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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_Franciscan_Orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_Franciscan_Orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Founding of the Franciscan Orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_Franciscan_Orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Friars_Minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friars_Minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Friars Minor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friars_Minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poor_Clares_and_Third_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poor_Clares_and_Third_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Poor Clares and Third Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poor_Clares_and_Third_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Travels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganization_of_the_Franciscan_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganization_of_the_Franciscan_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Reorganization of the Franciscan Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganization_of_the_Franciscan_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stigmata,_final_days,_and_sainthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigmata,_final_days,_and_sainthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Stigmata, final days, and sainthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigmata,_final_days,_and_sainthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Character and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Character_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Character and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Character_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nature_and_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_and_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nature and the environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_and_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feast_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Feast day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feast_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papal_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papal_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Papal name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Patronage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Outside Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Orthodox churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Main writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_biographical_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_biographical_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Selected biographical books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_biographical_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prayers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Prayers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francis of Assisi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciskus_van_Assisi" title="Franciskus van Assisi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Franciskus van Assisi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Assisi" title="Franz von Assisi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Franz von Assisi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="فرنسيس الأسيزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسيس الأسيزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Francisco_d%27As%C3%ADs" title="Sant Francisco d'Asís – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sant Francisco d'Asís" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscu_d%27As%C3%ADs" title="Franciscu d'Asís – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Franciscu d'Asís" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Francisco de Asís – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Francisco de Asís" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_d%27Assisi" title="Francesco d'Assisi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Francesco d'Assisi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assizli_Fransisk" title="Assizli Fransisk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Assizli Fransisk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Францыск Асізскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Францыск Асізскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B7_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Францішак з Асізі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Францішак з Асізі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Assisi" title="Francisco de Assisi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Francisco de Assisi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_d%27Assisi" title="Francesco d'Assisi – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Francesco d'Assisi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Франциск от Асизи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франциск от Асизи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_vo_Assisi" title="Franz vo Assisi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Franz vo Assisi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_Asi%C5%A1ki" title="Franjo Asiški – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Franjo Asiški" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra%C3%B1sez_a_Asiz" title="Frañsez a Asiz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frañsez a Asiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_d%27Ass%C3%ADs" title="Francesc d'Assís – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francesc d'Assís" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%97" title="Ассизи Францискӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ассизи Францискӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_z_Assisi" title="František z Assisi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="František z Assisi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffransis_o_Assisi" title="Ffransis o Assisi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffransis o Assisi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_af_Assisi" title="Frans af Assisi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frans af Assisi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Assisi" title="Franz von Assisi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franz von Assisi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Assisist" title="Franciscus Assisist – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Franciscus Assisist" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Φραγκίσκος της Ασίζης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φραγκίσκος της Ασίζης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Франциск Ассизиянь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Франциск Ассизиянь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Francisco de Asís – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco de Asís" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisko_el_Asizo" title="Francisko el Asizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisko el Asizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzisko_Asiskoa" title="Frantzisko Asiskoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzisko Asiskoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="فرانسیس آسیزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیس آسیزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="François d'Assise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="François d'Assise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskus_fan_Assisi" title="Fransiskus fan Assisi – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fransiskus fan Assisi" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Proinsias_Assisi" title="San Proinsias Assisi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="San Proinsias Assisi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Francisco de Asís – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francisco de Asís" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%8B%9C%EC%9D%98_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B9%98%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94" title="아시시의 프란치스코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아시시의 프란치스코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AF_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Ֆրանցիսկ Ասսիզեցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանցիսկ Ասսիզեցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="असीसी के फ्रांसिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="असीसी के फ्रांसिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_Asi%C5%A1ki" title="Franjo Asiški – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Franjo Asiški" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Franciscus_de_Assisi" title="Santa Franciscus de Assisi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Santa Franciscus de Assisi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskus_dari_Assisi" title="Fransiskus dari Assisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fransiskus dari Assisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_fr%C3%A1_Assis%C3%AD" title="Frans frá Assisí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frans frá Assisí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_d%27Assisi" title="Francesco d'Assisi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francesco d'Assisi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99" title="פרנציסקוס מאסיזי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנציסקוס מאסיזי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskus_saking_Asisi" title="Fransiskus saking Asisi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fransiskus saking Asisi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Assise_t%CA%8B" title="François Assise tʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="François Assise tʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Asis" title="Francisco de Asis – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Francisco de Asis" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ფრანცისკე ასიზელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანცისკე ასიზელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swi%C3%A3ti_Franc%C3%ABszk_z_As%C3%AB%C5%BCu" title="Swiãti Francëszk z Asëżu – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Swiãti Francëszk z Asëżu" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_a_Assisi" title="Francis a Assisi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Francis a Assisi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransisko_wa_Asizi" title="Fransisko wa Asizi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fransisko wa Asizi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Assisiensis" title="Franciscus Assisiensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Assisiensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C4%ABzes_Francisks" title="Asīzes Francisks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asīzes Francisks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Pranci%C5%A1kus_Asy%C5%BEietis" title="Šv. Pranciškus Asyžietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šv. Pranciškus Asyžietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fran%C3%A7esco" title="San Françesco – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="San Françesco" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesch_d%27Assisi" title="Francesch d'Assisi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Francesch d'Assisi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisi_Szent_Ferenc" title="Assisi Szent Ferenc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Assisi Szent Ferenc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Франциск Асишки – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франциск Асишки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="François d'Assise – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="François d'Assise" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അസ്സീസിയിലെ ഫ്രാൻസിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അസ്സീസിയിലെ ഫ്രാൻസിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fran%C4%A1isk_t%27Assisi" title="San Franġisk t'Assisi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="San Franġisk t'Assisi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%89" title="فرانسيس الاسيزى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيس الاسيزى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_dari_Assisi" title="Francesco dari Assisi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Francesco dari Assisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracisco_de_Assis" title="Fracisco de Assis – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Fracisco de Assis" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Ассизийн Франциск – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ассизийн Франциск" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA(%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA)" title="စိန့်ဖရန်စစ်(စ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိန့်ဖရန်စစ်(စ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_van_Assisi" title="Franciscus van Assisi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franciscus van Assisi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AE%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3" title="アッシジのフランチェスコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッシジのフランチェスコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_av_Assisi" title="Frans av Assisi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frans av Assisi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_av_Assisi" title="Frans av Assisi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frans av Assisi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ouais_d%27Assise" title="Françouais d'Assise – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Françouais d'Assise" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s_d%27Assisi" title="Francés d'Assisi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francés d'Assisi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransesch_d%27Assisi" title="Fransesch d'Assisi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fransesch d'Assisi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_z_Asy%C5%BCu" title="Franciszek z Asyżu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Franciszek z Asyżu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Assis" title="Francisco de Assis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francisco de Assis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisc_de_Assisi" title="Francisc de Assisi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francisc de Assisi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_d%27Assisi" title="Francesco d'Assisi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Francesco d'Assisi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франциск Ассизский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франциск Ассизский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziscu_de_Assisi" title="Frantziscu de Assisi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Frantziscu de Assisi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7esku_i_Asizit" title="Françesku i Asizit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Françesku i Asizit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Franciscu_d%27Assisi" title="San Franciscu d'Assisi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="San Franciscu d'Assisi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francis of Assisi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_z_Assisi" title="František z Assisi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="František z Assisi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C4%8Di%C5%A1ek_Asi%C5%A1ki" title="Frančišek Asiški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frančišek Asiški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="فڕانسیس ئاسیزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فڕانسیس ئاسیزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Фрања Асишки – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фрања Асишки" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_Asi%C5%A1ki" title="Franjo Asiški – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Franjo Asiški" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Assisilainen" title="Franciscus Assisilainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Franciscus Assisilainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciskus_av_Assisi" title="Franciskus av Assisi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Franciskus av Assisi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_ng_Asisi" title="Francisco ng Asisi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Francisco ng Asisi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="அசிசியின் பிரான்சிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அசிசியின் பிரான்சிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="ฟรังซิสแห่งอัสซีซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟรังซิสแห่งอัสซีซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisili_Francesco" title="Assisili Francesco – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Assisili Francesco" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франциск Ассізький – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франциск Ассізький" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="فرانسس آسیزی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسس آسیزی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransesco_de_Asizi" title="Fransesco de Asizi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fransesco de Asizi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanxic%C3%B4_th%C3%A0nh_Assisi" title="Phanxicô thành Assisi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phanxicô thành Assisi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisi_Franciscus" title="Assisi Franciscus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Assisi Franciscus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F" title="聖方濟 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="聖方濟" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_han_Assisi" title="Francisco han Assisi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Francisco han Assisi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%AA%E6%96%B9%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%84" title="亚西西个方济各 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚西西个方济各" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F%E4%BA%9E%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF" title="聖方濟亞西西 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖方濟亞西西" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Pranc%C4%97%C5%A1kos_As%C4%AB%C5%BE%C4%97itis" title="Šv. Prancėškos Asīžėitis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šv. Prancėškos Asīžėitis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%84" title="亞西西的方濟各 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞西西的方濟各" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q676555#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Francis_of_Assisi" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_of_Assisi&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until February 11, 2025 at 23:14 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian Catholic saint (c. 1181–1226)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the friar and patron saint. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Francis of Assisi (disambiguation)">Francis of Assisi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Francis of Assisi</div><br /><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">OFM</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Fruytiers_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Philip_Fruytiers_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi.jpg/220px-Philip_Fruytiers_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Philip_Fruytiers_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi.jpg/330px-Philip_Fruytiers_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Philip_Fruytiers_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi.jpg/440px-Philip_Fruytiers_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3657" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A painting of Saint Francis<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Fruytiers" title="Philip Fruytiers">Philip Fruytiers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Founder of the Franciscan Order<br />Confessor of the Faith and Stigmatist</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone<br />1181<br /><a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1226 (aged approximately 44 years)<br />Assisi, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 July 1228, <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco_d%27Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi">Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">Franciscan habit</a>, birds, animals, <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, book, and a skull</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan Order</a>, poor people,<sup id="cite_ref-Times_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>; animals; <a href="/wiki/Stowaway" title="Stowaway">stowaways</a>; <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aguada,_Puerto_Rico" title="Aguada, Puerto Rico">Aguada, Puerto Rico</a>; <a href="/wiki/Naga,_Cebu" title="Naga, Cebu">Naga, Cebu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Buhi,_Camarines_Sur" title="Buhi, Camarines Sur">Buhi, Camarines Sur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Balamban,_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_mysticism" title="Category:Christian mysticism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transfiguration of Jesus"><img alt="Transfiguration of Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/180px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/270px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/360px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="964" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theology and philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascetical_theology" title="Ascetical theology">Ascetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">Catholic spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Christianity and Ancient Greek philosophy">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Neoplatonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <dl><dt>Monasticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_silence" title="Monastic silence">Silence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_direction" title="Spiritual direction">Spiritual direction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Meditation<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectio_Divina" title="Lectio Divina">Lectio Divina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Invoking of Mystic Saints</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Active asceticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplation</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_contemplation)" title="Quietism (Christian contemplation)">Quietism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (theology)">Stages of Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychia" title="Hesychia">Hesychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">Catharsis</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">Kenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_dryness" title="Spiritual dryness">Spiritual dryness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Passive asceticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">Abstinence</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Esoteric<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(by era or century)</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Antiquity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism_in_ancient_Africa" title="Christian mysticism in ancient Africa">Ancient African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasines" title="Thomasines">Thomasines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite"><span class="nowrap">Pseudo-Dionysius</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenius_the_Great" title="Arsenius the Great">Arsenius the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemen" title="Poemen">Poemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt" title="Macarius of Egypt">Macarius of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Black" title="Moses the Black">Moses the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncletica_of_Alexandria" title="Syncletica of Alexandria">Syncletica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion" title="Hilarion">Hilarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">11th <b>·</b> 12th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigo_II" title="Guigo II">Guigo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon the New Theologian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">13th <b>·</b> 14th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dominican_mystics" title="Category:Dominican mystics">Dominican</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franciscan_mystics" title="Category:Franciscan mystics">Franciscan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopone_da_Todi" title="Jacopone da Todi">Jacopone da Todi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_Foligno" title="Angela of Foligno">Angela of Foligno</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> English</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margery_Kempe" title="Margery Kempe">Margery Kempe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Flemish_Christian_mystics" title="Category:Flemish Christian mystics">Flemish</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutgardis" title="Lutgardis">Lutgardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadewijch" title="Hadewijch">Hadewijch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John van Ruysbroeck</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Henry Suso</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_mystics#Christianity" title="List of female mystics">Female</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden"><span class="wrap">Bridget of Sweden</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechthild_of_Magdeburg" title="Mechthild of Magdeburg">Mechthild of Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Porete" title="Marguerite Porete">Marguerite Porete</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">15th <b>·</b> 16th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_mystics" title="Spanish mystics">Spanish</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna"><span class="wrap">Francisco de Osuna</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <span class="nobold">Others</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">17th <b>·</b> 18th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/French_school_of_spirituality" title="French school of spirituality">French</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mary_Alacoque" title="Margaret Mary Alacoque">Margaret Mary Alacoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Condren" title="Charles de Condren">Charles de Condren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eudes" title="John Eudes">John Eudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Samson" title="John of St. Samson">John of St. Samson</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <span class="nobold">Others</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Emmerich" title="Anne Catherine Emmerich"><span class="wrap">Anne Catherine Emmerich</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Giuliani" title="Veronica Giuliani">Veronica Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">19th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dina_B%C3%A9langer" title="Dina Bélanger">Dina Bélanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Calvat" title="Mélanie Calvat">Mélanie Calvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximin_Giraud" title="Maximin Giraud">Maximin Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_Cabrera_de_Armida" title="Concepción Cabrera de Armida">Conchita de Armida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Piccarreta" title="Luisa Piccarreta">Luisa Piccarreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux"><span class="wrap">Thérèse of Lisieux</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Galgani" title="Gemma Galgani">Gemma Galgani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">20th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Padre Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therese_Neumann" title="Therese Neumann">Therese Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthe_Robin" title="Marthe Robin">Marthe Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrina_of_Balazar" title="Alexandrina of Balazar"><span class="wrap">Alexandrina of Balazar</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_L%C3%BAcia" title="Sister Lúcia"><span class="wrap">Sister Lúcia of Fátima</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvige_Carboni" title="Edvige Carboni">Edvige Carboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Aiello" title="Elena Aiello">Elena Aiello</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary papal views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; padding-bottom:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_Christian_meditation" title="Aspects of Christian meditation">Aspects of meditation<br />(<i>Orationis Formas</i>, 1989)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/A_Christian_Reflection_on_the_New_Age" title="A Christian Reflection on the New Age"><i>Reflection on the New Age</i> (2003)</a></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature and media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Virtutum" title="Ordo Virtutum">Ordo Virtutum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scivias" title="Scivias">Scivias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascent_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Ascent of Mount Carmel">Ascent of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Night_of_the_Soul" title="Dark Night of the Soul">Dark Night of the Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Canticle" title="Spiritual Canticle">Spiritual Canticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_Perfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of Perfection">Way of Perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_First_Monks" title="Book of the First Monks">Book of the First Monks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Interior_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Interior Castle">The Interior Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_the_Holy_Ghost" title="Abbey of the Holy Ghost">Abbey of the Holy Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_of_Comfort_against_Tribulation" title="A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation">A Dialogue of Comfort against 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Category:Eucharist in the Catholic Church">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">Eucharistic adoration</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monstrans2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Monstrans2.jpg/110px-Monstrans2.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Monstrans2.jpg/165px-Monstrans2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Monstrans2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="191" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Solar <a href="/wiki/Monstrance" title="Monstrance">monstrance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Papal documents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirae_caritatis" title="Mirae caritatis">Mirae caritatis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominicae_cenae" title="Dominicae cenae">Dominicae cenae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysterium_fidei_(encyclical)" title="Mysterium fidei (encyclical)">Mysterium fidei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediator_Dei" title="Mediator Dei">Mediator Dei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_de_Eucharistia" title="Ecclesia de Eucharistia">Ecclesia de Eucharistia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacramentum_caritatis" title="Sacramentum caritatis">Sacramentum caritatis</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Organisations and events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament">Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Servants of the Blessed Sacrament">Servants of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Perpetual Adorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabernacle Societies">Tabernacle Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_congress" title="Eucharistic congress">Eucharistic congress</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Notable individuals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechtilde_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament">Mechtilde de Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Julian_Eymard" title="Peter Julian Eymard">Peter Julian Eymard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vianney" title="John Vianney">John Vianney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Marthe-Baptistine_Tamisier" title="Marie-Marthe-Baptistine Tamisier">Marie Tamisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Dupont" title="Leo Dupont">Leo Dupont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton J. Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Therese_Vicente" title="Mary Therese Vicente">Mary Therese Vicente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Elizabeth_Rolls_Vaughan" title="Louisa Elizabeth Rolls Vaughan">Eliza Rolls Vaughan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Eucharistic meditators</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Candida_of_the_Eucharist" title="Maria Candida of the Eucharist">Maria Candida of the Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concepcion_Cabrera_de_Armida" class="mw-redirect" title="Concepcion Cabrera de Armida">Concepcion Cabrera de Armida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Valtorta" title="Maria Valtorta">Maria Valtorta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eucharistic_adoration" title="Template:Eucharistic adoration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eucharistic_adoration" title="Template talk:Eucharistic adoration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eucharistic_adoration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eucharistic adoration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S.Francesco_speco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/S.Francesco_speco.jpg/220px-S.Francesco_speco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/S.Francesco_speco.jpg/330px-S.Francesco_speco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/S.Francesco_speco.jpg/440px-S.Francesco_speco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>The oldest surviving depiction of St. Francis is a <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> near the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Scholastica,_Subiaco" title="Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco">abbey of Subiaco</a>, painted between March 1228 and March 1229. He is depicted without the <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a>, but the image is a <a href="/wiki/Religious_image" title="Religious image">religious image</a> and not a portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooke2006161–162_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke2006161–162-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1181 – 3 October 1226), known as <b>Francis of Assisi</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Italian<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a>, poet, and <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Catholic friar</a> who founded the religious order of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>. Inspired to lead a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> life of poverty, he became a <a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">beggar</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_preacher" title="Itinerant preacher">itinerant preacher</a>. </p><p>One of the most venerated figures in Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelio2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelio2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis was canonized by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> on 16 July 1228. He is commonly portrayed wearing a brown <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habit</a> with a rope tied around his waist, featuring three knots symbolizing the three Franciscan vows of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vow_of_obedience" title="Vow of obedience">obedience</a>. </p><p>In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil</a> and put an end to the conflict of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolan2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolan2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1223, he arranged for the first live <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">nativity scene</a> as part of the annual <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> celebration in <a href="/wiki/Greccio" title="Greccio">Greccio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nativity_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nativity-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cefa_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Christian tradition, in 1224 Francis received the <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">apparition</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphic</a> angel in a <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">religious ecstasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_Francis_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_Francis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis is associated with patronage of animals and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. It became customary for churches to hold ceremonies blessing animals on his <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> of the fourth of October, which became <a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a>. He was noted for his devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine_of_Siena" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a>, he was designated <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Italy. He is also the namesake of the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> is the feast of Francis' stigmatization.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <p>Francis (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Francesco d'Assisi</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Franciscus Assisiensis</i>) was baptized Giovanni by his mother. His surname, di Pietro di Bernardone, comes from his father, Pietro di Bernardone. The latter was in France on business when Francis was born in <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>, a small town in Italy. Upon his return, Pietro took to calling his son Francesco ("Free man" or "Frenchman"), possibly in honour of his commercial success and enthusiasm for all things French.<sup id="cite_ref-Chesterton_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chesterton-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pintura_Ducarmo_Teles_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pintura_Ducarmo_Teles_1.jpg/220px-Pintura_Ducarmo_Teles_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pintura_Ducarmo_Teles_1.jpg/330px-Pintura_Ducarmo_Teles_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pintura_Ducarmo_Teles_1.jpg/440px-Pintura_Ducarmo_Teles_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i>São Francisco das Chagas</i>, painted by Ducarmo Teles.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <p>Francis of Assisi was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1181</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dukemag2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dukemag2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the children of an <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> father, Pietro di Bernardone dei Moriconi, a prosperous silk merchant, and a French mother, Pica di Bourlemont, about whom little is known except that she was a noblewoman originally from <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lives_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lives-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indulged by his parents, Francis lived the high-spirited life typical of a wealthy young man.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_Francis_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_Francis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a youth, Francis became a devotee of <a href="/wiki/Troubadours" class="mw-redirect" title="Troubadours">troubadours</a> and was fascinated with all things <a href="/wiki/Transalpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transalpine">Transalpine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chesterton_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chesterton-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was handsome, witty, gallant, and delighted in fine clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-cefa_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent money lavishly.<sup id="cite_ref-cefa_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographers</a> remark about his bright clothing, rich friends, and love of pleasures,<sup id="cite_ref-Lives_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lives-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his displays of disillusionment toward the world that surrounded him came fairly early in his life, as is shown in the "story of the beggar". In this account, he was selling cloth and velvet in the marketplace on behalf of his father when a beggar came to him and asked for <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a>. At the conclusion of his business deal, Francis abandoned his wares and ran after the beggar. When he found him, Francis gave the man everything he had in his purse. His friends mocked him for his charity; his father scolded him in rage.<sup id="cite_ref-chest41_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chest41-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1202, he joined a military expedition against <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> and was taken as a prisoner at Collestrada. He spent a year as a captive,<sup id="cite_ref-Bonaventure_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonaventure-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which an illness caused him to re-evaluate his life. However, upon his return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree life. In 1205, Francis left for <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> to enlist in the army of <a href="/wiki/Walter_III,_Count_of_Brienne" title="Walter III, Count of Brienne">Walter III, Count of Brienne</a>. A strange vision made him return to Assisi and lose interest in worldly life.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_Francis_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_Francis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographic</a> accounts, thereafter he began to avoid the sports and feasts of his former companions. A friend asked him whether he was thinking of marrying, to which he answered: "Yes, a fairer bride than any of you have ever seen", meaning his "Lady Poverty".<sup id="cite_ref-cefa_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to Rome, he joined the poor in begging at <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_Francis_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_Francis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent some time in lonely places, asking God for <a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">divine illumination</a>. He said he had a mystical <a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">vision of Jesus Christ</a> in the forsaken country chapel of <a href="/wiki/San_Damiano,_Assisi" title="San Damiano, Assisi">San Damiano</a>, just outside Assisi, in which the <a href="/wiki/San_Damiano_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="San Damiano cross">Icon of Christ Crucified</a> said to him, "Francis, Francis, go and repair My church which, as you can see, is falling into ruins." He took this to mean the ruined church in which he was presently praying, and so he sold some cloth from his father's store to assist the priest there.<sup id="cite_ref-chest54_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chest54-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the priest refused to accept the ill-gotten gains, an indignant Francis threw the coins on the floor.<sup id="cite_ref-cefa_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to avoid his father's wrath, Francis hid in a cave near San Damiano for about a month. When he returned to town, hungry and dirty, he was dragged home by his father, beaten, bound, and locked in a small storeroom. Freed by his mother during Bernardone's absence, Francis returned at once to San Damiano, where he found shelter with the officiating priest, but he was soon cited before the city consuls by his father. The latter, not content with having recovered the scattered gold from San Damiano, sought also to force his son to forego his inheritance by way of restitution. In the midst of legal proceedings before the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Assisi">Bishop of Assisi</a>, Francis renounced his father and his <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">patrimony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cefa_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some accounts report that he stripped himself naked in token of this renunciation, and the bishop covered him with his own cloak.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the next couple of months, Francis wandered as a beggar in the hills behind Assisi. He spent some time at a neighbouring monastery working as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scullion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:scullion">scullion</a>. He then went to <a href="/wiki/Gubbio" title="Gubbio">Gubbio</a>, where a friend gave him, as an alms, the cloak, girdle, and staff of a pilgrim. Returning to Assisi, he traversed the city, begging stones for the restoration of St. Damiano. These he carried to the old chapel, set in place himself, and so at length rebuilt it. Over the course of two years, he embraced the life of a <a href="/wiki/Penitent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitent">penitent</a>, during which he restored several ruined chapels in the countryside around Assisi, among them San Pietro in <a href="/wiki/Spina" title="Spina">Spina</a> (in the area of San Petrignano in the valley about a kilometre from <a href="/wiki/Rivotorto" title="Rivotorto">Rivotorto</a>, today on private property and once again in ruin); and the <a href="/wiki/Porziuncola" class="mw-redirect" title="Porziuncola">Porziuncola</a>, the little chapel of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli">St. Mary of the Angels</a> in the plain just below the town.<sup id="cite_ref-cefa_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This later became his favorite <a href="/wiki/Dwelling" title="Dwelling">abode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chest54_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chest54-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By degrees he took to nursing <a href="/wiki/Leper" class="mw-redirect" title="Leper">lepers</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">leper colonies</a> near Assisi. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Piccolino Chapel, Francis’ legendary birthplace"><img alt="The Piccolino Chapel, Francis’ legendary birthplace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg/200px-Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg/300px-Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg/400px-Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Piccolino_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Piccolino Chapel">The Piccolino Chapel</a>, Francis’ legendary birthplace </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sassetta_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Francis renounces his earthly father."><img alt="Saint Francis renounces his earthly father." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sassetta_001.jpg/118px-Sassetta_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sassetta_001.jpg/177px-Sassetta_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sassetta_001.jpg/236px-Sassetta_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Saint Francis renounces his earthly father</i>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_the_Franciscan_Orders">Founding of the Franciscan Orders</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Friars_Minor">Friars Minor</h4></div> <p>One morning in February 1208, Francis was taking part in a Mass in the chapel of St. Mary of the Angels, near which he had by then built himself a hut. The Gospel of the day was the "Commissioning of the Twelve" from the Book of Matthew. The disciples were to go and proclaim that the Kingdom of God is at hand. Francis was inspired to devote himself to a life of poverty. Having obtained a coarse woollen tunic, the dress then worn by the poorest Umbrian peasants, he tied it around himself with a knotted rope and went about exhorting the people of the countryside to penance, brotherly love, and peace. Francis's preaching to ordinary people was unusual as he had no license to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His example attracted others. Within a year Francis had eleven followers. The brothers lived a simple life in the deserted leper colony of Rivo Torto near Assisi. They spent much of their time wandering through the mountainous districts of <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, making a deep impression upon their hearers by their earnest exhortations.<sup id="cite_ref-cefa_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legend_of_St._Francis_by_Giotto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Legend_of_St._Francis_by_Giotto.jpg/220px-Legend_of_St._Francis_by_Giotto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Legend_of_St._Francis_by_Giotto.jpg/330px-Legend_of_St._Francis_by_Giotto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Legend_of_St._Francis_by_Giotto.jpg/440px-Legend_of_St._Francis_by_Giotto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1927" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> approving the statutes of the Order of the Franciscans, by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1209 he composed a simple rule for his followers ("friars"), the <i>Regula primitiva</i> or "Primitive Rule", which came from verses in the Bible. The rule was "to follow the teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footsteps." He then led eleven followers to Rome to seek permission from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> to found a new religious order.<sup id="cite_ref-chest107_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chest107-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon entry to Rome, the brothers encountered Bishop Guido of Assisi, who had in his company <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_San_Paolo" title="Giovanni di San Paolo">Giovanni di San Paolo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Bishop_of_Sabina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Bishop of Sabina">Cardinal Bishop of Sabina</a>. The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope. After several days, the pope agreed to admit the group informally, adding that when God increased the group in grace and number, they could return for an official audience. The group was <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis_of_Assisi_and_His_World_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis_of_Assisi_and_His_World-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was important in part because it recognized Church authority and prevented his following from accusations of heresy, as had happened to the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> decades earlier. Though a number of the pope's counsellors considered the mode of life proposed by Francis to be unsafe and impractical, following a dream in which he saw Francis holding up the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. John Lateran">Lateran Basilica</a>, he decided to endorse Francis's order. This occurred, according to tradition, on 16 April 1210, and constituted the official founding of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan Order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group, then the "Lesser Brothers" (<i>Order of Friars Minor</i> also known as the <i>Franciscan Order</i> or the <i>Seraphic Order</i>), were centred in the Porziuncola and preached first in Umbria, before expanding throughout Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis was later ordained a deacon, but not a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-cefa_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poor_Clares_and_Third_Order">Poor Clares and Third Order</h4></div> <p>From then on, the new order grew quickly. Hearing Francis preaching in the church of <a href="/wiki/Assisi_Cathedral" title="Assisi Cathedral">San Rufino</a> in Assisi in 1211, the young noblewoman <a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a> sought to live like them. Her cousin Rufino also sought to join. On the night of <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>, 28 March 1212, Clare clandestinely left her family's palace. Francis received her at the Porziuncola and thereby established the Order of Poor Clares.<sup id="cite_ref-chest110_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chest110-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave Clare a <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">religious habit</a>, a garment similar to his own, before lodging her, her younger sister Caterina, and other young women in a nearby monastery of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Benedict">Benedictine</a> nuns until he could provide a suitable monastery. Later he transferred them to San Damiano,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a few small huts or cells. This became the first monastery of the Second Franciscan Order, now known as <a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cefa_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For those who could not leave their affairs, Francis later formed the <a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Brothers and Sisters of Penance</a>, a fraternity composed of either <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> or clergy whose members neither withdrew from the world nor took <a href="/wiki/Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">religious vows</a>. Instead, they observed the principles of Franciscan life in their daily lives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before long, the Third Order – now titled the <a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a> – grew beyond Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels">Travels</h3></div> <p>Determined to bring the Gospel to all peoples and let God convert them, Francis sought on several occasions to take his message out of Italy. In approximately 1211, a <a href="/wiki/Captain" title="Captain">captain</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Medrano" title="Medrano">Medrano family</a> held the lordship of the castle and town of <a href="/wiki/Agoncillo,_La_Rioja" title="Agoncillo, La Rioja">Agoncillo</a>, situated near the city of <a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a>, in the region of <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja" title="La Rioja">La Rioja</a>, Spain. Medrano's son was suffering from a mysterious and untreatable ailment. In 1211, Saint Francis of Assisi roamed those very paths of Agoncillo. In a saintly manner, he visited Medrano's <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Aguas_Mansas" title="Castle of Aguas Mansas">Agoncillo castle</a>, placed his mystical hands upon the ailing Medrano boy, and <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miraculously</a> healed him, securing the Medrano lineage in Agoncillo. As a result, the Medrano family are distinguished by their devotion to Saint Francis of Assisi.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Medrano family generously donated some land, including a tower, situated close to the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro River</a> within the city of <a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a> as a gift to Saint Francis, where he established the first Spanish <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> of his Order there. Although the convent met its demise in the 19th century, the remnants of its walls remain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late spring of 1212, he set out for Jerusalem, but was shipwrecked by a storm on the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> coast, forcing him to return to Italy. On 8 May 1213, he was given the use of the mountain of <a href="/wiki/La_Verna" title="La Verna">La Verna</a> (Alverna) as a gift from <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> Orlando di Chiusi, who described it as "eminently suitable for whoever wishes to do penance in a place remote from mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mountain would become one of his favourite retreats for prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-chest130_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chest130-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a> in 1219 Francis went to Egypt where a Crusader army had been encamped for over a year besieging the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>. He was accompanied by Friar <a href="/wiki/Illuminatus_of_Arce" title="Illuminatus of Arce">Illuminatus of Arce</a> and hoped to convert the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</a> or be martyred in the attempt. The Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil</a>, a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, had succeeded his father as Sultan of Egypt in 1218 and was encamped upstream of Damietta. A bloody and futile attack on the city was launched by the Christians on 29 August 1219, following which both sides agreed to a ceasefire that lasted four weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probably during this interlude Francis and his companion crossed the Muslims' lines and were brought before the Sultan, remaining in his camp for a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolan20094–_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolan20094–-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports give no information about what transpired during the encounter beyond noting that the Sultan received Francis graciously and that Francis preached to the Muslims. He returned unharmed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No known Arab sources mention the visit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolan20095_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolan20095-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leprosy_in_La_Franceschina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Leprosy_in_La_Franceschina.jpg/220px-Leprosy_in_La_Franceschina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Leprosy_in_La_Franceschina.jpg/330px-Leprosy_in_La_Franceschina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Leprosy_in_La_Franceschina.jpg/440px-Leprosy_in_La_Franceschina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="2689" /></a><figcaption>Francis and others treating victims of leprosy or smallpox</figcaption></figure> <p>Such an incident is alluded to in a scene in the late 13th-century fresco cycle, attributed to Giotto, in the upper basilica at Assisi.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some late sources, the Sultan gave Francis permission to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land and even to preach there. All that can safely be asserted is that Francis and his companion left the Crusader camp for <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, from where they embarked for Italy in the latter half of 1220. Drawing on a 1267 sermon by <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, later sources report that the Sultan secretly converted or accepted a death-bed baptism as a result of meeting Francis.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whatever transpired as a result of Francis’ and al-Kamil’s meeting the Franciscans have maintained a presence in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> almost uninterruptedly since 1217 and remain there today (see <a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">Custody of the Holy Land</a>). They received concessions from the <a href="/wiki/Mameluke" class="mw-redirect" title="Mameluke">Mameluke</a> Sultan in 1333 with regard to certain Holy Places in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, and (so far as concerns the Catholic Church) jurisdictional privileges from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> in 1342.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reorganization_of_the_Franciscan_Order">Reorganization of the Franciscan Order</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_preaching_the_birds.fresco._master_of_st_francis._Assisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Francis_preaching_the_birds.fresco._master_of_st_francis._Assisi.jpg/220px-Francis_preaching_the_birds.fresco._master_of_st_francis._Assisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Francis_preaching_the_birds.fresco._master_of_st_francis._Assisi.jpg/330px-Francis_preaching_the_birds.fresco._master_of_st_francis._Assisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Francis_preaching_the_birds.fresco._master_of_st_francis._Assisi.jpg/440px-Francis_preaching_the_birds.fresco._master_of_st_francis._Assisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>St. Francis preaching to the birds outside of <a href="/wiki/Bevagna" title="Bevagna">Bevagna</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Saint_Francis" title="Master of Saint Francis">Master of St. Francis</a>).</figcaption></figure><p> The growing order of friars was divided into <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">provinces</a>; groups were sent to France, Germany, Hungary, and Spain and to the East. Upon receiving a report of the martyrdom of five brothers in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, Francis returned to Italy via <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b162_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b162-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Ugolino di Conti</a> was then nominated by the pope as the protector of the order. Another reason for Francis' return to Italy was that the Franciscan Order had grown at an unprecedented rate compared to previous religious orders, but its organizational <a href="/wiki/Sophistication" title="Sophistication">sophistication</a> had not kept up with this growth and had little more to govern it than Francis' example and simple rule. To address this problem, Francis prepared a new and more detailed Rule, the "First Rule" or "Rule Without a <a href="/wiki/Papal_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Bull">Papal Bull</a>" (<i>Regula prima</i>, <i>Regula non bullata</i>), which again asserted devotion to poverty and the apostolic life. However, it also introduced a greater institutional structure, though this was never officially endorsed by the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brother Peter was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Brother_Elias" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother Elias">Brother Elias</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">Vicar</a> of Francis. Two years later, Francis modified the "First Rule", creating the "Second Rule" or "Rule With a Bull", which was approved by Pope Honorius III on 29 November 1223. As the order's official rule, it called on the friars "to observe the Holy Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, living in obedience without anything of our own and in chastity". In addition, it set regulations for discipline, preaching, and entering the order. Once the rule was endorsed by the pope, Francis withdrew increasingly from external affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1221 and 1222, he crossed Italy, first as far south as <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> in Sicily and afterwards as far north as <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stigmata,_final_days,_and_sainthood"><span id="Stigmata.2C_final_days.2C_and_sainthood"></span>Stigmata, final days, and sainthood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cigoli,_san_francesco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg/220px-Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg/330px-Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg/440px-Cigoli%2C_san_francesco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>Francis considered his <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a> part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ" title="Imitation of Christ">Imitation of Christ</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goff_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goff-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miles160_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles160-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Cigoli" title="Cigoli">Cigoli</a>, 1699</figcaption></figure> <p>While he was praying on the mountain of Verna, during a forty-day fast in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> (29 September), Francis is said to have had a vision on or about 13 September 1224, the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Exaltation_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaltation of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a>, as a result of which he received the <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a>. Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left a clear and simple account of the event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata. "Suddenly he saw a vision of a seraph, a six-winged angel on a cross. This angel gave him the gift of the five wounds of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-chest131_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chest131-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suffering from these stigmata and from <a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">trachoma</a>, Francis received care in several cities (<a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cortona" title="Cortona">Cortona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nocera_Umbra" title="Nocera Umbra">Nocera</a>) to no avail. He began to go blind and the bishop of Ostia ordered that his eyes be operated on which meant cauterizing the eyes with hot irons. Francis claims to have felt nothing at all when this was done.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, he was brought back to a hut next to the Porziuncola. Here he spent his last days dictating his spiritual testament. He died on the evening of Saturday, 3 October 1226, singing <a href="/wiki/Psalm_142" title="Psalm 142">Psalm 141, <i>"Voce mea ad Dominum"</i></a>. </p><p>On 16 July 1228, he was declared a saint by Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a> (the former cardinal Ugolino di Conti, a friend of Francis and Cardinal Protector of the Order). The next day, the pope laid the foundation stone for the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco_d%27Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi">Basilica of St. Francis</a> in Assisi. Francis was buried on 25 May 1230, under the Lower Basilica, but his tomb was soon hidden on orders of Brother Elias, in order to protect it from Saracen invaders. His burial place remained unknown until it was rediscovered in 1818. Pasquale Belli then constructed a crypt for the remains in the Lower Basilica. It was refashioned between 1927 and 1930 into its present form by Ugo Tarchi. In 1978, the remains of Francis were examined and confirmed by a commission of scholars appointed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>, and put into a glass urn in the ancient stone tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, Dr. Edward Frederick Hartung concluded that Francis contracted <a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">trachoma</a> while in Egypt and died of <a href="/wiki/Quartan_malaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartan malaria">quartan malaria</a>. This data was published in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annals_of_Medical_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annals of Medical History (page does not exist)">Annals of Medical History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_and_legacy">Character and legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_wolf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Francis_wolf.JPG/220px-Francis_wolf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Francis_wolf.JPG/330px-Francis_wolf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Francis_wolf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>St. Francis talking to the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_of_Gubbio" title="Wolf of Gubbio">wolf of Gubbio</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Weidemeyer" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Weidemeyer">Carl Weidemeyer</a>, 1911)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacro_Monte_Orta_-_Kapelle_13_Karneval_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sacro_Monte_Orta_-_Kapelle_13_Karneval_1.jpg/220px-Sacro_Monte_Orta_-_Kapelle_13_Karneval_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sacro_Monte_Orta_-_Kapelle_13_Karneval_1.jpg/330px-Sacro_Monte_Orta_-_Kapelle_13_Karneval_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sacro_Monte_Orta_-_Kapelle_13_Karneval_1.jpg/440px-Sacro_Monte_Orta_-_Kapelle_13_Karneval_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Francis led semi-naked for humility</figcaption></figure> <p>Francis set out to replicate Christ and literally carry out his work. This is important in understanding Francis' character, his affinity for the Eucharist and his respect for the priests who carried out the sacrament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He preached: "Your God is of your flesh, He lives in your nearest neighbour, in every man."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He and his followers celebrated and even venerated poverty, which was so central to his character that in his last written work, the Testament, he said that absolute personal and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_poverty" title="Corporate poverty">corporate poverty</a> was the essential lifestyle for the members of his order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He believed that nature itself was the mirror of God. He called all creatures his "brothers" and "sisters", and even preached to the birds<sup id="cite_ref-b78_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b78-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supposedly persuaded a <a href="/wiki/Wolf_of_Gubbio" title="Wolf of Gubbio">wolf in Gubbio</a> to stop attacking some locals if they agreed to feed the wolf. His deep sense of brotherhood under God embraced others, and he declared that "he considered himself no friend of Christ if he did not cherish those for whom Christ died".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradyCunningham2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis's visit to Egypt and attempted <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> with the Muslim world had far-reaching consequences, long past his own death, since after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader Kingdom</a>, it would be the Franciscans, of all Catholics, who would be allowed to stay on in the Holy Land and be recognized as "<a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Holy_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Custodian of the Holy Land">Custodians of the Holy Land</a>" on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Greccio near Assisi, around 1220, Francis celebrated Christmas by setting up the first known <i>presepio</i> or <i>crèche</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-b178_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b178-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His nativity imagery reflected the scene in traditional paintings. He used real animals to create a living scene so that the worshipers could contemplate the birth of the child Jesus in a direct way, making use of the senses, especially sight.<sup id="cite_ref-b178_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b178-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Thomas of Celano and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bonaventure" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, biographers of Francis, tell how he used only a straw-filled manger (feeding trough) set between a real <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">ox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b178_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b178-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Thomas, it was beautiful in its simplicity, with the manger acting as the altar for the Christmas Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some modern commentators and animal rights advocates have mistakenly portrayed Francis as a vegetarian. However, historical records indicate that he did consume meat, and his earliest biographers make no mention of him adhering to a meatless diet.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis's favourite dish was shrimp pie.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_and_the_environment">Nature and the environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wolf_of_Gubbio" title="Wolf of Gubbio">Wolf of Gubbio</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Francis_Statue_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/St_Francis_Statue_2.JPG/220px-St_Francis_Statue_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/St_Francis_Statue_2.JPG/330px-St_Francis_Statue_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/St_Francis_Statue_2.JPG/440px-St_Francis_Statue_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A garden statue of Francis of Assisi with birds</figcaption></figure> <p>Francis preached the Christian doctrine that the world was created good and beautiful by God but suffers a need for redemption because of human sin. As someone who saw God reflected in nature, "St. Francis was a great lover of God's creation ..."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Sun</a> he gives God thanks for Brother Sun, Sister Moon, Brother Wind, Water, Fire, and Earth, all of which he sees as rendering praise to God.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the stories that surround the life of Francis say that he had a great love for animals and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-b78_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b78-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Fioretti" class="mw-redirect" title="Fioretti">Fioretti</a></i> ("Little Flowers") is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a> and folklore that sprang up after his death. One account describes how one day, while Francis was travelling with some companions, they happened upon a place in the road where birds filled the trees on either side. Francis told his companions to "wait for me while I go to preach to my sisters the birds."<sup id="cite_ref-b78_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b78-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The birds surrounded him, intrigued by the power of his voice, and not one of them flew away. He is often portrayed with a bird, typically in his hand.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another legend from the <i>Fioretti</i> tells that in the city of <a href="/wiki/Gubbio" title="Gubbio">Gubbio</a>, where Francis lived for some time, was a <a href="/wiki/Wolf_of_Gubbio" title="Wolf of Gubbio">wolf "terrifying and ferocious, who devoured men as well as animals"</a>. Francis went up into the hills and when he found the wolf, he made the sign of the cross and commanded the wolf to come to him and hurt no one. Then Francis led the wolf into the town, and surrounded by startled citizens made a pact between them and the wolf. Because the wolf had "done evil out of hunger", the townsfolk were to feed the wolf regularly. In return, the wolf would no longer prey upon them or their flocks. In this manner <a href="/wiki/Gubbio" title="Gubbio">Gubbio</a> was freed from the menace of the predator.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 November 1979, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> declared Francis the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 March 1982, John Paul II said that Francis' love and care for creation was a challenge for contemporary Catholics and a reminder "not to behave like dissident predators where nature is concerned, but to assume responsibility for it, taking all care so that everything stays healthy and integrated, so as to offer a welcoming and friendly environment even to those who succeed us."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same Pope wrote on the occasion of the World Day of Peace, 1 January 1990, that Francis "invited all of creation – animals, plants, natural forces, even Brother Sun and Sister Moon – to give honour and praise to the Lord. The poor man of Assisi gives us striking witness that when we are at peace with God we are better able to devote ourselves to building up that peace with all creation which is inseparable from peace among all peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> published his encyclical letter <a href="/wiki/Laudato_Si%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Laudato Si'">Laudato Si'</a> about the ecological crisis and "care for our common home, which takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Sun</a>, which Francis of Assisi composed. It presents Francis as "the example par excellence of care for the vulnerable and of an integral ecology lived out joyfully and authentically".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inspired the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Laudato_Si%27_Movement" title="Laudato Si' Movement">Laudato Si' Movement</a>, a global network of nearly 1000 organizations promoting the Laudato Si' message and the Franciscan approach to ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a popular practice on his feast day, 4 October, for people to bring their pets and other animals to church for a blessing.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feast_day">Feast day</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Francis_and_Catherine" title="Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine">Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Saint_Francis_-_Basilica_di_San_Francesco_-_Assisi_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tomb_of_Saint_Francis_-_Basilica_di_San_Francesco_-_Assisi_2016.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Saint_Francis_-_Basilica_di_San_Francesco_-_Assisi_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tomb_of_Saint_Francis_-_Basilica_di_San_Francesco_-_Assisi_2016.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Saint_Francis_-_Basilica_di_San_Francesco_-_Assisi_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tomb_of_Saint_Francis_-_Basilica_di_San_Francesco_-_Assisi_2016.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Saint_Francis_-_Basilica_di_San_Francesco_-_Assisi_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="5176" /></a><figcaption>Francis' last resting place at <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Francis' <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is observed on 4 October. A secondary feast in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a> received by Francis, celebrated on 17 September, was inserted in the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> in 1585 (later than the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine calendar</a>) and suppressed in 1604, but was restored in 1615. In the New Roman Missal of 1969, it was removed again from the General Calendar, as something of a duplication of the main feast on 4 October, and left to the calendars of certain localities and of the Franciscan Order.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wherever the Tridentine Missal is used, however, the feast of the Stigmata remains in the General Calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)"> honoured</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)">Lesser Festival</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church of England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican_Church_of_Canada)" title="Calendar of saints (Anglican Church of Canada)">Anglican Church of Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church USA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht_(Old_Catholic)" title="Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)">Old Catholic Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>, and other churches and religious communities on <a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">4 October</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_name">Papal name</h3></div> <p>On 13 March 2013, upon his <a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">election</a> as Pope, Archbishop and <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">Cardinal</a> Jorge Mario Bergoglio of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> chose Francis as his <a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">papal name</a> in honor of Francis of Assisi, becoming <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marotta_2016_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marotta_2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Pope Francis told journalists that he had chosen the name in honor of Francis of Assisi, and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-being of the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Marotta_2016_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marotta_2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pope_Francis_explains_decision_to_take_St_Francis_of_Assisi_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope_Francis_explains_decision_to_take_St_Francis_of_Assisi-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fracis_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fracis-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pontiff recounted that Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Hummes" title="Cláudio Hummes">Cláudio Hummes</a> had told him, "Don't forget the poor", right after the election; that made Bergoglio think of Francis.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the first time a pope has taken the name.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patronage">Patronage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help_Catholic_Church_(Grove_City,_Ohio)_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi_relic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help_Catholic_Church_%28Grove_City%2C_Ohio%29_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi_relic.jpg/250px-Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help_Catholic_Church_%28Grove_City%2C_Ohio%29_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi_relic.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help_Catholic_Church_%28Grove_City%2C_Ohio%29_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi_relic.jpg/375px-Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help_Catholic_Church_%28Grove_City%2C_Ohio%29_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi_relic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help_Catholic_Church_%28Grove_City%2C_Ohio%29_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi_relic.jpg/500px-Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help_Catholic_Church_%28Grove_City%2C_Ohio%29_-_St._Francis_of_Assisi_relic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3756" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a> of Francis of Assisi</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 June 1939, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> named Francis a joint <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Italy along with <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a> with the apostolic letter "Licet Commissa".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Pius also mentioned the two saints in the laudative discourse he pronounced on 5 May 1949, in the Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">Santa Maria sopra Minerva</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Francis is the patron of animals and ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-franciscanmedia.org_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franciscanmedia.org-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, he is the patron saint of the <a href="/wiki/Laudato_Si%27_Movement" title="Laudato Si' Movement">Laudato Si' Movement</a>, a network that promotes the Franciscan ecological paradigm as outlined in the encyclical Laudato Si'.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is also considered the patron against dying alone<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; against fire; patron of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan Order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-cns_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cns-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of families, peace, and needleworkers.<sup id="cite_ref-newman_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newman-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a number of religious congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-cns_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cns-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is the patron of many <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_of_Assisi_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Francis of Assisi Church (disambiguation)">churches and other locations</a> around the world, including: Italy;<sup id="cite_ref-newman_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newman-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Bay" title="St. Paul's Bay">San Pawl il-Baħar</a>, Malta; <a href="/wiki/Freising" title="Freising">Freising</a>, Germany; <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancaster, England">Lancaster, England</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kottapuram" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottapuram">Kottapuram, India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Buhi,_Camarines_Sur" title="Buhi, Camarines Sur">Buhi, Camarines Sur</a>, Philippines; <a href="/wiki/General_Trias" title="General Trias">General Trias</a>, Philippines; San Francisco;<sup id="cite_ref-newman_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newman-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>; <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>; <a href="/wiki/Salina,_Kansas" title="Salina, Kansas">Salina, Kansas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Metuchen,_New_Jersey" title="Metuchen, New Jersey">Metuchen, New Jersey</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Quibd%C3%B3" title="Quibdó">Quibdó</a>, Colombia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Catholicism">Outside Catholicism</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h4></div> <p>One of the results of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Church</a> during the 19th century was the re-establishment of religious orders, including some of Franciscan inspiration. The principal Anglican communities in the Franciscan tradition are the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._Francis" title="Community of St. Francis">Community of St. Francis</a> (women, founded 1905), the Poor Clares of Reparation (P.C.R.), the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Francis" title="Society of Saint Francis">Society of St. Francis</a> (men, founded 1934), and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._Clare" title="Community of St. Clare">Community of St. Clare</a> (women, enclosed).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A U.S.-founded order within the Anglican world communion is the Seattle-founded order of Clares in Seattle (Diocese of Olympia), The Little Sisters of St. Clare.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anglican church retained the Catholic tradition of blessing animals on or near Francis' feast day of 4 October, and more recently Lutheran and other Protestant churches have adopted the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_spirituality_in_Protestantism" title="Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism">Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism</a></div> <p>Several Protestant groups have emerged since the 19th century that strive to adhere to the teachings of St. Francis.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also some small Franciscan communities within European Protestantism and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>. There are some <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_orders_in_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan orders in Lutheranism">Franciscan orders in Lutheran Churches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lutheran_Franciscans" title="Order of Lutheran Franciscans">Order of Lutheran Franciscans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Sisterhood_of_Mary" title="Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary">Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary</a>, and the Evangelische Kanaan Franziskus-Bruderschaft (Kanaan Franciscan Brothers).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthodox_churches">Orthodox churches</h4></div> <p>Francis is not officially recognized as a saint by any Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Church has not pronounced any official view on the stigmata.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orthodox Saint, bishop, and theologian <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Brianchaninov" title="Ignatius Brianchaninov">Ignatius Brianchaninov</a> referred to a particular hagiographer of Francis of Assisi as being in delusion: </p><p>"As an example of a book written in the state of delusion called opinion, we cite the following: 'When Francis was caught up to heaven,' says a writer of his life, 'God the Father, on seeing him, was for a moment in doubt to as [sic] to whom to give the preference, to His Son by nature, or to His son by grace-Francis.' What can be more frightful or madder than this blasphemy, what can be sadder than this delusion?".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis of Assisi received limited veneration by Orthodox Christians in the Middle Ages, and there are Orthodox icons of him at the Church of Panagia Kera at Kritsa, in Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Francis' feast is celebrated at <a href="/wiki/New_Skete_(New_York)" title="New Skete (New York)">New Skete</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge (town), New York">Cambridge, New York</a> founded by Catholic Franciscans in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_the_Hesychast" title="Joseph the Hesychast">Joseph the Hesychast</a> had Francis as his baptismal name, and the Greek tradition always requires Saint's names to be taken at baptism. </p><p>Romanian Orthodox priest, iconographer, and saint, <a href="/wiki/Arsenie_Boca" title="Arsenie Boca">Arsenie Boca</a> painted an icon of Saints in Draganescu Church, which included St. Francis of Assisi.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi_in_Draganescu_Church,_Romania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Icon_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi_in_Draganescu_Church%2C_Romania.png/220px-Icon_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi_in_Draganescu_Church%2C_Romania.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Icon_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi_in_Draganescu_Church%2C_Romania.png/330px-Icon_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi_in_Draganescu_Church%2C_Romania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Icon_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi_in_Draganescu_Church%2C_Romania.png/440px-Icon_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi_in_Draganescu_Church%2C_Romania.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Icon of Saints, including Francis of Assisi, by Romanian Orthodox Saint Arsenie Boca, located in Draganescu Church.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h4></div> <p>Outside of Christianity, other individuals and movements are influenced by the example and teachings of Francis. These include the popular philosopher <a href="/wiki/Eckhart_Tolle" title="Eckhart Tolle">Eckhart Tolle</a>, who has made videos on the spirituality of Francis.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interreligious spiritual community of <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Vale" title="Skanda Vale">Skanda Vale</a> in Wales also takes inspiration from the example of Francis, and models itself as an interfaith Franciscan order.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_writings">Main writings</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_wadding,_francisci_assisiatis_opuscula,_per_balthasar_moretus,_anversa_1623_(coll._priv.).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lucas_wadding%2C_francisci_assisiatis_opuscula%2C_per_balthasar_moretus%2C_anversa_1623_%28coll._priv.%29.jpg/300px-Lucas_wadding%2C_francisci_assisiatis_opuscula%2C_per_balthasar_moretus%2C_anversa_1623_%28coll._priv.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lucas_wadding%2C_francisci_assisiatis_opuscula%2C_per_balthasar_moretus%2C_anversa_1623_%28coll._priv.%29.jpg/450px-Lucas_wadding%2C_francisci_assisiatis_opuscula%2C_per_balthasar_moretus%2C_anversa_1623_%28coll._priv.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lucas_wadding%2C_francisci_assisiatis_opuscula%2C_per_balthasar_moretus%2C_anversa_1623_%28coll._priv.%29.jpg/600px-Lucas_wadding%2C_francisci_assisiatis_opuscula%2C_per_balthasar_moretus%2C_anversa_1623_%28coll._priv.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption><i>Francisci Assisiatis opuscula</i>, Antverpiae, apud Balthasarem Moretum, 1623</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Canticum Fratris Solis</i> or <i>Laudes Creaturarum</i>; <a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Sun</a>, 1224</li> <li><i>Oratio ante Crucifixum</i>, Prayer before the Crucifix, 1205 (extant in the original Umbrian dialect as well as in a contemporary Latin translation)</li> <li><i>Regula non bullata</i>, the Earlier Rule, 1221</li> <li><i>Regula bullata</i>, the Later Rule, 1223</li> <li><i>Testament</i>, 1226</li> <li><i>Admonitions</i>, 1205 to 1209<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>For a complete list, see <i>The Franciscan Experience</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis is considered the first Italian poet by some literary critics.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed commoners should be able to pray to God in their own language, and he wrote often in the dialect of Umbria instead of Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anonymous 20th-century prayer "<a href="/wiki/Make_Me_an_Instrument_of_Your_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Make Me an Instrument of Your Peace">Make Me an Instrument of Your Peace</a>" is widely attributed to Francis, but there is no evidence for it.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2></div> <p>The Franciscan Order promoted devotion to the life of Francis from his canonization onwards, and Francis appeared in European art soon after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order commissioned many works for Franciscan churches, either showing him with sacred figures or episodes from his life. There are large early <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> cycles in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco_d%27Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi">Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi</a>, parts of which are shown above. </p><p>There are countless seventeenth- and eighteenth-century depictions of Saint Francis of Assisi and a musical angel in churches and museums throughout western Europe. The titles of these depictions vary widely, at times describing Francis as "consoled", "comforted", in "ecstasy" or in "rapture"; the presence of the musical angel may or may not be mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Francis of Assisi in art</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_of_the_bardi_saint_francis_._St._Francis_and_scenes_from_his_life_13_cent_Santa_croce.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Francis and scenes from his life, 13th century, in Santa Croce, Florence."><img alt="St. Francis and scenes from his life, 13th century, in Santa Croce, Florence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Master_of_the_bardi_saint_francis_._St._Francis_and_scenes_from_his_life_13_cent_Santa_croce.jpg/127px-Master_of_the_bardi_saint_francis_._St._Francis_and_scenes_from_his_life_13_cent_Santa_croce.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Master_of_the_bardi_saint_francis_._St._Francis_and_scenes_from_his_life_13_cent_Santa_croce.jpg/191px-Master_of_the_bardi_saint_francis_._St._Francis_and_scenes_from_his_life_13_cent_Santa_croce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Master_of_the_bardi_saint_francis_._St._Francis_and_scenes_from_his_life_13_cent_Santa_croce.jpg/254px-Master_of_the_bardi_saint_francis_._St._Francis_and_scenes_from_his_life_13_cent_Santa_croce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>St. Francis and scenes from his life</i>, 13th century, in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence" title="Santa Croce, Florence">Santa Croce, Florence</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_Receiving_the_Stigmata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata, Jan van Eyck, c. 1430–1432, Turin version"><img alt="Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata, Jan van Eyck, c. 1430–1432, Turin version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_Receiving_the_Stigmata.jpg/269px-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_Receiving_the_Stigmata.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_Receiving_the_Stigmata.jpg/404px-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_Receiving_the_Stigmata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_Receiving_the_Stigmata.jpg/538px-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_Receiving_the_Stigmata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(van_Eyck)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (van Eyck)">Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>, c. 1430–1432, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> version</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Domenico_Veneziano_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_(predella_1)_-_WGA06432.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Stigmatization of St Francis, Domenico Veneziano, 1445"><img alt="The Stigmatization of St Francis, Domenico Veneziano, 1445" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Domenico_Veneziano_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_%28predella_1%29_-_WGA06432.jpg/265px-Domenico_Veneziano_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_%28predella_1%29_-_WGA06432.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Domenico_Veneziano_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_%28predella_1%29_-_WGA06432.jpg/399px-Domenico_Veneziano_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_%28predella_1%29_-_WGA06432.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Domenico_Veneziano_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_%28predella_1%29_-_WGA06432.jpg/531px-Domenico_Veneziano_-_The_Stigmatization_of_St_Francis_%28predella_1%29_-_WGA06432.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Stigmatization of St Francis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Veneziano" title="Domenico Veneziano">Domenico Veneziano</a>, 1445</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Bellini_-_Saint_Francis_in_the_Desert_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Francis in the Desert Giovanni Bellini, c. 1480"><img alt="Saint Francis in the Desert Giovanni Bellini, c. 1480" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Giovanni_Bellini_-_Saint_Francis_in_the_Desert_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/263px-Giovanni_Bellini_-_Saint_Francis_in_the_Desert_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Giovanni_Bellini_-_Saint_Francis_in_the_Desert_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/396px-Giovanni_Bellini_-_Saint_Francis_in_the_Desert_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Giovanni_Bellini_-_Saint_Francis_in_the_Desert_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/527px-Giovanni_Bellini_-_Saint_Francis_in_the_Desert_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="26319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_in_Ecstasy_(Bellini)" title="St. Francis in Ecstasy (Bellini)">Saint Francis in the Desert</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a>, c. 1480</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli_-_Saint_Francis_Collecting_the_Blood_of_Christ_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Francis with the Blood of Christ, Carlo Crivelli, c. 1500"><img alt="Saint Francis with the Blood of Christ, Carlo Crivelli, c. 1500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carlo_Crivelli_-_Saint_Francis_Collecting_the_Blood_of_Christ_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/160px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_Saint_Francis_Collecting_the_Blood_of_Christ_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carlo_Crivelli_-_Saint_Francis_Collecting_the_Blood_of_Christ_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_Saint_Francis_Collecting_the_Blood_of_Christ_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carlo_Crivelli_-_Saint_Francis_Collecting_the_Blood_of_Christ_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/320px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_Saint_Francis_Collecting_the_Blood_of_Christ_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5547" data-file-height="8001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Saint Francis with the Blood of Christ</i>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a>, c. 1500</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Greco_-_Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata, Studio of El Greco, 1585–1590"><img alt="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata, Studio of El Greco, 1585–1590" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/El_Greco_-_Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/219px-El_Greco_-_Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/El_Greco_-_Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/329px-El_Greco_-_Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/El_Greco_-_Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/438px-El_Greco_-_Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5550" data-file-height="5850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy_(El_Greco,_1600)" title="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (El Greco, 1600)">Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</a></i>, Studio of <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, 1585–1590</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis of Assisi with angel music, Francisco Ribalta, c. 1620"><img alt="Francis of Assisi with angel music, Francisco Ribalta, c. 1620" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg/178px-Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg/268px-Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg/357px-Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Francis of Assisi with angel music</i>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ribalta" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Ribalta">Francisco Ribalta</a>, c. 1620</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_053.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Francis in Meditation, Francisco de Zurbarán, 1639"><img alt="Saint Francis in Meditation, Francisco de Zurbarán, 1639" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_053.jpg/150px-Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_053.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_053.jpg/225px-Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_053.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_053.jpg/300px-Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_053.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Saint Francis in Meditation</i>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n" title="Francisco de Zurbarán">Francisco de Zurbarán</a>, 1639</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_by_Jusepe_de_Ribera.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Jusepe de Ribera, 1639"><img alt="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Jusepe de Ribera, 1639" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_by_Jusepe_de_Ribera.jpg/183px-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_by_Jusepe_de_Ribera.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_by_Jusepe_de_Ribera.jpg/275px-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_by_Jusepe_de_Ribera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_by_Jusepe_de_Ribera.jpg/367px-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_by_Jusepe_de_Ribera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy</i>, Jusepe de Ribera, 1639</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy-Caravaggio_(c.1595).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Caravaggio, c. 1595"><img alt="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Caravaggio, c. 1595" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy-Caravaggio_%28c.1595%29.jpg/321px-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy-Caravaggio_%28c.1595%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy-Caravaggio_%28c.1595%29.jpg/482px-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy-Caravaggio_%28c.1595%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy-Caravaggio_%28c.1595%29.jpg/642px-Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy-Caravaggio_%28c.1595%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7832" data-file-height="5640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy_(Caravaggio)" title="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (Caravaggio)">Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, c. 1595</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Josep_Benlliure_Gil19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis of Assisi visiting his convent while far away, in a chariot of fire, José Benlliure y Gil (1855–1937)"><img alt="Francis of Assisi visiting his convent while far away, in a chariot of fire, José Benlliure y Gil (1855–1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Josep_Benlliure_Gil19.jpg/293px-Josep_Benlliure_Gil19.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Josep_Benlliure_Gil19.jpg/440px-Josep_Benlliure_Gil19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Josep_Benlliure_Gil19.jpg/585px-Josep_Benlliure_Gil19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Francis of Assisi visiting his convent while far away, in a chariot of fire</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Benlliure_y_Gil" title="José Benlliure y Gil">José Benlliure y Gil</a> (1855–1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ecstasy_of_st_Francis--Sassetta--Bernson_collecton--Settignano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ecstasy of St. Francis, Stefano di Giovanni, 1444"><img alt="The Ecstasy of St. Francis, Stefano di Giovanni, 1444" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Ecstasy_of_st_Francis--Sassetta--Bernson_collecton--Settignano.jpg/136px-The_Ecstasy_of_st_Francis--Sassetta--Bernson_collecton--Settignano.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Ecstasy_of_st_Francis--Sassetta--Bernson_collecton--Settignano.jpg/205px-The_Ecstasy_of_st_Francis--Sassetta--Bernson_collecton--Settignano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Ecstasy_of_st_Francis--Sassetta--Bernson_collecton--Settignano.jpg/273px-The_Ecstasy_of_st_Francis--Sassetta--Bernson_collecton--Settignano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Ecstasy of St. Francis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Stefano_di_Giovanni" title="Stefano di Giovanni">Stefano di Giovanni</a>, 1444</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazario_Gerardi_as_St._Francis_in_Francesco,_giullare_di_Dio_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nazario Gerardi as Francis in The Flowers of St. Francis, 1950"><img alt="Nazario Gerardi as Francis in The Flowers of St. Francis, 1950" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nazario_Gerardi_as_St._Francis_in_Francesco%2C_giullare_di_Dio_2.jpg/200px-Nazario_Gerardi_as_St._Francis_in_Francesco%2C_giullare_di_Dio_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nazario_Gerardi_as_St._Francis_in_Francesco%2C_giullare_di_Dio_2.jpg/301px-Nazario_Gerardi_as_St._Francis_in_Francesco%2C_giullare_di_Dio_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nazario_Gerardi_as_St._Francis_in_Francesco%2C_giullare_di_Dio_2.jpg/400px-Nazario_Gerardi_as_St._Francis_in_Francesco%2C_giullare_di_Dio_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nazario Gerardi as Francis in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flowers_of_St._Francis" title="The Flowers of St. Francis">The Flowers of St. Francis</a></i>, 1950</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_in_Cloisters_said_to_have_the_cure_for_toothache._You_can_see_teeth_as_votive_offerings_at_the_foot_of_the_statue!.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue in Askeaton Abbey, Ireland, claimed to cure toothache, 14th–15th century"><img alt="Statue in Askeaton Abbey, Ireland, claimed to cure toothache, 14th–15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Statue_in_Cloisters_said_to_have_the_cure_for_toothache._You_can_see_teeth_as_votive_offerings_at_the_foot_of_the_statue%21.jpg/161px-Statue_in_Cloisters_said_to_have_the_cure_for_toothache._You_can_see_teeth_as_votive_offerings_at_the_foot_of_the_statue%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Statue_in_Cloisters_said_to_have_the_cure_for_toothache._You_can_see_teeth_as_votive_offerings_at_the_foot_of_the_statue%21.jpg/242px-Statue_in_Cloisters_said_to_have_the_cure_for_toothache._You_can_see_teeth_as_votive_offerings_at_the_foot_of_the_statue%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Statue_in_Cloisters_said_to_have_the_cure_for_toothache._You_can_see_teeth_as_votive_offerings_at_the_foot_of_the_statue%21.jpg/323px-Statue_in_Cloisters_said_to_have_the_cure_for_toothache._You_can_see_teeth_as_votive_offerings_at_the_foot_of_the_statue%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue in <a href="/wiki/Askeaton_Abbey" title="Askeaton Abbey">Askeaton Abbey</a>, Ireland, claimed to cure <a href="/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">toothache</a>, 14th–15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_15th_-_Early_16th_century_depiction_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi,_by_Tiberio_of_Assisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Francis, Tiberio d'Assisi, 1470 - 1524"><img alt="St Francis, Tiberio d'Assisi, 1470 - 1524" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Late_15th_-_Early_16th_century_depiction_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi%2C_by_Tiberio_of_Assisi.jpg/101px-Late_15th_-_Early_16th_century_depiction_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi%2C_by_Tiberio_of_Assisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Late_15th_-_Early_16th_century_depiction_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi%2C_by_Tiberio_of_Assisi.jpg/152px-Late_15th_-_Early_16th_century_depiction_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi%2C_by_Tiberio_of_Assisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Late_15th_-_Early_16th_century_depiction_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi%2C_by_Tiberio_of_Assisi.jpg/203px-Late_15th_-_Early_16th_century_depiction_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi%2C_by_Tiberio_of_Assisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>St Francis,</i> <a href="/wiki/Tiberio_d%27Assisi" title="Tiberio d'Assisi">Tiberio d'Assisi</a>, 1470 - 1524</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assisi_San_Francesco_BW_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Assisi_San_Francesco_BW_2.JPG/220px-Assisi_San_Francesco_BW_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Assisi_San_Francesco_BW_2.JPG/330px-Assisi_San_Francesco_BW_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Assisi_San_Francesco_BW_2.JPG/440px-Assisi_San_Francesco_BW_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3428" data-file-height="2286" /></a><figcaption>Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chania_-_Katholische_Kirche_-_Innenhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chania_-_Katholische_Kirche_-_Innenhof.jpg/220px-Chania_-_Katholische_Kirche_-_Innenhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chania_-_Katholische_Kirche_-_Innenhof.jpg/330px-Chania_-_Katholische_Kirche_-_Innenhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chania_-_Katholische_Kirche_-_Innenhof.jpg/440px-Chania_-_Katholische_Kirche_-_Innenhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Statue of St. Francis in front of the Catholic church of <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flowers_of_St._Francis" title="The Flowers of St. Francis">The Flowers of St. Francis</a></i>, a 1950 film directed by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a> and co-written by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>. Francis was played by Nazario Gerardi, a <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> friar from the monastery <a href="/wiki/Nocera_Inferiore" title="Nocera Inferiore">Nocera Inferiore</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi_(film)" title="Francis of Assisi (film)">Francis of Assisi</a></i>, a 1961 film directed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Curtiz" title="Michael Curtiz">Michael Curtiz</a>, based on the novel <i>The Joyful Beggar</i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Wohl" title="Louis de Wohl">Louis de Wohl</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Dillman" title="Bradford Dillman">Bradford Dillman</a> as Francis. <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Hart" title="Dolores Hart">Dolores Hart</a>, who plays <a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare</a>, later became a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> nun.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_di_Assisi" title="Francesco di Assisi">Francesco di Assisi</a></i>, a 1966 made-for-television film directed by <a href="/wiki/Liliana_Cavani" title="Liliana Cavani">Liliana Cavani</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Lou_Castel" title="Lou Castel">Lou Castel</a> as Francis.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hawks_and_the_Sparrows" title="The Hawks and the Sparrows">The Hawks and the Sparrows</a></i>, a 1966 film directed by <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brother_Sun,_Sister_Moon" title="Brother Sun, Sister Moon">Brother Sun, Sister Moon</a></i>, a 1972 film by <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Graham_Faulkner" title="Graham Faulkner">Graham Faulkner</a> as Francis.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_(1989_film)" title="Francesco (1989 film)">Francesco</a></i>, a 1989 film by <a href="/wiki/Liliana_Cavani" title="Liliana Cavani">Liliana Cavani</a>, contemplatively paced, follows Francis of Assisi's evolution from a rich man's son to a religious humanitarian, and eventually to a full-fledged self-tortured saint. Francis is played by <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rourke" title="Mickey Rourke">Mickey Rourke</a>.</li> <li><i>St. Francis</i>, a 2002 film directed by <a href="/wiki/Michele_Soavi" title="Michele Soavi">Michele Soavi</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bova" title="Raoul Bova">Raoul Bova</a> as Francis.</li> <li><i>Clare and Francis</i>, a 2007 film directed by <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Costa" title="Fabrizio Costa">Fabrizio Costa</a>, starring Mary Petruolo and Ettore Bassi</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pranchiyettan_and_the_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranchiyettan and the Saint">Pranchiyettan and the Saint</a></i>, a 2010 satirical Indian <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam film">Malayalam film</a></li> <li><i>Finding St. Francis</i>, a 2014 film directed by Paul Alexander</li> <li><i>L'ami – François d'Assise et ses frères</i> (The friend – Francis of Assisi and his brothers),<sup id="cite_ref-movie-lami_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-movie-lami-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 2016 film directed by Renaud Fely and Arnaud Louvet starring <a href="/wiki/Elio_Germano" title="Elio Germano">Elio Germano</a></li> <li><i>The Sultan and the Saint</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-wildgoose.tv_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildgoose.tv-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 2016 film directed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kronemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Kronemer">Alexander Kronemer</a>, starring Alexander McPherson</li> <li><i>Sign of Contradiction</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-wildgoose.tv_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildgoose.tv-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 2018 documentary film featuring commentary by Fr. Dave Pivonka, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a>, and others, focusing on a revealing of the true St. Francis to modern audiences.</li> <li><i>In Search of St. Francis of Assisi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> documentary featuring Franciscan friars and others</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letter:_A_Message_for_our_Earth" title="The Letter: A Message for our Earth">The Letter: A Message for our Earth</a></i>, a 2022 film on YouTube Originals by Nicolas Brown, telling the story of Saint Francis and the encyclical 'Laudato Si'.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For musical settings of the prayer incorrectly attributed to Francis, see <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Saint_Francis#Musical_settings" title="Prayer of Saint Francis">Prayer of Saint Francis § Musical settings</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>: <ul><li><i>Cantico del sol di Francesco d'Assisi</i>, S.4 (sacred choral work, 1862, 1880–81; versions of the Prelude for piano, S. 498c, 499, 499a; version of the Prelude for organ, S. 665, 760; version of the Hosannah for organ and bass trombone, S.677)</li> <li><i>St. François d'Assise: La Prédication aux oiseaux</i>, No. 1 of <i>Deux Légendes</i>, S.175 (piano, 1862–63)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Piern%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Pierné">Gabriel Pierné</a>: <i>Saint François d'Assise</i> (oratorio, 1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_(hymnwriter)" title="William Henry Draper (hymnwriter)">William Henry Draper</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/All_Creatures_of_Our_God_and_King" title="All Creatures of Our God and King">All Creatures of Our God and King</a></i> (hymn paraphrase of <i><a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Sun</a></i>, published 1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Castelnuovo-Tedesco" title="Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco">Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco</a>: <i>Fioretti</i> (voice and orchestra, 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Malipiero" title="Gian Francesco Malipiero">Gian Francesco Malipiero</a>: <i>San Francesco d'Assisi</i> (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1920–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Suter" title="Hermann Suter">Hermann Suter</a>: <i>Le Laudi</i> (The Praises) or <i>Le Laudi di San Francesco d'Assisi</i>, based on the <i>Canticle of the Sun</i>, (<a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, 1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Amy Beach</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun_(Beach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canticle of the Sun (Beach)">Canticle of the Sun</a></i> (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Nobilissima_Visione" title="Nobilissima Visione">Nobilissima Visione</a></i> (ballet 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Sowerby" title="Leo Sowerby">Leo Sowerby</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canticle_of_the_Sun_(Sowerby)" title="The Canticle of the Sun (Sowerby)">Canticle of the Sun</a></i> (cantata for mixed voices with accompaniment for piano or orchestra, 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Quatre_petites_pri%C3%A8res_de_saint_Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="Quatre petites prières de saint François d'Assise">Quatre petites prières de saint François d'Assise</a></i> (men's chorus, 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Bingham" title="Seth Bingham">Seth Bingham</a>: <i>The Canticle of the Sun</i> (cantata for chorus of mixed voices with soli ad lib. and accompaniment for organ or orchestra, 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton">William Walton</a>: <i>Cantico del sol</i> (chorus, 1973–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="Saint François d'Assise">St. François d'Assise</a></i> (opera, 1975–83)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juliusz_%C5%81uciuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juliusz Łuciuk (page does not exist)">Juliusz Łuciuk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliusz_%C5%81uciuk" class="extiw" title="pl:Juliusz Łuciuk">pl</a>]</span>: <i>Święty Franciszek z Asyżu</i> (oratorio for soprano, tenor, baritone, mixed chorus and orchestra, 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Janssens" title="Peter Janssens">Peter Janssens</a>: <i>Franz von Assisi</i>, <i>Musikspiel</i> (Musical play, text: Wilhelm Wilms, 1978)</li> <li>Michele Paulicelli: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forza_venite_gente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forza venite gente (page does not exist)">Forza venite gente</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_venite_gente" class="extiw" title="it:Forza venite gente">it</a>]</span></i> (musical theater, 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Talbot" title="John Michael Talbot">John Michael Talbot</a>: <i>Troubador of the Great King</i> (1981), double-LP composed in honor of the 800th birthday of St. Francis of Assisi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Samstag_aus_Licht#Scene_4:_Luzifers_Abschied" title="Samstag aus Licht">Luzifers Abschied</a></i> (1982), scene 4 of the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Samstag_aus_Licht" title="Samstag aus Licht">Samstag aus Licht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libby_Larsen" title="Libby Larsen">Libby Larsen</a>: <i>I Will Sing and Raise a Psalm</i> (SATB chorus and organ, 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a>: <i>Sonnengesang</i> (solo cello, chamber choir and percussion, 1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juventude_Franciscana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juventude Franciscana (page does not exist)">Juventude Franciscana</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventude_Franciscana" class="extiw" title="pt:Juventude Franciscana">pt</a>]</span>: <i>Balada de Francisco</i> (voices accompanied by guitar, 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Branduardi" title="Angelo Branduardi">Angelo Branduardi</a>: <i>L'infinitamente piccolo</i> (album, 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Nielson" title="Lewis Nielson">Lewis Nielson</a>: <i>St. Francis Preaches to the Birds</i> (chamber concerto for violin, 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Reulein" title="Peter Reulein">Peter Reulein</a> (composer) / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schlegel" title="Helmut Schlegel">Helmut Schlegel</a> (libretto): <i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27_(oratorio)" title="Laudato si' (oratorio)">Laudato si'</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dorff" title="Daniel Dorff">Daniel Dorff</a>: <i>Flowers of St. Francis</i> (solo for Bass Clarinet, 2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mel_Hornyak_%26_Elliot_Valentine_Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mel Hornyak & Elliot Valentine Lee (page does not exist)">Mel Hornyak & Elliot Valentine Lee</a>: <i>Litany of the Martyrs</i>, appears in <i>Adamandi</i> (musical number, 2022)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_biographical_books">Selected biographical books</h3></div> <p>Hundreds of books have been written about him. The following suggestions are from Franciscan friar Conrad Harkins (1935–2020), director of the Franciscan Institute at St. Bonaventure University.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(theologian)" title="Paul Sabatier (theologian)">Paul Sabatier</a>, <i>Life of St. Francis of Assisi</i> (Scribner's, 1905).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Johannes Jørgensen">Johannes Jurgensen</a>, <i>St. Francis of Assisi: A Biography</i> (translated by T. O’Conor Sloane; Longmans, 1912).</li> <li>Arnaldo Fortini, <i>Francis of Assisi</i> (translated by Helen Moak, Crossroad, 1981).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kazantzakis" title="Nikos Kazantzakis">Nikos Kazantzakis</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Poor_Man_of_Assisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Poor Man of Assisi (page does not exist)">Saint Francis</a></i> (Ο Φτωχούλης του Θεού, in Greek; 1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moorman" title="John Moorman">John Moorman</a>, <i>St. Francis of Assisi</i> (SPCK, 1963)</li> <li>John Moorman, "The Spirituality of St. Francis of Assisi" (<i>Our Sunday Visitor</i>, 1977).</li> <li>Erik Doyle, <i>St. Francis and the Song of Brotherhood</i> (Seabury, 1981).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Manselli" title="Raoul Manselli">Raoul Manselli</a>, <i>St. Francis of Assisi</i> (translated by Paul Duggan; Franciscan, 1988).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Darío</a>'s poem "<i>Los Motivos del Lobo</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> ("The Reasons of the Wolf") St. Francis tames a terrible wolf only to discover that the human heart harbours darker desires than those of the beast.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">The Brothers Karamazov</a></i>, Ivan Karamazov invokes the name of "Pater Seraphicus", an epithet applied to St. Francis, to describe Alyosha's spiritual guide Zosima. The reference is found in Goethe's <i>Faust</i>, Part 2, Act 5, lines 11,918–25.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint_Michel_and_Chartres" title="Mont Saint Michel and Chartres">Mont Saint Michel and Chartres</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a>' chapter on the "Mystics" discusses Francis extensively.</li> <li><i>Francesco's Friendly World</i> was a 1996–97 <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">direct-to-video</a> Christian animated series produced by <a href="/wiki/Lyrick_Studios" title="Lyrick Studios">Lyrick Studios</a> that was about Francesco and his talking animal friends as they rebuild the Church of San Damiano.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rich Mullins co-wrote <i>Canticle of the Plains</i>, a musical, with Mitch McVicker. Released in 1997, it was based on the life of St. Francis of Assisi, but told as a Western story.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Assistant_(novel)" title="The Assistant (novel)">The Assistant</a></i> (1957) features a protagonist, Frank Alpine, who exemplifies the life of St. Francis in mid-20th-century Brooklyn, New York City.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Novel's article does not mention St. Francis (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>'s book <i>St. Francis of Assisi</i>, a biographical and philosophical explanation of St. Francis<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saint_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Saint Francis">Feast of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint-Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-François d'Assise">St. François d'Assise</a></i>, an opera by <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_animals" title="Blessing of animals">Blessing of animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Saint_Francis" title="List of places named after Saint Francis">List of places named after St. Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardon of Assisi">Pardon of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism/Patron_Archive/October_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/October 4">St. Francis of Assisi, patron saint archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Francis" title="Society of Saint Francis">Society of St. Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subiaco_Abbey#St._Benedict's_Cave_(Sacro_Speco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subiaco Abbey">St. Benedict's Cave</a>, which contains a portrait of Francis made during his lifetime</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_(friar)" title="Juniper (friar)">St. Juniper</a>, one of Francis' original followers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_of_Gubbio" title="Wolf of Gubbio">Wolf of Gubbio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayers">Prayers</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Sun</a>, a prayer by Francis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Office_of_the_Passion" title="Little Office of the Passion">Little Office of the Passion</a>, composed by Francis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Saint_Francis" title="Prayer of Saint Francis">Prayer of St. Francis</a>, a prayer often misattributed to Francis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The tunic that Saint Francis actually wore was simpler.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reportedly was made by himself to be unattractive and uncomfortable,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike today's Franciscan habits.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His mother was French and that may be why he was known as Francesco (Francis), a name with the possible meaning "Frenchman".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though an <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Italian nation state</a> had yet to be established, the Latin equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Italians#Name" title="Italians">term <i>Italian</i></a> (<i>italus</i>) had been in use for natives of <a href="/wiki/Italian_geographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian geographical region">the region</a> since antiquity. For example in <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_(Pliny)" title="Epistulae (Pliny)">Letters</a></i> 9.23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nativity-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nativity_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Christmas scenes made by Saint Francis at the time were not inanimate objects, but live ones, later commercialised into inanimate representations of the Blessed Lord and His parents.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g., Jacques de Vitry, Letter 6 February or March 1220 and <i>Historia orientalis</i> (c. 1223–1225) cap. XXII; Tommaso da Celano, <i>Vita prima</i> (1228), §57: the relevant passages are quoted in an English translation in <a href="#CITEREFTolan2009">Tolan 2009</a>, pp. 19– and <a href="#CITEREFTolan2009">Tolan 2009</a>, p. 54 respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g., Chesterton, <i>Saint Francis</i>, Hodder & Stoughton (1924) chapter 8. <a href="#CITEREFTolan2009">Tolan 2009</a>, p. 126 discusses the incident as recounted by Bonaventure, an incident which does not extend to a fire actually being lit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For grants of various permissions and privileges to Francis as attributed by later sources, see, e.g., <a href="#CITEREFTolan2009">Tolan 2009</a>, pp. 258–263. The first mention of the Sultan's conversion occurs in a sermon delivered by Bonaventure on 4 October 1267. See <a href="#CITEREFTolan2009">Tolan 2009</a>, p. 168 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his official papal name was "Francis", not "Francis I". 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New York: Barnes & Noble. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofsaintshis00omer/page/529">529</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-516-4"><bdi>978-1-56619-516-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Saints&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=529&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-1-56619-516-4&rft.aulast=Englebert&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofsaintshis00omer%2Fpage%2F529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chest41-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chest41_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chesterton (1924), pp. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonaventure-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonaventure_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._BonaventureCardinal_Manning1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">St. Bonaventure</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning" title="Henry Edward Manning">Cardinal Manning</a> (1867). <i>The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci)</i> (1988 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford, Illinois</a>: TAN Books & Publishers. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-343-0"><bdi>978-0-89555-343-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+St.+Francis+of+Assisi+%28from+the+Legenda+Sancti+Francisci%29&rft.place=Rockford%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=190&rft.edition=1988&rft.pub=TAN+Books+%26+Publishers&rft.date=1867&rft.isbn=978-0-89555-343-0&rft.au=St.+Bonaventure&rft.au=Cardinal+Manning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chest54-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chest54_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chest54_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chesterton (1924), pp. 54–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Riva2011" class="citation web cs1">de la Riva, Fr. John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shrinesf.org/life-of-st-francis.html">"Life of St. Francis"</a>. <i>St. Francis of Assisi National Shrine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Francis+of+Assisi+National+Shrine&rft.atitle=Life+of+St.+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=de+la+Riva&rft.aufirst=Fr.+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrinesf.org%2Flife-of-st-francis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiefer1999" class="citation web cs1">Kiefer, James E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/258.html">"Francis of Assisi, Friar"</a>. <i>Biographical sketches of memorable Christians of the past</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+sketches+of+memorable+Christians+of+the+past&rft.atitle=Francis+of+Assisi%2C+Friar&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kiefer&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjustus.anglican.org%2Fresources%2Fbio%2F258.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chest107-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chest107_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chesterton (1924), pp. 107–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis_of_Assisi_and_His_World-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francis_of_Assisi_and_His_World_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galli (2002), pp. 74–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chest110-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chest110_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chesterton (1924), pp. 110–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secularfranciscansusa.org">"Secular Franciscan Order"</a>. <i>Secular Franciscan Order US</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secular+Franciscan+Order+US&rft.atitle=Secular+Franciscan+Order&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecularfranciscansusa.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recoge esta historia, entre otros, D. Cesáreo Goicoechea en "Castillos de la Rioja, Logroño, 1949, y Fray Domingo Hernáez de Torres en "Primera parte de la Crónica ·[franciscana] de la Provincia de Burgos". Madrid, 1772.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzYg5AN1x28C&q=Medrano"><i>Revista Hidalguía número 9. Año 1955</i></a> (in Spanish). Ediciones Hidalguia. pp. 181–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revista+Hidalgu%C3%ADa+n%C3%BAmero+9.+A%C3%B1o+1955&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=Ediciones+Hidalguia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzYg5AN1x28C%26q%3DMedrano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRioja2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rioja, El Día de la (19 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldiadelarioja.es/noticia/z2dfd573c-eb33-bb3e-d4393945f387190a/202402/un-convento-de-armas-tomar">"Un convento de armas tomar"</a>. <i>El Día de la Rioja</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+D%C3%ADa+de+la+Rioja&rft.atitle=Un+convento+de+armas+tomar&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft.aulast=Rioja&rft.aufirst=El+D%C3%ADa+de+la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldiadelarioja.es%2Fnoticia%2Fz2dfd573c-eb33-bb3e-d4393945f387190a%2F202402%2Fun-convento-de-armas-tomar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fioretti quoted in: St. Francis, <i>The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds</i>, trans. N. Wydenbruck, ed. Otto Karrer (London: <a href="/wiki/Sheed_and_Ward" title="Sheed and Ward">Sheed and Ward</a>, 1979) 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chest130-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chest130_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chesterton (1924), p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, Steven. <i>History of the Crusades, vol. 3: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades</i>, Cambridge University Press (1951, paperback 1987), pp. 151–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolan20094–-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolan20094–_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolan2009">Tolan 2009</a>, pp. 4–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolan20095-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolan20095_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolan2009">Tolan 2009</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bulla <i>Gratias agimus</i>, commemorated by Pope John Paul II in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/1992/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_19921130_p-schalluuck_it.html">Letter</a> dated 30 November 1992. See also <a href="#CITEREFTolan2009">Tolan 2009</a>, p. 258. On the Franciscan presence, including a historical overview, see, generally the official website at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.custodia.org/default.asp?id=425"><i>Custodia</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Holy_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Custodian of the Holy Land">Custodian of the Holy Land</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b162-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b162_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonaventure (1867), p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggeri2018" class="citation book cs1">Ruggeri, Francesco Rocco (2018). <i>Sicilian Visitors Volume 2</i>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-387-97789-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-387-97789-5"><bdi>978-1-387-97789-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicilian+Visitors+Volume+2&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-387-97789-5&rft.aulast=Ruggeri&rft.aufirst=Francesco+Rocco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goff-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goff_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Goff, Jacques. <i>Saint Francis of Assisi</i>, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28473-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28473-2">0-415-28473-2</a> p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles160-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miles160_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, Margaret Ruth. <i>The Word made flesh: a history of Christian thought</i>, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0846-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0846-1">978-1-4051-0846-1</a> pp. 160–161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chest131-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chest131_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chesterton (1924), p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongHellmannShort1999" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Regis J.; Hellmann, J. A. Wayne; Short, William J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-geLPmduL4C&dq=st+francis+of+assisi+cauterized+eyes&pg=PA861"><i>Francis of Assisi - The Prophet: Early Documents, vol. 3: Early Documents</i></a>. New City Press. p. 861. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-114-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-114-5"><bdi>978-1-56548-114-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+of+Assisi+-+The+Prophet%3A+Early+Documents%2C+vol.+3%3A+Early+Documents&rft.pages=861&rft.pub=New+City+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56548-114-5&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Regis+J.&rft.au=Hellmann%2C+J.+A.+Wayne&rft.au=Short%2C+William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-geLPmduL4C%26dq%3Dst%2Bfrancis%2Bof%2Bassisi%2Bcauterized%2Beyes%26pg%3DPA861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keytoumbria.com/Assisi/S_Francesco_Crypt.html">"Key to Umbria: Assisi"</a>. <i>www.keytoumbria.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.keytoumbria.com&rft.atitle=Key+to+Umbria%3A+Assisi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keytoumbria.com%2FAssisi%2FS_Francesco_Crypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/archive/6820515/medicine-st-francis-stigmata/">"Medicine: St. Francis' Stigmata"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. 11 March 1935<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Medicine%3A+St.+Francis%27+Stigmata&rft.date=1935-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Farchive%2F6820515%2Fmedicine-st-francis-stigmata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEimerl1967" class="citation book cs1">Eimerl, Sarel (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofgiottoc1200eime"><i>The World of Giotto: c. 1267–1337</i></a></span>. et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=terrasanta.edu.jo&rft.atitle=Custody+of+the+Holy+Land&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterrasanta.edu.jo%2Fen.aspx%3Fid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b178-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b178_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b178_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b178_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonaventure (1867), p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_of_Celano1228–1229" class="citation book cs1">Thomas of Celano (1228–1229). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.franciscantradition.org/document/bx4700-f6f722-1999/francis_of_assisi_early_documents_-_the_saint/1999-00-00?pageNo=255">"The Life of Saint Francis"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>The movie follows from 1209 to 1226 Elia da Cortona, one of the most faithful followers of S. Francis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imdb.com&rft.atitle=L%27ami+%282016%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt5096600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wildgoose.tv-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wildgoose.tv_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wildgoose.tv_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wildgoose.tv/programs/st-francis-of-assisi-sign-of-contradiction-46401f"><i>St. Francis of Assisi: Sign of Contradiction</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Francis+of+Assisi%3A+Sign+of+Contradiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwildgoose.tv%2Fprograms%2Fst-francis-of-assisi-sign-of-contradiction-46401f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenappleent.com/project/in-search-of-francis-of-assisi/"><i>In Search of Saint Francis of Assisi</i></a>, Green Apple Entertainment. 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Достоевского и св. Франциск Ассизский"</a>. <i>Известия Уральского федерального университета. Серия 2: Гуманитарные науки</i>. <b>2</b> (139): 222–233<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2019</span> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+2%3A+%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8.&rft.atitle=%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5%22%3A+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%A4.+%D0%9C.+%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2.+%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=139&rft.pages=222-233&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25350873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.markbernthal.com/markbernthal-com/Mark_Bernthal_-_TV-VIDEOS.html">"Mark Bernthal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Video)</span>. <i>www.markbernthal.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.markbernthal.com&rft.atitle=Mark+Bernthal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.markbernthal.com%2Fmarkbernthal-com%2FMark_Bernthal_-_TV-VIDEOS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saint-francis-by-g-k-chesterton">"St. Francis of Assisi by G. K. Chesterton"</a>. 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Francis+of+Assisi+by+G.+K.+Chesterton&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaint-francis-by-g-k-chesterton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradyCunningham2020" class="citation web cs1">Brady, Ignatius Charles; Cunningham, Lawrence (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Francis-of-Assisi">"St. Francis of Assisi"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=St.+Francis+of+Assisi&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Ignatius+Charles&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Francis-of-Assisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke2006" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, Rosalind B. (2006). <i>The Image of St Francis: Responses to Sainthood in the Thirteenth Century</i>. Cambridge: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+of+St+Francis%3A+Responses+to+Sainthood+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Rosalind+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelio2013" class="citation news cs1">Delio, Ilia (20 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/francis-of-assisi-natures-mystic/2013/03/20/82619910-9166-11e2-bdea-e32ad90da239_story.html">"Francis of Assisi, nature's mystic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Francis+of+Assisi%2C+nature%27s+mystic&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft.aulast=Delio&rft.aufirst=Ilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fon-faith%2Ffrancis-of-assisi-natures-mystic%2F2013%2F03%2F20%2F82619910-9166-11e2-bdea-e32ad90da239_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Scripta Leonis, Rufini et Angeli Sociorum S. Francisci: The Writings of Leo, Rufino and Angelo Companions of St. Francis, original manuscript, 1246, compiled by Brother Leo and other companions (1970, 1990, reprinted with corrections), Oxford: Oxford University Press, edited by Rosalind B. Brooke, in Latin and English, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822214-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822214-9">0-19-822214-9</a>, containing testimony recorded by intimate, longtime companions of St. Francis.</li> <li>Francis of Assisi, <i>The Little Flowers (Fioretti)</i>, London, 2012. limovia.net <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78336-013-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78336-013-0">978-1-78336-013-0</a>.</li> <li>Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-343-0">978-0-89555-343-0</a>.</li> <li>Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). St. Francis of Assisi (14th ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books.</li> <li>Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble.</li> <li>Karrer, Otto, ed., St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck (London: <a href="/wiki/Sheed_and_Ward" title="Sheed and Ward">Sheed and Ward</a>, 1979).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolan2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_V._Tolan" title="John V. Tolan">Tolan, John V.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LKoSDAAAQBAJ"><i>Saint Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter</i></a>. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923972-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923972-6"><bdi>978-0-19-923972-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Francis+and+the+Sultan%3A+The+Curious+History+of+a+Christian-Muslim+Encounter&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923972-6&rft.aulast=Tolan&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLKoSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcocella2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Acocella, Joan (14 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/01/14/rich-man-poor-man">"Rich Man, Poor Man: The Radical Visions of St. Francis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. Vol. 88, no. 43. pp. 72–77<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Rich+Man%2C+Poor+Man%3A+The+Radical+Visions+of+St.+Francis&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=72-77&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.aulast=Acocella&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2013%2F01%2F14%2Frich-man-poor-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonaventure1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure, Saint Cardinal</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/ugolino/flowers.html"><i>Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi</i></a>. J.M. Dent; New York: E.P. Dutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Flowers+of+St.+Francis+of+Assisi&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent%3B+New+York%3A+E.P.+Dutton&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Bonaventure&rft.aufirst=Saint+Cardinal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fugolino%2Fflowers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2021" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Kathleen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KN6OzgEACAAJ"><i>Francis and Clare: The Struggles of the Saints of Assisi</i></a>. Lodwin Press, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1737549826" title="Special:BookSources/978-1737549826"><bdi>978-1737549826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+and+Clare%3A+The+Struggles+of+the+Saints+of+Assisi&rft.pub=Lodwin+Press%2C+New+York&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1737549826&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKN6OzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Little Flowers [Fioretti] of Saint Francis</i> (Translated by Raphael Brown), <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-07544-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-07544-2">978-0-385-07544-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Martin" title="Valerie Martin">Valerie Martin</a>, <i>Salvation: Scenes from the Life of St. Francis</i>, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40983-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40983-1">0-375-40983-1</a>.</li> <li>Giovanni Morello and Laurence B. Kanter, eds., <i>The Treasury of Saint Francis of Assisi</i>, Electa, Milan, 1999. Catalog of exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, March 16 – June 27, 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly1897" class="citation book cs1">O'Reilly, Bernard (1897). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Beautiful pearls of Catholic truth/Sayings of Brother Giles, one of the First Disciples of St. Francis of Assisi."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Beautiful_pearls_of_Catholic_truth/Sayings_of_Brother_Giles,_one_of_the_First_Disciples_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi.">"Sayings of Brother Giles, one of the First Disciples of St. Francis of Assisi." </a></span>. <i>Beautiful pearls of Catholic truth</i>. Henry Sphar & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sayings+of+Brother+Giles%2C+one+of+the+First+Disciples+of+St.+Francis+of+Assisi.&rft.btitle=Beautiful+pearls+of+Catholic+truth&rft.pub=Henry+Sphar+%26+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Paul Moses, <i>The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace</i>, New York: Doubleday, 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Spoto" title="Donald Spoto">Donald Spoto</a>, <i>Reluctant Saint: The Life of Francis of Assisi</i>, New York: Viking Compass, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03128-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03128-3">0-670-03128-3</a>.</li> <li>Augustine Thompson, O.P., <i>Francis of Assisi: A New Biography</i>, Cornell University Press, 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80145070-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80145070-9">978-0-80145070-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vauchez" title="André Vauchez">André Vauchez</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi:_The_Life_and_Afterlife_of_a_Medieval_Saint" title="Francis of Assisi: The Life and Afterlife of a Medieval Saint">Francis of Assisi: The Life and Afterlife of a Medieval Saint</a></i>, Yale University Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30017894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30017894-4">978-0-30017894-4</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Francis of Assisi</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Francis_of_Assisi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Francis of Assisi">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" class="extiw" title="c:Saint Francis of Assisi">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Francis_of_Assisi" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Francis of Assisi">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" class="extiw" title="q:Francis of Assisi">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Francis_of_Assisi" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Francis of Assisi">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Francis_of_Assisi" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Francis of Assisi">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Francis_of_Assisi" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Francis of Assisi">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676555" class="extiw" title="d:Q676555">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216793/Saint-Francis-of-Assisi">"St. Francis of Assisi"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/210/10/041.html">"St. Francis of Assisium, Confessor"</a>, <i>Butler's Lives of the Saints</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://franciscan-archive.org/">The Franciscan Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=50">St. Francis of Assisi – Catholic Saints & Angels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/francis.htm">Here Followeth the Life of St. Francis</a> from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Francis%20of%20Assisi-19/StFrancisofAssisi.htm">Colonnade Statue in St. Peter's Square</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Statues/Founders/FrancisofAssisi/Francis%20of%20Assisi.htm">Founder Statue in St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digilander.libero.it/raxdi/inglese/index6.htm">"The Poor Man of Assisi"</a>. <i>Invisible Monastery of charity and fraternity – Christian prayer group</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323111105/https://digilander.libero.it/raxdi/inglese/induf.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Invisible+Monastery+of+charity+and+fraternity+%E2%80%93+Christian+prayer+group&rft.atitle=The+Poor+Man+of+Assisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigilander.libero.it%2Fraxdi%2Finglese%2Findex6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+of+Assisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Assisi%2C%20Francis%20of%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Assisi%2C%20Francis%20o%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Assisi%2C%20F%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francis%20of%20Assisi%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francis%20o%2E%20Assisi%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22F%2E%20o%2E%20Assisi%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Assisi%2C%20Francis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francis%20Assisi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francis%20of%20Assisi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francis%20o%2E%20Assisi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20o%2E%20Assisi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20of%20Assisi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Assisi%2C%20Francis%20of%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Assisi%2C%20Francis%20o%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Assisi%2C%20F%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Assisi%2C%20F%2E%20of%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francis%20Assisi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Assisi%2C%20Francis%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francis%20of%20Assisi%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francis%20o%2E%20Assisi%22%20OR%20title%3A%22F%2E%20o%2E%20Assisi%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francis%20Assisi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francis%20of%20Assisi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francis%20o%2E%20Assisi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22F%2E%20o%2E%20Assisi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Assisi%2C%20Francis%20of%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Assisi%2C%20Francis%20o%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francis%20Assisi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Assisi%2C%20Francis%22%29%20OR%20%28%221182-1226%22%20AND%20Assisi%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Francis of Assisi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9777">Works by Francis of Assisi</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/exhibitions/saint-francis-of-assisi">Saint Francis of Assisi</a> Exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, London, May 6 – July 30, 2023. Review: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/online/2023/07/20/opulence-and-humility-saint-francis-of-assisi/">Julian Bell, "Opulence and Humility"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, August 17, 2023. Review: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wellesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Wellesley">Mary Wellesley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n15/mary-wellesley/at-the-national-gallery">"St Francis of Assisi"</a>, <i>London Review of Books</i>, 27 July 2023.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Francis_of_Assisi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Francis_of_Assisi" title="Template:Francis of Assisi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Francis_of_Assisi" title="Template talk:Francis of Assisi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Francis_of_Assisi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Francis of Assisi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Francis_of_Assisi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis of Assisi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">Custody of the Holy Land</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Order of Saint Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StFrancis_part.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/120px-StFrancis_part.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/180px-StFrancis_part.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/240px-StFrancis_part.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Works by Francis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Greccio" title="Sanctuary of Greccio">Sanctuary of Greccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene (live)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Francis_and_Catherine" title="Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine">Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Literature about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Flowers_of_St._Francis" title="Little Flowers of St. Francis">Little Flowers of St. Francis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Visual art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nativity_with_Saint_Francis_and_Saint_Lawrence" title="Nativity with Saint Francis and Saint Lawrence">Nativity with Saint Francis and Saint Lawrence</a></i> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_in_Meditation_(Caravaggio)" title="Saint Francis in Meditation (Caravaggio)">Saint Francis in Meditation</a></i> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_in_Prayer_(Caravaggio)" title="Saint Francis in Prayer (Caravaggio)">Saint Francis in Prayer</a></i> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy_(Caravaggio)" title="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (Caravaggio)">Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy</a></i> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(Giotto)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Giotto)">Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</a></i> (Giotto)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_(Nuno_Gon%C3%A7alves)" title="São Francisco (Nuno Gonçalves)">São Francisco</a></i> (Gonçalves)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_(Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n)" title="St Francis (Francisco de Zurbarán)">St Francis</a></i> (Zurbarán)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(van_Eyck)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (van Eyck)">Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</a></i> (van Eyck)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_in_Ecstasy_(Bellini)" title="St. Francis in Ecstasy (Bellini)">St. Francis in Ecstasy</a></i> (Bellini)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy_(El_Greco,_1600)" title="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (El Greco, 1600)">Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy</a></i> (studio of El Greco)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_in_Ecstasy_(Zurbar%C3%A1n)" title="St. Francis in Ecstasy (Zurbarán)">St. Francis in Ecstasy</a></i> (Zurbarán)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/All_Creatures_of_Our_God_and_King" title="All Creatures of Our God and King">All Creatures of Our God and King</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Canticle_of_the_Sun_(Sowerby)" title="The Canticle of the Sun (Sowerby)">The Canticle of the Sun</a></i> (Sowerby)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Laudi" title="Le Laudi">Le Laudi</a></i> (Suter oratorio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deux_l%C3%A9gendes_(Liszt)" title="Deux légendes (Liszt)"><i>Légende No. 1</i> (Liszt)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27_(oratorio)" title="Laudato si' (oratorio)">Laudato si'</a></i> (Reulein oratorio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quatre_petites_pri%C3%A8res_de_saint_Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="Quatre petites prières de saint François d'Assise">Quatre petites prières de saint François d'Assise</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nobilissima_Visione" title="Nobilissima Visione">Nobilissima Visione</a></i> (1938 ballet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="Saint François d'Assise">Saint François d'Assise</a></i> (1983 Messiaen opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samstag_aus_Licht" title="Samstag aus Licht">Samstag aus Licht</a></i> (1983 Stockhausen opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Frate_Sole" title="Frate Sole">Frate Sole</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flowers_of_St._Francis" title="The Flowers of St. Francis">The Flowers of St. Francis</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi_(film)" title="Francis of Assisi (film)">Francis of Assisi</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_di_Assisi" title="Francesco di Assisi">Francesco di Assisi</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brother_Sun,_Sister_Moon" title="Brother Sun, Sister Moon">Brother Sun, Sister Moon</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_(1989_film)" title="Francesco (1989 film)">Francesco</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_(film)" title="St. Francis (film)">St. Francis</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clare_and_Francis" title="Clare and Francis">Clare and Francis</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Saint_Francis" title="List of places named after Saint Francis">List of places named after Saint Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Foligno" title="Madonna of Foligno">Madonna of Foligno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_of_Gubbio" title="Wolf of Gubbio">Wolf of Gubbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced" title="Discalced">Discalced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Saint_Francis" title="Prayer of Saint Francis">Prayer of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Francis" title="Society of Saint Francis">Society of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sermon_of_St._Francis" title="The Sermon of St. Francis">The Sermon of St. Francis</a>" (poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pranchiyettan_%26_the_Saint" title="Pranchiyettan & the Saint">Pranchiyettan & the Saint</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franciscans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franciscans" title="Template:Franciscans"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Franciscans" title="Template talk:Franciscans"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Franciscans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Franciscans"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franciscans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Franciscans</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;"><div>Organisations founded or inspired by <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Saint Francis</span></b></a> (1181–1226)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Francis" title="Rule of Saint Francis">Rule of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Rule of Saint Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_cross" title="Tau cross">Tau Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Crown" title="Franciscan Crown">Franciscan Crown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_(Franciscans)" title="Custos (Franciscans)">Custos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">Custodian of the Holy Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_General_(Franciscan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister General (Franciscan)">Minister General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_general_of_the_Order_of_Friars_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers general of the Order of Friars Minor">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_piety" title="Mount of piety">Monte di Pietá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_missions_to_the_Maya" title="Franciscan missions to the Maya">Franciscan missions to the Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans_International" title="Franciscans International">Franciscans International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_spirituality_in_Protestantism" title="Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism">Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0.8em 0.9em 3em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PioM"><img alt="PioM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg/80px-FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg/120px-FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg/160px-FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;;width:1%">Orders<br />and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Order of Friars Minor Conventual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Order of Friars Minor Capuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Immaculate" title="Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate">Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Renewal" title="Franciscan Friars of the Renewal">Franciscan Friars of the Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capuchin_Poor_Clares" title="Capuchin Poor Clares">Capuchin Poor Clares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colettine_Poor_Clares" title="Colettine Poor Clares">Colettine Poor Clares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_and_Sisters_of_Penance_of_Saint_Francis" title="Brothers and Sisters of Penance of Saint Francis">Brothers and Sisters of Penance of Saint Francis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minims_(religious_order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minims (religious order)">Order of Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Immaculatae" title="Militia Immaculatae">Militia Immaculatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Minims_of_the_Perpetual_Help_of_Mary" title="Franciscan Minims of the Perpetual Help of Mary">Franciscan Minims of the Perpetual Help of Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Popes</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this 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title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676555#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676555#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676555#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/87832561">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29126/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/394726/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt8kddpMRyh8Xw9HfryVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118534963">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095603">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903378b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903378b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00521747">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Francesco : d'Assisi <santo>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV004349">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35099018">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210221&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000023022&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000036475">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=85044">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=44982">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199609171">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrttv6z03g5j89">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810585152505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17155">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261388405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000042433">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521516106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14393163">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01851375?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500349636">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6f0b6645-8570-4090-b79d-876b851d2755">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/826147">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="FRANCESCO d'Assisi, santo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/santo-francesco-d-assisi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118534963.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118534963">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02687234X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63h0vkw">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/26982">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30099180">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_of_Assisi&oldid=1257444099">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_of_Assisi&oldid=1257444099</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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