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<span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mythology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dwelling_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dwelling_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dwelling place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dwelling_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petrification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petrification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Petrification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petrification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perseus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perseus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Perseus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perseus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athena's_Gorgon_aegis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athena's_Gorgon_aegis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Athena's Gorgon aegis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athena's_Gorgon_aegis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorgon_blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorgon_blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Gorgon blood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorgon_blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorgon_cry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorgon_cry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Gorgon cry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorgon_cry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iconography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Full-bodied_Gorgons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full-bodied_Gorgons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Full-bodied Gorgons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full-bodied_Gorgons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorgoneia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorgoneia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Gorgoneia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorgoneia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Possible origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Possible origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perseus_and_the_Gorgons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perseus_and_the_Gorgons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Perseus and the Gorgons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perseus_and_the_Gorgons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_gorgoneion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_gorgoneion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The gorgoneion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_gorgoneion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gorgons</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgo" title="Gorgo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gorgo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9" title="غرغونة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرغونة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorqonalar" title="Qorqonalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qorqonalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8" title="গর্গন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গর্গন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Гаргоны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаргоны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Горгони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Горгони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgoned" title="Gorgoned – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gorgoned" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B2rgones_(mitologia)" title="Gòrgones (mitologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gòrgones (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgony" title="Gorgony – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gorgony" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgoni" title="Gurgoni – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gurgoni" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonerne" title="Gorgonerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gorgonerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonen" title="Gorgonen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gorgonen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgod" title="Gorgod – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gorgod" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_(%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Γοργόνες (μυθολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γοργόνες (μυθολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgona" title="Gorgona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gorgona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonoj" title="Gorgonoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gorgonoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgona" title="Gorgona – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gorgona" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="گورگون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گورگون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgones" title="Gorgones – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gorgones" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgona_(mitolox%C3%ADa)" title="Gorgona (mitoloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gorgona (mitoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A5%B4%EA%B3%A0" title="고르고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고르고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գորգոններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գորգոններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgone" title="Gorgone – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gorgone" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon" title="Gorgon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gorgon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorg%C3%B3nurnar" title="Gorgónurnar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gorgónurnar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgoni" title="Gorgoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gorgoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="גורגונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גורגונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გორგონები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გორგონები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon" title="Gorgon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gorgon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgones" title="Gorgones – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gorgones" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonen" title="Gorgonen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gorgonen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon%C4%97s" title="Gorgonės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gorgonės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorg%C3%B3k" title="Gorgók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gorgók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Горгона – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Горгона" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon" title="Gorgon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gorgon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂေါ်ဂန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂေါ်ဂန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonen_(mythologie)" title="Gorgonen (mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gorgonen (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ゴルゴーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴルゴーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonene" title="Gorgonene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gorgonene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonas" title="Gorgonas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gorgonas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonen" title="Gorgonen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gorgonen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgony" title="Gorgony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gorgony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3rgona" title="Górgona – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Górgona" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgone" title="Gorgone – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gorgone" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Горгоны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горгоны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon%C3%AB" title="Gorgonë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gorgonë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon" title="Gorgon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gorgon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgony" title="Gorgony – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gorgony" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgona" title="Gorgona – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gorgona" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Горгоне – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Горгоне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgone" title="Gorgone – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gorgone" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgot" title="Gorgot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gorgot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgoner" title="Gorgoner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gorgoner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கோர்கன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோர்கன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="กอร์กอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กอร์กอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonlar" title="Gorgonlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gorgonlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Горгони – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Горгони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon" title="Gorgon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gorgon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon" title="Gorgon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gorgon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%80%B3%E5%B7%A5" title="戈耳工 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="戈耳工" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E9%A0%AD%E6%80%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="蛇頭怪人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蛇頭怪人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgon&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Female monsters in Greek mythology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Greek mythological monsters. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gorgon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gorgon (disambiguation)">Gorgon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gorgoneion" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion (astronomy)">Gorgoneion (astronomy)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2802%29.jpg/330px-Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2802%29.jpg/440px-Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3403" data-file-height="4718" /></a><figcaption>Running Gorgon; amphora, Munich, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a> 2312 (c. 490 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Gorgons</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GOR</span>-gənz</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Γοργώνες</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, are three monstrous sisters, <a href="/wiki/Stheno_and_Euryale" title="Stheno and Euryale">Stheno, Euryale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>, said to be the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a>. They lived near their sisters the <a href="/wiki/Graeae" title="Graeae">Graeae</a>, and were able to turn anyone who looked at them to stone. Euryale and Stheno were immortal, but Medusa was not and was slain by the hero <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gorgons were dread monsters with terrifying eyes. A Gorgon head was displayed on <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">aegis</a>, giving it the power both to protect her from any weapon, and instill great fear in any enemy. Gorgon blood was said to have both the power to heal and harm. </p><p>Representations of full-bodied Gorgons and the Gorgon face, called a <b>gorgoneion</b> (pl. gorgoneia), were popular subjects in Ancient Greek, Etruscan and Roman iconography. While Archaic Gorgons and gorgoneia are universally depicted as hideously ugly, over time they came to be portrayed as beautiful young women. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name 'Gorgon' is associated with the Ancient Greek adjective <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">gorgós</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:γοργός">γοργός</a></span>), which, of an eye or look, means 'grim, fierce, awesome, dazzling',<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is thought to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> stem <i>garğ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stem has connotations of noise, and Germanic and Romance languages have many derivatives from this stem referring to the throat (e.g. 'gorge') or the guttural sounds produced in the throat (e.g. 'gargle', 'gurgle').<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been understood as meaning to growl, roar or howl,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Thalia Feldman suggests that the closest meaning for the stem might be the <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeic" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomatopoeic">onomatopoeic</a> <i>grrr</i> of a growling beast.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, the Gorgons were daughters of the primordial sea-god <a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a> and the sea-monster <a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a>, and the sisters of three other daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, the <a href="/wiki/Graeae" title="Graeae">Graeae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, they were daughters of "the Gorgon", an offspring of <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)" title="Echidna (mythology)">Echidna</a>, and Ceto,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, in his tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i>, has "the Gorgon" being the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a>, spawned by Gaia to be an ally for her children the <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giants</a> in their war against the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian</a> gods.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medusa had two offspring by <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, the winged-horse <a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a> and the warrior <a href="/wiki/Chrysaor" title="Chrysaor">Chrysaor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dwelling_place">Dwelling place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dwelling place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where the Gorgons were supposed to live varies in the ancient sources.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hesiod, the Gorgons lived far to the west beyond <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a> (the Titan, and world-circling river) near its springs, at the edge of night where the <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a> (and the Graeae?) live.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i> apparently had the Gorgons living in Oceanus on a rocky island named Sarpedon.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> places them in the far east "across the surging sea" on the "Gorgonean plains of Cisthene", where the Graeae live, while his lost play <i>Phorkides</i> (another name for the Graeae) apparently placed them at "Lake Tritonis", a mythological lake set somewhere in westernmost North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And the fifth-century BC poet <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> has Perseus, apparently on his quest for the Gorgon head, visit the <a href="/wiki/Hyperboreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperboreans">Hyperboreans</a> (usually considered to dwell in the far north). However, whether Pindar means to imply that the Gorgons lived near the Hyperboreans is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petrification">Petrification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Petrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a> notes that Medusa's face turned men to stone, and Pindar describes Medusa's severed head as "stony death".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Prometheus Bound</i>, it says that no mortal can look at them and live.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Apollodorus, all three of the Gorgons could turn to stone anyone who saw them.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perseus">Perseus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Perseus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC00401_-_Tempio_C_di_Selinunte_-_Perseo_e_Medusa_-_Sec._VI_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/DSC00401_-_Tempio_C_di_Selinunte_-_Perseo_e_Medusa_-_Sec._VI_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_crop.jpg/160px-DSC00401_-_Tempio_C_di_Selinunte_-_Perseo_e_Medusa_-_Sec._VI_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/DSC00401_-_Tempio_C_di_Selinunte_-_Perseo_e_Medusa_-_Sec._VI_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_crop.jpg/240px-DSC00401_-_Tempio_C_di_Selinunte_-_Perseo_e_Medusa_-_Sec._VI_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/DSC00401_-_Tempio_C_di_Selinunte_-_Perseo_e_Medusa_-_Sec._VI_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_crop.jpg/320px-DSC00401_-_Tempio_C_di_Selinunte_-_Perseo_e_Medusa_-_Sec._VI_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> beheading Medusa; <a href="/wiki/Metope" title="Metope">Metope</a> from Temple C at <a href="/wiki/Selinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Selinus">Selinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonino_Salinas_Regional_Archaeological_Museum" title="Antonino Salinas Regional Archaeological Museum">Antonino Salinas Regional Archaeological Museum</a> 3920 B (sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Stheno and Euryale were immortal, whereas Medusa was mortal.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Apollodorus' version of their story, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> was ordered by <a href="/wiki/Polydectes" title="Polydectes">Polydectes</a> (his enemy) to bring back the head of Medusa. So guided by <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, he sought out the sisters of the Gorgons, the <a href="/wiki/Graeae" title="Graeae">Graeae</a> who had only one eye and one tooth which they shared. Perseus managed to steal their eye and tooth, and refused to return them, unless they would show him the way to the nymphs, which they did. Perseus got from the nymphs, winged sandals, which allowed him to fly, and the <a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Hades" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap of Hades">cap of Hades</a>, which made him invisible. He also received an adamantine sickle (<i><a href="/wiki/Harp%C4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpē">harpē</a></i>) from Hermes. Perseus then flew to Oceanus, found the Gorgons asleep. And when <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> managed to behead Medusa by looking at her reflection in his bronze shield, <a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysaor" title="Chrysaor">Chrysaor</a> sprang from Medusa's neck, and Stheno and Euryale chased after him, but were unable to see him because he was wearing Hades' cap of invisibility. When Perseus brought back the Gorgon head, as ordered, with averted eyes he showed the head to Polydectes who was turned to stone. Perseus returned the things he had acquired from the nymphs and Hermes, but gave the Gorgon head to Athena.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athena's_Gorgon_aegis"><span id="Athena.27s_Gorgon_aegis"></span>Athena's Gorgon aegis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Athena's Gorgon aegis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antikensammlung_Berlin_369.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Antikensammlung_Berlin_369.JPG/220px-Antikensammlung_Berlin_369.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Antikensammlung_Berlin_369.JPG/330px-Antikensammlung_Berlin_369.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Antikensammlung_Berlin_369.JPG/440px-Antikensammlung_Berlin_369.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>Athena wearing her snake-fringed Gorgon <a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">aegis</a>; plate attributed to <a href="/wiki/Oltos" title="Oltos">Oltos</a>, Munich, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a> F2313 (c. 525–475 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Apollodorus, after Perseus gave the Gorgon head to Athena, she "inserted the Gorgon's head in the middle of her shield",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apparently a reference to Athena's <a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">aegis</a>. In the <i>Iliad</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">aegis</a> is a device, usually associated with <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, which was decorated with a Gorgon head.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athena wore it in battle as a shield which neither <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>'s spear, or even <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>' thunderbolt could pierce.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Iliad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> made the aegis for Zeus, while according to a Hesiod fragment, <a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a> made it for Athena, before Athena was born. </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, in his tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i>, has a character say that Athena's aegis was made from the skin of the Gorgon, the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a>, who Gaia had brought forth as an ally for her children the <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giants</a> and who Athena had killed during the <a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same play, Euripides has <a href="/wiki/Creusa" title="Creusa">Creusa</a> describe a weaving she made "like an aegis, bordered with serpents" with a "Gorgon in the middle".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also mentions Athena's "Gorgon-faced shield" in his tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Euripides_play)" title="Electra (Euripides play)">Electra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In vase-painting, Athena is often shown wearing her aegis, fringed with snake-heads.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorgon_blood">Gorgon blood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gorgon blood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some accounts, the blood of "the Gorgon" (any Gorgon?) was said to have both the power to heal and harm.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Euripides' <i>Ion</i>, Athena gave two drops of blood from the Gorgon she slew for her aegis to <a href="/wiki/Erichthonius_(son_of_Hephaestus)" title="Erichthonius (son of Hephaestus)">Erichthonius</a>, one of which "wards off diseases and nourishes life", while the other "kills, as it is poison from the Gorgon serpents".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While according to Apollodorus, Athena gave <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a> some of the blood the Gorgon, "and while he used the blood that flowed from the veins on the left side for the bane of mankind, he used the blood that flowed from the right side for salvation, and by that means he raised the dead."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorgon_cry">Gorgon cry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gorgon cry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The loud cry that came from the Gorgons—perhaps related to 'Gorgon' being derived from the Sanskrit <i>garğ</i>, with its connotations of a growling beast—was also part of their mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hesiodic <i><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Heracles" title="Shield of Heracles">Shield of Heracles</a></i> (c. late seventh–mid-sixth century BC), which describes Heracles' shield, has the Gorgons depicted on it chasing Perseus, with their shrill cry seemingly being heard emanating from the shield itself: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The Gorgons, dreadful and unspeakable, were rushing after him, eager to catch him; as they ran on the pallid adamant, the shield resounded sharply and piercingly with a loud noise.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Pindar tells us that the cry of the Gorgons, lamenting the death of Medusa during their pursuit of Perseus, was the reason Athena invented the flute.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pindar, the goddess: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>wove into music the dire dirge of the reckless Gorgons which Perseus heard pouring in slow anguish from beneath the horrible snakey hair of the maidens ... she created the many-voiced song of flutes so that she could imitate with musical instruments the shrill cry that reached her ears from the fast-moving jaws of Euryale.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i>, also has the fleeing Perseus "listening for no trumpet but Euryale's bellowing".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desire to evoke this Gorgon cry may account for the typical distended mouth seen in Archaic Gorgon iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_descriptions">Literary descriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literary descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest literary accounts of Gorgons occur in works by <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> (c. 700–650 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hesiod provides no physical description of the Gorgons, other than to say that the two Gorgons, Sthenno, and Euryale did not grow old.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> mentions only "the Gorgon" (otherwise unnamed) giving brief descriptions of her, and her head. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> she is called a "dread monster" and the image of her head, which appears—along with several other terrifying images—on <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">aegis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>'s shield, is described as "dread and awful", and "grim of aspect, glaring terribly".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already in the <i>Iliad</i>, the Gorgon's "glaring" eyes were a notably fearsome feature. As <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> pursues the fleeing Achaeans, "exulting in his might" ... ever slaying the hindmost", Homer describes the Trojan hero as having eyes like "the eyes of the Gorgon".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, although determined "steadfastly" to stay in the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>, so as to meet other great men among the dead, is seized by such fear at the mere thought that he might encounter there the "head of the Gorgon, that awful monster", leaves "straightway".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hesiodic <i>Shield</i> describes the Gorgons chasing Perseus as being "dreadful and unspeakable" with two snakes wrapped around their waists, and that "upon the terrible heads of the Gorgons rioted great Fear", perhaps a reference to snakes writhing about their heads.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> makes snakes for hair explicit, saying that Perseus' Gorgon head "shimmered with hair made of serpents", and that the Gorgons chasing Perseus also had "horrible snaky hair", so too in <i>Prometheus Bound</i> where all three Gorgons are described as "winged" as well as "snake-haired".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gorgon's reputation for ugliness was such that the Athenian comic playwright <a href="/wiki/Aristophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristophones">Aristophones</a> could, in 405 BC, ridicule the women of the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Deme" title="Deme">deme</a> <a href="/wiki/Teithras" title="Teithras">Teithras</a> by referring to them as Gorgons.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mythographer <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a> gives the most detailed description: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... the Gorgons had heads twined about with the scales of dragons, and great tusks like swine's, and brazen hands, and golden wings, by which they flew".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While such descriptions emphasize the hideous physical features of the Gorgon, by the fifth century BC, Pindar can also describe his snake-haired Medusa as "beautiful".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> tells us that Medusa was originally a beautiful maiden, but because of a sexual encounter with <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> (the Roman equivalent of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>'s temple (Minerva being the Roman equivalent of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>), Minerva punished Medusa by transforming her beautiful hair into horrible snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gorgons were a popular subject in ancient Greek, Etruscan and Roman art,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over six hundred representations cataloged in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae</a></i> (<i>LIMC</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the many examples found on vase paintings, Gorgons occur in a wide variety of other contexts, including architectural ornamentation, shield devices, and coins.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some representations show full-bodied Gorgons, while others, called <a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">gorgoneia</a>, show only the face (or head) of a Gorgon, such as those described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> as appearing on <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">aegis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>'s shield.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest representations of both types are found from roughly the same time period, the mid-seventh century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaic Gorgons typically have snaky hair either with snake-like curls (Figs. 8, 9), or actual snakes protruding from their heads (Figs. 2, 5, 6, 10). The faces of Archaic Gorgons are particularly distinctive, typically with large menacing eyes, tripartite scroll-like (<a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volute</a>) noses, wide mouths with rictus-like grins or grimaces, lolling tongues, fangs and/or tusks (Figs. 4, 5, 6), and sometimes beards (Figs. 3, 4, 13, 15).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from its particular monstrousness, the most distinctive feature of archaic representations of Gorgons is that the head is always facing frontally (en face) with its large fierce eyes glaring directly at the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consistent with the change in literary descriptions seen in the works of Pindar and Ovid mentioned above, beginning in the fifth century BC, representations of Gorgons and gorgoneia transition from hideous monsters to beautiful young women, with such representations becoming typical in the fourth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest such "beautiful" Gorgons (mid-fifth century BC) is a red-figure <a href="/wiki/Pelike" title="Pelike">pelike</a> (Fig. 11), which shows Perseus, with head turned away, about to behead a sleeping Medusa.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While gorgoneia continue to be ubiquitous through the end of antiquity, after the fourth century BC full-bodied Gorgons ceased to be represented.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full-bodied_Gorgons">Full-bodied Gorgons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Full-bodied Gorgons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Full-bodied Gorgons are usually shown in connection with the Perseus-Medusa story.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest representations (mid-seventh century BC) of such Gorgons are a <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> <a href="/wiki/Relief_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief (art)">relief</a> <a href="/wiki/Pithos" title="Pithos">pithos</a> (Fig. 1), which depicts Perseus, with head turned away, decapitating a Gorgon, and the <a href="/wiki/Eleusis_Amphora" title="Eleusis Amphora">Eleusis Amphora</a> (Fig. 2), which shows two Gorgons chasing Perseus fleeing with a severed Gorgon head. That the Perseus on the pithos averts his gaze shows that already in these earliest images it was understood that looking directly at the Gorgon's face was deadly.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of particular interest is the famous Medusa pediment (early sixth century BC) from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis_(Corfu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Artemis (Corfu)">temple of Artemis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> (Fig. 6), which shows a winged-Medusa in the characteristic <i>Knielauf</i> (kneeling-running) position, with two snakes wrapped around her waist, like the Gorgons described in the Hesiodic <i><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Heracles" title="Shield of Heracles">Shield of Heracles</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Gorgon being beheaded on the Boeotian pithos is depicted as a female <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaur</a>, with neither wings nor snakes present, and the Gorgons on the Eleusis Amphora, have wingless, wasp-shaped bodies with cauldron-like heads, by the end of the seventh century BC, humanoid bodies, with wings, and snakes around their head, necks, or waist, such as depicted on the Medusa pediment, become typical.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the depictions of gods and heroes, which are usually shown in profile, <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> Gorgons, even when their bodies are presented in profile (usually running), their heads are (as noted above) always turned frontally displaying their full face, directly gazing at the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perseus_Medusa_Louvre_CA795.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 1. Horse-bodied Gorgon (Medusa) being decapitated by Perseus with averted gaze; Boetian relief pithos, Louvre CA 795 (mid-seventh century BC)[67]"><img alt="Fig. 1. Horse-bodied Gorgon (Medusa) being decapitated by Perseus with averted gaze; Boetian relief pithos, Louvre CA 795 (mid-seventh century BC)[67]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Perseus_Medusa_Louvre_CA795.jpg/170px-Perseus_Medusa_Louvre_CA795.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Perseus_Medusa_Louvre_CA795.jpg/255px-Perseus_Medusa_Louvre_CA795.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Perseus_Medusa_Louvre_CA795.jpg/340px-Perseus_Medusa_Louvre_CA795.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 1.</b> Horse-bodied Gorgon (Medusa) being decapitated by Perseus with averted gaze; <a href="/wiki/Boetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Boetia">Boetian</a> <a href="/wiki/Relief_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief (art)">relief</a> <a href="/wiki/Pithos" title="Pithos">pithos</a>, Louvre CA 795 (mid-seventh century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Funerary_proto-Attic_amphora_by_Polyphemos_painter_depicting_Odysseus_and_his_men_blinding_the_cyclops_Polyphemus_from_xxx_flickr_8706777442_b4db371a26_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 2. Two wingless cauldron-headed Gorgons with wasp-shaped bodies chase Perseus (on the body of the vase below the neck); Eleusis Amphora, Eleusis, Archaeological Museum 2630 (mid-seventh century BC)[68]"><img alt="Fig. 2. Two wingless cauldron-headed Gorgons with wasp-shaped bodies chase Perseus (on the body of the vase below the neck); Eleusis Amphora, Eleusis, Archaeological Museum 2630 (mid-seventh century BC)[68]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Funerary_proto-Attic_amphora_by_Polyphemos_painter_depicting_Odysseus_and_his_men_blinding_the_cyclops_Polyphemus_from_xxx_flickr_8706777442_b4db371a26_o.jpg/97px-Funerary_proto-Attic_amphora_by_Polyphemos_painter_depicting_Odysseus_and_his_men_blinding_the_cyclops_Polyphemus_from_xxx_flickr_8706777442_b4db371a26_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Funerary_proto-Attic_amphora_by_Polyphemos_painter_depicting_Odysseus_and_his_men_blinding_the_cyclops_Polyphemus_from_xxx_flickr_8706777442_b4db371a26_o.jpg/146px-Funerary_proto-Attic_amphora_by_Polyphemos_painter_depicting_Odysseus_and_his_men_blinding_the_cyclops_Polyphemus_from_xxx_flickr_8706777442_b4db371a26_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Funerary_proto-Attic_amphora_by_Polyphemos_painter_depicting_Odysseus_and_his_men_blinding_the_cyclops_Polyphemus_from_xxx_flickr_8706777442_b4db371a26_o.jpg/194px-Funerary_proto-Attic_amphora_by_Polyphemos_painter_depicting_Odysseus_and_his_men_blinding_the_cyclops_Polyphemus_from_xxx_flickr_8706777442_b4db371a26_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="3761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 2.</b> Two wingless cauldron-headed Gorgons with wasp-shaped bodies chase Perseus (on the body of the vase below the neck); <a href="/wiki/Eleusis_Amphora" title="Eleusis Amphora">Eleusis Amphora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Eleusis" title="Archaeological Museum of Eleusis">Archaeological Museum</a> 2630 (mid-seventh century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorgon_Kameiros_BM_GR1860.4-4.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 3. Winged Gorgon with, volute nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue, and beard, as Mistress of Animals flanked by geese; plate from Kameiros, Rhodes, British Museum A 748 (late seventh century BC)[69]"><img alt="Fig. 3. Winged Gorgon with, volute nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue, and beard, as Mistress of Animals flanked by geese; plate from Kameiros, Rhodes, British Museum A 748 (late seventh century BC)[69]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gorgon_Kameiros_BM_GR1860.4-4.2.jpg/145px-Gorgon_Kameiros_BM_GR1860.4-4.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gorgon_Kameiros_BM_GR1860.4-4.2.jpg/218px-Gorgon_Kameiros_BM_GR1860.4-4.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gorgon_Kameiros_BM_GR1860.4-4.2.jpg/290px-Gorgon_Kameiros_BM_GR1860.4-4.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 3.</b> Winged Gorgon with, <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volute</a> nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue, and beard, as <a href="/wiki/Potnia_Theron" title="Potnia Theron">Mistress of Animals</a> flanked by geese; plate from <a href="/wiki/Kameiros" class="mw-redirect" title="Kameiros">Kameiros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> A 748 (late seventh century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nessos_Painter_-_ABV_4_1_-_Herakles_and_Nessos_-_the_three_Gorgons_-_Athens_NM_1002_-_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 4. Winged Gorgon with, volute nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue, and beard; name vase of the Nessos Painter, Athens, National Archaeological Museum 1002 (late seventh–early sixth century BC)[70]"><img alt="Fig. 4. Winged Gorgon with, volute nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue, and beard; name vase of the Nessos Painter, Athens, National Archaeological Museum 1002 (late seventh–early sixth century BC)[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nessos_Painter_-_ABV_4_1_-_Herakles_and_Nessos_-_the_three_Gorgons_-_Athens_NM_1002_-_06.jpg/170px-Nessos_Painter_-_ABV_4_1_-_Herakles_and_Nessos_-_the_three_Gorgons_-_Athens_NM_1002_-_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nessos_Painter_-_ABV_4_1_-_Herakles_and_Nessos_-_the_three_Gorgons_-_Athens_NM_1002_-_06.jpg/255px-Nessos_Painter_-_ABV_4_1_-_Herakles_and_Nessos_-_the_three_Gorgons_-_Athens_NM_1002_-_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nessos_Painter_-_ABV_4_1_-_Herakles_and_Nessos_-_the_three_Gorgons_-_Athens_NM_1002_-_06.jpg/340px-Nessos_Painter_-_ABV_4_1_-_Herakles_and_Nessos_-_the_three_Gorgons_-_Athens_NM_1002_-_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 4.</b> Winged Gorgon with, <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volute</a> nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue, and beard; <a href="/wiki/Name_vase" title="Name vase">name vase</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nessos_Painter" title="Nessos Painter">Nessos Painter</a>, Athens, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum</a> 1002 (late seventh–early sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinos_du_Peintre_de_la_Gorgone_-_frag_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 5. Two winged snake-haired Gorgons with volute nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue (center and right) chase Perseus, with a headless Gorgon (left); Dinos of the Gorgon Painter, Louvre E874 (early sixth century BC)[71]"><img alt="Fig. 5. Two winged snake-haired Gorgons with volute nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue (center and right) chase Perseus, with a headless Gorgon (left); Dinos of the Gorgon Painter, Louvre E874 (early sixth century BC)[71]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dinos_du_Peintre_de_la_Gorgone_-_frag_2.jpg/170px-Dinos_du_Peintre_de_la_Gorgone_-_frag_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dinos_du_Peintre_de_la_Gorgone_-_frag_2.jpg/255px-Dinos_du_Peintre_de_la_Gorgone_-_frag_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dinos_du_Peintre_de_la_Gorgone_-_frag_2.jpg/340px-Dinos_du_Peintre_de_la_Gorgone_-_frag_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 5.</b> Two winged snake-haired Gorgons with volute nose, wide mouth, tusks/fangs, tongue (center and right) chase Perseus, with a headless Gorgon (left); <a href="/wiki/Dinos_of_the_Gorgon_Painter" title="Dinos of the Gorgon Painter">Dinos of the Gorgon Painter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> E874 (early sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Close_Up_of_the_West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 6. Winged snake-haired Gorgon (Medusa) with belt of snakes, in kneeling-running position, with her offspring Pegasus (left) and Chrysaor (right) at her side, and flanked in Mistress of Animals style by a pair of lions; pediment from the temple of Artemis in Corfu, Archaeological Museum of Corfu (early sixth century BC)[72]"><img alt="Fig. 6. Winged snake-haired Gorgon (Medusa) with belt of snakes, in kneeling-running position, with her offspring Pegasus (left) and Chrysaor (right) at her side, and flanked in Mistress of Animals style by a pair of lions; pediment from the temple of Artemis in Corfu, Archaeological Museum of Corfu (early sixth century BC)[72]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Centre_Close_Up_of_the_West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg/170px-Centre_Close_Up_of_the_West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Centre_Close_Up_of_the_West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg/255px-Centre_Close_Up_of_the_West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Centre_Close_Up_of_the_West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg/340px-Centre_Close_Up_of_the_West_Pediment_from_the_Temple_of_Artemis_in_Corfu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3726" data-file-height="2741" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 6.</b> Winged snake-haired Gorgon (Medusa) with belt of snakes, in kneeling-running position, with her offspring <a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Chrysaor" title="Chrysaor">Chrysaor</a> (right) at her side, and flanked in <a href="/wiki/Potnia_Theron" title="Potnia Theron">Mistress of Animals</a> style by a pair of lions; <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis_(Corfu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Artemis (Corfu)">temple of Artemis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Corfu" title="Archaeological Museum of Corfu">Archaeological Museum of Corfu</a> (early sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amasis_Painter_-_ABV_153.32_-_Perseus_killing_Medusa_-_London_BM_1849-0620-5_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 7 Perseus, with head turned away, decapitates Medusa with Hermes on the right; olpe (pitcher) by the Amasis Painter, British Museum B 471 (mid-sixth century BC).[73]"><img alt="Fig. 7 Perseus, with head turned away, decapitates Medusa with Hermes on the right; olpe (pitcher) by the Amasis Painter, British Museum B 471 (mid-sixth century BC).[73]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amasis_Painter_-_ABV_153.32_-_Perseus_killing_Medusa_-_London_BM_1849-0620-5_-_01.jpg/91px-Amasis_Painter_-_ABV_153.32_-_Perseus_killing_Medusa_-_London_BM_1849-0620-5_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amasis_Painter_-_ABV_153.32_-_Perseus_killing_Medusa_-_London_BM_1849-0620-5_-_01.jpg/137px-Amasis_Painter_-_ABV_153.32_-_Perseus_killing_Medusa_-_London_BM_1849-0620-5_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Amasis_Painter_-_ABV_153.32_-_Perseus_killing_Medusa_-_London_BM_1849-0620-5_-_01.jpg/182px-Amasis_Painter_-_ABV_153.32_-_Perseus_killing_Medusa_-_London_BM_1849-0620-5_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="5338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 7</b> Perseus, with head turned away, decapitates Medusa with Hermes on the right; <a href="/wiki/Oenochoe" title="Oenochoe"><i>olpe</i></a> (pitcher) by the <a href="/wiki/Amasis_Painter" title="Amasis Painter">Amasis Painter</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> B 471 (mid-sixth century BC).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aict_GSM058-GSM058-GSM058_full_1821_1441_0_native.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 8. Winged curl-haired Gorgon (Medusa) being decapitated by Perseus aided by Athena; fragment of ivory relief plaque from the Heraion of Samos Archaeological Museum of Samos E 1 (sixth century BC)[74]"><img alt="Fig. 8. Winged curl-haired Gorgon (Medusa) being decapitated by Perseus aided by Athena; fragment of ivory relief plaque from the Heraion of Samos Archaeological Museum of Samos E 1 (sixth century BC)[74]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Aict_GSM058-GSM058-GSM058_full_1821_1441_0_native.jpg/170px-Aict_GSM058-GSM058-GSM058_full_1821_1441_0_native.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Aict_GSM058-GSM058-GSM058_full_1821_1441_0_native.jpg/255px-Aict_GSM058-GSM058-GSM058_full_1821_1441_0_native.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Aict_GSM058-GSM058-GSM058_full_1821_1441_0_native.jpg/340px-Aict_GSM058-GSM058-GSM058_full_1821_1441_0_native.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1441" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 8.</b> Winged curl-haired Gorgon (Medusa) being decapitated by Perseus aided by Athena; fragment of ivory relief plaque from the <a href="/wiki/Heraion_of_Samos" title="Heraion of Samos">Heraion of Samos</a> Archaeological Museum of Samos E 1 (sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Orsi_Gorgone_1476.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 9. Winged curl-haired Gorgon (Medusa) holding Pegasus; relief terracotta antefix, Temple of Athena at Syracuse, in the Museo Archeologico Regionale Paolo Orsi of Syracuse, Sicily (late sixth century BC)[75]"><img alt="Fig. 9. Winged curl-haired Gorgon (Medusa) holding Pegasus; relief terracotta antefix, Temple of Athena at Syracuse, in the Museo Archeologico Regionale Paolo Orsi of Syracuse, Sicily (late sixth century BC)[75]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Museo_Orsi_Gorgone_1476.JPG/170px-Museo_Orsi_Gorgone_1476.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Museo_Orsi_Gorgone_1476.JPG/255px-Museo_Orsi_Gorgone_1476.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Museo_Orsi_Gorgone_1476.JPG/340px-Museo_Orsi_Gorgone_1476.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 9.</b> Winged curl-haired Gorgon (Medusa) holding <a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a>; relief terracotta <a href="/wiki/Antefix" title="Antefix">antefix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_(Syracuse)" title="Temple of Athena (Syracuse)">Temple of Athena</a> at Syracuse, in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_archeologico_regionale_Paolo_Orsi" title="Museo archeologico regionale Paolo Orsi">Museo Archeologico Regionale Paolo Orsi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (late sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_(05).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 10. Gorgon (detail); amphora, Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2312 (Early fifth century BC)[76]"><img alt="Fig. 10. Gorgon (detail); amphora, Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2312 (Early fifth century BC)[76]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2805%29.jpg/170px-Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2805%29.jpg/255px-Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2805%29.jpg/340px-Berlin_Painter_ARV_197_11_Gorgo_pursuing_Perseus_%2805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 10.</b> Gorgon (detail); amphora, Munich, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a> 2312 (Early fifth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_pelike_(jar)_MET_DT352033.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 11. Perseus about to behead a "beautiful" sleeping Medusa; Pelike, attributed to Polygnotos, Metropolitan Museum of Art 45.11.1 (mid-fifth century BC)[77]"><img alt="Fig. 11. Perseus about to behead a "beautiful" sleeping Medusa; Pelike, attributed to Polygnotos, Metropolitan Museum of Art 45.11.1 (mid-fifth century BC)[77]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Terracotta_pelike_%28jar%29_MET_DT352033.jpg/114px-Terracotta_pelike_%28jar%29_MET_DT352033.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Terracotta_pelike_%28jar%29_MET_DT352033.jpg/172px-Terracotta_pelike_%28jar%29_MET_DT352033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Terracotta_pelike_%28jar%29_MET_DT352033.jpg/229px-Terracotta_pelike_%28jar%29_MET_DT352033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3159" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 11.</b> Perseus about to behead a "beautiful" sleeping Medusa; <a href="/wiki/Pelike" title="Pelike">Pelike</a>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Polygnotos" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygnotos">Polygnotos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> 45.11.1 (mid-fifth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorgoneia">Gorgoneia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gorgoneia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the depictions of ancient Greek demons, the gorgoneion is, by far, the most frequently occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thought to have had an <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">apotropaic</a> (protective) function, gorgoneia are often found on architectural elements such as temple pediments, and ornamental <a href="/wiki/Antefix" title="Antefix">antefixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acroteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Acroteria">acroteria</a>, or decorating various round objects, such as shields, coins, and the bottoms of bowls and cups.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with full-bodied Gorgons the earliest representations are found from the mid-sixth century BC. The earliest example of a "beautiful" gorgoneion is the <a href="/wiki/Medusa_Rondanini" title="Medusa Rondanini">Medusa Rondanini</a> (Fig. 19), which is thought to be a Roman copy of a Greek original dated to either the fifth-century BC or the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Athena's victory over the <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giant</a> <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(giant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (giant)">Enceladus</a>—with a gorgoneion on her shield—was apparently depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Apollo at Delphi">Temple of Apollo at Delphi</a> (latter part of the sixth century BC). In <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i> (c. 412–412 BC), the Chorus describes seeing, on the temple's stone walls, Athena "brandishing her gorgon shield" against Enceladus.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> describes seeing a votive golden shield dedicated by the Spartans and their allies after the Battle of Tanagra (457 BC), with a gorgoneion (or possibly a full-bodied Gorgon) depicted in relief being displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Zeus at Olympia">Temple of Zeus at Olympia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OlympiaGorgo_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 12. Winged gorgoneion; bronze shield device from Olympia, Archaeological Museum B 110 (first half of the sixth century BC)[83]"><img alt="Fig. 12. Winged gorgoneion; bronze shield device from Olympia, Archaeological Museum B 110 (first half of the sixth century BC)[83]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/OlympiaGorgo_retouched.jpg/148px-OlympiaGorgo_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/OlympiaGorgo_retouched.jpg/222px-OlympiaGorgo_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/OlympiaGorgo_retouched.jpg/295px-OlympiaGorgo_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="1432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 12.</b> <a href="/wiki/Winged_Gorgoneion" title="Winged Gorgoneion">Winged gorgoneion</a>; bronze shield device from <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Olympia" title="Archaeological Museum of Olympia">Archaeological Museum</a> B 110 (first half of the sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lydos_-_ABV_111_extra_-_gorgoneion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_8760_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 13. Bearded gorgoneion; Attic plate by Lydos, Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlungen 8760 (mid-sixth century BC)[84]"><img alt="Fig. 13. Bearded gorgoneion; Attic plate by Lydos, Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlungen 8760 (mid-sixth century BC)[84]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lydos_-_ABV_111_extra_-_gorgoneion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_8760_-_01.jpg/170px-Lydos_-_ABV_111_extra_-_gorgoneion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_8760_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lydos_-_ABV_111_extra_-_gorgoneion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_8760_-_01.jpg/255px-Lydos_-_ABV_111_extra_-_gorgoneion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_8760_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lydos_-_ABV_111_extra_-_gorgoneion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_8760_-_01.jpg/340px-Lydos_-_ABV_111_extra_-_gorgoneion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_8760_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 13.</b> Bearded gorgoneion; Attic plate by <a href="/wiki/Lydos" title="Lydos">Lydos</a>, Munich, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a> 8760 (mid-sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Athens_-_550-546_BC_-_silver_didrachm_-_head_of_Gorgon_-_quadratum_incusum_with_head_of_panther_-_London_BM_1841-B-618.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 14 Gorgoneion; silver didrachm issued by Athens (mid-late sixth century BC).[85]"><img alt="Fig. 14 Gorgoneion; silver didrachm issued by Athens (mid-late sixth century BC).[85]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Athens_-_550-546_BC_-_silver_didrachm_-_head_of_Gorgon_-_quadratum_incusum_with_head_of_panther_-_London_BM_1841-B-618.jpg/145px-Athens_-_550-546_BC_-_silver_didrachm_-_head_of_Gorgon_-_quadratum_incusum_with_head_of_panther_-_London_BM_1841-B-618.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Athens_-_550-546_BC_-_silver_didrachm_-_head_of_Gorgon_-_quadratum_incusum_with_head_of_panther_-_London_BM_1841-B-618.jpg/218px-Athens_-_550-546_BC_-_silver_didrachm_-_head_of_Gorgon_-_quadratum_incusum_with_head_of_panther_-_London_BM_1841-B-618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Athens_-_550-546_BC_-_silver_didrachm_-_head_of_Gorgon_-_quadratum_incusum_with_head_of_panther_-_London_BM_1841-B-618.jpg/290px-Athens_-_550-546_BC_-_silver_didrachm_-_head_of_Gorgon_-_quadratum_incusum_with_head_of_panther_-_London_BM_1841-B-618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 14</b> Gorgoneion; silver <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">didrachm</a> issued by Athens (mid-late sixth century BC).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Disk-fibula_Gorgoneion_Louvre_Br4306.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 15. Gorgoneion; Disk-fibula, Louvre BR 4306 (second half of the sixth century BC)[86]"><img alt="Fig. 15. Gorgoneion; Disk-fibula, Louvre BR 4306 (second half of the sixth century BC)[86]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Disk-fibula_Gorgoneion_Louvre_Br4306.jpg/116px-Disk-fibula_Gorgoneion_Louvre_Br4306.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Disk-fibula_Gorgoneion_Louvre_Br4306.jpg/174px-Disk-fibula_Gorgoneion_Louvre_Br4306.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Disk-fibula_Gorgoneion_Louvre_Br4306.jpg/232px-Disk-fibula_Gorgoneion_Louvre_Br4306.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 15.</b> Gorgoneion; Disk-<a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> BR 4306 (second half of the sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalcidizing_eye-cup_type_A_-_ABV_205_-_gorgoneion_-_bust_of_warrior_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2027_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 16. Bearded snake-haired gorgoneion; kylix eye-cup, Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2027 (second half of the sixth century BC)[87]"><img alt="Fig. 16. Bearded snake-haired gorgoneion; kylix eye-cup, Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2027 (second half of the sixth century BC)[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chalcidizing_eye-cup_type_A_-_ABV_205_-_gorgoneion_-_bust_of_warrior_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2027_-_02.jpg/170px-Chalcidizing_eye-cup_type_A_-_ABV_205_-_gorgoneion_-_bust_of_warrior_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2027_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chalcidizing_eye-cup_type_A_-_ABV_205_-_gorgoneion_-_bust_of_warrior_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2027_-_02.jpg/255px-Chalcidizing_eye-cup_type_A_-_ABV_205_-_gorgoneion_-_bust_of_warrior_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2027_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chalcidizing_eye-cup_type_A_-_ABV_205_-_gorgoneion_-_bust_of_warrior_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2027_-_02.jpg/340px-Chalcidizing_eye-cup_type_A_-_ABV_205_-_gorgoneion_-_bust_of_warrior_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2027_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5079" data-file-height="3245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 16.</b> Bearded snake-haired gorgoneion; <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a> <a href="/wiki/Eye-cup" title="Eye-cup">eye-cup</a>, Munich, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a> 2027 (second half of the sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorgon-head_antefix_1_-_Acropolis_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 17 Gorgoneion with earrings; terracotta antefix from the Acropolis of Athens, Acropolis Museum 78–87, K 292–29 (second half of the sixth century BC)[88]"><img alt="Fig. 17 Gorgoneion with earrings; terracotta antefix from the Acropolis of Athens, Acropolis Museum 78–87, K 292–29 (second half of the sixth century BC)[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gorgon-head_antefix_1_-_Acropolis_Museum.jpg/144px-Gorgon-head_antefix_1_-_Acropolis_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gorgon-head_antefix_1_-_Acropolis_Museum.jpg/216px-Gorgon-head_antefix_1_-_Acropolis_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gorgon-head_antefix_1_-_Acropolis_Museum.jpg/288px-Gorgon-head_antefix_1_-_Acropolis_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5596" data-file-height="5638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 17</b> Gorgoneion with earrings; terracotta <a href="/wiki/Antefix" title="Antefix">antefix</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a> 78–87, K 292–29 (second half of the sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorgoneion_Cdm_Paris_320.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 18. Gorgoneion; Attic kylix cup, Paris, Cabinet des Medailles 320 (late sixth century BC)[89]"><img alt="Fig. 18. Gorgoneion; Attic kylix cup, Paris, Cabinet des Medailles 320 (late sixth century BC)[89]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gorgoneion_Cdm_Paris_320.jpg/146px-Gorgoneion_Cdm_Paris_320.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gorgoneion_Cdm_Paris_320.jpg/220px-Gorgoneion_Cdm_Paris_320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gorgoneion_Cdm_Paris_320.jpg/292px-Gorgoneion_Cdm_Paris_320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="2014" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 18.</b> Gorgoneion; <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a> cup, Paris, Cabinet des Medailles 320 (late sixth century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rondanini_Medusa_Glyptothek_Munich_252_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 19. "Beautiful" gorgoneion, with small head wings and two snakes twined under her chin; the Medusa Rondanini, Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlungen GL 252 (first-second century AD, Roman copy of a Greek original?)[90]"><img alt="Fig. 19. "Beautiful" gorgoneion, with small head wings and two snakes twined under her chin; the Medusa Rondanini, Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlungen GL 252 (first-second century AD, Roman copy of a Greek original?)[90]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rondanini_Medusa_Glyptothek_Munich_252_n1.jpg/145px-Rondanini_Medusa_Glyptothek_Munich_252_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rondanini_Medusa_Glyptothek_Munich_252_n1.jpg/218px-Rondanini_Medusa_Glyptothek_Munich_252_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rondanini_Medusa_Glyptothek_Munich_252_n1.jpg/290px-Rondanini_Medusa_Glyptothek_Munich_252_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 19.</b> "Beautiful" gorgoneion, with small head wings and two snakes twined under her chin; the <a href="/wiki/Medusa_Rondanini" title="Medusa Rondanini">Medusa Rondanini</a>, Munich, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a> GL 252 (first-second century AD, Roman copy of a Greek original?)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_origins">Possible origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Possible origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_amulet._The_demon_Lamashtu_stands_on_a_donkey_and_suckles_a_wild_pig_and_a_jackal._Lamashtu_preyed_on_women_during_childbirth_and_on_their_newborn_babies._There_is_an_incomplete_Akkadian_cuneiform_inscription,_an_incantation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stone_amulet._The_demon_Lamashtu_stands_on_a_donkey_and_suckles_a_wild_pig_and_a_jackal._Lamashtu_preyed_on_women_during_childbirth_and_on_their_newborn_babies._There_is_an_incomplete_Akkadian_cuneiform_inscription%2C_an_incantation.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stone_amulet._The_demon_Lamashtu_stands_on_a_donkey_and_suckles_a_wild_pig_and_a_jackal._Lamashtu_preyed_on_women_during_childbirth_and_on_their_newborn_babies._There_is_an_incomplete_Akkadian_cuneiform_inscription%2C_an_incantation.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stone_amulet._The_demon_Lamashtu_stands_on_a_donkey_and_suckles_a_wild_pig_and_a_jackal._Lamashtu_preyed_on_women_during_childbirth_and_on_their_newborn_babies._There_is_an_incomplete_Akkadian_cuneiform_inscription%2C_an_incantation.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3734" data-file-height="4827" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Lamashtu" title="Lamashtu">Lamashtu</a> with lion's head, standing on a donkey, holding snakes, with a suckling pig and dog; bronze plate from <a href="/wiki/Charchemish" class="mw-redirect" title="Charchemish">Charchemish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There has been considerable and wide-ranging speculation concerning the possible origins of the story of Perseus and the Gorgons, as well as gorgoneia, the representations of Gorgon faces.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of the Perseus-Gorgon story, and gorgoneia, even with respect to each other, are uncertain. The Perseus-Gorgon story might have come first inspiring the development of gorgoneia, or gorgoneia might have come first, in which case the Perseus story might have served an etiological function, as an <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myth</a>, developed as a way to explain where gorgoneia had come from. It is also possible that the Perseus story and gorgoneia developed independently, but later converged. Since the earliest literary and iconographic evidence of both the Perseus story and gorgoneia are roughly contemporaneous, such evidence seems unable to definitively distinguish between any of these three scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that the mythology and/or the iconography of Gorgons were subject to <a href="/wiki/Near-Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Eastern">Near-Eastern</a> influence.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular elements of full-bodied Gorgon iconography seem to have been borrowed from that of the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian">Mesopotamian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamashtu" title="Lamashtu">Lamashtu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mesopotamian depictions of <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> slaying <a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a>, may have influenced the Perseus-Gorgon story, while gorgoneia may be connected to images of Humbaba.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perseus_and_the_Gorgons">Perseus and the Gorgons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Perseus and the Gorgons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamashtu_plaque_9167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lamashtu_plaque_9167.jpg/220px-Lamashtu_plaque_9167.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lamashtu_plaque_9167.jpg/330px-Lamashtu_plaque_9167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lamashtu_plaque_9167.jpg/440px-Lamashtu_plaque_9167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Lamashtu" title="Lamashtu">Lamashtu</a> holding two snakes and suckling a dog (?) and pig, in <i>Knielauf</i> position, on a donkey; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> AO 22205<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Gorgon as <a href="/wiki/Potnia_Theron" title="Potnia Theron">Mistress of Animals</a>, in the Medusa pediment from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis_(Corfu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Artemis (Corfu)">temple of Artemis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> (Fig. 6) shows affinities with images of Lamashtu.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a> has noted, Lamashtu has several characteristic iconographic elements which include an animalistic head atop a humanoid body, often in the <i>Knielauf</i> (kneeling-running) position, with the presence of snakes, a horse or ass, animal offspring, and sometimes in the <a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistress of Animals">Mistress of Animals</a> configuration. All of these elements are present, for example, in the Medusa pediment.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Images which show Perseus, with head turned away, decapitating Medusa (Figs. 1, 7), resemble Mesopotamian depictions of <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> slaying the wild man <a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a>. Such depictions can show Gilgamesh with head turned away looking behind him for a goddess to pass him a weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, a bronze shield strap from Olympia (mid-sixth century BC), which shows Perseus with his head turned away about to decapitate Medusa, assisted by Athena,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bears a striking resemblance to a seal impression from <a href="/wiki/Nuzi" title="Nuzi">Nuzi</a> c. 1450 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests the possibility that Greeks misinterpreted or reinterpreted these Mesopotamian images, giving rise, through a process that Burkert has described as a "creative misunderstanding", to the myth of the Gorgon's petrifying gaze.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_gorgoneion">The gorgoneion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The gorgoneion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consensus among classical scholars seems to be that the function of a gorgoneion was <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">apotropaic</a>, as a device (an <i>apotropaion</i>) to ward away unwanted things, and which was in origin a dancer-worn mask.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classic formulation of this view is that of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Jane Ellen Harrison</a>, the gorgoneion as a "ritual mask misunderstood":<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humbaba_mask-AO_12460-IMG_0652-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Humbaba_mask-AO_12460-IMG_0652-black.jpg/220px-Humbaba_mask-AO_12460-IMG_0652-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Humbaba_mask-AO_12460-IMG_0652-black.jpg/330px-Humbaba_mask-AO_12460-IMG_0652-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Humbaba_mask-AO_12460-IMG_0652-black.jpg/440px-Humbaba_mask-AO_12460-IMG_0652-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>Humbaba with deep S-shaped furrows on either side of a wide-mouthed grimace; Mesopotamian terracotta mask, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> AO 12460 (early second millennium BC)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... in her essence Medusa is a head and nothing more; her potency only begins when her head is severed, and that potency resides in the head; she is in a word a mask with a body later appended. The primitive Greek knew that there was in his ritual a horrid thing called a Gorgoneion, a grinning mask with glaring eyes and protruding beast-like tusks and pendent tongue. How did this Gorgoneion come to be? A hero had slain a beast called the Gorgon, and this was its head. Though many other associations gathered round it, the basis of the Gorgoneion is a cultus object, a ritual mask misunderstood. The ritual object comes first; then the monster is begotten to account for it; then the hero is supplied to account for the slaying of the monster.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>That gorgoneia were used as apotropaic shield devices, at least, seems evident from Agamemnon's gorgoneion-shield, which Homer describes in the <i>Iliad</i> as displaying "the Gorgon, grim of aspect, glaring terribly, and about her were Terror and Rout".<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporting the view that gorgoneia originated as masks, are two groups of seventh-century BC terracotta gorgonion-like masks: a group of wearable helmet masks from <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a>, and another group of non-wearable votive masks from the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Artemis_Orthia" title="Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia">Sanctuary of Orthia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, which share some features with the typical earliest representations of Gorgon faces. If such masks were in fact intended to represent the face of a Gorgon, then they would show that Gorgons or gorgoneia played a role in some kind of ritualistic or dramatic practice or performance.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gorgonesque votive masks from Sparta have deep S-shaped furrows on either side of wide-mouthed grimaces. Such features resemble those on the much earlier terracotta plaques depicting <a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Medusa_and_Gorgons" title="Cultural depictions of Medusa and Gorgons">Cultural depictions of Medusa and Gorgons</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_depictions_of_Medusa_and_Gorgons&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravaggio_-_Medusa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Caravaggio_-_Medusa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Caravaggio_-_Medusa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Caravaggio_-_Medusa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Caravaggio_-_Medusa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Caravaggio_-_Medusa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Caravaggio_-_Medusa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3369" data-file-height="3453" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Medusa_(Caravaggio)" title="Medusa (Caravaggio)">Medusa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Ufizzi Gallery</a>, Florence</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medusa_mosa%C3%AFc_Rhodes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Medusa_mosa%C3%AFc_Rhodes.jpg/220px-Medusa_mosa%C3%AFc_Rhodes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Medusa_mosa%C3%AFc_Rhodes.jpg/330px-Medusa_mosa%C3%AFc_Rhodes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Medusa_mosa%C3%AFc_Rhodes.jpg/440px-Medusa_mosa%C3%AFc_Rhodes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Central motive of the Medusa mosaic, 2nd century BCE, from <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a> island, in the palace of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes">Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes</a>, in Rhodes city, island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, Greece.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a> sisters, <a href="/wiki/Stheno_and_Euryale" title="Stheno and Euryale">Stheno and Euryale</a>, have been featured in art and culture spanning from the days of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> to present day. Medusa is the most well-known of the three mythological monsters, having been variously portrayed as a monster, a protective symbol, a rallying symbol for liberty, and a sympathetic victim of rape and/or a curse. </p> The Gorgons are best known by their hair of living <a href="/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">venomous snakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrifaction_in_mythology_and_fiction" title="Petrifaction in mythology and fiction">ability to turn living creatures to stone</a>. Medusa herself is an ancient icon that remains one of the most popular and enduring figures of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. She continues to be recreated in pop culture and art, surpassing the popularity of many other mythological characters.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her likeness has been immortalized by artists including <a href="/wiki/Medusa_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medusa (Leonardo da Vinci)">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_depictions_of_Medusa_and_Gorgons_Mystery_200_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_depictions_of_Medusa_and_Gorgons_Mystery_200-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n174/mode/1up">pp. 311–312 (Gorgo, Gorgones 331)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-742e72fad4c6d-4">9805</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n92/mode/1up">p. 187 (Gorgo, Gorgones 331)</a>; Hard 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA59">p. 59, fig. 2.5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimal, s.v. Gorgons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks-brillonline-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/gorgo-e426440?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.brill-s-new-pauly&s.q=Gorgo">s.v. Gorgo 1</a>; Bremmer 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-2871">s.v. Gorgo/Medusa</a>; Gantz, p. 20; Grimal, s.v. Gorgons; Tripp, s.v. Gorgons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge Greek Lexicon</i> svv. <i>γοργός</i>, <i>Γοργώ</i>; Beekes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek_202306/page/n164/mode/1up">s.v. <i>γοργός</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p. 599 n. 5; Napier 1992, p. 102; Phinney, p. 447; Feldman, p. 487; Howe, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe, p. 210, n. 10 with many more examples.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p. 599 n. 5; Napier 1992, p. 102; Phinney, p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 19; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270">270–277</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.6">1.2.6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.2">2.4.2</a> (calling the Graeae the "Phorcides").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tripp, s.v. Gorgons; <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i>Fabulae</i> Preface <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/206#p.9">9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/206#p.35">35</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 448; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg010.perseus-eng1:966-997">986–991</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg010.perseus-eng1:1048-1060">1055</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimal, s.v. Gorgons; Tripp, s.v. Medusa; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270">278–281</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.2">2.4.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 2013, p. 252; Hard 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA59">pp. 59–60</a>; Gantz, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 2013, p. 254; Gantz, p. 20; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270">274–282</a>. As to whether Hesiod means to include the Graeae as also living there, Fowler reads Hesiod as including the Graeae, while Gantz does not. Compare with <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.2">2.4.2</a>, which has Perseus fly to "the ocean" [i.e Oceanus] to find the Gorgons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks-brillonline-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/gorgo-e426440?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.brill-s-new-pauly&s.q=Gorgo">s.v. Gorgo 1</a>; Hard 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA60">p. 60</a>; Ganz, p. 20; West 1966, p. 246 line 274 πέρην κλυτοῦ Ὠκεανοῖο; West 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.107.xml">Cypria fr. 30 West</a> [= fr. 24 Allen = fr. 32 Bernabé]. <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a> also has the Gorgons living somewhere in Oceanus, see Gantz, p. 20; Pherecydes fr. 11 Fowler (Fowler 2000, pp. 280–281) [= Scolia on <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a> 4.1515a].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 2013, p. 254; Hard 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">p. 176 16 <i>Tritonis</i></a>; Sommerstein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.261.xml">pp. 260–261</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:780-818">790–800</a>; Aeschylus fr. 262 [= <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi">Catasterismi</a></i> 22 (Hard 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">p. 16</a>)]. For lake Tritonis, and the Gorgons being located in North Africa, see also: <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.91.6">2.91.6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.178">4.178</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.186.1">4.186.1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.17.3">3.17.3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 2013, p. 254; Bremmer (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks-brillonline-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/gorgo-e426440?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.brill-s-new-pauly&s.q=Gorgo">s.v. Gorgo 1</a>; Gantz, p. 20 ; <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <i>Phythian</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:10">10.30–48</a>. Although Bremmer reads Pindar as having located the Gorgons "among the Hyperboreans", Fowler does not conclude that Pindar did this, while Gantz says that Pindar "may or may not" have done so.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 20; Pherecydes fr. 11 Fowler (Fowler 2000, pp. 280–281) [= Scolia on <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a> 4.1515a]; <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <i>Phythian</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:10">10.46–48</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 20; <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:780-818">800</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.2">2.4.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marconi, pp. 142–143, 236–237; Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n173/mode/1up">p. 313 (Gorgo, Gorgones 307)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-742d76720be54-e">9733</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270">270–277</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.2">2.4.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-2871">s.v. Gorgo/Medusa</a> (which calls Apollodorus' version "canonical"); <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.2">2.4.2–3</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a> </i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:780-818">798–800</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beazley Archive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/EE62EDF2-FAEC-4CE5-BD9F-AF3A1C35477E">200575</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.2">2.4.2–3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, pp. 84–85; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.711-5.763">5.738–742</a>. For a detailed discussion of Athena's Gorgon aegis see Cook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie03cook/page/837/mode/2up?view=theater">pp. 837–867</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 84; <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.711-5.763">5.738–742</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:21.400-21.433">21.400–402</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 84; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:15.281-15.311">15.309–310</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-other_fragments/2018/pb_LCL503.391.xml?result=2&rskey=2vIwst">fr. 294 Most</a> [= 343 MW]; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg010.perseus-eng1:966-997">987–997</a>. Other accounts name other opponents whom Athena was supposed to have killed and flayed for her aegis, including the Giant <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Giant)" title="Pallas (Giant)">Pallas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.2">1.6.2</a>), an invulnerable <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Koan</a> warrior Asterius, and others, see Robertson, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg010.perseus-eng1:1395-1436">1417–1423</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Euripides_play)" title="Electra (Euripides play)">Electra</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg012.perseus-eng1:1238-1263">1254–1257</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hard 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74">p. 74</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e426440.xml">s.v. Gorgo 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg010.perseus-eng1:998-1047">1003–1015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg010.perseus-eng1:1048-1060">1055</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg010.perseus-eng1:1261-1281">1265</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.10.3">3.10.3</a>. Compare with Apollodorus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.7.3">2.7.3</a>, which says that Heracles, who had received a lock of Medusa's hair from Athena, gave it to <a href="/wiki/Tegea" title="Tegea">Tegea</a> for the city's protection from attack (according to <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.47.5">87.47.5</a>, the lock of hair was given to Tegea by Athena herself), see Gantz, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Howe, p. 212, "It is clear that some terrible noise was the originating force behind the Gorgon: a guttural, animal-like howl". Mack, p. 599, n. 5 notes that sound, "though only indirectly a feature of the face, was central to the conceptualization of Medusa's terrifying power". See also Feldman, pp. 487–488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most's translation of <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Heracles" title="Shield of Heracles">Shield of Heracles</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.19.xml">230–233</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p 20; Howe, pp. 210–211; Vernant, pp. 117, 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Svarlien's translation of <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <i>Pythian</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12">12.7–11, 18–21</a>. According to Vernant, p. 117, Pindar is saying here that the sound emitted by the pursuing Gorgons came "both from their maiden mouths and from the horrible heads of snakes associated with them".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca02nonnuoft/page/254/mode/2up?view=theater">25.58</a>; see also <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca01nonnuoft/page/434/mode/2up">13.77–78</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/nonnos-dionysiaca/1940/pb_LCL354.417.xml">30.265–266</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Howe, p. 211, the "reason that the Gorgon appears on monuments with a great distended mouth [was] to convey to the spectator the idea of a terrifying roar"; Vernant, p. 118, lists a "terrifying cry" and a "gaping grin" as one of several elements "linking the monstrous face of Gorgo to the warrior possessed by <i>menos</i> (murderous fury)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2008, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 20; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D270">276–277</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, pp. 85, 304; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.711-5.763">5.738–742</a> (Athena's aegis), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:11.1-11.46">11.32–37</a> (Agamemnon's shield).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2008, p. 34; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.335-8.380">8.337–349</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.601">11.630–37</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 20; <i><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Heracles" title="Shield of Heracles">Shield of Heracles</a></i> 229–237 (Most, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.19.xml">pp. 18–21</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 20; <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <i>Phythian</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:10">10.46–48</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12">12.10–14</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:780-818">799</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e426440.xml">s.v. Gorgo 1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Frogs_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frogs (play)">Frogs</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0019.tlg009.perseus-eng1:460-502">475–477</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frazer's translation of <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.2">2.4.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <i>Pythian</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12">12.16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL042.235.xml">4.794–803</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-2871">s.v. Gorgo/Medusa</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n161/mode/1up">p. 288</a> (351 entries); Krauskopf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n182/mode/1up">p. 331</a> (118 entries); Paoletti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n189/mode/1up">pp. 345–346</a> (206 entries). For a comprehensive discussion of Gorgon/gorgoneion iconography see: Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n159/mode/1up">pp. 285–330</a> (images: <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n80/mode/1up">pp. 163–188</a>); Krauskopf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n182/mode/1up">pp. 330–345</a> (images: <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n93/mode/1up">pp. 188–195</a>); Paoletti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n189/mode/1up">pp. 345–362</a> (images: <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n96/mode/1up">pp. 195–207</a>. For other discussions see: Carpenter, pp. 134–139; Karoglou, pp. 4–25; Ogden 2013, pp. 93–94; Vernant, pp. 112–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vernant p. 112, which also mentions Gorgons "decorating household utensils, hanging in artisan's' workshops, attached to kilns, set up in private residences". For architecture, see Belson 1981. For Greek shield devices, see Chase 1902. Although preserved gorgoneia on actual shields are rare, Chase lists 47 examples (pp. 95 (XVII, XXVII), 106–108 (CXIX–CXXV)) of gorgoneia on representations of shields, and argues (p. 79) that "the constant recurrence of the commoner devices—the bull's head, the gorgoneion, the lion, the serpent, the tripod, can hardly be explained except upon the supposition that these devices were in constant and widespread use throughout the whole period of Greek civilization". For coins, see Kroll 1981; Cook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie03cook/page/853/mode/2up?view=theater">pp. 853–856</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2008, p. 34; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.711-5.763">5.738–742</a> (Athena's aegis), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:11.1-11.46">11.32–37</a> (Agamemnon's shield).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, p. 93; Ogden 2008, pp. 34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, p. 93; Wilk, pp. 32–33; Gantz, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vernant, pp. 112–113, identifies "two fundamental characteristics" in the archaic representations of Gorgons as "first frontality ... second, monstrousness". Ogden 2008, p. 35, describes this "direct frontal stare, seemingly looking out from its own iconographical context and directly challenging the viewer" as "a shocking and highly exceptional thing in the context of Greek two-dimensional imagery." See also Wilk, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, p. 96; Karoglou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">pp. 4–5</a>, places this transition, along with similar transitions for other mythical female human-monster hybrids, in the larger context of "the idealizing humanism" of Greek art of the Classical period, "when ugliness was largely avoided"). For a discussion of this Iconographic transition see Karoglou, pp. 6–26, which traces Medusan iconography from the ancient to the modern. See also Cook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie03cook/page/848/mode/2up?view=theater">pp. 848–858</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karoglou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">pp. 9–10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karoglou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">pp.11–12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, pp. 21, 304; Ogden 2008, pp. 35–36; Ogden 2013, p. 93; Carpenter pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n171/mode/1up">p. 311 (Gorgo, Gorgones 289)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, p. 93; Ogden 2008, pp. 35–36; Gantz, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2008, p. 35; Wilk, pp. 32–33; Vernant, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, pp. 134–135, fig. 128; Ogden 2008, pp. 35–36; Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n173/mode/1up">p. 312 (Gorgo, Gorgones 290)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Mythology/en/PerseusMedusaLouvreCA795.html">Perseus Medusa Louvre CA795</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-742d6f202b2ca-4">9731</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n90/mode/1up">p. 183 (Gorgo, Gorgones 290)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, p. 134, fig. 127; Near, p. 106; Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n173/mode/1up">p. 313 (Gorgo, Gorgones 312)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-742ece7a4dcaa-a">9830</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n91/mode/1up">p. 184 (Gorgo, Gorgones 312)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, pp. 138, 139 fig. 133; Zolotnikova, p. 360; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n172/mode/1up?view=theater">p. 310 (Gorgo, Gorgones 280)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7554d0aef5713-2">30559</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n90/mode/1up">p. 182 (Gorgo, Gorgones 280)</a>; <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1860-0404-2">1860,0404.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n173/mode/1up">p. 313 (Gorgo, Gorgones 313)</a>; Beazley Archive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/31A34FCE-C62B-4CB6-8D50-98A4252F514A">300025</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-74657da9a111f-6">13680</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n91/mode/1up">p. 184 (Gorgo, Gorgones 313)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n173/mode/1up">p. 313 (Gorgo, Gorgones 314)</a>; Perseus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=Louvre+E+874&object=Vase">Louvre E 874 (Vase)</a>; Beazley Archive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/E8C03F9C-5C58-476A-AAFD-4F3E642874B1">300055</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-73dc87a6e2903-7">4022</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n91/mode/1up">p. 185 (Gorgo, Gorgones 314)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, p. 95; Ogden 2008, p. 38; Gantz, p. 21; Zolotnikova, p. 362; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n172/mode/1up">p. 311 (Gorgo, Gorgones 289)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-73aab4d6c9e32-8">502</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n90/mode/1up">p. 182 (Gorgo, Gorgones 289)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, pp. 94–95, fig. 2.3; Ogden 2008, pp. 32–40, fig. 3.2; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n173/mode/1up">p. 312 (Gorgo, Gorgones 293)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beazley_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Beazley Archive">Beazley Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/DBBE93BD-3863-4C28-B43E-628B574C87B5">310459</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-742d64255a17b-a">9728</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n89/mode/2up">p. 183 (Gorgo, Gorgones 293)</a>; <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1849-0620-5">1849,0620.5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gantz, pp. 21, 305; Hard 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA60">p. 60, Figure 2.6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zolotnikova, p. 370 n. 52; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n171/mode/1up">p. 309 (Gorgo, Gorgones 271)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7554b367728eb-6">30551</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n89/mode/1up">p. 181 (Gorgo, Gorgones 271)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n174/mode/1up">pp. 311–312 (Gorgo, Gorgones 331)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-742e72fad4c6d-4">9805</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n91/mode/1up">p. 187 (Gorgo, Gorgones 331)</a>; Hard 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA59">p. 59, fig. 2.5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karoglou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">pp. 9–10</a>; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n173/mode/1up?view=theater">p. 313 (Gorgo, Gorgones 301)</a>; Beazley Archive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/13F04311-BE2A-492D-9A91-E910050A7939">213438</a>; Metropolitan Museum of Art <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/254523">45.11.1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-742d6b773ad05-6">9730</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n90/mode/1up">p. 183 (Gorgo, Gorgones 301)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n161/mode/1up">p. 288</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, p. 93; Wilk, p. 33. For a discussion of the apotropaic function of gorgoneia, see Ogden 2008, p. 37. For gorgoneia in Greek architecture, see Belson 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karoglou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">pp. 14, 16</a>; Ogden 2013, p. 96; Krauskopf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n190/mode/1up">pp. 347–348 (Gorgo, Gorgones 25)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg010.perseus-eng1:205-218">205–211</a>. For the date of the temple standing at the time of <i>Ion's</i> production, see Stieber, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lz0qtrip-5YC&pg=PA289">p. 289, n. 61</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n167/mode/1up">p. 300, no. 158a</a>, which says that Pausanias's <i>Μέδουσαν τὴν Γοργόνα</i> ("Medusa the Gorgon") probably means a gorgoneion rather than a running Gorgon; Chase, p. 74; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.10.4">5.10.4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, fig. 1; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n167/mode/1up">p. 300 (Gorgo, Gorgones 158)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7553540d4ff0b-2">30455</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n86/mode/1up">p. 174 (Gorgo, Gorgones 158)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n162/mode/1up">p. 291 (Gorgo, Gorgones 38)</a>; Beazley Archive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/29FC609F-45D3-4809-8795-F7E61768F157">350347</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7550a053dbc9a-e">30266</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n81/mode/1up">p. 165 (Gorgo, Gorgones 38)</a>; Carpenter, pp. 135–136, fig. 129;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreekcoin0000jenk/page/24/mode/2up">p. 25, fig. 51</a>; Kroll, pp. 12, 32, Pl. 2 (14); <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1841-B-618">1841,B.618</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fossey, pp. 19–24; Louvre <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010258227">CA 1371</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n162/mode/1up">pp. 291–292 (Gorgo, Gorgones 41)</a>; Beazley Archive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/43A5BF1E-47C9-496B-9B4F-985B87CC308A">9031655</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7550ab4eacde9-a">30269</a>; <i>LIMC</i> IV-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/page/n82/mode/1up">p. 166 (Gorgo, Gorgones 41)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n162/mode/1up">p. 291 (Gorgo, Gorgones 32)</a>; Belson II, pp. 5–6, GM 2; Cook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie03cook/page/848/mode/2up?view=theater">p. 848</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beazley Archive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/1AB65639-A688-4D12-B8CF-029E05BB8013">302907</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-759ce253ff348-3">35646</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karoglou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">pp. 14, 16</a>; Ogden 2013, p. 96; Krauskopf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n190/mode/1up">pp. 347–348 (Gorgo, Gorgones 25)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7513c40eecbb5-2">25976</a>; Cook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie03cook/page/850/mode/2up?view=theater">pp. 850–851</a>. As Ogden notes, "it is disputed whether this is the product of the mid-fifth century or the early Hellenistic period".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkert, p. 84, fig. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussions of such previous speculations (usually followed by new speculations of their own) see, for example, Hopkins 1934, pp. 341–344; Cook 1940, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie03cook/page/845/mode/2up?view=theater">pp. 845–846</a>; Howe 1954, pp. 209–212; Phinney 1971, p. 446; Belson 1981, II p. 8 n. 1; Wilk 2000, pp. 87–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2008, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, p. 94; Bremmer 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e426440.xml">s.v. Gorgo 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, p. 95; Bremmer 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e426440.xml">s.v. Gorgo 1</a>; Burkert, p. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, pp. 94–95; Ogden 2008, pp. 32–33; West 1997, p. 454; Carter, pp. 360–366; Hopkins 1934.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010120479">AO 22205</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, p. 95; Ogden 2008, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkert, pp. 83–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, pp. 94–95, fig. 2.3; Ogden 2008, pp. 38–40, fig. 3.2; West 1997, p. 454; Burkert, p. 85, calling these depictions "models for representations of Perseus killing the Gorgon"; Carter, pp. 360–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauskopf and Dahlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n173/mode/1up">p. 312 (Gorgo, Gorgones 292)</a>; Roccos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20VII-1%20Oidipous-Theseus/page/n184/mode/1up">p. 339 (Perseus 120)</a>; Demargne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20II-1/page/n514/mode/1up">p. 1003 (Athena 502) with figure</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20II-1/page/n526/mode/1up">p. 1026, B3</a>; <i>LIMC</i> VII.2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20VII-2/page/n146/mode/1up">p. 290 (Perseus 120 a)</a>; Burkert, p. 86, fig. 6 (top right); <a href="/wiki/Digital_LIMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital LIMC">Digital LIMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741fe18615546-1">8770 (Gorgo, Gorgones 292)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkert, p. 86, fig. 6 (top left).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2013, p. 95; Ogden 2008, pp. 32–33; Burkert, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p. 572. See for example: Faraone, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talismanstrojanh0000fara/page/38/mode/2up">p. 38</a>; Vernant, pp. 111; Jameson, p. 27; Howe, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p. 599, n. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, pp. 355, 356 fig. 1; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010119478">AO 12460</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harr/page/186/mode/2up">p. 187</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2008, p. 37; Homer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:11.1-11.46">11.32–37</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2008, pp. 37–38. For the Tiryns masks see Carter, p. 360; Napier 1986, pp. 85, 86 Pl. 34. For the Spartan masks see: Rosenberg 2015; Carter 1987; Napier 1986, pp. 46–47, Pls. 9a-12b; Dickins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/R.M.Dawkinsed.TheSanctuaryOfArtemisORTHIAATSPARTA/page/n177/mode/2up">pp. 163–186</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/R.M.Dawkinsed.TheSanctuaryOfArtemisORTHIAATSPARTA/page/n477/mode/2up">Pls. XLVII–LXII</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden 2008, pp. 38–40; Carter, pp. 355, 357 fig. 2, 358 fig. 3, 360–366; Napier 1986, p. 49 Pls. 11a, 12b; Dickens, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/R.M.Dawkinsed.TheSanctuaryOfArtemisORTHIAATSPARTA/page/n181/mode/2up">pp. 166–167</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/R.M.Dawkinsed.TheSanctuaryOfArtemisORTHIAATSPARTA/page/n477/mode/2up">Pls. XLVII–XLIX</a>), which classifies these masks as "Old Women".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilk, Stephen R. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OnHO4orvz18C&q=Medusa:+Solving+the+Mystery+of+the+Gorgon">Medusa: Solving the Mystery of the Gorgon</a></i>, 26 June 2000, Front matter, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512431-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512431-6">0-19-512431-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cultural_depictions_of_Medusa_and_Gorgons_Mystery_200-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_depictions_of_Medusa_and_Gorgons_Mystery_200_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilk, <i>Medusa: Solving the Mystery of the Gorgon</i>, pg. 200</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <i>Fragments</i>, edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 505, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99629-8">978-0-674-99629-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL505/2009/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> in <i>Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes.</i> Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 1926. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <i>Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4">0-674-99135-4</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786471119" title="Special:BookSources/9780786471119">9780786471119</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs"><i>Frogs</i></a>, Matthew Dillon, Ed., Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0032">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, S. P.</a>, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>, 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek_202306/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Belson, Janer Danforth, "The Gorgoneion in Greek Architecture," Ph.D. dissertation, Bryn Mawr College, 2 vols, 1981.</li> <li>Bremmer, J. N. (2006), s.v. Gorgo 1, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/package/bnpo"><i>Brill’s New Pauly Online</i></a>, Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry, published online: 2006.</li> <li>Bremmer, J. N. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2871">s.v. Gorgo/Medusa</a>, published online 22 December 2015, in the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.oxfordre.com/">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Whitmarsh" title="Tim Whitmarsh">Tim Whitmarsh</a>, digital ed, New York, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5">978-0-19-938113-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a>, <i>The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age</i>, translated by Walter Burkert, Margaret E. Pinder, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-64364-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-64364-X">0-674-64364-X</a>.</li> <li><i>The Cambridge Greek Lexicon</i>, edited by J. Diggle <i>et al</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2021 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82680-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82680-8">978-0-521-82680-8</a>.</li> <li>Carpenter, Thomas H., <i>Art and Myth in Ancient Greece</i>, Thames & Hudson Inc., London, 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20454-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20454-2">978-0-500-20454-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bernard_Cook" title="Arthur Bernard Cook">Cook, Arthur Bernard</a>, <i>Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Volume III: Zeus God of the Dark Sky (Earthquakes, Clouds, Wind, Dew, Rain, Meteorites), Part I: Text and Notes</i>, Cambridge University Press 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/zeusstudyinancie03cook#page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Demargne, Pierre, s.v. Athena in <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae</a> (LIMC)</i> II.1 APHRODISIAS-ATHENA, Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich, 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1">3-7608-8751-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20II-1/page/n1/mode/1up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Dickens, G., "Chapter V: The Masks" in <i>The Sanctuary Of Artemis Orthia at Sparta</i>, R. M. Dawkings (ed.), London, 1929. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/R.M.Dawkinsed.TheSanctuaryOfArtemisORTHIAATSPARTA/page/n177/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Euripides_play)" title="Electra (Euripides play)">Electra</a></i>, translated by E. P. Coleridge in <i>The Complete Greek Drama</i>, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr. Volume 1, New York, Random House, 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg012.perseus-eng1:1-49">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i>, translated by Robert Potter in <i>The Complete Greek Drama</i>, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr. Volume 1, New York, Random House, 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0110">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Faraone, Christopher A, <i>Talismans and Trojan Horses: Guardian Statues in Ancient Greek Myth and Ritual</i>, New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506404-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506404-6">0-19-506404-6</a>.</li> <li>Feldman, Thalia Phillies [= Thalia Phillies Howe], "Gorgo and the Origins of Fear", <i>Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics</i>, Autumn, 1965, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 484–494 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20162978">20162978</a>.</li> <li>Fossey, John M., "UNE FIBULE GRECQUE A TÊTE DE GORGONE AU MUSÉE DU LOUVRE", <i>Revue Archéologique</i>, no. 1 (1975), pp. 19–24. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41744520">41744520</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fowler_(academic)" title="Robert Fowler (academic)">Fowler, R. L.</a> (2000), <i>Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction</i>, Oxford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198147404">978-0198147404</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fowler_(academic)" title="Robert Fowler (academic)">Fowler, R. L.</a> (2013), <i>Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary</i>, Oxford University Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198147411" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198147411">978-0198147411</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gantz" title="Timothy Gantz">Gantz, Timothy</a>, <i>Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5360-9">978-0-8018-5360-9</a> (Vol. 1), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5362-3">978-0-8018-5362-3</a> (Vol. 2).</li> <li>Grimal, Pierre, <i>The Dictionary of Classical Mythology</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1">978-0-631-20102-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Hard, Robin (2004), <i>The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"</i>, Psychology Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415186360" title="Special:BookSources/9780415186360">9780415186360</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Hard, Robin (2015), <i>Eratosthenes and Hyginus: Constellation Myths, With Aratus's Phaenomena</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871698-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871698-3">978-0-19-871698-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Harrison, Jane Ellen</a>, <i>Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion</i>, second edition, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1908. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/prolegomenatostu00harr#page/n7/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_of_Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories of Herodotus"><i>Histories</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/A._D._Godley" title="A. D. Godley">A. D. Godley</a> (translator), Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1920; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674991338" title="Special:BookSources/0674991338">0674991338</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.1.0">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i>Theogony</i> from <i>The Homeric Hymns and Homerica</i> with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i>The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i>The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li>Hopkins, Clark, "Assyrian Elements in the Perseus-Gorgon Story", <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>, Jul. - Sep., 1934, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1934), pp. 341–358. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/498901">498901</a>.</li> <li>Howe, Thalia Phillies [= Thalia Phillies Feldman], "The Origin and Function of the Gorgon-Head", American Journal of Archaeology, Jul., 1954, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Jul., 1954), pp. 209–221. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/500901">500901</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hygynus</a>, <i>Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus</i> translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/206">Online version at the Topos Text Project</a>.</li> <li>Jameson, Michael H., "Perseus, the Hero of Mycenae" in <i>Cults and Rites in Ancient Greece: Essays on Religion and Society</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139023702" title="Special:BookSources/9781139023702">9781139023702</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139023702">10.1017/CBO9781139023702</a>. Originally published as "Perseus, the Hero of Mykenai" in G. Nordquist, ed., <i>Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid</i>, 1990, pp. 213–223.</li> <li>Jenkins, G. K. (Gilbert Kenneth), <i>Ancient Greek coins</i>, London, Seaby, 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreekcoin0000jenk/page/n5/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Karoglou, Kiki, <i>Dangerous Beauty: Medusa in Classical Art: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>, vol. 75, no. 3, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-642-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-642-6">978-1-58839-642-6</a>.</li> <li>Krauskopf, Ingrid, s.v. Gorgones (in Etrurien) in <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae</a> (LIMC)</i> IV.1. Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich. 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1">3-7608-8751-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n182/mode/1up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Krauskopf, Ingrid, Stefan-Christian Dahlinger ("literarische Quellen"), s.v. Gorgo, Gorgones in <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae</a> (LIMC)</i> IV.1. Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich. 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1">3-7608-8751-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n159/mode/1up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Kroll, "From Wappenmünzen to Gorgoneia to Owls", <i>Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society)</i>, 1981, Vol. 26 (1981), pp. 1–32. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43574049">43574049</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae</a> (LIMC)</i> IV.2 EROS-HERAKLES, Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich. 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1">3-7608-8751-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-2%20Eros-Herakles/mode/1up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Mack, Rainer, "Facing Down Medusa (An aetiology of the gaze)", <i>Art History</i> vol. 25, 2002, pp. 571–604.</li> <li>Marconi, Clemente, <i>Temple Decoration and Cultural Identity in the Archaic Greek World: The Metopes of Selinus</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85797-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85797-0">978-0-521-85797-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, G.W.</a>, <i>Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments</i>, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2007, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99721-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99721-9">978-0-674-99721-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL503/2018/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Napier, A. David (1986), <i>Masks, Transformation, and Paradox</i>, University of California Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520045330" title="Special:BookSources/9780520045330">9780520045330</a>.</li> <li>Napier, A. David (1992), <i>Foreign Bodies: Performance, Art, and Symbolic Anthropology</i>, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1992.</li> <li>Neer, Richard T., <i>Greek Art and Archaeology c.2500 – c.150 BCE</i>, New York : Thames & Hudson, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500288771" title="Special:BookSources/9780500288771">9780500288771</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekartarchaeol0000neer/mode/2up?q=Gorgon">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Ogden, Daniel (2008), <i>Perseus</i>, Routledge, New York, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-42725-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-42725-8">0-415-42725-8</a>.</li> <li>Ogden, Daniel (2013), <i>Drakōn: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds</i>, Oxford University Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5">978-0-19-955732-5</a>.</li> <li>Paoletti, Grazio, s.v. Gorgones Romanae, in <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae</a> (LIMC)</i> IV.1. Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich. 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1">3-7608-8751-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20IV-1%20Eros-Herakles/page/n189/mode/1up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, Volume I: Books 1–8</i>. Translated by Frank Justus Miller. Revised by G. P. Goold. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1977, first published 1916. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99046-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99046-3">978-0-674-99046-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL042/1916/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Phinney, Edward Jr., "Perseus' Battle with the Gorgons", <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>, 1971, Vol. 102 (1971), pp. 445–463. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935950">2935950</a>.</li> <li>Robertson, Noel, "Chapter Two: Athena as Weather-Goddess: the <i>Aigis</i> in Myth and Ritual" in <i>Athena in the Classical World</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Deacy" title="Susan Deacy">Susan Deacy</a>, Alexandra Villing, Brill Academic Pub, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004121423" title="Special:BookSources/9789004121423">9789004121423</a>.</li> <li>Roccos, Linda Jones, s.v. Perseus in <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae</a> (LIMC)</i> VII.1. Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich. 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7608-8751-1">3-7608-8751-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20VII-1%20Oidipous-Theseus/page/n181/mode/1up">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Rosenberg, Jonah Lloyd, "The Masks of Orthia: Form, Function and the Origins of Theatre", <i>The Annual of the British School at Athens</i>, 2015, Vol. 110 (2015), pp. 247–261. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082112">44082112</a>.</li> <li>Sommerstein, Alan H., <i>Aeschylus: Fragments,</i> Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 505. Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99629-8">978-0-674-99629-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL505/2009/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Stieber, Mary C., <i>Euripides and the Language of Craft</i>, BRILL, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18906-5">978-90-04-18906-5</a></li> <li>Tripp, Edward, <i>Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology</i>, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069022608X" title="Special:BookSources/069022608X">069022608X</a>.</li> <li>Vernant, Jean-Pierre, <i>Mortals and Immortals: Collected Essays</i>, Froma I. Zeitlin (editor), Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1966), <i>Hesiod: Theogony</i>, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814169-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814169-6">0-19-814169-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (1997), <i>The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth</i>, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815042-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815042-3">0-19-815042-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, M. L.</a> (2003), <i>Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC</i>, edited and translated by Martin L. West, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> No. 497, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99605-2">978-0-674-99605-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml">Online version at Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Wilk, Stephen R., <i>Medusa : Solving the Mystery of the Gorgon</i>, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512431-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512431-6">0-19-512431-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medusasolvingmys0000wilk/page/20/mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1tgIHr-3NUC">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Zolotnikova, Olga A., "A hideous monster or a beautiful maiden? Did the Western Greeks alter the concept of Gorgon?" in <i>Philosopher Kings and Tragic Heroes: Essays on Images and Ideas from Western Greece</i>, Heather L. Reid and Davide Tanasi (eds.), Parnassos Press - Fonte Aretusa, May 14, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1942495079" title="Special:BookSources/978-1942495079">978-1942495079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbj7gjn.23">j.ctvbj7gjn.23</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)#Greco-Roman_tradition" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ourea" title="Ourea">Ourea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Titans (male)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Titanides (female)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria_(Titaness)" title="Asteria (Titaness)">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(Titan)" title="Perses (Titan)">Perses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Olympian <br /> deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Olympian Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euterpe" title="Euterpe">Euterpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erato" title="Erato">Erato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpomene" title="Melpomene">Melpomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhymnia" title="Polyhymnia">Polyhymnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpsichore" title="Terpsichore">Terpsichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Muse)" title="Thalia (Muse)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonis" title="Apollonis">Apollonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borysthenis" title="Borysthenis">Borysthenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephisso" title="Cephisso">Cephisso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> Muses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoede" title="Aoede">Aoide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melete" title="Melete">Melete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme" title="Mneme">Mneme</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses of the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypate" title="Hypate">Hypate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_(mythology)" title="Mese (mythology)">Mese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_(mythology)" title="Nete (mythology)">Nete</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses at <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymatheia" title="Polymatheia">Polymatheia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> (Graces)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaea" title="Aglaea">Aglaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheia" title="Antheia">Antheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne" title="Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone" title="Hegemone">Hegemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Grace)" title="Thalia (Grace)">Thalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a> (Hours)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunomia" title="Eunomia">Eunomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water <br /> deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sea deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthesikyme" title="Benthesikyme">Benthesikyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brizo" title="Brizo">Brizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybia_(mythology)" title="Eurybia (mythology)">Eurybia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ichthyocentaurs" title="Ichthyocentaurs">Ichthyocentaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melicertes" title="Melicertes">Melicertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)" title="Nerites (mythology)">Nerites</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nesoi" title="Nesoi">Nesoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodos" title="Rhodos">Rhodos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaste_(Oceanid)" title="Acaste (Oceanid)">Acaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admete_(Oceanid)" title="Admete (Oceanid)">Admete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(mythology)" title="Amalthea (mythology)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Oceanid)" title="Asia (Oceanid)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirhoe_(Oceanid)" title="Callirhoe (Oceanid)">Callirhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto_(Greek_myth)" title="Ceto (Greek myth)">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(mother_of_Phaethon)" title="Clymene (mother of Phaethon)">Clymene (consort of Helios)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(wife_of_Iapetus)" title="Clymene (wife of Iapetus)">Clymene (wife of Iapetus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)" title="Clytie (Oceanid)">Clytie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodone_(mythology)" title="Dodone (mythology)">Dodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_(Oceanid)" title="Doris (Oceanid)">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Oceanid)" title="Electra (Oceanid)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynome_(Oceanid)" title="Eurynome (Oceanid)">Eurynome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyia" title="Idyia">Idyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Apollo)" title="Melia (consort of Apollo)">Melia (consort of Apollo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Inachus)" title="Melia (consort of Inachus)">Melia (consort of Inachus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perse_(mythology)" title="Perse (mythology)">Perse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)" title="Philyra (Oceanid)">Philyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleione_(mythology)" title="Pleione (mythology)">Pleione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plouto_(Oceanid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plouto (Oceanid)">Plouto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(mythology)" title="Telesto (mythology)">Telesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(Oceanid)" title="Theia (Oceanid)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeuxo_(Oceanid)" title="Zeuxo (Oceanid)">Zeuxo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatheia_(mythology)" title="Amatheia (mythology)">Amatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphithoe_(mythology)" title="Amphithoe (mythology)">Amphithoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymatolege_(mythology)" title="Cymatolege (mythology)">Cymatolege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymo_(mythology)" title="Cymo (mythology)">Cymo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamene" title="Dynamene">Dynamene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea" title="Acis and Galatea">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galene_(mythology)" title="Galene (mythology)">Galene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protomedeia" title="Protomedeia">Protomedeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)" title="Psamathe (Nereid)">Psamathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_(mythology)" title="Sao (mythology)">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spio" title="Spio">Spio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Nereid)" title="Thalia (Nereid)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Potamoi" title="Potamoi">Potamoi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapus" title="Anapus">Anapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asopus" title="Asopus">Asopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterion_(god)" title="Asterion (god)">Asterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axius_(mythology)" title="Axius (mythology)">Axius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caanthus" title="Caanthus">Caanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebren" title="Cebren">Cebren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Cephissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitumnus" title="Clitumnus">Clitumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enipeus_(deity)" title="Enipeus (deity)">Enipeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladeos" title="Kladeos">Kladeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_(mythology)" title="Meander (mythology)">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_(mythology)" title="Nilus (mythology)">Nilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numicus" title="Numicus">Numicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(river_god)" title="Phyllis (river god)">Phyllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneus" title="Peneus">Peneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)" title="Sangarius (mythology)">Sangarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simoeis" title="Simoeis">Simoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymon_(mythology)" title="Strymon (mythology)">Strymon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_(mythology)" title="Aegina (mythology)">Aegina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achiroe" title="Achiroe">Achiroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aganippe_(naiad)" title="Aganippe (naiad)">Aganippe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anigrides" title="Anigrides">Anigrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyra_(mythology)" title="Argyra (mythology)">Argyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistonis" title="Bistonis">Bistonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolbe" title="Bolbe">Bolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliadne" title="Caliadne">Caliadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassotis" title="Cassotis">Cassotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia" title="Castalia">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleocharia" title="Cleocharia">Cleocharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_(Naiad)" title="Creusa (Naiad)">Creusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosera_(naiad)" title="Drosera (naiad)">Drosera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpina" title="Harpina">Harpina</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ionides" title="Ionides">Ionides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismenis" title="Ismenis">Ismenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larunda" title="Larunda">Larunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilaea" title="Lilaea">Lilaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liriope_(nymph)" title="Liriope (nymph)">Liriope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melite_(naiad)" title="Melite (naiad)">Melite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metope_(mythology)" title="Metope (mythology)">Metope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">Minthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_(nymph)" title="Moria (nymph)">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_(Greek_mythology)" title="Nana (Greek mythology)">Nana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(mythology)" title="Nicaea (mythology)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orseis" title="Orseis">Orseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(daughter_of_Triton)" title="Pallas (daughter of Triton)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)" title="Pirene (nymph)">Pirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbe" title="Stilbe">Stilbe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thriae" title="Thriae">Thriae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corycia" title="Corycia">Corycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleodora_(nymph)" title="Cleodora (nymph)">Cleodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina" title="Melaina">Melaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiasa" title="Tiasa">Tiasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chthonic_deities" title="Chthonic deities">Chthonic <br /> deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Theoi Chthonioi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelos_(mythology)" title="Angelos (mythology)">Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lampades" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampades">Lampades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melino%C3%AB" title="Melinoë">Melinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a> (Furies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alecto" title="Alecto">Alecto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaera" title="Megaera">Megaera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisiphone" title="Tisiphone">Tisiphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Earthborn</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Gigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecatoncheires" title="Hecatoncheires">Hecatonchires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Kouretes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliae" title="Meliae">Meliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telchines" title="Telchines">Telchines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Personifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algos" class="mw-redirect" title="Algos">Algos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atë">Atë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(deity)" title="Dysnomia (deity)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horkos" title="Horkos">Horkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe_(daughter_of_Eris)" title="Lethe (daughter of Eris)">Lethe</a></li> <li>Logoi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limos" title="Limos">Limos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neikea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neikea">Neikea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponos" title="Ponos">Ponos</a></li> <li>Pseudea</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geras" title="Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropos" title="Atropos">Atropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotho" title="Clotho">Clotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachesis" title="Lachesis">Lachesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moros" title="Moros">Moros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oizys" title="Oizys">Oizys</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)" title="Echidna (mythology)">Echidna</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Graeae" title="Graeae">Graeae</a> <ul><li>Deino</li> <li>Enyo</li> <li>Pemphredo</li></ul></li> <li>The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gorgons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stheno_and_Euryale" title="Stheno and Euryale">Stheno and Euryale</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aello" title="Aello">Aello</a></li> <li>Celaeno</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocypete" title="Ocypete">Ocypete</a></li> <li>Podarge</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <br />other gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aergia" title="Aergia">Aergia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidos" title="Aidos">Aidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletheia" title="Aletheia">Aletheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraea" title="Astraea">Astraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerus" title="Caerus">Caerus</a></li> <li>The Younger <a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucleia" title="Eucleia">Eucleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(deity)" title="Eupheme (deity)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenia" title="Euthenia">Euthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne" title="Philophrosyne">Philophrosyne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corus_(mythology)" title="Corus (mythology)">Corus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa" title="Ersa">Ersa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_(mythology)" title="Eupraxia (mythology)">Eupraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedone" title="Hedone">Hedone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonoia_(mythology)" title="Homonoia (mythology)">Homonoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Litae" title="Litae">Litae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achlys" title="Achlys">Achlys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adephagia" title="Adephagia">Adephagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aion_(deity)" title="Aion (deity)">Aion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amechania" title="Amechania">Amechania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaideia" title="Anaideia">Anaideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastor" title="Alastor">Alastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apheleia" title="Apheleia">Apheleia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arae" title="Arae">Arae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dikaiosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssebeia" title="Dyssebeia">Dyssebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysus" title="Chrysus">Chrysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiresione" title="Eiresione">Eiresione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekecheiria" title="Ekecheiria">Ekecheiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulabeia_(mythology)" title="Eulabeia (mythology)">Eulabeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelos_(mythology)" title="Gelos (mythology)">Gelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimarmene" title="Heimarmene">Heimarmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horme" title="Horme">Horme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakia" title="Kakia">Kakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koalemos" title="Koalemos">Koalemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyssa" title="Lyssa">Lyssa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maniae" title="Maniae">Maniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methe" title="Methe">Methe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomos_(mythology)" title="Nomos (mythology)">Nomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitharchia" title="Peitharchia">Peitharchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penia" title="Penia">Penia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthus" title="Penthus">Penthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepromene" title="Pepromene">Pepromene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheme" title="Pheme">Pheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrike" title="Phrike">Phrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthonus" title="Phthonus">Phthonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poena" title="Poena">Poine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porus_(mythology)" title="Porus (mythology)">Poros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidice" title="Praxidice">Praxidice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophasis" title="Prophasis">Prophasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter_(daimon)" title="Soter (daimon)">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(mythology)" title="Soteria (mythology)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasos" title="Thrasos">Thrasos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrape_and_Bronte" title="Astrape and Bronte">Astrape and Bronte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chione_(daughter_of_Boreas)" title="Chione (daughter of Boreas)">Chione</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(Pleiad)" title="Alcyone (Pleiad)">Alcyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterope_(Pleiad)" title="Sterope (Pleiad)">Sterope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaeno" title="Celaeno">Celaeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Pleiad)" title="Electra (Pleiad)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merope_(Pleiad)" title="Merope (Pleiad)">Merope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(mythology)" title="Sirius (mythology)">Sirius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritopatores" title="Tritopatores">Tritopatores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despoina" title="Despoina">Despoina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus" title="Eunostus">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opora_(mythology)" title="Opora (mythology)">Opora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomelus" title="Philomelus">Philomelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrhon" title="Darrhon">Darrhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Rustic <br />deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetna_(nymph)" title="Aetna (nymph)">Aetna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdistis" title="Agdistis">Agdistis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alseid" title="Alseid">Alseids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonis" title="Amphictyonis">Amphictyonis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anthousai" title="Anthousai">Anthousai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Auloniad" title="Auloniad">Auloniads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comus" title="Comus">Comus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dryad" title="Dryad">Dryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erato_(dryad)" title="Erato (dryad)">Erato</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hamadryad" title="Hamadryad">Hamadryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopeleia" title="Chrysopeleia">Chrysopeleia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epimeliad" title="Epimeliad">Epimeliades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecaterus" title="Hecaterus">Hecaterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)" title="Leuce (mythology)">Leuce</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenades</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Meliae" title="Meliae">Meliae</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nymphai_Hyperboreioi" title="Nymphai Hyperboreioi">Nymphai Hyperboreioi</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oread" title="Oread">Oreads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrasteia" title="Adrasteia">Adrasteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllene_(nymph)" title="Cyllene (nymph)">Cyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helice_(mythology)" title="Helice (mythology)">Helice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iynx" title="Iynx">Iynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomia_(mythology)" title="Nomia (mythology)">Nomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenone_(nymph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenone (nymph)">Oenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitys_(mythology)" title="Pitys (mythology)">Pitys</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pegasides" title="Pegasides">Pegasides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapso" title="Rhapso">Rhapso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telete" title="Telete">Telete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deified_people_in_Greek_mythology" title="List of deified people in Greek mythology">Deified people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhadamanthus" title="Rhadamanthus">Rhadamanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophonius" title="Trophonius">Trophonius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexiares_and_Anicetus" title="Alexiares and Anicetus">Alexiares and Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enodia" title="Enodia">Enodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestra_(mythology)" title="Palaestra (mythology)">Palaestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipolis_(god)" title="Sosipolis (god)">Sosipolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Gorgons</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gorgons" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Gorgons">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102059#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102059#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102059#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69862703">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173255400">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124480802">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85055952">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536029205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124480802">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027874753">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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