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.desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><p>The <b>Ming campaign against the Uriankhai</b> was a 1387 offensive military expedition by <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a>'s army led by General <a href="/wiki/Feng_Sheng_(general)" title="Feng Sheng (general)">Feng Sheng</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a> Mongol horde led by the chieftain <a href="/wiki/Naghachu" title="Naghachu">Naghachu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, which concluded with the surrender of the Uriankhai to the Ming and the <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">capture of Manchuria</a> by the Ming. </p><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Ming campaign against the Uriankhai</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military conquests of the Ming dynasty">military conquests of the Ming dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1387</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Ming victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br>changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Ming conquest of Manchuria</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a> Mongol horde</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> General <a href="/wiki/Feng_Sheng_(general)" title="Feng Sheng (general)">Feng Sheng</a> <br> General <a href="/wiki/Fu_Youde" title="Fu Youde">Fu Youde</a> <br> General <a href="/wiki/Lan_Yu_(general)" title="Lan Yu (general)">Lan Yu</a> <br> <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Zhu Di</a>, Prince of Yan</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Naghachu <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 150,000 soldiers in the field <br> 50,000 soldiers at the fortresses</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 200,000 soldiers</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Course"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Course</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>During the 1380s, the Mongol commander Naghachu had organized the many Mongol tribes of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> into the Uriankhai.<sup id="cite_ref-ts01-467_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They frequently clashed with the Chinese along <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a>'s northeastern frontier regions.<sup id="cite_ref-ts01-467_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Course">Course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Course" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In December 1386, the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> ordered General Feng Sheng to lead an army of 200,000 soldiers against the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1387, <a href="/wiki/Feng_Sheng_(general)" title="Feng Sheng (general)">Feng Sheng</a> was commissioned as the Grand General, assigned <a href="/wiki/Fu_Youde" title="Fu Youde">Fu Youde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lan_Yu_(general)" title="Lan Yu (general)">Lan Yu</a> to assist him, and raised a large army.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hongwu Emperor drew up the plans with the ultimate objective to conquer Jinshan.<sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ming army, comprising 200,000 soldiers,<sup id="cite_ref-ts01-467_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> included the 50,000 soldiers that garrisoned four fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Feng Sheng and General <a href="/wiki/Fu_Youde" title="Fu Youde">Fu Youde</a> commanded the front army, while General <a href="/wiki/Lan_Yu_(general)" title="Lan Yu (general)">Lan Yu</a> commanded the rear army.<sup id="cite_ref-ts01-467_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Zhu Di</a>, Prince of Yan, commanded the princely guard, but saw relatively limited action.<sup id="cite_ref-ts01-467_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1388, General Feng Sheng led the Ming army to <a href="/wiki/Tongzhou_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzhou District, Beijing">Tongzhou</a> (通州), where he sent General Lan Yu with a cavalry unit to attack a Mongol force at Qingzhou (慶州).<sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lan Yu defeated the Mongol force, capturing many Mongols, including the Mongol governor, and their horses.<sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> March 1387, General Feng Sheng led the Ming army northward through the Great Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fortresses were constructed at Daning (大寧), Fuyu (富峪), Huizhou (會州), and Kuanhe (寛河) near the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> and completed at the end of the summer of 1387.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Daning, a regional military commission was established to command the four fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beiping, Shandong, Shanxi, and Henan provinces dispatched the peasantry to transport grain to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of piculs of foodstuff were stored at the four fortresses, which served as advance bases.<sup id="cite_ref-ts01-467_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Feng Shen led his main army further eastward.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left about 50,000 troops at Daning.<sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 July 1387, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhen_Yong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhen Yong (page does not exist)">Zhen Yong</a> (陣鏞; Marquis of Linjiang) and his division became separated from the main army and was ambushed, which resulted in the killing of Zhen.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1387, the Ming army advanced further and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ts01-467_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few days after crossing the river, they surrounded the Mongol stronghold of Jinshan.<sup id="cite_ref-ts01-467_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within that month, the Ming army established their encampment west of Jinshan.<sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Feng Sheng returned Nayira'u (Naghachu's former lieutenant, captured in 1376) to Naghachu with a letter that stated that he should surrender and accept the suzerainty of Ming China.<sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, General Lan Yu and his army inflicted much destruction to portions of the Mongol horde in the northern vicinity of the Great Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-ts01-467_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All whilst rice, weapons, and other supplies were transported across the Great Wall into Manchuria for the Ming army.<sup id="cite_ref-ts01-467_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naghachu and his Mongol horde surrendered to the Ming army.<sup id="cite_ref-ts01-467_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dreyer (1982) stated that this was on 14 July 1387,<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Langlois (1998) stated that this was in October 1387.<sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lesser Mongol chieftains regarded Naghachu's surrender as a defection and continued resisting.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Ming army was returning to the Great Wall, the rear guard was ambushed and suffered losses, including Chief Commissioner Pu Ying (濮英), who was the commander of the rear guard.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria under Ming rule</a></div> <p>The campaign concluded with the capture of Naghachu and his horde, their families, and their domesticated animals.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naghachu, his 6,500 officers, and their families were sent to <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period after his surrender to the Ming, Naghachu was given a marquisate with a stipend of 2,000 piculs of grain, an estate of public fields in Jiangxi, and a mansion in Nanjing.<sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ultimately died (probably due to his <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">excessive alcohol consumption</a>) near Wu-ch'ang on 31 August 1388 and was buried outside Nanjing.<sup id="cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bolstered by this successful campaign, the Hongwu Emperor ordered General Lan Yu to lead 150,000 men on a military campaign against <a href="/wiki/Toghus_Temur" class="mw-redirect" title="Toghus Temur">Toghus Temur</a>, the Mongol Khan, culminating in the Ming victory over the Mongol horde at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buir_Lake" title="Battle of Buir Lake">Battle of Buir Lake</a> in 1388.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Quan" title="Zhu Quan">Zhu Quan</a>, Prince of Ning, would be stationed at Daning and take command of the four fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Ming dynasty in Inner Asia</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ts01-467-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ts01-467_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts01-467_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts01-467_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts01-467_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts01-467_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts01-467_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts01-467_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts01-467_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts01-467_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts01-467_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ts01-467_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTsai2001" class="citation book cs1">Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2001). <i>Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295981093" title="Special:BookSources/9780295981093"><bdi>9780295981093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perpetual+Happiness%3A+The+Ming+Emperor+Yongle&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780295981093&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Shih-shan+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMing+campaign+against+the+Uriankhai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dre82-1412-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dre82-1412_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer1982" class="citation book cs1">Dreyer, Edward L. (1982). <i>Early Ming China: A Political History, 1355-1435</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804711050" title="Special:BookSources/9780804711050"><bdi>9780804711050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Ming+China%3A+A+Political+History%2C+1355-1435&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=141-142&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780804711050&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMing+campaign+against+the+Uriankhai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang98-1578-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang98-1578_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanglois1998" class="citation book cs1">Langlois, John D. Jr. (1998). "The Hung-wu reign, 1368–1398". <i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521243322" title="Special:BookSources/9780521243322"><bdi>9780521243322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hung-wu+reign%2C+1368%E2%80%931398&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+7%3A+The+Ming+Dynasty%2C+1368%E2%80%931644%2C+Part+1&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780521243322&rft.aulast=Langlois&rft.aufirst=John+D.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMing+campaign+against+the+Uriankhai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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