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<li id="toc-Predecessors_(1955–1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors_(1955–1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Predecessors (1955–1963)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors_(1955–1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_(1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_(1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Formation (1963)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_(1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bush_War/Second_Chimurenga_(1964–1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bush_War/Second_Chimurenga_(1964–1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bush War/Second Chimurenga (1964–1980)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bush_War/Second_Chimurenga_(1964–1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Mugabe_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Mugabe_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post-Mugabe transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Mugabe_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_redistribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_redistribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Land redistribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_redistribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organisation and structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation_and_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation and structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Congresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Assembly_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Assembly_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>National Assembly elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Assembly_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Senate elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ZANU–PF</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="ZANU–PF" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الاتحاد الوطني الإفريقي الزيمبابوي - الجبهة الوطنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد الوطني الإفريقي الزيمبابوي - الجبهة الوطنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanu-PF" title="Zanu-PF – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zanu-PF" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwsk%C3%A1_africk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_unie_%E2%80%93_Vlasteneck%C3%A1_fronta" title="Zimbabwská africká národní unie – Vlastenecká fronta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zimbabwská africká národní unie – Vlastenecká fronta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanu-PF" title="Zanu-PF – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zanu-PF" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Patriotic_Front" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ZANU–PF" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_Africana_de_Zimbabue_-_Frente_Patri%C3%B3tico" title="Unión Nacional Africana de Zimbabue - Frente Patriótico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión Nacional Africana de Zimbabue - Frente Patriótico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81" title="زانو-پی‌اف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زانو-پی‌اف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_nationale_africaine_du_Zimbabwe_%E2%80%93_Front_patriotique" title="Union nationale africaine du Zimbabwe – Front patriotique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union nationale africaine du Zimbabwe – Front patriotique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="ZANU–PF" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%90%EB%B0%94%EB%B8%8C%EC%9B%A8_%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1_%EC%97%B0%EB%A7%B9_-_%EC%95%A0%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A0" title="짐바브웨 아프리카 민족 연맹 - 애국 전선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="짐바브웨 아프리카 민족 연맹 - 애국 전선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="ZANU–PF" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ZANU–PF" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Nazionale_Africana_di_Zimbabwe_-_Fronte_Patriottico" title="Unione Nazionale Africana di Zimbabwe - Fronte Patriottico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione Nazionale Africana di Zimbabwe - Fronte Patriottico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatuan_Kebangsaan_Afrika_Zimbabwe_-_Barisan_Patriotik" title="Kesatuan Kebangsaan Afrika Zimbabwe - Barisan Patriotik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesatuan Kebangsaan Afrika Zimbabwe - Barisan Patriotik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwaanse_Afrikaanse_Nationale_Unie_%E2%80%93_Patriottisch_Front" title="Zimbabwaanse Afrikaanse Nationale Unie – Patriottisch Front – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zimbabwaanse Afrikaanse Nationale Unie – Patriottisch Front" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Patriotic_Front" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU-PF" title="ZANU-PF – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="ZANU-PF" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afryka%C5%84ski_Narodowy_Zwi%C4%85zek_Zimbabwe_%E2%80%93_Front_Patriotyczny" title="Afrykański Narodowy Związek Zimbabwe – Front Patriotyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afrykański Narodowy Związek Zimbabwe – Front Patriotyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_Africana_do_Zimbabwe_-_Frente_Patri%C3%B3tica" title="União Nacional Africana do Zimbabwe - Frente Patriótica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União Nacional Africana do Zimbabwe - Frente Patriótica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%E2%80%94_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Зимбабвийский африканский национальный союз — Патриотический фронт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зимбабвийский африканский национальный союз — Патриотический фронт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ZANU–PF" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B0_%E2%80%93_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Афрички национални савез Зимбабвеа – Патриотски фронт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Афрички национални савез Зимбабвеа – Патриотски фронт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="ZANU–PF" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU-PF" title="ZANU-PF – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ZANU-PF" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanu-PF" title="Zanu-PF – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zanu-PF" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve_Afrika_Ulusal_Birli%C4%9Fi_-_Vatansever_Cephe" title="Zimbabve Afrika Ulusal Birliği - Vatansever Cephe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zimbabve Afrika Ulusal Birliği - Vatansever Cephe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="ZANU–PF" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #008000; border-bottom:2px solid #008000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">ZANU–PF</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">First Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Second Secretaries</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Constantino_Chiwenga" title="Constantino Chiwenga">Constantino Chiwenga</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kembo_Mohadi" title="Kembo Mohadi">Kembo Mohadi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National Chairperson</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Oppah_Muchinguri" title="Oppah Muchinguri">Oppah Muchinguri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Enos_Nkala" title="Enos Nkala">Enos Nkala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Chitepo" title="Herbert Chitepo">Herbert Chitepo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ndabaningi_Sithole" title="Ndabaningi Sithole">Ndabaningi Sithole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Tekere" title="Edgar Tekere">Edgar Tekere</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8 August 1963<span class="noprint">; 61 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1963-08-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF_Building" title="ZANU–PF Building">ZANU–PF Building</a><br />Harare, Zimbabwe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">ZANU–PF Youth League</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_wing" title="Women's wing">Women's wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF_Women%27s_League" title="ZANU–PF Women's League">ZANU–PF Women's League</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2022 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3,900,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-whatis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-whatis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Big tent</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Regional affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Former_Liberation_Movements_of_Southern_Africa" title="Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa">Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<abbr title="previously">prev.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DC241f; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span><br />Green, yellow, red, black</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Assembly of Zimbabwe">National Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">192 / 280</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; width: 69%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Senate</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">33 / 80</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_ZANU-PF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_ZANU-PF.svg/220px-Flag_of_ZANU-PF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_ZANU-PF.svg/330px-Flag_of_ZANU-PF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_ZANU-PF.svg/440px-Flag_of_ZANU-PF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zanupf.org.zw/">www<wbr />.zanupf<wbr />.org<wbr />.zw</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #008000;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Politics of Zimbabwe">Politics of Zimbabwe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of political parties in Zimbabwe">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Zimbabwe" title="Elections in Zimbabwe">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front</b> (<b>ZANU–PF</b>) is a political organisation which has been the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">ruling party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> since independence in 1980. The party was led for many years by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>, first as prime minister with the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</a> (ZANU) and then as president from 1987 after the merger with the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</a> (ZAPU) and retaining the name ZANU–PF, until 2017, when he was removed as leader. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008">2008 parliamentary election</a>, the ZANU–PF lost sole control of parliament for the first time in party history and brokered a difficult power-sharing deal with the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a> (MDC). ZANU-PF then won the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_general_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean general election, 2013">2013 election</a>, gaining a two-thirds majority. The party narrowly held their super-majority in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2018 Zimbabwean general election">2018 election</a>. </p><p>On 19 November 2017, following <a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">a coup d'état</a>, ZANU–PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader, who resigned two days later, and appointed former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors_(1955–1963)"><span id="Predecessors_.281955.E2.80.931963.29"></span>Predecessors (1955–1963)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Predecessors (1955–1963)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first militant <a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalist</a> organisation in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> was the <a href="/wiki/City_Youth_League" title="City Youth League">City Youth League</a> (CYL), formed in the colony's capital, <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a>, in August 1955 by <a href="/wiki/James_Chikerema" title="James Chikerema">James Chikerema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunduzu_Chisiza" title="Dunduzu Chisiza">Dunduzu Chisiza</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Nyandoro" title="George Nyandoro">George Nyandoro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edson_Sithole" title="Edson Sithole">Edson Sithole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 September 1957, the CYL merged with the long-established but largely dormant Southern Rhodesia chapter of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_African_National_Congress" title="Southern Rhodesia African National Congress">Southern Rhodesia African National Congress</a> (SRANC).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new organisation adopted the CYL's principle of "<a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one man, one vote</a>" and elected <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a> as its president.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SRANC, which demanded African majority rule, gained substantial support across the country, but was banned by the Southern Rhodesian government in February 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, on 1 January 1960, the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Southern_Rhodesia)" title="National Democratic Party (Southern Rhodesia)">National Democratic Party</a> (NDP) was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NDP advocated a similarly militant platform, and was similarly banned in December 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same month, Nkomo formed the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</a>, which shared the same aims and tactics of its predecessor organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1962, amid growing unrest in Southern Rhodesia's major towns, ZAPU was banned and many of its leaders detained.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colony's Unlawful Organisations Act was also amended in an attempt to prevent ZAPU from being reconstituted with a different name.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_(1963)"><span id="Formation_.281963.29"></span>Formation (1963)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation (1963)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>African nationalist politics in Rhodesia in the 1960s were characterised by internal rivalries and disputes over strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divisions within ZAPU came to a head in April 1963 when Nkomo called a meeting of the party's executive in <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, where he had gone after ZAPU was banned in late 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main criticisms of Nkomo were directed against his initial support of Southern Rhodesia's <a href="/wiki/1961_Southern_Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum" title="1961 Southern Rhodesian constitutional referendum">1961 constitution</a> (a position he later reversed), his extensive foreign travel in pursuit of international support for the movement, and his handling of the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nkomo, he had received permission to form a government in exile, but by the time the rest of ZAPU's leadership arrived in Dar es Salaam, he had changed his mind and was opposed the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other accounts describe a split between Nkomo, who preferred an externally-based movement, and others—including <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Dumbutshena" title="Enoch Dumbutshena">Enoch Dumbutshena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ndabaningi_Sithole" title="Ndabaningi Sithole">Ndabaningi Sithole</a>—who favoured an internal struggle and pressured Nkomo to return to Rhodesia.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a> told the assembled ZAPU leaders that neither he nor other African heads of state supported the idea of a government in exile and that "victory" could only be achieved within Rhodesia.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ndabaningi_Sithole_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ndabaningi_Sithole_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ndabaningi_Sithole_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ndabaningi_Sithole_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ndabaningi_Sithole_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ndabaningi_Sithole_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ndabaningi_Sithole_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ndabaningi_Sithole" title="Ndabaningi Sithole">Ndabaningi Sithole</a>, ZANU's founding president, in 1955.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nkomo returned to Salisbury on 2 July 1963, after which a majority of the party executive that had remained in Dar es Salaam voted to remove him as president of ZAPU.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Nkomo suspended the various "rebels", including Sithole and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>, from the party.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to outmaneuver Nkomo within ZAPU, his opponents decided to create their own organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 August 1963, Sithole, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Chitepo" title="Herbert Chitepo">Herbert Chitepo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Takawira" title="Leopold Takawira">Leopold Takawira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Tekere" title="Edgar Tekere">Edgar Tekere</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Hamadziripi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Hamadziripi (page does not exist)">Henry Hamadziripi</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mukudzei_Midzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mukudzei Midzi (page does not exist)">Mukudzei Midzi</a> gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Highfield,_Harare" title="Highfield, Harare">Highfield</a> home of <a href="/wiki/Enos_Nkala" title="Enos Nkala">Enos Nkala</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</a> (ZANU).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:123_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:123-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to ZANU's formation, Nkomo called a mass meeting on 10 August 1963 at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cold_Comfort_Farm_(Rhodesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cold Comfort Farm (Rhodesia) (page does not exist)">Cold Comfort Farm</a>, a multiracial <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> outside Salisbury, where he formed a new organisation, the People's Caretaker Council (PCP), to replace ZAPU, which was still banned.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To preempt ZANU's growth, Nkomo took steps to solidify his hold on the masses, replacing ZAPU's existing centralised structure with a larger number of new, smaller branches.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ZAPU–ZANU split, most of Nkomo's longtime allies who had been with him since the SRANC's formation in 1957—including <a href="/wiki/Jason_Moyo" title="Jason Moyo">Jason Moyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Nyandoro" title="George Nyandoro">George Nyandoro</a>—stayed with ZAPU, while many nationalist leaders who had come to prominence in 1960 or later—like Sithole and Mugabe—joined the new party.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 August 1963, Sithole held ZANU's first press conference, telling reporters, "When the party came to power it would repeal the <a href="/wiki/Land_Apportionment_Act_of_1930" title="Land Apportionment Act of 1930">Land Apportionment Act</a>. It would also repeal the Land Husbandry Act and replace both by a new land redistribution law."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to land reform, Sithole pledged that "A <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a> would be entrenched in the constitution guaranteeing the rights and freedom of every citizen."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sithole told the reporters that ZANU was "nonracial" and would accommodate "people who share a common destiny and democratic rule by the majority, regardless of race, colour, creed, or tribe."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZANU's platform was quickly taken up by the press, and stood in contrast to ZAPU, which had not made public a comprehensive platform.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZAPU responded by attacking ZANU leaders' character and ideological bona fides.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost immediately following the split, violent clashes broke out between supporters of the rival parties in urban areas across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one ZANU meeting in August 1963 in Highfield, 200 supporters required the protection of Rhodesian police to hold their event, while a "milling pro-Nkomo mob of [a] thousand threatening death to the 'sellouts'" waited outside and stoned the cars of ZANU leaders Sithole and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Shamuyarira" title="Nathan Shamuyarira">Nathan Shamuyarira</a> as they left.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nkomo's support was even stronger in the African townships of <a href="/wiki/Mbare,_Harare" title="Mbare, Harare">Harare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mufakose" title="Mufakose">Mufakose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day after the meeting, Sithole "acknowledged [a] miscalculation of Nkomo's mass strength."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>, two houses were bombed with <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a>, and on 17 August, three policemen were injured by a stone-throwing mob of Nkomo supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 14 August, both Sithole and Nkomo were calling for an end the violence in the African press, to little effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nkomo blamed the violence on ZANU supporters, arguing that his followers were using "self-defence against a group of power-hungry people who have failed to gain public support."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sithole likewise claimed that his supporters were not the instigators, stating that he had "a group of well-disciplined officials who can control the youngsters."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite facing initial backlash, ZANU did gain a following, and found particularly strong support in the eastern districts around <a href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Fort Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Umtali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, ZAPU maintained an advantage in <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</a>, and in and around the capital, Salisbury.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though neither party's leaders belonged exclusively to one ethnic group, the division arguably had an ethnic component, with ZAPU finding disproportionate support among the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele people</a> and ZANU drawing its base largely from the <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to ZAPU, ZANU branded itself as taking a more confrontational approach to white-minority rule, while portraying Nkomo as weak, indecisive, and insufficiently revolutionary.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZANU messaging downplayed ethnicity as a factor in the divisions within the nationalist movement, instead highlighting strategic and ideological differences.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, Nkomo pointed to <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a> as the main cause of the ZAPU–ZANU split in his autobiography.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bush_War/Second_Chimurenga_(1964–1980)"><span id="Bush_War.2FSecond_Chimurenga_.281964.E2.80.931980.29"></span>Bush War/Second Chimurenga (1964–1980)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bush War/Second Chimurenga (1964–1980)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></div> <p>ZANU held its inaugural <a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">party congress</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mkoba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mkoba (page does not exist)">Mkoba</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Gweru" title="Gweru">Gwelo</a> from 21–23 May 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Ndabaningi Sithole was elected as the party's first president, Leopold Takawira as vice-president, Robert Mugabe as secretary-general, Herbert Chitepo as national chairman, and Enos Nkala as treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-:123_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:123-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his presidential address, Sithole told the congress that ZANU "stands for democracy, socialism, nationalism, one man/one vote, freedom, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanism</a>, non-racism, and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Patriotic Front (PF) was formed as a political and military alliance between ZAPU and ZANU during the war against white minority rule in <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (now called Zimbabwe). The PF included the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>-backed ZAPU, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a> and operated mainly from <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Chinese</a>-backed ZANU led by Robert Mugabe, which operated mainly from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. Both movements contributed to their respective military forces. ZAPU's military wing was known as the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army">Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army</a> (ZIPRA) and ZANU's guerrillas were known as the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Liberation_Army" title="Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army">Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army</a>. The objective of the PF was to overthrow the predominantly white minority government, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>, through political pressure and military force.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin&Johnson_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin&Johnson-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Their common goal was achieved in 1980, following the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a> of December 1979, when the United Kingdom granted independence to Zimbabwe following a brief period of direct British control. During the 1980 general election campaign, the PF parties competed separately as ZANU–Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF) and Patriotic Front–ZAPU (PF–ZAPU). The election was won by Mugabe and ZANU–PF, with Nkomo and his PF–ZAPU retaining a stronghold in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin&Johnson_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin&Johnson-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1981, agents of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> government bombed party headquarters, nearly killing many senior ZANU–PF leaders, including Robert Mugabe.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1987, after five years of the low-level civil war known as <a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a>, the opposition ZAPU, led by Nkomo, was absorbed through the Unity Accord with ZANU to form an official ZANU–PF.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1999 to 2017, Mugabe faced a major political challenge from the opposition <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(pre-2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change (pre-2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</a>. Mugabe won 56% at the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zimbabwe" title="President of Zimbabwe">presidential</a> elections of 9–11 March 2002. </p><p>At the December 2004 five-year conference, <a href="/wiki/Joice_Mujuru" title="Joice Mujuru">Joice Mujuru</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Zezuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Zezuru">Zezuru</a> <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> like Mugabe, and whose late-husband <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mujuru" title="Solomon Mujuru">Solomon Mujuru</a> was the retired head of the armed forces, was elevated to the post of vice president of the party (the first woman to hold that office) at the expense of contender <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> and his supporters; Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chinamasa" title="Patrick Chinamasa">Patrick Chinamasa</a> and Information Minister <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Moyo" title="Jonathan Moyo">Jonathan Moyo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_parliamentary_elections,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe parliamentary elections, 2005">2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections</a> were held on 31 March 2005. The party won 59.6% of the popular vote and 78 out of 120 elected seats. Later that year, 26 November, it won 43 of 50 elected senators. The parliamentary election was disputed as being unfair. The leader of the opposition MDC party said, "We are deeply disturbed by the fraudulent activities we have unearthed", and various human rights groups reported that hundreds of thousands of "ghost voters" had appeared on the electoral roll of 5.8 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008">2008 parliamentary election</a>, the ZANU–PF lost its majority in parliament for the first time since independence, and held 94 seats out of the expanded 210 seats, with Sokwanele stating that this figure would have been lower had it not been for gerrymandering, electoral fraud, and widespread intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Doek_met_afbeeldingen_van_Mugabe_TMnr_6369-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Doek_met_afbeeldingen_van_Mugabe_TMnr_6369-6.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Doek_met_afbeeldingen_van_Mugabe_TMnr_6369-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Doek_met_afbeeldingen_van_Mugabe_TMnr_6369-6.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Doek_met_afbeeldingen_van_Mugabe_TMnr_6369-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Doek_met_afbeeldingen_van_Mugabe_TMnr_6369-6.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Doek_met_afbeeldingen_van_Mugabe_TMnr_6369-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>ZANU–PF party regalia bearing the image of President <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2008 Zimbabwean general election">2008 general election</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_presidential_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008">2008 presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai">Morgan Tsvangirai</a>, the MDC candidate, received the most votes, but did not gain an absolute majority; thus a runoff was necessary. Initial results led to MDC-T claiming the required majority. However, ballots were recounted at a National Command Centre over a period of over a month without the presence of independent observers. The election process that followed was marred by more violence against and intimidation of voters and party workers. Morgan Tsvangirai initially stated he intended to contest the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_round_of_voting_at_the_2008_Zimbabwean_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second round of voting at the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election (page does not exist)">second round</a> but pulled out of the runoff saying a free and fair election was impossible in the current climate. The elections were held on 27 June with a single candidate, Robert Mugabe, who was re-elected. </p><p>Many blame ZANU–PF for neglecting to deal with Zimbabwe's problem with the mounting <a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" title="2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak</a>, which by the start of December 2008 had already killed between 500 and 3,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> facilitated, under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC), a Zimbabwean <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Government_of_National_Unity_of_2009" title="Zimbabwe Government of National Unity of 2009">Government of National Unity</a> between ZANU–PF, the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Mutambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara">Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Mugabe_transition">Post-Mugabe transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-Mugabe transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_Mugabe_with_Robert_Mugabe_2013-08-04_11-53.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grace_Mugabe_with_Robert_Mugabe_2013-08-04_11-53.jpeg/220px-Grace_Mugabe_with_Robert_Mugabe_2013-08-04_11-53.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grace_Mugabe_with_Robert_Mugabe_2013-08-04_11-53.jpeg/330px-Grace_Mugabe_with_Robert_Mugabe_2013-08-04_11-53.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grace_Mugabe_with_Robert_Mugabe_2013-08-04_11-53.jpeg/440px-Grace_Mugabe_with_Robert_Mugabe_2013-08-04_11-53.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3452" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Robert and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Mugabe" title="Grace Mugabe">Grace Mugabe</a> at a ZANU–PF rally in 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2014, a battle between Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joice_Mujuru" title="Joice Mujuru">Joice Mujuru</a> and Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Zimbabwe" title="First Lady of Zimbabwe">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Grace_Mugabe" title="Grace Mugabe">Grace Mugabe</a>, began over the succession to President <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>. An elective congress was scheduled for December 2014, in which ZANU–PF would elect members to fill vacancies in the central committee, politburo, and presidium, and most likely endorse the party's next candidate for president. This congress, which takes place every five years, is the most important elective organ for the party. </p><p>Although President Mugabe had not named a successor, <a href="/wiki/Joice_Mujuru" title="Joice Mujuru">Joice Mujuru</a> was seen by many as the most likely candidate. She had support from both the politburo and the population at large (demonstrated by the election of her loyalists to the youth league).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minister <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> was supported by a smaller group composed mainly of senior members of the security establishment, part of ZANU–PF's parliamentary caucus, younger party members, and a few influential parts of the Zimbabwean business community. He had been with Mugabe since Zimbabwe gained independence and was regarded by many as a successor who could maintain stability after Mugabe eventually left office.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mujuru lost the succession battle with Mnangagwa after being expelled from the party in 2015<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new power struggle began between Mnangagwa's faction (known as Team <a href="/wiki/Lacoste_(political_faction)" title="Lacoste (political faction)">Lacoste</a>) and Grace Mugabe's faction (known as <a href="/wiki/Generation_40" title="Generation 40">Generation 40</a> or G40) which had become violent by 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> was demoted from Minister of Justice following a cabinet reshuffle, soon after he publicly claimed that he was poisoned, in early-October 2017. On 15 November 2017, a military coup in Zimbabwe resulted in President Robert Mugabe being placed under house arrest and led to speculation over whether Grace Mugabe or Emmerson Mnangagwa would succeed him as leader of the party. Following the 2017 Zimbabwe coup, ZANU–PF voted to depose Robert Mugabe as party leader and install the banished Emmerson Mnangagwa as leader instead. Before the Zimbabwean parliament could vote to impeach Mugabe, he resigned from the presidency on 21 November 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mnangagwa was sworn in as the new President of the Republic of Zimbabwe on 24 November 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 September 2019, Robert Mugabe died of cancer (according to Mnangagwa) at the age of 95.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded as President by <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Zimbabwean_by-elections" title="2022 Zimbabwean by-elections">March 2022 by-elections</a>, ZANU–PF had a poor performance compared to the <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Coalition_for_Change" title="Citizens Coalition for Change">Citizens Coalition for Change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZANU–PF won the <a href="/wiki/2023_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2023 Zimbabwean general election">2023 Zimbabwean general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officially, ZANU–PF has a leftist ideology. The party maintains a <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="Politburo of ZANU–PF">Politburo</a> and a Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_redistribution">Land redistribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Land redistribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">Land reform in Zimbabwe</a></div> <p>Mugabe pursued a more <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing populist">left-wing populist</a> policy on the issue of land redistribution in 2000s, encouraging seizure of commercial farms—usually owned by Zimbabwe's white minority—"for the benefit of landless black majority".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inauguration speech of President Mnangagwa threw this program's support into question since he said that the "government is committed to work on a compensation plan for former land owners."<sup id="cite_ref-Nov25speech_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov25speech-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compulsory acquisition of commercial farmland without compensation was discontinued in early 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Cost_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cost-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Mnangagwa stated that "all foreign investments will be safe in Zimbabwe" and called for "increased production and capacity and new investment in the country."<sup id="cite_ref-Nov25speech_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nov25speech-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation_and_structure">Organisation and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organisation and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ZANU–PF constitution establishes a hierarchical party structure consisting of: (1) the National People's Congress, (2) the National People's Conference, (3) the Central Committee, (4) the National Consultative Assembly, (5) the National Assembly of the Women's League, (6) the National Assembly of the Youth League, (7) the provincial coordinating committees, (8) the provincial executive councils, (9) the district committees, (10) the branch committees, and (11) the cell/village committees.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current first secretary of ZANU–PF, reelected at the party's elective congress on 28 October 2022, is President <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other three members of the party's presidium, appointed by Mnangagwa on 29 October 2022, are Second Secretaries <a href="/wiki/Constantino_Chiwenga" title="Constantino Chiwenga">Constantino Chiwenga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kembo_Mohadi" title="Kembo Mohadi">Kembo Mohadi</a>, and National Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Oppah_Muchinguri" title="Oppah Muchinguri">Oppah Muchinguri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party maintains a <a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF_Women%27s_League" title="ZANU–PF Women's League">Women's League</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF_Youth_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZANU–PF Youth League (page does not exist)">Youth League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third wing, the War Veterans' League, was established in 2022 and held its inaugural conference on 9 September of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congresses">Congresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Congresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1st National People's Congress (December 1989)</li> <li>2nd National People's Congress (December 1994)</li> <li>3rd National People's Congress (December 1999)</li> <li>4th National People's Congress (December 2004)</li> <li>Extraordinary Congress (December 2007)</li> <li>5th National People's Congress (December 2009)</li> <li>6th National People's Congress (December 2014)</li> <li>Extraordinary Congress (12–17 December 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7th National People's Congress (December 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZANU-PF_Youth_League.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ZANU-PF_Youth_League.jpg/220px-ZANU-PF_Youth_League.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ZANU-PF_Youth_League.jpg/330px-ZANU-PF_Youth_League.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ZANU-PF_Youth_League.jpg/440px-ZANU-PF_Youth_League.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Delegates from Zimbabwe and the ZANU–PF Youth League dance at the closing of the <a href="/wiki/17th_World_Festival_of_Youth_and_Students" title="17th World Festival of Youth and Students">World Festival of Youth and Students</a> in Johannesburg, 2010.</figcaption></figure><p>ZANU–PF is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Liberation_Movements_of_Southern_Africa" title="Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa">Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa</a>, an association of six socialist political parties that were involved in the nationalist and <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialist">anti-colonialist</a> movements of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZANU–PF was previously affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> (SI), having sent representatives with guest status to the SI congresses in 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was present at the Socialist International Africa Committee meeting in <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, as recently as 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZANU–PF has not attended any SI congresses or meetings since, and Zimbabwe's then-leading opposition party, the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a>, joined the SI in 2008. The Socialist International has condemned the actions of Zimbabwe's ZANU–PF-dominated government and military.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th rowspan="2">Party candidate </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th rowspan="2">Result </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">First Round </th> <th colspan="2">Second Round </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1990_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="1990 Zimbabwean general election">1990</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> </td> <td>2,026,976 </td> <td>83.05% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="1996 Zimbabwean presidential election">1996</a> </td> <td>1,404,501 </td> <td>92.76% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="2002 Zimbabwean presidential election">2002</a> </td> <td>1,685,212 </td> <td>56.20% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2008 Zimbabwean general election">2008</a> </td> <td>1,079,730 </td> <td>43.24% </td> <td>2,150,269 </td> <td>90.22% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2013_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2013 Zimbabwean general election">2013</a> </td> <td>2,110,434 </td> <td>61.88% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2018 Zimbabwean general election">2018</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> </td> <td>2,460,463 </td> <td>51.44% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2023 Zimbabwean general election">2023</a> </td> <td>2,350,711 </td> <td>52.60% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Assembly_elections">National Assembly elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National Assembly elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Party leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1980 Southern Rhodesian general election">1980</a> </td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> </td> <td>1,668,992 </td> <td>62.99%<sup id="cite_ref-commonroll_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commonroll-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">57 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 57%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 57 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1985_Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election" title="1985 Zimbabwean parliamentary election">1985</a> </td> <td>2,233,320 </td> <td>77.19% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">64 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 64%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1990_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="1990 Zimbabwean general election">1990</a> </td> <td>1,690,071 </td> <td>80.55% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">117 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 98%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 53 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1995_Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election" title="1995 Zimbabwean parliamentary election">1995</a> </td> <td>1,143,349 </td> <td>81.38% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">118 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 98%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election" title="2000 Zimbabwean parliamentary election">2000</a> </td> <td>1,211,284 </td> <td>48.47% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">62 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 56 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2005_Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Zimbabwean parliamentary election">2005</a> </td> <td>1,569,867 </td> <td>59.59% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">78 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 65%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2008 Zimbabwean general election">2008</a> </td> <td>1,110,649 </td> <td>45.84% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">99 / 210</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">ZANU PF–<a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">MDC</a> coalition government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2013_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2013 Zimbabwean general election">2013</a> </td> <td>2,116,116 </td> <td>63.16% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">196 / 270</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 73%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 97 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2018 Zimbabwean general election">2018</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> </td> <td>2,477,708 </td> <td>52.35% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">179 / 270</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 66%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2023 Zimbabwean general election">2023</a> </td> <td>2,515,607 </td> <td>56.18% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">177 / 280</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 63%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_elections">Senate elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Senate elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Party leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2005_Zimbabwean_Senate_election" title="2005 Zimbabwean Senate election">2005</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> </td> <td>449,860 </td> <td>73.71% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 66</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 65%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 43 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Governing majority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2008 Zimbabwean general election">2008</a> </td> <td>1,101,931 </td> <td>45.79% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">57 / 93</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 61%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">ZANU PF–<a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">MDC</a> governing coalition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2013_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2013 Zimbabwean general election">2013</a> </td> <td>2,120,634 </td> <td>64.27% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">37 / 80</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 46%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 20 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background-color:#CCCCFF">Governing minority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2018 Zimbabwean general election">2018</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">34 / 80</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background-color:#CCCCFF">Governing minority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2023 Zimbabwean general election">2023</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">33 / 80</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background-color:#CCCCFF">Governing minority </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of political parties in Zimbabwe">List of political parties in Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of ruling political parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Politics of Zimbabwe">Politics of Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-commonroll-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-commonroll_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">63% of Common Roll votes. In the 1980 elections, two rolls of voters existed: the Common Role, which contained nonwhites and formed the vast majority of voters, and the White Roll, which contained white voters and formed a small minority of voters.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZANU%E2%80%93PF&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.herald.co.zw/president-takes-part-in-cell-day/">"The Herald - Breaking news"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Herald+-+Breaking+news.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.herald.co.zw%2Fpresident-takes-part-in-cell-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drinkwater-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater1991" class="citation book cs1">Drinkwater, Michael (1991). <i>The State and Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 93–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312053505" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312053505"><bdi>978-0312053505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+and+Agrarian+Change+in+Zimbabwe%27s+Communal+Areas&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=93-96&rft.pub=Palgrave-Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0312053505&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyambi2021" class="citation book cs1">Nyambi, Oliver (2021). <i>Cultures of Change in Contemporary Zimbabwe: Socio-Political Transition from Mugabe to Mnangagwa</i>. 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London: Frank Cass & Co. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-76100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-76100-6"><bdi>978-1-317-76100-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Rhodesia+to+Zimbabwe%3A+Behind+and+Beyond+Lancaster+House&rft.place=London&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Co.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-1-317-76100-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiaplAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarnecchia2021" class="citation book cs1">Scarnecchia, Timothy Lewis (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nM8EAAAQBAJ"><i>Race and Diplomacy in Zimbabwe: The Cold War and Decolonization, 1960–1984</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51179-4"><bdi>978-1-316-51179-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Diplomacy+in+Zimbabwe%3A+The+Cold+War+and+Decolonization%2C+1960%E2%80%931984&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=25-28&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-316-51179-4&rft.aulast=Scarnecchia&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0nM8EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMsipa2015" class="citation book cs1">Msipa, Cephas G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgJHEAAAQBAJ"><i>In Pursuit of Freedom and Justice: A Memoir</i></a>. Harare: Weaver Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77922-381-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77922-381-4"><bdi>978-1-77922-381-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Pursuit+of+Freedom+and+Justice%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=Harare&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Weaver+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-77922-381-4&rft.aulast=Msipa&rft.aufirst=Cephas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfgJHEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:123-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:123_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:123_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryMitchell1977" class="citation book cs1">Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana, eds. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colonialrelic.com/biographies/enos-mzombi-nkala/">"Enos Mzombi Nkala"</a>. <i>African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who</i>. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enos+Mzombi+Nkala&rft.btitle=African+Nationalist+Leaders+in+Rhodesia%3A+Who%27s+Who&rft.place=Bulawayo&rft.pub=Books+of+Rhodesia&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colonialrelic.com%2Fbiographies%2Fenos-mzombi-nkala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSithole1999" class="citation book cs1">Sithole, Masipula (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ov4wAQAAIAAJ"><i>Zimbabwe: Struggles Within the Struggle, 1957–1980</i></a>. Harare: Rujeko Publishers. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7974-1935-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7974-1935-3"><bdi>978-0-7974-1935-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+Struggles+Within+the+Struggle%2C+1957%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Harare&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Rujeko+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7974-1935-3&rft.aulast=Sithole&rft.aufirst=Masipula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dov4wAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarnecchia2008" class="citation book cs1">Scarnecchia, Timothy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCx_iT-yhm0C"><i>The Urban Roots of Democracy and Political Violence in Zimbabwe: Harare and Highfield, 1940–1964</i></a>. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. pp. 134–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-281-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-281-5"><bdi>978-1-58046-281-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Urban+Roots+of+Democracy+and+Political+Violence+in+Zimbabwe%3A+Harare+and+Highfield%2C+1940%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pages=134-137&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-281-5&rft.aulast=Scarnecchia&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZCx_iT-yhm0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/08/19/issue.html">"Political Violence Breaks Calm in Southern Rhodesia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 19 August 1963. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Political+Violence+Breaks+Calm+in+Southern+Rhodesia&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1963-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1963%2F08%2F19%2Fissue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdlovu-Gatsheni2013" class="citation book cs1">Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nr8LVY7WCQoC"><i>Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization</i></a>. Dakar: CODESRIA. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86978-578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86978-578-6"><bdi>978-2-86978-578-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coloniality+of+Power+in+Postcolonial+Africa%3A+Myths+of+Decolonization&rft.place=Dakar&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=CODESRIA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-86978-578-6&rft.aulast=Ndlovu-Gatsheni&rft.aufirst=Sabelo+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnr8LVY7WCQoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdlovu-Gatsheni2017" class="citation book cs1">Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J., ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=86MxDwAAQBAJ"><i>Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo of Zimbabwe: Politics, Power, and Memory</i></a>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-60555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-60555-5"><bdi>978-3-319-60555-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joshua+Mqabuko+Nkomo+of+Zimbabwe%3A+Politics%2C+Power%2C+and+Memory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-60555-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D86MxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/3e3421e709ddef2c3ff95eed6149d416">"Rhodesia ZANU Congress"</a>. <i>AP Television</i>. 21 May 1964<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+Television&rft.atitle=Rhodesia+ZANU+Congress&rft.date=1964-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aparchive.com%2Fmetadata%2Fyoutube%2F3e3421e709ddef2c3ff95eed6149d416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundaynews.co.zw/president-mnangangwas-early-days-political-career/">"President Mnangangwa's early days, political career"</a>. <i>The Sunday News</i>. 26 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+News&rft.atitle=President+Mnangangwa%27s+early+days%2C+political+career&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundaynews.co.zw%2Fpresident-mnangangwas-early-days-political-career%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanger1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ranger, Terence (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3172030">"Violence Variously Remembered: The Killing of Pieter Oberholzer in July 1964"</a>. <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>24</b>: 273–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3172030">10.2307/3172030</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172030">3172030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159673826">159673826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Violence+Variously+Remembered%3A+The+Killing+of+Pieter+Oberholzer+in+July+1964&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=273-286&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159673826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3172030%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3172030&rft.aulast=Ranger&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F3172030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZANU%E2%80%93PF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin&Johnson-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin&Johnson_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin&Johnson_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_DJohnson,_P.1981" class="citation book cs1">Martin, D & Johnson, P. 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title="List of political parties in Zimbabwe">Political parties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Parliament of Zimbabwe">Parliamentary</a> parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front</a> (ZANU–PF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Coalition_for_Change" title="Citizens Coalition for Change">Citizens Coalition for Change</a> (CCC)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/80px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/120px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/160px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Democrats_(Zimbabwe)" title="Coalition of Democrats (Zimbabwe)">Coalition of Democrats</a> (CODE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(Zimbabwe)" title="Liberal Democrats (Zimbabwe)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn" title="Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn">Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a> (MDC–T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthwakazi_Republic_Party" title="Mthwakazi Republic Party">Mthwakazi Republic Party</a> (MRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_Good_Governance" title="National Alliance for Good Governance">National Alliance for Good Governance</a> (NAGG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Patriotic_Front_(Zimbabwe)" title="National Patriotic Front (Zimbabwe)">National Patriotic Front</a> (NPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Mandebeleland" title="Patriotic Union of Mandebeleland">Patriotic Union of Mandebeleland</a> (PUMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Movement_for_Democratic_Change" title="United Movement for Democratic Change">United Movement for Democratic Change</a> (UMDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Zimbabwe)" title="United People's Party (Zimbabwe)">United People's Party</a> (UPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Parties" title="United Parties">United Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Ndonga" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga">Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga</a> (ZANU–Ndonga)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</a> (ZAPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union_%E2%80%93_Federal_Party" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union – Federal Party">Zimbabwe African People's Union – Federal Party</a> (ZAPU–FP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Development_Party" title="Zimbabwe Development Party">Zimbabwe Development Party</a> (ZDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_First_Party" title="Zimbabwe First Party">Zimbabwe First Party</a> (ZimFirst)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Labour_Party" title="Zimbabwe Labour Party">Zimbabwe Labour Party</a> (ZLP)</li> <li>Zimbabwe Youth in Alliance (ZYA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct Zimbabwean<br />parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Alliance_of_Zimbabwe" title="Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe">Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe</a> (CAZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Party" title="Forum Party">Forum Party of Zimbabwe</a> (FPZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(1999%E2%80%932005)" title="Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</a> (MDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_Alliance" title="Movement for Democratic Change Alliance">Movement for Democratic Change Alliance</a> (MDC-Alliance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Ncube" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Ncube">Movement for Democratic Change – Ncube</a> (MDC–N)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Zimbabwe)" title="Patriotic Front (Zimbabwe)">Patriotic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Zimbabwe)" title="People's Democratic Party (Zimbabwe)">People's Democratic Party</a> (PDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Front_(Zimbabwe)" title="Republican Front (Zimbabwe)">Republican Front</a> (RF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_African_National_Council" title="United African National Council">United African National Council</a> (UANC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</a> (ZANU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Unity_Movement" title="Zimbabwe Unity Movement">Zimbabwe Unity Movement</a> (ZUM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_United_People%27s_Organisation" title="Zimbabwe United People's Organisation">Zimbabwe United People's Organisation</a> (ZUPO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct Rhodesian<br />parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Party" title="Central Africa Party">Central Africa Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Rhodesia)" title="Centre Party (Rhodesia)">Centre Party</a> (CP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Youth_League" title="City Youth League">City Youth League</a> (CYL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Party" title="Confederate Party">Confederate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party" title="Dominion Party">Dominion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland)" title="Federal Party (Rhodesia and Nyasaland)">Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Southern_Rhodesia)" title="National Democratic Party (Southern Rhodesia)">National Democratic Party</a> (NDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Southern_Rhodesia)" title="Reform Party (Southern Rhodesia)">Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_Government_Association" title="Responsible Government Association">Responsible Government Association</a> (RGA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Action_Party" title="Rhodesian Action Party">Rhodesian Action Party</a> (RAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Front" title="Rhodesian Front">Rhodesian Front</a> (RF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Labour_Party" title="Rhodesia Labour Party">Rhodesia Labour Party</a> (RLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_National_Party" title="Rhodesia National Party">Rhodesia National Party</a> (RNP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_White_People%27s_Party" title="Rhodesian White People's Party">Rhodesian White People's Party</a> (RWPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_African_National_Congress" title="Southern Rhodesia African National Congress">Southern Rhodesia African National Congress</a> (SRANC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_Communist_Party" title="Southern Rhodesia Communist Party">Southern Rhodesia Communist Party</a> (SRCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_Liberal_Party" title="Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party">Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party</a> (SRLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Federal_Party" title="United Federal Party">United Federal Party</a> (UFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Federal_Party" title="United National Federal Party">United National Federal Party</a> (UNFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Rhodesia_Party" title="United Rhodesia Party">United Rhodesia Party</a> (URP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Banana" title="Canaan Banana">Canaan Banana</a> (ZANU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> (ZANU–PF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> (ZANU–PF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> (ZANU–PF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai">Morgan Tsvangirai</a> (MDC–T)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Chamisa" title="Nelson Chamisa">Nelson Chamisa</a> (MDC–T, CCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Arthur Mutambara</a> (MDC–M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</a> (UANC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a> (ZAPU, ZANU–PF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welshman_Ncube" title="Welshman Ncube">Welshman Ncube</a> (MDC–N)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndabaningi_Sithole" title="Ndabaningi Sithole">Ndabaningi Sithole</a> (ZANU, ZANU–Ndonga)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai">Morgan Tsvangirai</a> (MDC, MDC–T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a> (RF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Liberation_Army" title="Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army">ZANLA</a> (ZANU, ZANU–PF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army">ZIPRA</a> (ZAPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Zimbabwe" title="Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe">FROLIZI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Politics of Zimbabwe">Politics of Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_Liberation_Movements_of_Southern_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_Liberation_Movements" title="Template:Former Liberation Movements"><abbr title="View this 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Red_stylized_fist.svg/15px-Red_stylized_fist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Red_stylized_fist.svg/23px-Red_stylized_fist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Red_stylized_fist.svg/30px-Red_stylized_fist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="663" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Democratic_Party" title="Botswana Democratic Party">BDP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chama_Cha_Mapinduzi" title="Chama Cha Mapinduzi">CCM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO">FRELIMO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola"><img alt="Angola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fist.svg/15px-Fist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fist.svg/23px-Fist.svg.png 1.5x, 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