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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Krugman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 75 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول كروغمان – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول كروغمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول كروجمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول كروجمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kruqman" title="Paul Kruqman – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paul Kruqman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D9%85%D9%86" title="پل کروقمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پل کروقمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পল ক্রুগম্যান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল ক্রুগম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%89%CE%BB_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Πωλ Κρούγκμαν – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πωλ Κρούγκμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%86" title="پل کروگمن – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل کروگمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="פול קרוגמן – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול קרוגמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="पॉल क्रूगमैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पॉल क्रूगमैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D5%94%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Փոլ Քրուգման – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոլ Քրուգման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ポール・クルーグマン – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・クルーグマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პოლ კრუგმანი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლ კრუგმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%A8%EA%B7%B8%EB%A8%BC" title="폴 크루그먼 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 크루그먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Krugman" title="Paulus Krugman – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Krugman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pols_Krugmans" title="Pols Krugmans – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pols Krugmans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Крюгман – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пол Крюгман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="पॉल क्रुगमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॉल क्रुगमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robin_Krugman" title="Paul Robin Krugman – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paul Robin Krugman" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਾਲ ਕਰੂਗਮੈਨ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਲ ਕਰੂਗਮੈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پال کرگمان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پال کرگمان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кругман, Пол – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кругман, Пол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Krugman" title="Pol Krugman – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pol Krugman" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பால் கிரக்மேன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால் கிரக்மேன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%DB%87%DA%AF%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%86" title="پاۋىل كرۇگمەنن – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پاۋىل كرۇگمەنن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D2%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Круґман – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пол Круґман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پاول کرگمین – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاول کرگمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%A0%BC%E6%9B%BC" title="保罗·克鲁格曼 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保罗·克鲁格曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="保羅·克魯曼 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保羅·克魯曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E6%98%8E" title="克魯明 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="克魯明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131112#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Paul_Krugman" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> 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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:P20230814AS-0367_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg/214px-P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg/321px-P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg/428px-P20230814AS-0367_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1014" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="line-height:12px;font-size: 85%;">Paul Krugman in 2023</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Gebore </th> <td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1953-02-28</span>)</span>28 Februarie 1953<br /><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Nasionaliteit </th> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Vakgebied </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ekonomie" title="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Instelling(s) </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Alma mater </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Yale-universiteit" title="Yale-universiteit">Yale-universiteit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Toekennings </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Ekonomiese_Wetenskappe" title="Nobelprys vir Ekonomiese Wetenskappe">Nobelprys vir Ekonomiese Wetenskappe</a> (2008) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Robin Krugman</b> (/ˈkrʊɡmən/ ⓘ KRUUG-mən;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gebore 28 Februarie 1953)<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is 'n <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Amerikaanse</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekonoom" title="Ekonoom">ekonoom</a> wat die Vooraanstaande Professor in Ekonomie aan die Graduate Centre van die City University of New York is en 'n rubriekskrywer vir <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-krugmanonline_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krugmanonline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 was Krugman die enigste wenner van die <a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Ekonomiese_Wetenskappe" title="Nobelprys vir Ekonomiese Wetenskappe">Nobel-gedenkprys vir die ekonomiese wetenskappe</a> vir sy bydraes tot nuwe handelsteorie en nuwe ekonomiese geografie.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Pryskomitee het Krugman se werk aangehaal wat die patrone van internasionale handel en die geografiese verspreiding van ekonomiese aktiwiteit verduidelik deur die uitwerking van skaalvoordele en van verbruikersvoorkeure vir diverse goedere en dienste te ondersoek.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelComments_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelComments-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krugman was voorheen 'n professor in ekonomie aan MIT, en later aan die <a href="/wiki/Princeton-universiteit" title="Princeton-universiteit">Princeton-universiteit</a>. Hy het in Junie 2015 by Princeton afgetree, en het die titel van emeritusprofessor daar. Hy het ook die titel van Eeufeesprofessor aan die London School of Economics.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krugman was president van die Eastern Economic Association in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-Eastern_Economic_Association_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastern_Economic_Association-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en is een van die mees invloedryke ekonome in die wêreld.<sup id="cite_ref-IDEAS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEAS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy is in die akademie bekend vir sy werk oor internasionale ekonomie (insluitend handelsteorie en internasionale finansies),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forbes131008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes131008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ekonomiese geografie, likiditeitstrikke en valutakrisisse. </p><p>Krugman is die skrywer of redakteur van 27 boeke, insluitend vakkundige werke, handboeke en boeke vir 'n meer algemene gehoor, en het meer as 200 vakkundige artikels in professionele joernale en geredigeerde volumes gepubliseer.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy het ook etlike honderde rubrieke oor ekonomiese en politieke kwessies vir <i>The New York Times,</i> <i>Fortune</i> en <i>Slate</i> geskryf. 'n Opname in 2011 onder ekonomieprofessore het hom hul gunsteling lewende ekonoom onder die ouderdom van 60 genoem.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volgens die Open Sillabus Project is Krugman die tweede mees aangehaalde skrywer oor kollegesillabusse vir ekonomiese kursusse.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As kommentator het Krugman oor 'n wye reeks ekonomiese kwessies geskryf, insluitend inkomsteverdeling, <a href="/wiki/Belasting" title="Belasting">belasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makro-ekonomie" title="Makro-ekonomie">makro-ekonomie</a> en internasionale ekonomie. Krugman beskou homself as 'n moderne liberalis, met verwysing na sy boeke, sy blog op <i>The New York Times</i>, en sy 2007-boek <i>The Conscience of a Liberal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sy gewilde kommentaar het wydverspreide lof en kritiek ontlok.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2012" class="citation web cs1">Krugman, Paul (18 Mei 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/head-still-talking/">"Head Still Talking"</a>. <i>The Conscience of a Liberal</i>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020033801/https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/head-still-talking/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 20 Oktober 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">7 Februarie</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conscience+of+a+Liberal&rft.atitle=Head+Still+Talking&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrugman.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F18%2Fhead-still-talking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBlodget2014" class="citation web cs1">Blodget, Henry (22 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-pronounce-krugman-2014-11">"Ladies And Gentlemen, We Have Finally Learned The Right Way To Say 'Krugman'!"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225122932/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-pronounce-krugman-2014-11">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 25 Februarie 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 Februarie</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Ladies+And+Gentlemen%2C+We+Have+Finally+Learned+The+Right+Way+To+Say+%27Krugman%27%21&rft.date=2014-11-22&rft.aulast=Blodget&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhow-to-pronounce-krugman-2014-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1474708/Paul-Krugman">Paul Krugman</a>". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. (9 Junie 2017).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.title=Paul+Krugman&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1474708%2FPaul-Krugman&rft.source=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=9+Junie+2017"> </span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krugmanonline-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-krugmanonline_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krugmanonline.com/about.php">"About Paul Krugman"</a>. <i>krugmanonline</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220101424/http://krugmanonline.com/about.php">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 20 Februarie 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">15 Mei</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krugmanonline&rft.atitle=About+Paul+Krugman&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krugmanonline.com%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2008/">"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2008"</a>. <i>nobelprize.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629110203/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2008/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 29 Junie 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Junie</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2Flaureates%2F2008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelComments-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NobelComments_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nobel Prize Committee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2008/advanced-economicsciences2008.pdf">"The Prize in Economic Sciences 2008"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830053939/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2008/advanced-economicsciences2008.pdf">Geargiveer</a> 30 Augustus 2017 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cep.lse.ac.uk/_new/events/event.asp?id=92">"Lionel Robbins Memorial Lectures 2009: The Return of Depression Economics"</a>. London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance. 8 Junie 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708184815/http://cep.lse.ac.uk/_new/events/event.asp?id=92">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 8 Julie 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">6 Augustus</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins+Memorial+Lectures+2009%3A+The+Return+of+Depression+Economics&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics%2C+Centre+for+Economic+Performance&rft.date=2009-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcep.lse.ac.uk%2F_new%2Fevents%2Fevent.asp%3Fid%3D92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastern_Economic_Association-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Eastern_Economic_Association_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramapo.edu/eea/">"Home – Eastern Economic Association"</a>. <i>Eastern Economic Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110051923/http://www.ramapo.edu/eea/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 Augustus</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Economic+Association&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Eastern+Economic+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramapo.edu%2Feea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> timestamp mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#archive_date_url_ts_mismatch" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDEAS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IDEAS_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.person.all.html">"Economist Rankings at IDEAS – Top 10% Authors, as of May 2016"</a>. Research Papers in Economics. Mei 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812162316/https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.person.all.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 Augustus 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 Julie</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economist+Rankings+at+IDEAS+%E2%80%93+Top+10%25+Authors%2C+as+of+May+2016&rft.pub=Research+Papers+in+Economics&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Ftop%2Ftop.person.all.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: Krugman modeled a 'preference for diversity' by assuming a CES utility function like that in A. Dixit and J. Stiglitz (1977), 'Monopolistic competition and optimal product diversity', <i>American Economic Review</i> 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes131008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-forbes131008_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Forbes</i>, 13 Oktober 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2008/10/13/krugman-nobel-economics-oped-cx_ap_1013panagariya.html">"Paul Krugman, Nobel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033738/https://www.forbes.com/2008/10/13/krugman-nobel-economics-oped-cx_ap_1013panagariya.html">Geargiveer</a> 7 November 2017 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/ref/opinion/KRUGMAN-BIO.html">"Columnist Biography: Paul Krugman"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130070320/http://www.nytimes.com/ref/opinion/KRUGMAN-BIO.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 30 Januarie 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Columnist+Biography%3A+Paul+Krugman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fref%2Fopinion%2FKRUGMAN-BIO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econjwatch.org/file_download/487/DavisMay2011.pdf">"Economics Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs (along with Party and Policy Views)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085714/https://econjwatch.org/file_download/487/DavisMay2011.pdf">Geargiveer</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> vanaf die oorspronklike op 30 Desember 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economics+Professors%27+Favorite+Economic+Thinkers%2C+Journals%2C+and+Blogs+%28along+with+Party+and+Policy+Views%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconjwatch.org%2Ffile_download%2F487%2FDavisMay2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921150129/https://opensyllabus.org/results-list/authors?size=50&fields=Economics">"Open Syllabus Project"</a>. <i>opensyllabus.org</i>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensyllabus.org/results-list/authors?size=50&fields=Economics">die oorspronklike</a> op 21 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">24 Januarie</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opensyllabus.org&rft.atitle=Open+Syllabus+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensyllabus.org%2Fresults-list%2Fauthors%3Fsize%3D50%26fields%3DEconomics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Krugman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/">"The Conscience of a Liberal."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207134649/https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/">Geargiveer</a> 7 Februarie 2017 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Besoek 6 Augustus 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-economist_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/2208841">"The one-handed economist"</a>, <i>The Economist</i>, 13 November 2003<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.economist.com/node/2208841">https://www.economist.com/node/2208841</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, besoek op 2011-08-10</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+one-handed+economist&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.date=13+November+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F2208841&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paul_Krugman"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobelpryswenners_2008" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2008" title="Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners van 2008"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Nobelpryswenners_van_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Nobelpryswenners van 2008 (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2008&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobelpryswenners_2008" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprys" title="Nobelprys">Nobelpryswenners</a> 2008</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Chemie" title="Nobelprys vir Chemie">Chemie</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osamu_Shimomura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osamu Shimomura (bladsy bestaan nie)">Osamu Shimomura</a> (Japan/Verenigde State)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Chalfie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Chalfie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Martin Chalfie</a> (Verenigde State)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Y._Tsien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Y. Tsien (bladsy bestaan nie)">Roger Y. Tsien</a> (Verenigde State)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/80px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/120px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/160px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Letterkunde" title="Nobelprys vir Letterkunde">Letterkunde</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio (bladsy bestaan nie)">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a> (Frankryk)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Vrede" title="Nobelprys vir Vrede">Vrede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martti_Ahtisaari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martti Ahtisaari (bladsy bestaan nie)">Martti Ahtisaari</a> (Finland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprys vir Fisika">Fisika</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Makoto Kobayashi</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toshihide_Maskawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toshihide Maskawa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Toshihide Maskawa</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoichiro_Nambu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoichiro Nambu (bladsy bestaan nie)">Yoichiro Nambu</a> (Verenigde State/Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Fisiologie_of_Geneeskunde" title="Nobelprys vir Fisiologie of Geneeskunde">Fisiologie of Geneeskunde</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harald_zur_Hausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harald zur Hausen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Harald zur Hausen</a> (Duitsland)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (bladsy bestaan nie)">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> (Frankryk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> (Frankryk)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Ekonomiese_Wetenskappe" title="Nobelprys vir Ekonomiese Wetenskappe">Ekonomiese Wetenskappe</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Krugman</a> (Verenigde State)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_Nobelpryswenners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van Nobelpryswenners (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nobelpryswenners</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners van 2003 (bladsy bestaan nie)">2003</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners van 2004 (bladsy bestaan nie)">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners van 2005 (bladsy bestaan nie)">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2006&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners van 2006 (bladsy bestaan nie)">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners van 2007 (bladsy bestaan nie)">2007</a></dd> <dd><b>2008 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2009" title="Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners van 2009">2009</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners van 2010 (bladsy bestaan nie)">2010</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners van 2011 (bladsy bestaan nie)">2011</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2012&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners van 2012 (bladsy bestaan nie)">2012</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners_van_2013&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloon:Nobelpryswenners van 2013 (bladsy bestaan nie)">2013</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131112&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131112&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131112" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90258384">90258384</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1137625">XX1137625</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12277570g">cb12277570g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12277570g">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Name_and_Title_Authority_File_of_Catalonia" title="Name and Title Authority File of Catalonia">CANTIC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a10109845">a10109845</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00696630?l=en">DA00696630</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121368033">121368033</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IMDb" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=345&url_prefix=https://www.imdb.com/&id=nm1862259">nm1862259</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000122839649">0000 0001 2283 9649</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n84238684">n84238684</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Latvia">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000034017&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000034017</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/938a9688-826b-4a45-ac7b-0e7eac7b41f7">938a9688-826b-4a45-ac7b-0e7eac7b41f7</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematics_Genealogy_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project (bladsy bestaan nie)">MGP</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=169788">169788</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00469885">00469885</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2005270972&CON_LNG=ENG">vse2005270972</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35527760">35527760</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Greece">NLG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/Authority/Record?id=au.72701">72701</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000309733&local_base=nlx10">000309733</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Korea">NLK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nl.go.kr/authorities/resource/KAC199615532">KAC199615532</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="error">The NLP id a0000002819059 is not valid.</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_in_Zagreb" class="mw-redirect" title="National and University Library in Zagreb">NSK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000251129&local_base=nsk10">000251129</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071314857">071314857</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RERO_(Library_Network_of_Western_Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="RERO (Library Network of Western Switzerland)">RERO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A003476355">02-A003476355</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="error">The SBN id LO1V002770 is not valid.</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/319316">319316</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rc7xns">w6rc7xns</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031590713">031590713</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/985412">985412</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108473482">108473482</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/108473482">108473482</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&oldid=2708146">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&oldid=2708146</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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