: Påklædning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Påklædning"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Dishdasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dishdasha.jpg/220px-Dishdasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dishdasha.jpg/330px-Dishdasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dishdasha.jpg/440px-Dishdasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Thawben er mændenes traditionelle klædedragt over hele Arabien.</figcaption></figure> <p>De almindeligt anvendte klædedragter i Saudi-Arabien følger omhyggeligt forskrifterne i <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> (det islamiske princip for beskedenhed, især i klædedragten). Disse beklædninger er først og fremmest løse og flagrende, men samtidig heldækkende og som sådan tilpasset til Saudi-Arabiens ørkenklima. Mændenes traditionelle klædedragt er en ankellang såkaldt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thawb&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thawb (ikke skrevet endnu)">thawb</a> vævet af uld eller bomuld, en <a href="/wiki/Shemagh" title="Shemagh">shemagh</a> (også kaldet keffiyah, kendt i Danmark som palæstinensertørklæde, holdt på plads af et bånd eller en snor), enten ternet eller hvidt. På de sjældne kølige dage bærer saudiarabiske mænd en kameluldskappe (kaldet en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisht&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisht (ikke skrevet endnu)">bisht</a>) over skulderen. Uden for hjemmet bærer en kvinde abaya eller en anden sort beklædning, der dækker hele kroppen bortset fra hænderne og øjnene. Dette kræves også af ikke-muslimske kvinder, og manglende overholdelse heraf kan resultere i politiets indgriben. Kvindernes beklædning er ofte dekoreret med stammemotiver, mønter, pailletter, metaltråd eller applikeringer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musik_og_dans">Musik og dans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Redigér afsnit: Musik og dans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Musik og dans"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Jenadriyah_27_(7).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jenadriyah_27_%287%29.JPG/220px-Jenadriyah_27_%287%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jenadriyah_27_%287%29.JPG/330px-Jenadriyah_27_%287%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jenadriyah_27_%287%29.JPG/440px-Jenadriyah_27_%287%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Ardah er den nationale dans i Saudi-Arabien og danses af mænd med sværd.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saudi-Arabien har ikke nogen markant musikalsk tradition. Dette skyldes i høj grad den oprindelige befolknings nomadeliv, hvor man på rejserne kun medbragte det absolut nødvendige, og dermed var der typisk ikke plads til musikinstrumenter. Simple rytmer skabt af håndklap eller med slag på dagligdags redskaber udgjorde basis i musikken. Sommetider brugte man en <a href="/wiki/Langfl%C3%B8jte" title="Langfløjte">ney</a>, en langfløjte, og/eller en rababa, et strengeinstrument, hvis de kunne skaffes fra tidligere tiders storbyer som <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>. </p><p>Musikken blev dog betragtet som syndig blandt nogle muslimer. Dette er til dels baseret på <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadither</a>, som beskriver andre former for musik end den, man kunne frembringe med <a href="/wiki/Percussion" title="Percussion">percussioninstrumenter</a>, negativt, og ideen om, at musik og kunst leder tankerne væk fra Gud. Specielt i den nuværende stats tidlige år var de religiøse autoriteter hurtige til at undertrykke den musik, der gik ud over den percussion-baserede, som fortsat dominerer den saudiarabiske musik. På grund af denne religiøst betingede nedvurdering af musik findes der i almindelighed ikke musik i fx butikker, lige som der ikke findes musikalsk undervisning i skoler og på universiteter.<sup id="cite_ref-nayef_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nayef-290"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musikken er ofte knyttet til poesideklamation, fx i Hijaz, hvor den er inspireret af musik fra den arabiske periode i Andalusien, mens musikken i området omkring Mekka og Medina er påvirket af pilgrimme fra hele verden, der i århundreder har valfartet til disse byer.<sup id="cite_ref-folkmus_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folkmus-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den nationale dans i landet er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardah (ikke skrevet endnu)">ardah</a>, som er en opvisningsdans for mænd med sværd, der danser til percussionakkompagnement og poesioplæsning.<sup id="cite_ref-folkmus_291-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folkmus-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aramworld_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aramworld-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generelt holdes udenlandsk musik ude af det offentlige rum i landet, men det vakte opsigt, da der i 2008 blev afholdt en offentlig koncert i Riyadh, hvor der blev spillet <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johanes_Brahms&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johanes Brahms (ikke skrevet endnu)">Brahms</a>, og koncerten overraskede ydermere ved at tillade et blandet publikum af mænd og kvinder.<sup id="cite_ref-freemuse_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemuse-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>De senere år har tv, specielt satellitkanaler, været med til at gøre udenlandsk musik mere kendt i landet, og det har resulteret i en undergrundsscene præget af vestlig kultur med fx rock og rap.<sup id="cite_ref-freemuse_293-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemuse-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Redigér afsnit: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Litteratur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Litteraturen i Saudi-Arabien må i høj grad kæmpe med censur, der har en meget bred opfattelse af, hvad der kan true den rette religiøse lære og statens sikkerhed.<sup id="cite_ref-censor_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censor-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mlynx_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlynx-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Derfor har mange saudiarabiske forfattere gennem årene været nødt til at udgive deres værker fra andre lande.<sup id="cite_ref-jaggi_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaggi-296"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der findes dog en række forfattere, der har markeret sig både nationalt og internationalt. Det drejer sig blandt andet om prosaister som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdo_Khal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdo Khal (ikke skrevet endnu)">Abdo Khal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Alem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Alem (ikke skrevet endnu)">Raja Alem</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Rahman_Munif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Rahman Munif (ikke skrevet endnu)">Abdul Rahman Munif</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yousef_Al-Mohaimeed&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yousef Al-Mohaimeed (ikke skrevet endnu)">Yousef Al-Mohaimeed</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki_al-Hamad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Turki al-Hamad (ikke skrevet endnu)">Turki al-Hamad</a><sup id="cite_ref-jaggi_296-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaggi-296"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mlynx_295-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlynx-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turki_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turki-297"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scholes_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholes-298"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> samt poeter som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazi_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Gosaibi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghazi Abdul Rahman Al Gosaibi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ghazi Al Gosaibi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashraf_Fayadh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashraf Fayadh (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ashraf Fayadh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamza_Kashgari&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamza Kashgari (ikke skrevet endnu)">Hamza Kashgari</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fawziyya_Abu_Khalid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fawziyya Abu Khalid (ikke skrevet endnu)">Fawzia Abu Khaled</a> (prosa og poesi).<sup id="cite_ref-mlynx_295-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlynx-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Flere af disse har vundet internationale priser som Khal (Internationale Pris for Arabisk Fiktion (IPAF), 2010<sup id="cite_ref-ipaf_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipaf-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), Alem (IPAF, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-ipaf_299-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipaf-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) og Al_Mohaimeed (Abu al-Qasim Ashabbi-prisen, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-scholes_298-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholes-298"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Nogle af disse forfattere er enten emigreret (Munif) og/eller forfulgt (Al-Mohaimeed, Kashgari, Fayadh) for deres skriverier.<sup id="cite_ref-mlynx_295-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlynx-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scholes_298-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholes-298"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Billedkunst">Billedkunst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Redigér afsnit: Billedkunst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Billedkunst"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den sunnimuslimske opfattelse er, at det ikke er tilladt at portrættere personer i kunstnerisk form, og dette har i nogen grad bremset den billedkunstneriske udvikling i landet. Malerkunsten dyrkes dog i nogen omfang i landet, blandt andet også inden for den kongelige familie. Blandt de initiativer, der har været for at udbrede kendskabet til den saudiarabiske kunst, er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting_and_Patronage&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Painting and Patronage (ikke skrevet endnu)">Painting and Patronage</a>-initiativet, der siden slutningen af 1990'erne har søgt at skabe en udveksling mellem vestlig og saudiarabisk kunst via udstillinger i blandt andet London, Sintra (Portugal) og Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-pogp_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogp-300"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Initiativet arrangerer blandt andet også sommerskoler og udveksling af kunststuderende.<sup id="cite_ref-pogpact_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogpact-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Et andet initiativ for at udbrede kendskabet til saudiarabisk kunst er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edge_of_Arabia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edge of Arabia (ikke skrevet endnu)">Edge of Arabia</a>, der blev etableret i 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-eoaabout_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoaabout-302"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Edge of Arabia har afholdt udstillinger i blandt andet London, Berlin, Istanbul og Jeddah samt på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biennalen_i_Venedig&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biennalen i Venedig (ikke skrevet endnu)">Biennalen i Venedig</a> (2009, 2011 og 2013),<sup id="cite_ref-eoaabout_302-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoaabout-302"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mens fokus i perioden 2014-2016 i høj grad har været på USA med US Tour.<sup id="cite_ref-eoaexh_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoaexh-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I Saudi-Arabien finder man ikke så mange kunstmuseer, men Jeddah er kendt som landets kunstneriske hovedstad<sup id="cite_ref-bbcart_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcart-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og er kendt for at have mange kunstværker i det offentlige rum samt en række kunstgallerier.<sup id="cite_ref-musjeddah_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musjeddah-305"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-galjeddah_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galjeddah-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcart_304-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcart-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> På <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalmuseet_(Saudi-Arabien)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationalmuseet (Saudi-Arabien) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nationalmuseet</a> i Riyadh kan man finde historiske eksempler på kunstnerisk udtryk i det saudiarabiske område.<sup id="cite_ref-natmus_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natmus-307"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der er planlagt et stort kulturcentrum, der også skal indeholde et kunstmuseum, i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhahran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhahran (ikke skrevet endnu)">Dhahran</a> på østkysten til åbning i 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-kacwc_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kacwc-308"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Der er obligatorisk undervisning i kunst i folkeskolen i landet, og man kan studere kunst på universiteter i landet.<sup id="cite_ref-albadi_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albadi-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scenekunst">Scenekunst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Redigér afsnit: Scenekunst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Scenekunst"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I mange år eksisterede der på grund af religiøs modstand ikke offentlige teatre i landet, og visning af teaterforestillinger var sparsomme, men i de senere år har der været en opblødning undervejs. I 2009 blev der vist en teaterforestilling i Riyadh med opbakning af autoriteterne, herunder kongehuset.<sup id="cite_ref-media_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media-310"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det store olieselskab Aramco har også taget initiativer på teaterområdet med blandt andet støtte til en årlig teaterfestival i <a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a>, en festival der har fundet sted siden midten af 2000'erne.<sup id="cite_ref-khuwaylidi_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khuwaylidi-311"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whitaker_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitaker-312"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skuespillerne er typisk uddannet i udlandet, og kvinder må ikke være på scenen, lige som de i langt de fleste tilfælde holdes adskilt fra mændene på tilskuerpladserne.<sup id="cite_ref-whitaker_312-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitaker-312"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Redigér afsnit: Film" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Film"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:HaifaaAlMansour.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HaifaaAlMansour.JPG/220px-HaifaaAlMansour.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HaifaaAlMansour.JPG/330px-HaifaaAlMansour.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HaifaaAlMansour.JPG/440px-HaifaaAlMansour.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haifaa_Al-Mansour&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haifaa Al-Mansour (ikke skrevet endnu)">Haifaa Al-Mansour</a>, internationalt kendt saudiarabisk filminstruktør.</figcaption></figure> <p>Offentlige filmfremvisninger har som teatre i mange år været bandlyst i Saudi-Arabien, men også på dette område er der tilsyneladende lysere tide forude.<sup id="cite_ref-media_310-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media-310"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cinema_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinema-313"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der findes per 2015 én biograf, som ligger i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khobar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Khobar (ikke skrevet endnu)">Khobar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-imax_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imax-314"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> men regeringen har med udgangen af 2017 igen tilladt denne type etablissementer og forventer, at de første åbner i marts 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-drdec17_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drdec17-315"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blandt andet på grund af de manglende biografer er filmproduktionen yderst sparsom i landet. Den første saudiarabiske biograffilm, der blev lavet i årtier, var komedien <i>Menahi</i> fra 2008, der blev vist ved specialforestillinger i Jeddah og Taif i december samme år.<sup id="cite_ref-rafei_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rafei-316"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 2012 kom <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_gr%C3%B8nne_cykel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Den grønne cykel (ikke skrevet endnu)">Den grønne cykel</a></i> (<i>Wadjda</i>) lavet af den kvindelige instruktør og manuskriptforfatter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haifaa_Al-Mansour&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haifaa Al-Mansour (ikke skrevet endnu)">Haifaa Al-Mansour</a>, der er helt indspillet i Saudi-Arabien og udelukkende med lokale skuespillere.<sup id="cite_ref-lapin_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapin-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Filmen blev støttet af myndighederne og vandt en række priser,<sup id="cite_ref-imdb_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imdb-318"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> lige som den blev indstillet til en <a href="/wiki/Oscar_for_bedste_udenlandske_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar for bedste udenlandske film">Oscar for bedste udenlandske film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lapin_317-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapin-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film er generelt ikke forbudt i landet, men ses enten på en af tv-stationerne eller på video/dvd.<sup id="cite_ref-lapin_317-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapin-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Der er dog tale om film, der enten ikke er anstødelige i forhold til religionen, eller hvor censuren har klippet anstødelige scener ud.<sup id="cite_ref-lapin_317-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapin-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arkitektur">Arkitektur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Redigér afsnit: Arkitektur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Arkitektur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mada%27in_Saleh_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mada%27in_Saleh_2017.jpg/220px-Mada%27in_Saleh_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mada%27in_Saleh_2017.jpg/330px-Mada%27in_Saleh_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mada%27in_Saleh_2017.jpg/440px-Mada%27in_Saleh_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Madain Saleh.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Diriyahpic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Diriyahpic.jpg/220px-Diriyahpic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Diriyahpic.jpg/330px-Diriyahpic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Diriyahpic.jpg/440px-Diriyahpic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Saad ibn Sauds Palads i Diriyah.</figcaption></figure> <p>Den historiske arkitektur i Saudi-Arabien er først og fremmest bevaret i kongeslægtens ejendomme, men mange andre gamle bygninger er særligt fra 1970'erne og resten af århundredet blevet ødelagt. Det skyldes blandt andet hensynet til byfornyelse i kølvandet på de store olieindtægter, hvor blandt andet mange saudiarabere ønskede bedre huse med blandt andet <a href="/wiki/Aircondition" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircondition">aircondition</a>. Men en anden årsag til ødelæggelsen af mange gamle, ikke-kongelige bygninger skyldtes også wahhabismens krav om at undgå forherligelse af andet end Gud. Helt tilbage fra 1920'erne blev en række gravsteder i Mekka ødelagt, fordi de var for prangende, og efter den religiøse vækkelse sidst i 1970'erne er en række bygninger med tilknytning til tidlige muslimske personer i Muhammeds slægt blevet ødelagt eller ændret til ukendelighed, og dermed er den arkitektoniske arv på mange måder gået tabt.<sup id="cite_ref-determann_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-determann-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Der er dog områder, hvor ældre bymiljøer har overlevet, og det er efterhånden gået op for myndighederne i landet, at det kan være en fordel i forbindelse med blandt andet turisme at bevare og restaurere nogle af disse miljøer. Som to eksempler på områder, der er bevaret og under restaurering er henholdsvis Turaif-bydelen i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diriyah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diriyah (ikke skrevet endnu)">Diriyah</a>, en by, der var hovedstad og hjemby for den kongelige familie for Najd i det 18. århundrede,<sup id="cite_ref-unescodiriyah_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unescodiriyah-320"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> samt bymidten i Jeddah.<sup id="cite_ref-unescojeddah_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unescojeddah-321"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Disse områder er to af Saudi-Arabiens blot tre <a href="/wiki/UNESCOs_Verdensarvsliste" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCOs Verdensarvsliste">UNESCO-verdensarvsområder</a>; det tredje er <a href="/wiki/Madain_Saleh" title="Madain Saleh">Madain Saleh</a>, et arkæologisk udgravningsområde fra perioden før islam.<sup id="cite_ref-unescomadain_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unescomadain-322"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I det hele taget er der sket en bevægelse fra en ekskluderende tilgang til byggeri og arkitektur til en mere inkluderende inden for de seneste par årtier. Hensynet er her blandt andet til et håb om at få del i den turisme, der bliver mere og mere betydningsfuld i verdensøkonomien, og her ved man, at det er vigtigt at kunne fremvise autentiske historiske træk i bygninger mm.<sup id="cite_ref-determann_319-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-determann-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mange af de gamle huse (fra det 19. og begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede) er opført af sten eller mursten, særligt i det centrale område, mens der i Jeddah-området i stor udstrækning har været anvendt koraller fra det Røde hav som byggematerialer.<sup id="cite_ref-ambasarki_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambasarki-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De bygninger, der er opført i løbet af de seneste årtier, er opført i beton,<sup id="cite_ref-determann_319-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-determann-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> men myndighederne fremhæver selv, at moderne arkitekter har søgt inspiration i den klassiske byggestil, og fremhæver herpå <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kong_Saud_Universitetet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kong Saud Universitetet (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kong Saud Universitetet</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Khaled_International_Airport&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="King Khaled International Airport (ikke skrevet endnu)">King Khaled International Airport</a> som vellykkede eksempler på inkorporeringen af klassiske elementer i moderne byggestil.<sup id="cite_ref-ambasarki_323-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambasarki-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Andre eksempler på moderne byggeri er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraj_Al_Bait&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraj Al Bait (ikke skrevet endnu)">Abraj Al Bait</a>-komplekset i Mekka samt det futuristiske <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Abdullah_Petroleum_Studies_and_Research_Center&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (ikke skrevet endnu)">King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center</a> i Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-cnnark_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnark-324"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kommunikation_og_medier">Kommunikation og medier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Redigér afsnit: Kommunikation og medier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kommunikation og medier"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saudi-Arabien har et stærkt statskontrolleret medielandskab, hvor selvcensur er dybt forankret i medierne. Der tolereres ikke kritik af kongehuset eller af islam.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det statslige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_Services_of_the_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Broadcasting Services of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ikke skrevet endnu)">Broadcasting Services of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a> kontrollerer næsten hele radio- og tv-markedet og har en række tv- og radiokanaler.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gtomi_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gtomi-326"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kultur- og informationsministeren er formand for det råd, der fører tilsyn med radio og tv.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det er ikke tilladt for udenlandske tv-stationer at operere fra saudiarabisk jord, men landet udgør et stort marked for satellit- og betalings-tv. Der er saudiarabiske investorer bag to af de største af disse stationer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_East_Broadcasting_Center&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle East Broadcasting Center (ikke skrevet endnu)">MBC</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_Showtime_Network&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbit Showtime Network (ikke skrevet endnu)">OSN</a>, begge med hovedkvarter i Dubai.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Begge disse stationer har kanaler med nyheder/information, dokumentarprogrammer, børne-tv og underholdning. </p><p>Der udkommer en række dagblade i Saudi-Arabien, deraf enkelte engelsksprogede;<sup id="cite_ref-avisersa_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avisersa-327"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> alle dagblade udgives privat, men er etableret ved kongelige dekreter og dermed styret af kongehuset.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Desuden kan man i landet få panarabiske dagblade, når de har været gennemgået af censuren.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Målt på oplag er <i>Asharq Al-Awsat</i> det største. Det London-baserede dagblad udkom i 2006 i 235.000 daglige eksemplarer og udgives både på arabisk og engelsk.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcpress_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcpress-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De to følgende målt på oplagsstørrelse er <i>Al-Hayat</i> (engelsk- og arabisksproget med base i London, 166.650 daglige eksemplarer per 2006) og <i>Al-Riyadh</i> (kun arabisksproget, base i Riyadh, 150.000 daglige eksemplarer per 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-bbcpress_328-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcpress-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Andre store dagblade er <i>Arab News</i> (engelsk og arabisk), <i>Al-Jazirah</i> (arabisk) og <i>Okaz</i> (arabisk), alle med daglige oplag på over 100.000 per 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcpress_328-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcpress-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi-Arabien havde per 2014 cirka 17,4 millioner internetbrugere,<sup id="cite_ref-internet_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internet-329"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og i 2013 var 60,5&#160;% af landets befolkning brugere af internettet, en andel, der er steget fra 41,0&#160;% i 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-wbi_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbi-330"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Myndighederne lægger ikke skjul på, at der er lagt filter på en række hjemmesider. Målet er at spærre for hjemmesider med pornografi, med fokus på menneskerettigheder, islam- og politiske emner.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Internettet bruges i stor udstrækning af saudiaraberne til <a href="/wiki/Sociale_medier" title="Sociale medier">sociale medier</a> som <a href="/wiki/Twitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> og lignende.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Antallet af <a href="/wiki/Mobiltelefon" title="Mobiltelefon">mobiltelefonabonnementer</a> er meget stort i landet, og for hver 100 personer i landet var der 184 abonnementer, det sjettehøjeste antal i verden.<sup id="cite_ref-wbc_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbc-331"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mad_og_drikke">Mad og drikke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=41" title="Redigér afsnit: Mad og drikke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Mad og drikke"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Kabsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kabsa.jpg/220px-Kabsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kabsa.jpg/330px-Kabsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kabsa.jpg/440px-Kabsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Kabsa er en udbredt ret i Saudi-Arabien.</figcaption></figure> <p>I Saudi-Arabien spiser og drikker man i stor udstrækning på samme måde som i de omgivende lande på den Arabiske Halvø. Maden er gennem tiden blevet påvirket af de tyrkiske, indiske, persiske og afrikanske køkkener.<sup id="cite_ref-etheredge_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etheredge-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Islam har gennem århundreder givet regler for mad og drikke; de madvarer, der er tilladt, kaldes <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>, mens de forbudte kaldes <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a>. Blandt de forbudte madvarer er enhver form for <a href="/wiki/Svinek%C3%B8d" title="Svinekød">svinekød</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blod" title="Blod">blod</a>, en række andre dyr som krybdyr og insekter samt giftstoffer, herunder <a href="/wiki/Alkoholiske_drikkevarer" title="Alkoholiske drikkevarer">alkohol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-etheredge_332-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etheredge-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyr skal slagtes efter bestemte ritualer for at være halal. Det gælder blandt andet, at slagtningen skal foregå hurtigt med en skarp kniv, som dyret ikke må se. Blandt det mest spiste dyrekød er <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r" title="Får">lammekød</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kylling" title="Kylling">kylling</a> samt ved kysterne forskellige fisk. </p><p>Af vegetabilske basisvarer er <a href="/wiki/Hvede" title="Hvede">hvede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ris" title="Ris">ris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartoffel" title="Kartoffel">kartofler</a> og <a href="/wiki/Dadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadler">dadler</a> hyppigt forekommende. Desuden anvendes <a href="/wiki/Yoghurt" title="Yoghurt">yoghurt</a> i stor udstrækning. </p><p>Blandt de retter, der er meget udbredte, er <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">shawarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabsa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabsa (ikke skrevet endnu)">kabsa</a> (også kaldet machbous), en risret med kød eller fisk samt nationalretten, khūzī, som er fyldt lam.<sup id="cite_ref-etheredge_332-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etheredge-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Flade, uhævede brød i stil med <a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pitaer</a> spises til langt de fleste måltider.<sup id="cite_ref-etheredge_332-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etheredge-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blandt drikkevarerne kan nævnes <a href="/wiki/Kaffe" title="Kaffe">kaffe</a>, som nydes sort og meget stærk som det også kendes fra Tyrkiet.<sup id="cite_ref-etheredge_332-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etheredge-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det er almindeligt at byde gæster på kaffe og dadler.<sup id="cite_ref-hilton_333-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilton-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Te er ligeledes meget udbredt, både i den sorte udgave og i udgaver med forskellige smagstilsætninger. Mælk fra geder, får og kameler drikkes mest af beduinerne. En kold drik, laban, lavet på yoghurt er en almindelig forfriskning.<sup id="cite_ref-hilton_333-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilton-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det vigtigste måltid er normalt aftensmaden, mens morgenmad og frokost almindeligvis er lettere.<sup id="cite_ref-hilton_333-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilton-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det er et ritual (og samtidig god hygiejne) at vaske sine hænder inden måltiderne, da en del mad traditionelt spises med fingrene eller ved hjælp af brødet.<sup id="cite_ref-hilton_333-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilton-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=42" title="Redigér afsnit: Sport" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sport"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:20070227_Camel_Race_in_Ouargla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/20070227_Camel_Race_in_Ouargla.jpg/220px-20070227_Camel_Race_in_Ouargla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/20070227_Camel_Race_in_Ouargla.jpg/330px-20070227_Camel_Race_in_Ouargla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/20070227_Camel_Race_in_Ouargla.jpg/440px-20070227_Camel_Race_in_Ouargla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Situation fra en kamelridekonkurrence.</figcaption></figure> <p>Den mest populære sportsgren i Saudi-Arabien er <a href="/wiki/Fodbold" title="Fodbold">fodbold</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sports_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabiens_fodboldlandshold" title="Saudi-Arabiens fodboldlandshold">landsholdet</a> har deltaget i fire <a href="/wiki/VM_i_fodbold" class="mw-redirect" title="VM i fodbold">VM-slutrunder</a>: <a href="/wiki/VM_i_fodbold_1994" title="VM i fodbold 1994">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/VM_i_fodbold_1998" title="VM i fodbold 1998">1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/VM_i_fodbold_2002" title="VM i fodbold 2002">2002</a> og <a href="/wiki/VM_i_fodbold_2006" title="VM i fodbold 2006">2006</a>. Holdets bedste resultat var en plads i ottendedelsfinalen i 1994; de øvrige gange kvalificerede det sig ikke videre fra gruppespillet.<sup id="cite_ref-fifa94_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifa94-335"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fifa98_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifa98-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fifa02_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifa02-337"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fifa06_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifa06-338"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Landsholdet har vundet <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> tre gange: 1984, 1988 og 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-afc84_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afc84-339"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-afc88_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afc88-340"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-afc96_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afc96-341"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den nationale turnering består af tre divisioner, hvoraf den øverste, den professionelle liga, har 16 hold. </p><p>Andre populære internationalt udbredte sportsgrene er <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%B8mning" title="Svømning">svømning</a> og <a href="/wiki/Gymnastik" title="Gymnastik">gymnastik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_334-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saudi-Arabien deltog første gang ved <a href="/wiki/Sommer-OL" title="Sommer-OL">sommer-OL</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sommer-OL_1972" title="Sommer-OL 1972">1972</a> i <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a> og har deltaget hver gang siden, bortset fra <a href="/wiki/Sommer-OL_1980" title="Sommer-OL 1980">1980</a>, hvor landet i lighed med flere andre boykottede legene. Landets bedste resultat er en sølvmedalje vundet af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadi_Al-Somaily&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadi Al-Somaily (ikke skrevet endnu)">Hadi Al-Somaily</a> i <a href="/wiki/400_meter_h%C3%A6kkel%C3%B8b" title="400 meter hækkeløb">400 meter hækkeløb</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sommer-OL_2000" title="Sommer-OL 2000">2000</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-somaily_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somaily-342"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Desuden er det blevet til to bronzemedaljer, begge i vundet i <a href="/wiki/Ridning" title="Ridning">ridning</a>. Landet har aldrig deltaget i <a href="/wiki/Vinter-OL" title="Vinter-OL">vinter-OL</a>. </p><p>Mere lokalt orienterede og traditionelle sportsgrene i landet omfatter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamelridning&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamelridning (ikke skrevet endnu)">kamelridning</a> og <a href="/wiki/Falkejagt" title="Falkejagt">falkejagt</a>, som begge stadig dyrkes.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_334-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencer">Referencer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=43" title="Redigér afsnit: Referencer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Referencer"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-factbook-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_1-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_1-3"><sup>d</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/75DFkCF8p?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html">"Saudi-Arabia"</a>. <i>The Word Factbook</i>. CIA. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html">originalen</a> 6. januar 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Word+Factbook&amp;rft.atitle=Saudi-Arabia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fsa.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-befolk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-befolk_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-befolk_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509155043/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/ar/indicators/1">"Population Estimates 2010-2025"</a> (arabisk). cdsi.gov.sa. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/pdf/PopulationEstimates2010-2025-admareas.pdf">originalen</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> 9. maj 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Population+Estimates+2010-2025&amp;rft.pub=cdsi.gov.sa&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdsi.gov.sa%2Fpdf%2FPopulationEstimates2010-2025-admareas.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf_3-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf_3-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf_3-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf_3-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf_3-4"><sup>e</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx">"Saudi Arabia"</a>. International Monetary Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia&amp;rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2014%2F02%2Fweodata%2Findex.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hdi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hdi_4-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf">"Human Development Report 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNDP. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2014&amp;rft.pub=UNDP&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhdr14-summary-en.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilson1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wilson1_5-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonGraham1994" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter W.; Graham, Douglas (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.dk/books?id=K_c9FOeeuewC&amp;pg=PA46&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm</i></a>. s.&#160;46. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/1-56324-394-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/1-56324-394-6"><bdi>1-56324-394-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+The+Coming+Storm&amp;rft.pages=46&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=1-56324-394-6&amp;rft.aulast=Wilson&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&amp;rft.au=Graham%2C+Douglas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_c9FOeeuewC%26pg%3DPA46%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kamrava-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kamrava_6-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFKamrava,_Mehran2011" class="citation book cs1">Kamrava, Mehran (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.dk/books?id=CkLHZCzMEJkC&amp;pg=PA67&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since the First World War</i></a>. University of California Press. s.&#160;67. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-520-26774-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-520-26774-9"><bdi>978-0-520-26774-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Modern+Middle+East%3A+A+Political+History+Since+the+First+World+War&amp;rft.pages=67&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-520-26774-9&amp;rft.au=Kamrava%2C+Mehran&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCkLHZCzMEJkC%26pg%3DPA67%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hariri-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hariri_7-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHariri-RifaiHariri-Rifai1990" class="citation book cs1">Hariri-Rifai, Wahbi; Hariri-Rifai, Mokhless (1990). <i>The heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</i>. s.&#160;26. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-9624483-0-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-9624483-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9624483-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+the+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&amp;rft.pages=26&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9624483-0-0&amp;rft.aulast=Hariri-Rifai&amp;rft.aufirst=Wahbi&amp;rft.au=Hariri-Rifai%2C+Mokhless&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gardner1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gardner1_8-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGardner,_Frank2014" class="citation web cs1">Gardner, Frank (2014-11-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30061109">"Islamic State sets sights on Saudi Arabia"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Islamic+State+sets+sights+on+Saudi+Arabia&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.date=2014-11-14&amp;rft.au=Gardner%2C+Frank&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-30061109&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gordon-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gordon_9-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Matthew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofislam0000gord"><i>The Rise of Islam</i></a>. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofislam0000gord/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-313-32522-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-313-32522-7"><bdi>0-313-32522-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-32522-7&amp;rft.aulast=Gordon&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofislam0000gord&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lindsay-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lindsay_10-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2005" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, James E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind"><i>Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World</i></a>. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-313-32270-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-313-32270-8"><bdi>0-313-32270-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-32270-8&amp;rft.aulast=Lindsay&amp;rft.aufirst=James+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinmedie00lind&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-east-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-east_11-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFEast1971" class="citation book cs1">East, William Gordon (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingmapofasi0000east"><i>The Changing Map of Asia</i></a>. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingmapofasi0000east/page/75">75</a>-76. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-416-16850-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-416-16850-1"><bdi>978-0-416-16850-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Changing+Map+of+Asia&amp;rft.pages=75-76&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-416-16850-1&amp;rft.aulast=East&amp;rft.aufirst=William+Gordon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangingmapofasi0000east&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bernstein-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bernstein_12-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2008" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, William J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/splendidexchange0000bern"><i>A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World</i></a>. Grove Press. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/splendidexchange0000bern/page/191">191</a> ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Splendid+Exchange%3A+How+Trade+Shaped+the+World&amp;rft.pages=191+ff.&amp;rft.pub=Grove+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Bernstein&amp;rft.aufirst=William+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsplendidexchange0000bern&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowen68-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bowen68_13-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowen, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chatterji-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chatterji_14-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji1973" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Nikshoy C. (1973). <i>Muddle of the Middle East</i>. Vol.&#160;2. s.&#160;168. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-391-00304-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-391-00304-6"><bdi>0-391-00304-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Muddle+of+the+Middle+East&amp;rft.pages=168&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.isbn=0-391-00304-6&amp;rft.aulast=Chatterji&amp;rft.aufirst=Nikshoy+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowen69-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bowen69_15-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowen69_15-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowen, p. 69-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harris-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-harris_16-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisMewsMorrisSheperd1992" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ian; Mews, Stuart; Morris, Paul; Sheperd, John (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780582086951"><i>Contemporary Religions: A World Guide</i></a>. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780582086951/page/369">369</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-582-08695-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-582-08695-1"><bdi>978-0-582-08695-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Contemporary+Religions%3A+A+World+Guide&amp;rft.pages=369&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-582-08695-1&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft.au=Mews%2C+Stuart&amp;rft.au=Morris%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=Sheperd%2C+John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780582086951&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fakish-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fakish_17-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFFakish1997" class="citation book cs1">Fakish, Mahmud A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofislaminm0000faks"><i>The Future of Islam in the Middle East</i></a>. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofislaminm0000faks/page/89">89</a>-90. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-275-95128-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-275-95128-3"><bdi>978-0-275-95128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Islam+in+the+Middle+East&amp;rft.pages=89-90&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-275-95128-3&amp;rft.aulast=Fakish&amp;rft.aufirst=Mahmud+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofislaminm0000faks&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gold_18-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGold2003" class="citation web cs1">Gold, Dore (2003-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210050256/http://www.jcpa.org/art/nypost-dg6apr03.htm">"Reining in Riyadh"</a>. New York Post. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/art/nypost-dg6apr03.htm">originalen</a> 10. februar 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2000). <i>The Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics</i>. s.&#160;106. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-415-07667-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-415-07667-8"><bdi>978-0-415-07667-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+Geography+and+Geopolitics&amp;rft.pages=106&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-07667-8&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson&amp;rft.aufirst=Ewan+W.&amp;rft.au=Fisher%2C+William+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metz1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metz1_23-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metz1_23-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, "The Rise of Abd Al Aziz"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dekmejian-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dekmejian_24-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDekmejian1994" class="citation book cs1">Dekmejian, R. 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(2005). <i>The Encyclopedia of World War I</i>. ABC-CLIO. s.&#160;565. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-85109-420-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-85109-420-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+War+I&amp;rft.pages=565&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85109-420-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hourani-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hourani_26-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHourani2005" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, Albert (2005). <i>A History of the Arab Peoples</i>. Grand Central Publishing. s.&#160;315-319. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-571-22664-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-571-22664-1"><bdi>978-0-571-22664-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Arab+Peoples&amp;rft.pages=315-319&amp;rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-571-22664-1&amp;rft.aulast=Hourani&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wynbrandt-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wynbrandt_27-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWynbrandt2010" class="citation book cs1">Wynbrandt, James (2010). <i>A Brief History of Saudi Arabia</i> (2 udgave). Checkman Books. s.&#160;182. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-8160-8250-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-8160-8250-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-8250-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&amp;rft.pages=182&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=Checkman+Books&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8160-8250-6&amp;rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metz2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-metz2_28-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, "The Rule of Abd Al Aziz"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lacey-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lacey_29-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacey, p. 15-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghonemy-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ghonemy_30-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Ghonemy1998" class="citation book cs1">El Ghonemy, Mohamad Riad (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/affluencepoverty00elgh"><i>Affluence and Poverty in the Middle East</i></a>. 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Bedford. s.&#160;329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Palestine+and+the+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+Conflict&amp;rft.pages=329&amp;rft.pub=Bedford&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rasheed2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rasheed2_33-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rasheed2_33-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Rasheed, p. 136-137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-viola-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-viola_34-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFViola1986" class="citation book cs1">Viola, Joy Winkie (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanresourcesde0038viol"><i>Human Resources Development in Saudi Arabia: Multinationals and Saudization</i></a>. International Human Resources Development Corp. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanresourcesde0038viol/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-88746-070-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-88746-070-8"><bdi>978-0-88746-070-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Resources+Development+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Multinationals+and+Saudization&amp;rft.pages=37&amp;rft.pub=International+Human+Resources+Development+Corp&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-88746-070-8&amp;rft.aulast=Viola&amp;rft.aufirst=Joy+Winkie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanresourcesde0038viol&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metz4-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-metz4_35-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Metz, "The Reign of Khalid"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rabasa-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rabasa_36-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRabsaBernardChalkFair2005" class="citation book cs1">Rabsa, A.; Bernard, C.; Chalk, P.; Fair, C.C.; Karasik, T.W.; Lal, R.; Lesser, I.O.; Thaler, D.E. 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RAND Corporation. s.&#160;42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Muslim+World+after+9%2F11&amp;rft.pages=42&amp;rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Rabsa&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Bernard%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Chalk%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Fair%2C+C.C.&amp;rft.au=Karasik%2C+T.W.&amp;rft.au=Lal%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Lesser%2C+I.O.&amp;rft.au=Thaler%2C+D.E.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Fmonographs%2F2004%2FRAND_MG246.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jones_37-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Toby Craig (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desertkingdomhow00jone"><i>Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia</i></a>. 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Tauris. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crudepowerpoliti00nore/page/97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-84511-023-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-84511-023-9"><bdi>978-1-84511-023-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Crude+power%3A+politics+and+the+oil+market&amp;rft.pages=97&amp;rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84511-023-9&amp;rft.aulast=Noreng&amp;rft.aufirst=%C3%98ystein&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrudepowerpoliti00nore&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist2-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-economist2_65-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/16588422">"When kings and princes grow old"</a>. 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Knight Communication. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernitytraditi0000fars_o6a9/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-874132-03-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-874132-03-5"><bdi>978-1-874132-03-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modernity+and+tradition%3A+The+Saudi+equation&amp;rft.pages=29&amp;rft.pub=Knight+Communication&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-874132-03-5&amp;rft.aulast=Farsy&amp;rft.aufirst=Fouad&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernitytraditi0000fars_o6a9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hassner-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hassner_80-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hassner_80-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hassner_80-2"><sup>c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHassner2009" class="citation book cs1">Hassner, Ron E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waronsacredgroun00hass"><i>War on Sacred Grounds</i></a>. Cornell University Press. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waronsacredgroun00hass/page/143">143</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-8014-4806-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-8014-4806-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-4806-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=War+on+Sacred+Grounds&amp;rft.pages=143&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4806-5&amp;rft.aulast=Hassner&amp;rft.aufirst=Ron+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaronsacredgroun00hass&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abir2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-abir2_81-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abir87, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abir3-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abir3_82-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abir3_82-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abir93, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ussaudi-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ussaudi_83-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518093800/http://www.us-sabc.org/i4a/pages/Index.cfm?pageID=3690#.VN9_v_nD6So">"King Abdullah Reshuffles Cabinet, Embarks on New Reform Initiative"</a>. U.S.-Saudi Arabian Business Council. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us-sabc.org/i4a/pages/Index.cfm?pageID=3690#.VN9_v_nD6So">originalen</a> 18. maj 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=King+Abdullah+Reshuffles+Cabinet%2C+Embarks+on+New+Reform+Initiative&amp;rft.pub=U.S.-Saudi+Arabian+Business+Council&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us-sabc.org%2Fi4a%2Fpages%2FIndex.cfm%3FpageID%3D3690%23.VN9_v_nD6So&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abir4-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-abir4_84-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abir87, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilson-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wilson_85-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1994" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter W. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.dk/books?id=K_c9FOeeuewC&amp;pg=PA15&amp;hl=da&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. s.&#160;17. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/1-56324-394-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/1-56324-394-6"><bdi>1-56324-394-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+The+Coming+Storm&amp;rft.pages=17&amp;rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=1-56324-394-6&amp;rft.aulast=Wilson&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_c9FOeeuewC%26pg%3DPA15%26hl%3Dda%26source%3Dgbs_toc_r%26cad%3D3%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-long11-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-long11_86-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Long, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibp-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibp_87-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibp_87-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Business_Publications2011" class="citation book cs1">International Business Publications (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books?id=ANjPlynZ9SEC&amp;pg=PA28&amp;lpg=PA28&amp;dq=Saudi+Arabia+King+Fahd+Bin+Abdul+Aziz+Al-Saud+Handbook&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Ds59wIJPmH&amp;sig=tXRm0OqH62C8fpvT8G2b8V8TV8E&amp;hl=da&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=u4TfVKLVEYGzPYm9gfgP&amp;ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=true"><i>Saudi Arabia – King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al Saud Handbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-7397-2740-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-7397-2740-0"><bdi>0-7397-2740-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+%E2%80%93+King+Abdullah+bin+Abdul+Aziz+al+Saud+Handbook&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=0-7397-2740-0&amp;rft.au=International+Business+Publications&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANjPlynZ9SEC%26pg%3DPA28%26lpg%3DPA28%26dq%3DSaudi%2BArabia%2BKing%2BFahd%2BBin%2BAbdul%2BAziz%2BAl-Saud%2BHandbook%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DDs59wIJPmH%26sig%3DtXRm0OqH62C8fpvT8G2b8V8TV8E%26hl%3Dda%26sa%3DX%26ei%3Du4TfVKLVEYGzPYm9gfgP%26ved%3D0CB8Q6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span><small>&#160;(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikler_med_d%C3%B8de_eksterne_henvisninger" title="Wikipedia:Artikler med døde eksterne henvisninger">Webside ikke længere tilgængelig</a>)</small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyrop-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nyrop_88-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFNyrop2008" class="citation book cs1">Nyrop, Richard F. (2008). <i>Arean Handbook for the Persian Gulf States</i>. Wildside Press. s.&#160;50. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4344-6210-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4344-6210-7"><bdi>978-1-4344-6210-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Arean+Handbook+for+the+Persian+Gulf+States&amp;rft.pages=50&amp;rft.pub=Wildside+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4344-6210-7&amp;rft.aulast=Nyrop&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bligh-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bligh_89-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBligh1985" class="citation journal cs1">Bligh, Alexander (februar 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1985-02_17_1/page/37">"The Saudi religious elite (Ulama) as participant in the political system of the kingdom"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 37-50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800028750">10.1017/S0020743800028750</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=The+Saudi+religious+elite+%28Ulama%29+as+participant+in+the+political+system+of+the+kingdom&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=37-50&amp;rft.date=1985-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800028750&amp;rft.issn=0020-7438&amp;rft.aulast=Bligh&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1985-02_17_1%2Fpage%2F37&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maltar-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-maltar_90-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMaltar,_Philip2004" class="citation book cs1">Maltar, Philip, red. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East &amp; North Africa</i>. Vol.&#160;1. Macmillan. s.&#160;101. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-02-865770-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-02-865770-7"><bdi>978-0-02-865770-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+%26+North+Africa&amp;rft.pages=101&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-02-865770-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-campbell-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_91-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell_91-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 265 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hefner-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hefner_92-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHefner2011" class="citation book cs1">Hefner, Robert W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shariapoliticsis00hefn"><i>Shari'a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World</i></a>. Indiana University Press. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shariapoliticsis00hefn/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-253-22310-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-253-22310-4"><bdi>978-0-253-22310-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shari%27a+Politics%3A+Islamic+Law+and+Society+in+the+Modern+World&amp;rft.pages=58&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-253-22310-4&amp;rft.aulast=Hefner&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshariapoliticsis00hefn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-campo-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-campo_93-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2006" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan E. (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Checkmark Books. s.&#160;288. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-8160-5454-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-8160-5454-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-5454-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&amp;rft.pages=288&amp;rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1&amp;rft.aulast=Campo&amp;rft.aufirst=Juan+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-otto161-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-otto161_94-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-otto161_94-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto, pp. 161-162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obg-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-obg_95-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.dk/books?id=gMPjxHzG1xQC&amp;pg=PA202&amp;lpg=PA202&amp;dq=%22it+is+not+always+possible+to+reach+a+conclusion+on+how+a+Saudi+court+or+judicial+committee+would+view+a+particular+case%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=oCR_f6HMuR&amp;sig=pYKUNX12YPIirtaM-Li-2jYfML4&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=vxF9U8PhLc2OqAbFt4DQCg&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=%22it%20is%20not%20always%20possible%20to%20reach%20a%20conclusion%20on%20how%20a%20Saudi%20court%20or%20judicial%20committee%20would%20view%20a%20particular%20case%22&amp;f=false"><i>The Report: Saudi Arabia 2008</i></a>. 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Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Historic+Jeddah&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1361&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unescomadain-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-unescomadain_322-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1293">"Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih)"</a>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/culture_art/architecture.aspx">originalen</a> 1. april 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Architecture&amp;rft.pub=Saudi-Arabiens+USA-ambassade&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.net%2Fabout%2Fcountry-information%2Fculture_art%2Farchitecture.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnark-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cnnark_324-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHamdan2013" class="citation web cs1">Hamdan, Sara (2013-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/modern-architectural-wonders-middle-east-750096">"9 modern architectural wonders of the Mideast"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=9+modern+architectural+wonders+of+the+Mideast&amp;rft.pub=CNN&amp;rft.date=2013-01-22&amp;rft.aulast=Hamdan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sara&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Fmodern-architectural-wonders-middle-east-750096&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcmedia-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmedia_325-7"><sup>h</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703480">"Media"</a>. 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Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.g2mi.com/company_description.php?id=1303&amp;name=Broadcasting-Services-of-the-Kingdom-of-Saudi-Arabia-(BSKSA)">originalen</a> 18. april 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Broadcasting+Services+of+the+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia+%28BSKSA%29&amp;rft.pub=g2mi.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.g2mi.com%2Fcompany_description.php%3Fid%3D1303%26name%3DBroadcasting-Services-of-the-Kingdom-of-Saudi-Arabia-%28BSKSA%29&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avisersa-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-avisersa_327-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/saudi.htm">"Saudi Arabia Newspapers"</a>. <i>onlinenewspapers.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+press+in+Saudi+Arabia&amp;rft.date=2006-12-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6176791.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-internet-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-internet_329-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users-by-country/">"Internet Users by Country (2014)"</a>. internetlivestats.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Users+by+Country+%282014%29&amp;rft.pub=internetlivestats.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetlivestats.com%2Finternet-users-by-country%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbi-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wbi_330-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2">"Internet users (per 100 people)"</a>. worldbank.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+users+%28per+100+people%29&amp;rft.pub=worldbank.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FIT.NET.USER.P2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbc-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wbc_331-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2/countries">"Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)"</a>. worldbank.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mobile+cellular+subscriptions+%28per+100+people%29&amp;rft.pub=worldbank.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FIT.CEL.SETS.P2%2Fcountries&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etheredge-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etheredge_332-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etheredge_332-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etheredge_332-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etheredge_332-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etheredge_332-4"><sup>e</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFEtheredge" class="citation book cs1">Etheredge, Laura S. (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.dk/books?id=06XnUbJW6EMC&amp;pg=PA38&amp;lpg=PA38&amp;dq=kh%C5%ABz%C4%AB+saudi+arabia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=scO6tcXWci&amp;sig=J06maEdcgdNeSAVrZAZRY9ZAhzk&amp;hl=da&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=AWsRVY_QCYXjUaPlg4gN&amp;ved=0CGcQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&amp;q=kh%C5%ABz%C4%AB%20saudi%20arabia&amp;f=false"><i>Saudi Arabia and Yemen</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. s.&#160;38. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-615-30335-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-615-30335-9"><bdi>978-1-615-30335-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+Yemen&amp;rft.pages=38&amp;rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-615-30335-9&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D06XnUbJW6EMC%26pg%3DPA38%26lpg%3DPA38%26dq%3Dkh%25C5%25ABz%25C4%25AB%2Bsaudi%2Barabia%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DscO6tcXWci%26sig%3DJ06maEdcgdNeSAVrZAZRY9ZAhzk%26hl%3Dda%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DAWsRVY_QCYXjUaPlg4gN%26ved%3D0CGcQ6AEwCQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dkh%25C5%25ABz%25C4%25AB%2520saudi%2520arabia%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hilton-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hilton_333-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hilton_333-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hilton_333-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hilton_333-3"><sup>d</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327000500/http://www.ar.hilton.com/en/blog/The-traditional-delicacies-of-Saudi-Arabia">"The traditional delicacies of Saudi Arabia"</a>. ar.hilton.com. 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Saudi-Arabiens USA-ambassade. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/sports_and_rec/">originalen</a> 26. februar 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Sports+and+Recreation&amp;rft.pub=Saudi-Arabiens+USA-ambassade&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.net%2Fabout%2Fcountry-information%2Fsports_and_rec%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifa94-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fifa94_335-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011031954/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/usa1994/teams/index.html">"1994 FIFA World Cup USA - Teams"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/usa1994/teams/index.html">originalen</a> 11. oktober 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=1994+FIFA+World+Cup+USA+-+Teams&amp;rft.pub=FIFA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldcup%2Farchive%2Fusa1994%2Fteams%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifa98-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fifa98_336-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905183454/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/france1998/teams/index.html">"1998 FIFA World Cup France - Teams"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/france1998/teams/index.html">originalen</a> 5. september 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=1998+FIFA+World+Cup+France+-+Teams&amp;rft.pub=FIFA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldcup%2Farchive%2Ffrance1998%2Fteams%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifa02-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fifa02_337-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905105712/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/koreajapan2002/teams/index.html">"2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan - Teams"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/koreajapan2002/teams/index.html">originalen</a> 5. september 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=2002+FIFA+World+Cup+Korea%2FJapan+-+Teams&amp;rft.pub=FIFA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldcup%2Farchive%2Fkoreajapan2002%2Fteams%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifa06-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fifa06_338-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150306171929/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/teams/index.html">"2006 FIFA World Cup Germany - Teams"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/teams/index.html">originalen</a> 6. marts 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=2006+FIFA+World+Cup+Germany+-+Teams&amp;rft.pub=FIFA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldcup%2Farchive%2Fgermany2006%2Fteams%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afc84-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-afc84_339-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsssf.com/tables/84asch.html">"Asian Nations Cup 1984"</a>. rsssf.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Asian+Nations+Cup+1984&amp;rft.pub=rsssf.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.com%2Ftables%2F84asch.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afc88-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-afc88_340-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsssf.com/tables/88asch.html">"Asian Nations Cup 1984"</a>. rsssf.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Asian+Nations+Cup+1984&amp;rft.pub=rsssf.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.com%2Ftables%2F88asch.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afc96-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-afc96_341-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsssf.com/tables/96asch.html">"Asian Nations Cup 1984"</a>. rsssf.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Asian+Nations+Cup+1984&amp;rft.pub=rsssf.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.com%2Ftables%2F96asch.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-somaily-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-somaily_342-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/saudi-arabia/hadi-souaan-al-somaily-50056#honours">"Athlete profile - Hadi Soua'an Al-Somaily"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Athlete+profile+-+Hadi+Soua%27an+Al-Somaily&amp;rft.pub=IAAF&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaaf.org%2Fathletes%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Fhadi-souaan-al-somaily-50056%23honours&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_henvisninger">Eksterne henvisninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=44" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksterne henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Eksterne henvisninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/11px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> har flere filer relateret til <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saudi Arabia">Saudi-Arabien</a></b> </div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> om <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html">Saudi-Arabien</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur_2">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=45" title="Redigér afsnit: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi-Arabien&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Litteratur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAbir1987" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (1987). <i>Saudi Arabia in the oil era</i>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7099-5129-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7099-5129-2"><bdi>978-0-7099-5129-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+in+the+oil+era&amp;rft.pub=Westview+Press&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7099-5129-2&amp;rft.aulast=Abir&amp;rft.aufirst=Mordechai&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAbir1993" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (1993). <i>Saudi Arabia: Government, Society, and the Persian Gulf Crisis</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-415-09325-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-415-09325-5"><bdi>978-0-415-09325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Government%2C+Society%2C+and+the+Persian+Gulf+Crisis&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-09325-5&amp;rft.aulast=Abir&amp;rft.aufirst=Mordechai&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rasheed2010" class="citation book cs1">Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsaudiar0000alra_t7c4"><i>A History of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-521-74754-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-521-74754-7"><bdi>978-0-521-74754-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-74754-7&amp;rft.aulast=Al-Rasheed&amp;rft.aufirst=Madawi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofsaudiar0000alra_t7c4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2007" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Wayne H. (2007). <i>The History of Saudi Arabia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-313-34012-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-313-34012-3"><bdi>978-0-313-34012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-34012-3&amp;rft.aulast=Bowen&amp;rft.aufirst=Wayne+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2007" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Christian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legalaspectsofdo0000chri"><i>Legal Aspects of Doing Business in the Middle East</i></a>. Lulu Enterprises Inc. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4303-1914-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4303-1914-6"><bdi>978-1-4303-1914-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Legal+Aspects+of+Doing+Business+in+the+Middle+East&amp;rft.pub=Lulu+Enterprises+Inc&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4303-1914-6&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell&amp;rft.aufirst=Christian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flegalaspectsofdo0000chri&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCordesman2003" class="citation book cs1">Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.dk/books/about/Saudi_Arabia_Enters_the_Twenty_first_Cen.html?id=CGEJvqjn-1MC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Saudi Arabia Enters the 21st Century</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Enters+the+21st+Century&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.aulast=Cordesman&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.dk%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FSaudi_Arabia_Enters_the_Twenty_first_Cen.html%3Fid%3DCGEJvqjn-1MC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Research_Division2004" class="citation book cs1">Federal Research Division (2004). <i>Saudi Arabia: A Country Study</i>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1-4191-4621-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1-4191-4621-3"><bdi>978-1-4191-4621-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+A+Country+Study&amp;rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4191-4621-3&amp;rft.au=Federal+Research+Division&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHegghammer2010" class="citation book cs1">Hegghammer, Thomas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihadinsaudi_hegg_2010_000_10552999"><i>Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-521-73236-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-521-73236-9"><bdi>978-0-521-73236-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Violence+and+Pan-Islamism+Since+1979&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-73236-9&amp;rft.aulast=Hegghammer&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjihadinsaudi_hegg_2010_000_10552999&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2012" class="citation book cs1">House, Karen E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onsaudiarabiaits0000hous"><i>On Saudi Arabia&#160;: Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future</i></a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-307-27216-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-307-27216-4"><bdi>978-0-307-27216-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+Saudi+Arabia+%3A+Its+People%2C+past%2C+Religion%2C+Fault+Lines+and+Future&amp;rft.pub=Knopf&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-307-27216-4&amp;rft.aulast=House&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonsaudiarabiaits0000hous&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/saudi0909webwcover.pdf"><i>Denied Dignity: Systematic Discrimination and Hostility toward Saudi Shia Citizens</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/1-56432-535-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/1-56432-535-0"><bdi>1-56432-535-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2015-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Denied+Dignity%3A+Systematic+Discrimination+and+Hostility+toward+Saudi+Shia+Citizens&amp;rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=1-56432-535-0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Fsaudi0909webwcover.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2009" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin0000lace_z2j6"><i>Inside the Kingdom</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-09-953905-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-09-953905-6"><bdi>978-0-09-953905-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Inside+the+Kingdom&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-09-953905-6&amp;rft.aulast=Lacey&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidekingdomkin0000lace_z2j6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLong2005" class="citation book cs1">Long, David E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long"><i>Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-313-32021-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-313-32021-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32021-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Saudi+Arabia&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-32021-7&amp;rft.aulast=Long&amp;rft.aufirst=David+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00long&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMetz1992" class="citation web cs1">Metz, Helen C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm">"Saudi Arabia: A Country Study"</a>. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+A+Country+Study&amp;rft.place=Washington&amp;rft.pub=GPO+for+the+Library+of+Congress&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.aulast=Metz&amp;rft.aufirst=Helen+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F7.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFOtto,_Jan_M.2010" class="citation book cs1">Otto, Jan M., red. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shariaincorporat0000unse"><i>Sharia Incorporated – A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present</i></a>. The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-90-8728-057-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-90-8728-057-4"><bdi>978-90-8728-057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sharia+Incorporated+%E2%80%93+A+Comparative+Overview+of+the+Legal+Systems+of+Twelve+Muslim+Countries+in+Past+and+Present&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-8728-057-4&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshariaincorporat0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi-Arabien" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11759279">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Arabiske_Liga" title="Skabelon:Arabiske Liga"><abbr title="Se denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskussion"><a href="/wiki/Skabelondiskussion:Arabiske_Liga" title="Skabelondiskussion:Arabiske Liga"><abbr title="Diskuter denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:Arabiske_Liga" title="Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:Arabiske Liga"><abbr title="Rediger denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Den_Arabiske_Liga" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Den_Arabiske_Liga" title="Den Arabiske Liga">Den Arabiske Liga</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeriet" title="Algeriet">Algeriet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorerne" title="Comorerne">Comorerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forenede_Arabiske_Emirater" title="Forenede Arabiske Emirater">Forenede Arabiske Emirater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen">Libyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien">Mauretanien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A6stina_(stat)" title="Palæstina (stat)">Palæstina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi-Arabien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunesien" title="Tunesien">Tunesien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752089"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lande_i_Asien" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11746895"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Lande_i_Asien" title="Skabelon:Lande i Asien"><abbr title="Se denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskussion"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skabelondiskussion:Lande_i_Asien&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Skabelondiskussion:Lande i Asien (ikke skrevet endnu)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:Lande_i_Asien" title="Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:Lande i Asien"><abbr title="Rediger denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lande_i_Asien" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lande i <a href="/wiki/Asien" title="Asien">Asien</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien">Armenien</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan">Aserbajdsjan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodja" title="Cambodja">Cambodja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypern" title="Cypern">Cypern</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippinerne" title="Filippinerne">Filippinerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forenede_Arabiske_Emirater" title="Forenede Arabiske Emirater">Forenede Arabiske Emirater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgien" title="Georgien">Georgien</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien">Indonesien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan">Kasakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirgisistan" title="Kirgisistan">Kirgisistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldiverne" title="Maldiverne">Maldiverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongoliet" title="Mongoliet">Mongoliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordkorea" title="Nordkorea">Nordkorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_Ny_Guinea" title="Papua Ny Guinea">Papua Ny Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi-Arabien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydkorea" title="Sydkorea">Sydkorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadsjikistan" title="Tadsjikistan">Tadsjikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrkiet" title="Tyrkiet">Tyrkiet</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan">Usbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98sttimor" title="Østtimor">Østtimor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:LocationAsiaOnly.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Asien"><img alt="Asien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/LocationAsiaOnly.png/50px-LocationAsiaOnly.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/LocationAsiaOnly.png/75px-LocationAsiaOnly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/LocationAsiaOnly.png/100px-LocationAsiaOnly.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="789" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorier m.v.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_og_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri og Dhekelia">Akrotiri&#160;og&#160;Dhekelia</a><sup>5</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1. Ligger delvist i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>.</li> <li>2. Regnes normalt som del af <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> af kulturelle og historiske årsager.</li> <li>3. Ligger delvist i <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>.</li> <li>4. Officielt Republikken Kina.</li> <li>5. Britisk baseområde på <a href="/wiki/Cypern" title="Cypern">Cypern</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752089"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Den_Islamiske_Samarbejdsorganisations_medlemslande" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11746895"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Organization_of_the_Islamic_Conference" title="Skabelon:Organization of the Islamic Conference"><abbr 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Samarbejdsorganisation">Den Islamiske Samarbejdsorganisations</a> medlemslande</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanien" title="Albanien">Albanien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeriet" title="Algeriet">Algeriet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan">Aserbajdsjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroun" title="Cameroun">Cameroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorerne" title="Comorerne">Comorerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfenbenskysten" title="Elfenbenskysten">Elfenbenskysten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forenede_Arabiske_Emirater" title="Forenede Arabiske Emirater">Forenede Arabiske Emirater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien">Indonesien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan">Kasakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirgisistan" title="Kirgisistan">Kirgisistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen">Libyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldiverne" title="Maldiverne">Maldiverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien">Mauretanien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A6stina_(stat)" title="Palæstina (stat)">Palæstina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi-Arabien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam" title="Surinam">Surinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadsjikistan" title="Tadsjikistan">Tadsjikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad">Tchad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunesien" title="Tunesien">Tunesien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrkiet" title="Tyrkiet">Tyrkiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan">Usbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Skabelondiskussion:OPEC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Skabelondiskussion:OPEC (ikke skrevet endnu)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:OPEC" title="Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:OPEC"><abbr title="Rediger denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medlemslande_af_Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_(OPEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medlemslande af <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeriet" 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title="G20">G20</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Argentina"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Australien"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Australien" title="Australien">Australien</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brasilien"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kina"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Den Europæiske Union"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Den_Europ%C3%A6iske_Union" title="Den Europæiske Union">EU</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Frankrig"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Frankrig" title="Frankrig">Frankrig</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tyskland"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Indien"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Indonesien"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien">Indonesien</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Italien"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Italien" title="Italien">Italien</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saudi-Arabien"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Sydkorea"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Sydkorea" title="Sydkorea">Sydkorea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tyrkiet"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="USA"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752089"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medlemmer_og_observatører_i_De_alliancefrie_landes_bevægelse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11746895"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Skabelon:De_alliancefrie_landes_bev%C3%A6gelse" title="Skabelon:De alliancefrie landes bevægelse"><abbr title="Se denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskussion"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skabelondiskussion:De_alliancefrie_landes_bev%C3%A6gelse&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Skabelondiskussion:De alliancefrie landes bevægelse (ikke skrevet endnu)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:De_alliancefrie_landes_bev%C3%A6gelse" title="Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:De alliancefrie landes bevægelse"><abbr title="Rediger denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medlemmer_og_observatører_i_De_alliancefrie_landes_bevægelse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medlemmer og observatører i <a href="/wiki/De_alliancefrie_landes_bev%C3%A6gelse" title="De alliancefrie landes bevægelse">De alliancefrie landes bevægelse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medlemmer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeriet" title="Algeriet">Algeriet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodja" title="Cambodja">Cambodja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroun" title="Cameroun">Cameroun</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Centralafrikanske_Republik" title="Centralafrikanske Republik">Centralafrikanske Republik</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorerne" title="Comorerne">Comorerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikken_Congo" title="Republikken Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Demokratiske_Republik_Congo" title="Demokratiske Republik Congo">DR Congo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominikanske_Republik" title="Dominikanske Republik">Dominikanske Republik</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfenbenskysten" title="Elfenbenskysten">Elfenbenskysten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiopien" title="Etiopien">Etiopien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippinerne" title="Filippinerne">Filippinerne</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forenede_Arabiske_Emirater" title="Forenede Arabiske Emirater">Forenede Arabiske Emirater</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hviderusland" title="Hviderusland">Hviderusland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesien" title="Indonesien">Indonesien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kap_Verde" title="Kap Verde">Kap Verde</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen">Libyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldiverne" title="Maldiverne">Maldiverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien">Mauretanien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongoliet" title="Mongoliet">Mongoliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordkorea" title="Nordkorea">Nordkorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A6stina_(stat)" title="Palæstina (stat)">Palæstina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papua_Ny_Guinea" title="Papua Ny Guinea">Papua Ny Guinea</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St.&#160;Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_og_Grenadinerne" title="Saint Vincent og Grenadinerne">Saint&#160;Vincent&#160;og&#160;Grenadinerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_og_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé og Príncipe">São&#160;Tomé&#160;og&#160;Príncipe</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saudi-Arabien</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellerne" title="Seychellerne">Seychellerne</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam" title="Surinam">Surinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydafrika" title="Sydafrika">Sydafrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad">Tchad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_og_Tobago" title="Trinidad og Tobago">Trinidad&#160;og&#160;Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunesien" title="Tunesien">Tunesien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan">Usbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86kvatorialguinea" title="Ækvatorialguinea">Ækvatorialguinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98sttimor" title="Østtimor">Østtimor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsevertører</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lande</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_og_Barbuda" title="Antigua og Barbuda">Antigua&#160;og&#160;Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien">Armenien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan">Aserbajdsjan</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bosnien-Hercegovina" title="Bosnien-Hercegovina">Bosnien-Hercegovina</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasilien</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Folkerepublikken&#160;Kina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan">Kasakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroatien" title="Kroatien">Kroatien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirgisistan" title="Kirgisistan">Kirgisistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbien" title="Serbien">Serbien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisationer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikanske_Union" title="Afrikanske Union">Afrikanske Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Arabiske_Liga" title="Den Arabiske Liga">Arabiske Liga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forenede_Nationer" title="Forenede Nationer">FN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752089"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritetsdata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoritetsdata" title="Autoritetsdata">Autoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/164965477">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/164965477">164965477</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80131611">n80131611</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/000000040402371X">0000 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