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Turtle</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle" title="The Phoenix and the Turtle – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="The Phoenix and the Turtle" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Phoenix_und_die_Turteltaube" title="Der Phoenix und die Turteltaube – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der Phoenix und die Turteltaube" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%88_%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ققنوس و قمری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ققنوس و قمری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Feniks_en_de_Toartel" title="De Feniks en de Toartel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="De Feniks en de Toartel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fenice_e_la_tortora" title="La fenice e la tortora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La fenice e la tortora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Poem by William Shakespeare</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loves_Martyr_TP_1601.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Loves_Martyr_TP_1601.png/220px-Loves_Martyr_TP_1601.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Loves_Martyr_TP_1601.png/330px-Loves_Martyr_TP_1601.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Loves_Martyr_TP_1601.png/440px-Loves_Martyr_TP_1601.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Shakespeare's poem <i>The Phoenix and the Turtle</i> was first published in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Chester_(poet)" title="Robert Chester (poet)">Robert Chester's</a> <i>Loves Martyr</i> (1601)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>The Phoenix and the Turtle</b></i> (also spelled <i><b>The Phœnix and the Turtle</b></i>) is an allegorical poem by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, first published in 1601 as a supplement to a longer work, <i>Love's Martyr</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Chester_(poet)" title="Robert Chester (poet)">Robert Chester</a>. The poem, which has been called "the first great published <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">metaphysical poem</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has many conflicting interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title "The Phoenix and the Turtle" is a conventional label. As published, the poem was untitled. The title names two birds: the mythological <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_turtle_dove" title="European turtle dove">turtle dove</a>. </p><p>The 67-line poem describes a funeral arranged for the deceased Phoenix and Turtledove, to which some birds are invited, but others excluded. The Phoenix and Turtledove are emblems of perfection and of devoted love, respectively. The traditional attribute of the Phoenix is that when it dies, it returns to life, rising from the ashes of its prior incarnation; the Turtledove, by contrast, is mortal. The poem states that the love of the birds created a perfect unity which transcended all logic and material fact. It concludes with a prayer for the dead lovers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Phoenix and the Turtle</i> was first published in 1601, as part of a collection of poems by different authors, including <a href="/wiki/John_Marston_(playwright)" title="John Marston (playwright)">John Marston</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>, which was appended as a supplement to <i>Love's Martyr</i>, a long poem by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Chester_(poet)" title="Robert Chester (poet)">Robert Chester</a> printed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Field_(printer)" title="Richard Field (printer)"> Richard Field</a> for the London bookseller <a href="/wiki/Edward_Blount" title="Edward Blount">Edward Blount</a>. The unused sheets of the first <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a> were subsequently acquired by another publisher, Matthew Lownes, and reissued in 1611 under a different title, <i>The Annuals of Great Britain</i>. The poem did not appear in print again until 1640, when it was included in <a href="/wiki/John_Benson_(publisher)" title="John Benson (publisher)">John Benson</a>'s collected edition of Shakespeare's poems, <i>Poems Written by Wil. Shake-speare, Gent.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Prince_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prince-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg/220px-Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg/330px-Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg/440px-Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>A dying-and-reborn phoenix, depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary" title="Aberdeen Bestiary">Aberdeen Bestiary</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Chester_(poet)" title="Robert Chester (poet)">Robert Chester (poet)</a></div> <p>The title page of the original edition of Chester's <i>Love's Martyr</i> explains its content: </p> <blockquote> <p><i>Love's Martyr: or Rosalins Complaint. Allegorically shadowing the truth of Loue, in the constant Fate of the Phoenix and Turtle. A Poeme enterlaced with much varietie and raritie; now first translated out of the venerable Italian Torquato Caeliano, by Robert Chester. With the true legend of famous King Arthur the last of the nine Worthies, being the first Essay of a new Brytish Poet: collected out of diuerse Authenticall Records. To these are added some new compositions of seuerall moderne Writers whose names are subscribed to their seuerall workes, vpon the first subiect viz. the Phoenix and Turtle.</i> </p> </blockquote> <p>Chester prefaced his poem with a short dedication addressed to the Phoenix and Turtledove. The Phoenix is envisaged as female and the dove as male: </p> <dl><dd>Phoenix of beautie, beauteous, Bird of any</dd> <dd>To thee I do entitle all my labour,</dd> <dd>More precious in mine eye by far then many</dd> <dd>That feedst all earthly sences with thy savour:</dd> <dd>Accept my home-writ praises of thy love,</dd> <dd>And kind acceptance of thy Turtle-dove</dd></dl> <p>Chester's main poem is a long allegory in which the relationship between the birds is explored, and its symbolism articulated. It incorporates the story of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, and a history of ancient Britain, emphasising Welsh etymologies for British towns. It culminates with the joint immolation of the Phoenix and Turtledove, giving birth to a new and more beautiful bird from the ashes. It also includes several allegorical love poems within it, supposed to have been written by the Turtledove to the Phoenix. </p><p>It is followed by a brief collection of "Diverse Poeticall Essaies" by the "best and chiefest of our moderne writers, with their names sub-scribed to their particular workes". These include, in addition to Shakespeare, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Marston_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marston (poet)">John Marston</a> and the anonymous "Vatum Chorus" and "Ignoto". All the poems use the same imagery. The series is introduced by Vatum Chorus and Ignoto, followed by Shakespeare's <i>The Phoenix and the Turtle</i>, which ends with mourning for the death of the perfect lovers, "leaving no posterity". Marston then seems to reply to Shakespeare's "moving epicedium", by referring to the couple's "glorious issue": the being born from the flames. Chapman adds more detail on the relationship, saying that the Phoenix provided every variety of life to the Turtle, "She was to him the Analysed World of pleasure, / Her firmness cloth'd him in variety". Jonson ends with an idealisation of the Phoenix, whose judgment shines as "Clear as a naked Vestal, / Closed in an orb of Crystal." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth1_Phoenix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Elizabeth1_Phoenix.jpg/220px-Elizabeth1_Phoenix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Elizabeth1_Phoenix.jpg/330px-Elizabeth1_Phoenix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Elizabeth1_Phoenix.jpg/440px-Elizabeth1_Phoenix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Phoenix portrait</i> of Queen Elizabeth, in which she wears her personal badge of the phoenix.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Phoenix and the Turtle</i> is interpreted as an allegory of an ideal marriage. In addition the poem can be seen as an elucidation of the relationship between truth and beauty, or of fulfilled love, in the context of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Neoplatonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Neoplatonism">Renaissance Neoplatonism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of a symbolic perfect love between two very different beings, one immortal and one mortal, may be associated with the Christian doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>, as suggested in the lines "So they lov'd, as love in twain/ Had the essence but in one;/Two distincts, division none." The poem also suggests the confluence of three other lines of medieval Catholic tradition: the literary traditions of mystical union, spiritual friendship, and spiritual marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shakespeare introduces a number of other birds, drawing on earlier literature about the "<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Foules" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Foules">parliament of birds</a>", to portray the death of the lovers as the loss of an ideal that can only be lamented. </p><p>Several attempts have been made to link the lovers of the poem to historical individuals, though others have argued that the poem should not be interpreted with "appliqué literalism", in the words of James P. Bednarz.<sup id="cite_ref-jam_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exponents of the <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Empson" title="William Empson">William Empson</a> emphasised the unresolvable nature of the text's ambiguities.<sup id="cite_ref-jam_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helen Hackett argues that the poem "incites deciphering, but at the same time firmly rebuffs it."<sup id="cite_ref-hel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more prominent attempted decodings of the allegory with reference to real individuals are listed below: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_and_Ursula_Salusbury">John and Ursula Salusbury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: John and Ursula Salusbury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because Chester dedicated the main poem to the Welsh statesman <a href="/wiki/John_Salusbury_(poet)" title="John Salusbury (poet)">Sir John Salusbury</a> and his wife Ursula Stanley, it has been argued that all the poems in the collection, including Shakespeare's, also celebrate the couple. Salusbury was a courtier at the court of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>, and was a member of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Salusbury_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Salusbury Family">Salusbury Family</a> of Wales. His wife Ursula was the illegitimate daughter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanley,_4th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby">Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby</a>. A difficulty with this view is the fact that the couple are known to have had ten children, but the poem refers to the relationship as a childless "married chastity". This is commented on elsewhere in the collection by <a href="/wiki/John_Marston_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marston (poet)">John Marston</a>, and all the poems in the collection emphasise the chaste and spiritual nature of the relationship, the couple's only child being the mysterious being born from their bodily deaths. The identification of the Salusburys as the subject was first argued in detail by Carleton Brown in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown tried to resolve the problem by arguing that it was written after the birth of the couple's first child, but not published until many years later. Later writers have sometimes argued that while Chester's <i>Love's Martyr</i> may be intended to celebrate the couple, Shakespeare's own poem does not. John Klause suggests that the "death" implied in Chester's work is symbolic of marriage and "sexual surrender", but in Shakespeare's poem death is literal.<sup id="cite_ref-john_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/G._Wilson_Knight" title="G. Wilson Knight">G. Wilson Knight</a> suggested that the poem celebrates chaste love because it is about Salusbury's devotion to his sister, for whom Salusbury himself had written a poem.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen_Elizabeth">Queen Elizabeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Queen Elizabeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElixabethPhoenixJewel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ElixabethPhoenixJewel.jpg/220px-ElixabethPhoenixJewel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/ElixabethPhoenixJewel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth's Phoenix jewel from the Phoenix portrait</figcaption></figure><p>An alternative is to interpret the Turtle as John Salusbury and the Phoenix as <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>, which would explain the chastity of the relationship and the implication that their "child" is something mystical rather than physical. Elizabeth was often connected to the phoenix, and she is referred to as the "maiden phoenix" in the play <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII</a></i>, partly written by Shakespeare (though the "maiden phoenix" passage is typically attributed to <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_(playwright)" title="John Fletcher (playwright)">John Fletcher</a>). Two panel portraits attributed to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a> are known as the "Phoenix" and "Pelican" portraits because of jewels the queen wears: her personal badges of the pelican and the phoenix. Both birds appear in Chester's main poem. An objection is that the intimacy between the lovers seems rather too strong for Salusbury and the queen.<sup id="cite_ref-jam_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Duncan-Jones" title="Katherine Duncan-Jones">Katherine Duncan-Jones</a> and Henry Woudhuysen adopt a variation of the view that the poem refers to Salusbury and the queen, arguing that the "session" mentioned in the poem is the 1601 parliament, in which Elizabeth made a famous speech about the symbolic relationship between herself and her people, sometimes referred to as her <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I%27s_Farewell_Speech" class="extiw" title="s:Elizabeth I's Farewell Speech">Farewell Speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They draw on the earlier work of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Axton" title="Marie Axton">Marie Axton</a>, who argued that Elizabeth herself is both birds, in her monarchical and human aspects, but that the human aspect (the Turtle) also includes the body of the people as a whole. Duncan-Jones and Woudhuysen suggest that Salusbury represents the people. </p><p>Some scholars interpret the child of the phoenix as a reference to Elizabeth's heir, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI of Scotland</a>. This imagery was used in 1604, when James arrived in London, but this would have been problematic in 1601, when Elizabeth was still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-jam_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory that both Chester's and Shakespeare's poems were intended to refer to the relationship between Elizabeth and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_Earl_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex</a> was first proposed by A.B. Grosart in 1878, and was revived by William Matchett in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many authors who reject the identification of the lovers as Essex and Elizabeth nevertheless argue that the events of Essex's rebellion and execution in early 1601 may lie behind some of the more obscure symbolism in the poem and the others in the collection.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir John Salusbury had been knighted for helping to suppress the rebellion, while his cousin Owen Salusbury was killed while participating in it. Sir John's brother, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Salisbury" title="Thomas Salisbury">Thomas Salusbury</a>, had been executed after the earlier <a href="/wiki/Babington_Plot" title="Babington Plot">Babington Plot</a> against Elizabeth. Duncan-Jones and Woudhuysen argue that Salusbury was "love's martyr" for putting devotion to his queen above his family.<sup id="cite_ref-hel_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Peter Ackroyd</a> and James P. Bednarz both argue that Shakespeare may have written the poem to dissociate himself from Essex, with whom he was implicated because of his links to Essex's main ally the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wriothesley,_3rd_Earl_of_Southampton" title="Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton">Earl of Southampton</a>, and because his play about the overthrow of a monarch, <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a></i>, had been performed at the request of the rebels. For Bednarz "Shakespeare's name, subscribed to his poem in <i>Love's Martyr</i> shows his accommodation to the political order without endorsing any specific political position."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_martyrs">Catholic martyrs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Catholic martyrs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another interpretation, first proffered in the 1930s by Clara Longworth in the novel <i>My Shakespeare, Rise!</i> is that the poem is a cryptic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogy</a> and is part of the contention that <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare's religion">Shakespeare was a secret Catholic sympathiser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clara_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clara-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Prayers_for_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayers for the dead">prayers for the dead</a> ("these dead birds") in the final line of the poem corroborates this interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several critics, including <a href="/wiki/Clare_Asquith" title="Clare Asquith">Clare Asquith</a> and David Beauregard, have noted that the poem ostensibly references <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a> and possibly the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a> and poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southwell_(Jesuit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Southwell (Jesuit)">Rev. Robert Southwell, SJ</a>, who translated the Latin hymn <i><a href="/wiki/Lauda_Sion" title="Lauda Sion">Lauda Sion</a></i> and also authored a poem praising the married chastity of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mary">Saint Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-john_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Klause argued that the poem has various parallels to the <i><a href="/wiki/Dies_Irae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies Irae">Dies Irae</a></i> of the Liturgy for the Dead, but suggests that its Catholic imagery satirises conventional Protestant attitudes expressed in Chester's poem, and that it is a subtle protest against the lauding of <a href="/wiki/John_Salusbury_(poet)" title="John Salusbury (poet)">Sir John Salusbury</a>, whose imagined death he supposes the poem celebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-john_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of the Catholic interpretation have suggested various identities for the poem's birds, but the interpretation that has the most traction is that the phoenix commemorates <a href="/wiki/St._Anne_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anne Line">St. Anne Line</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> executed at <a href="/wiki/Tyburn" title="Tyburn">Tyburn</a> in 1601 and subsequently canonised by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St._Anne_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anne Line">St. Anne Line</a> and her young husband Roger were separated when he was imprisoned and then exiled after being arrested at a prohibited <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>. He died on the European continent a few years later and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Line" title="Anne Line">St. Anne</a> began working for the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. She was arrested at a <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> liturgy and convicted of harbouring a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a>, which led to her execution. Her body was retrieved from the common grave in the road and one of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> who knew her hinted that a secret <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">requiem Mass</a> was later offered for her.<sup id="cite_ref-dod_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dod-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was suggested that this <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">requiem Mass</a> provided the setting for Shakespeare's poem. The identification was corroborated by the belief that, like Shakespeare's couple, the Lines had no children. However, it has been proven since that they had a son named "John", whom relatives adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clara Longworth first suggested that <a href="/wiki/St._Anne_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anne Line">St. Anne Line</a> is Shakespeare's phoenix and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Barkworth" title="Mark Barkworth">Mark Barkworth</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a> who reportedly embraced her body as it hung on the scaffold before he was also executed, is the turtle.<sup id="cite_ref-clara_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clara-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">John Finnis</a> and Patrick Martin argued more recently that <a href="/wiki/St._Anne_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anne Line">St. Anne Line</a> is the phoenix and her husband Roger is the turtle.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They concur with <a href="/wiki/Clare_Asquith" title="Clare Asquith">Clare Asquith</a> that the "bird of loudest lay" represents the composer <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>, who was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> convert, and that the crow is the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Garnet" title="Henry Garnet">Rev. Henry Garnet, SJ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin Dodwell argued further that Shakespeare used <a href="/wiki/Anne_Line" title="Anne Line">St. Anne</a> and Roger Line to symbolise the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> itself, as disinherited and rejected by <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dod_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dod-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James P. Bednarz in Cheney, Patrick Gerard <i>The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's Poetry</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Anthology of Literature of Renaissance England</i>, J. Holander, F. Kermode (eds), OUP, 1973, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prince-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prince_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare1960" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, William (1960). Prince, F. T. (ed.). <i>The Poems</i>. London: Methuen. pp. <span class="nowrap">xxiii–</span>xxiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poems&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxiii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxiv&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zezmer, D.M., <i>Guide to Shakespeare</i>, 1976, New York, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauregard2011" class="citation journal cs1">Beauregard, David (2011). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Mutual Flame of Love': Spiritual Marriage in Shakespeare's <i>The Phoenix and Turtle</i>". <i>Religion and the Arts</i>. <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852911X547501">10.1163/156852911X547501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=%27The+Mutual+Flame+of+Love%27%3A+Spiritual+Marriage+in+Shakespeare%27s+The+Phoenix+and+Turtle&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852911X547501&rft.aulast=Beauregard&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jam-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jam_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jam_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jam_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jam_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James P. Bednarz, <i>Shakespeare and the Truth of Love: The Mystery of 'The Phoenix and Turtle'</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hel-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hel_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hel_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Helen Hackett, <i>Shakespeare and Elizabeth: The Meeting of Two Myths</i>, Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Poems by Sir John Salusbury and Robert Chester</i> by Carleton Brown.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-john-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-john_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-john_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-john_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Klause, "The Phoenix and the Turtle in its Time", in Gwynne Blakemore Evans (ed), <i>In the Company of Shakespeare: Essays on English Renaissance Literature</i>, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 2002, pp. 206–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Empson, <i>Essays on Shakespeare</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duncan-Jones and Woudhuyson, <i>Shakespeare's Poems</i>, Arden Shakespeare, Cengage Learning EMEA, 2007, p.421ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1966" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison, Thomas P. (1966). "<i>The Phoenix and the Turtle: Shakespeare's Poem and Chester's Loues Martyr</i> reviewed by William H. Matchett". <i>Modern Philology</i>. <b>64</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F389840">10.1086/389840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle%3A+Shakespeare%27s+Poem+and+Chester%27s+Loues+Martyr+reviewed+by+William+H.+Matchett&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F389840&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Finnis and Patrick Martin, "Another turn for the Turtle", <i>The Times Literary Supplement</i>, 18 April 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James P. Bednarz, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clara-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clara_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clara_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Longworth, Clara, <i>My Shakespeare, Rise!</i>, London: 1935.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Beauregard, pp. 141–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the discussion in <i>Shakespeare's Poems</i> in <i>Arden Shakespeare Series</i>, 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dod-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dod_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dod_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Dodwell, <i>Anne Line: Shakespeare's Tragic Muse</i> (Brighton: The Book Guild, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine J. Kelly, "Anne Line [St Anne Line] (d. 1601)”, ODNB, online edition, January 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/69035">http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/69035</a>, accessed 3 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Times Literary Supplement</i>, 18 April 2003, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asquith, Clare, <i>Shakespeare Newsletter</i>, 50, 2001.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillham1992" class="citation journal cs1">Gillham, Christiane (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connotations.de/article/christiane-gillham-single-natures-double-name-some-comments-on-the-phoenix-and-turtle/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Single Nature's Double Name': Some Comments on <i>The Phoenix and Turtle</i>"</a>. <i>Connotations</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">126–</span>136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connotations&rft.atitle=%27Single+Nature%27s+Double+Name%27%3A+Some+Comments+on+The+Phoenix+and+Turtle&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Gillham&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connotations.de%2Farticle%2Fchristiane-gillham-single-natures-double-name-some-comments-on-the-phoenix-and-turtle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillham1993–1994" class="citation journal cs1">Gillham, Christiane (1993–1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connotations.de/article/christiane-gillham-single-natures-double-name-a-reply-to-peter-milward-and-james-h-sims/">"Single Natures–Double Name: A Reply to Peter Milward and James H. Sims"</a>. <i>Connotations</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connotations&rft.atitle=Single+Natures%E2%80%93Double+Name%3A+A+Reply+to+Peter+Milward+and+James+H.+Sims&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=1993%2F1994&rft.aulast=Gillham&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connotations.de%2Farticle%2Fchristiane-gillham-single-natures-double-name-a-reply-to-peter-milward-and-james-h-sims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerrigan2013a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kerrigan, John (2013a). "Reading 'The Phoenix and Turtle'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Post, Jonathan (ed.). <i>Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare's Poetry</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">540–</span>559. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198778011" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198778011"><bdi>978-0198778011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+%27The+Phoenix+and+Turtle%27&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Shakespeare%27s+Poetry&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E540-%3C%2Fspan%3E559&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0198778011&rft.aulast=Kerrigan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerrigan2013b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kerrigan, John (2013b). "Shakespeare, Elegy and Epitaph: 1557–1640". In Post, Jonathan (ed.). <i>Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare's Poetry</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">225–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198778011" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198778011"><bdi>978-0198778011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shakespeare%2C+Elegy+and+Epitaph%3A+1557%E2%80%931640&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Shakespeare%27s+Poetry&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0198778011&rft.aulast=Kerrigan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilward1993–1994" class="citation journal cs1">Milward, Peter (1993–1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connotations.de/article/peter-milward-double-natures-single-name-a-response-to-christiane-gillham/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Double Nature's Single Name': A Response to Christiane Gillham"</a>. <i>Connotations</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connotations&rft.atitle=%27Double+Nature%27s+Single+Name%27%3A+A+Response+to+Christiane+Gillham&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1993%2F1994&rft.aulast=Milward&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connotations.de%2Farticle%2Fpeter-milward-double-natures-single-name-a-response-to-christiane-gillham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare, William</a> (28 September 2007). Duncan-Jones, Katherine; Woudhuyson, H.R. (eds.). <i>Shakespeare's Poems</i>. Arden Shakespeare (published 2007). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903436868" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903436868"><bdi>978-1903436868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+Poems&rft.pub=Arden+Shakespeare&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft.isbn=978-1903436868&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims1993–1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sims, James H. (1993–1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connotations.de/article/james-h-sims-shakespeares-the-phoenix-and-the-turtle-a-reconsideration-of-single-natures-double-name/">"Shakespeare's 'The Phoenix and the Turtle': A Reconsideration of 'Single Natures Double Name'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Connotations</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connotations&rft.atitle=Shakespeare%27s+%27The+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle%27%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+%27Single+Natures+Double+Name%27&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=1993%2F1994&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connotations.de%2Farticle%2Fjames-h-sims-shakespeares-the-phoenix-and-the-turtle-a-reconsideration-of-single-natures-double-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraumann1977" class="citation journal cs1">Straumann, Heinrich (1977). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The phoenix and the turtle' in its dramatic context". <i>English Studies</i>. <b>58</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">494–</span>500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00138387708597857">10.1080/00138387708597857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Studies&rft.atitle=%27The+phoenix+and+the+turtle%27+in+its+dramatic+context&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E494-%3C%2Fspan%3E500&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00138387708597857&rft.aulast=Straumann&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/s/2wi0jk">Facsimile of the first quarto of <i>Love's martyr</i> (1601)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertchesterslo00ches">Edition of <i>Love's Martyr</i> by A. B. Grosart (1878)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/1525">The Phoenix and the Turtle</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/The Phoenix and the Turtle">The Phoenix and the Turtle</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letTheBirdOfLoudestLayByWilliamShakes-speare">Public domain recording of <i>The Phoenix and the Turtle</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Phoenix+and+the+Turtle&author=Shakespeare&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Phoenix and the Turtle</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329031401/http://phoenixandturtle.net/bibliography.htm">Partial bibliography</a> for Clifford Stetner, <i>Shakespeare's "Shrieking Harbinger": Seasonal Pattern, Genre, and the Shapes of Time in the "First Folio" and "The Phoenix and the Turtle"</i> (Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York, 2008).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Shakespeare444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">Plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Comedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well" title="All's Well That Ends Well">All's Well That Ends Well</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It" title="As You Like It">As You Like It</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_of_Errors" title="The Comedy of Errors">The Comedy of Errors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymbeline" title="Cymbeline">Cymbeline</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" title="Love's Labour's Lost">Love's Labour's Lost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Measure_for_Measure" title="Measure for Measure">Measure for Measure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Much Ado About Nothing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Prince_of_Tyre" title="Pericles, Prince of Tyre">Pericles, Prince of Tyre</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew" title="The Taming of the Shrew">The Taming of the Shrew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Gentlemen_of_Verona" title="The Two Gentlemen of Verona">The Two Gentlemen of Verona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Noble_Kinsmen" title="The Two Noble Kinsmen">The Two Noble Kinsmen</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" title="The Winter's Tale">The Winter's Tale</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_tragedy" title="Shakespearean tragedy">Tragedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus" title="Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Athens" title="Timon of Athens">Timon of Athens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_history" title="Shakespearean history">Histories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/King_John_(play)" title="King John (play)">King John</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_(play)" title="Edward III (play)">Edward III</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_King_Richard_the_Third" title="The Tragedy of King Richard the Third">The Tragedy of King Richard the Third</a></i></li> <li><i>Henry IV</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_2" title="Henry IV, Part 2">2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_(play)" title="Henry VI (play)">Henry VI</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1" title="Henry VI, Part 1">1</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2" title="Henry VI, Part 2">2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">3</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII</a></i> ✻</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_texts_of_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Early texts of Shakespeare's works">Early editions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespeare_plays_in_quarto" title="List of Shakespeare plays in quarto">Quarto publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Folio" title="Second Folio">Second Folio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_problem_play" title="Shakespearean problem play">Problem plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_late_romances" title="Shakespeare's late romances">Late romances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriad" title="Henriad">Henriad</a></li> <li>Characters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(A%E2%80%93K)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (A–K)">A–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(L%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (L–Z)">L–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_character" title="Ghost character">Ghost character</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Chronology of Shakespeare's plays">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance" title="Shakespeare in performance">Performances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_settings" title="List of Shakespearean settings">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_scenes" title="List of Shakespearean scenes">Scenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chandos_portrait" title="Chandos portrait"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/75px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/113px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/150px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">Shakespeare's sonnets</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrarch%27s_and_Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Petrarch's and Shakespeare's sonnets">comparison to Petrarch</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lover%27s_Complaint" title="A Lover's Complaint">A Lover's Complaint</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Phoenix and the Turtle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Lucrece" title="The Rape of Lucrece">The Rape of Lucrece</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Shakespeare_poem)" title="Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare poem)">Venus and Adonis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_apocrypha" title="Shakespeare apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arden_of_Faversham" title="Arden of Faversham">Arden of Faversham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Merlin" title="The Birth of Merlin">The Birth of Merlin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Cardenio" title="The History of Cardenio">Cardenio</a></i> ✻†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Falsehood" title="Double Falsehood">Double Falsehood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside_(play)" title="Edmund Ironside (play)">Edmund Ironside</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Em" title="Fair Em">Fair Em</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locrine" title="Locrine">Locrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Prodigal" title="The London Prodigal">The London Prodigal</a></i></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Won" title="Love's Labour's Won">Love's Labour's Won</a></i> †</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Devil_of_Edmonton" title="The Merry Devil of Edmonton">The Merry Devil of Edmonton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucedorus" title="Mucedorus">Mucedorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Puritan" title="The Puritan">The Puritan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Maiden%27s_Tragedy" title="The Second Maiden's Tragedy">The Second Maiden's Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sejanus_His_Fall" title="Sejanus His Fall">Sejanus His Fall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Oldcastle" title="Sir John Oldcastle">Sir John Oldcastle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More_(play)" title="Sir Thomas More (play)">Sir Thomas More</a></i> ✻</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lord_Cromwell" title="Thomas Lord Cromwell">Thomas Lord Cromwell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock_(play)" title="Thomas of Woodstock (play)">Thomas of Woodstock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ur-Hamlet" title="Ur-Hamlet">Ur-Hamlet</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vortigern_and_Rowena" title="Vortigern and Rowena">Vortigern and Rowena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Yorkshire_Tragedy" title="A Yorkshire Tragedy">A Yorkshire Tragedy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passionate_Pilgrim" title="The Passionate Pilgrim">The Passionate Pilgrim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Queen" title="To the Queen">To the Queen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Life of William Shakespeare">Life</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Birthplace" title="Shakespeare's Birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Works_of_Shakespeare" title="Complete Works of Shakespeare">Complete Works</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of translations of works by William Shakespeare">Translations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_coat_of_arms" title="Shakespeare coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare's collaborations">Collaborations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_editors" title="Shakespeare's editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_handwriting" title="Shakespeare's handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">Lord Chamberlain's Men</a>/<a href="/wiki/King%27s_Men_(playing_company)" title="King's Men (playing company)">King's Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Theatre" title="The Theatre">The Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_Theatre" title="Curtain Theatre">Curtain Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_plays_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Music in the plays of William Shakespeare">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Place" title="New Place">New Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Shakespeare" title="Portraits of Shakespeare">Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Religious views of William Shakespeare">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Sexuality of William Shakespeare">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_of_Shakespeare%27s_name" title="Spelling of Shakespeare's name">Spelling of his name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_writing_style" title="Shakespeare's writing style">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_will" title="Shakespeare's will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon">Grave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_attribution_studies" title="Shakespeare attribution studies">Attribution studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardolatry" title="Bardolatry">Bardolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_festival" title="Shakespeare festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Influence of William Shakespeare">Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_William_Shakespeare" title="Memorials to William Shakespeare">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_William_Shakespeare_screen_adaptations" title="List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations">Screen adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Star_Trek" title="Shakespeare and Star Trek">Shakespeare and <i>Star Trek</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_titled_after_Shakespeare" title="List of works titled after Shakespeare">Works titled after Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Institutions12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="Royal Shakespeare Theatre">Royal Shakespeare Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust" title="Shakespeare Birthplace Trust">Shakespeare Birthplace Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> (replica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Institute" title="Shakespeare Institute">Shakespeare Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(wife_of_Shakespeare)" title="Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare)">Anne Hathaway</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Hall" title="Susanna Hall">Susanna Hall</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespeare" title="Hamnet Shakespeare">Hamnet Shakespeare</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Quiney" title="Judith Quiney">Judith Quiney</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnard" title="Elizabeth Barnard">Elizabeth Barnard</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shakespeare" title="John Shakespeare">John Shakespeare</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shakespeare" title="Mary Shakespeare">Mary Arden</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Shakespeare" title="Gilbert Shakespeare">Gilbert Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Shakespeare" title="Joan Shakespeare">Joan Shakespeare</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Shakespeare" title="Edmund Shakespeare">Edmund Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shakespeare" title="Richard Shakespeare">Richard Shakespeare</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)" title="John Hall (physician)">John Hall</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Quiney" title="Thomas Quiney">Thomas Quiney</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>✻ <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare's collaborations">Shakespeare and other authors</a></li> <li>† Lost</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:William_Shakespeare" title="Category:William Shakespeare">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196220#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata746" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196220#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata746" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196220#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/203741922">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4581284-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16640303q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16640303q">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/168020076">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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