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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ionic compounds: Born–Haber cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionic_compounds:_Born–Haber_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_calculation_for_other_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_calculation_for_other_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use in calculation for other reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_calculation_for_other_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_concepts_for_enthalpy_calculations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_concepts_for_enthalpy_calculations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Key concepts for enthalpy calculations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_concepts_for_enthalpy_calculations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples:_standard_enthalpies_of_formation_at_25_°C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples:_standard_enthalpies_of_formation_at_25_°C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples: standard enthalpies of formation at 25 °C</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples:_standard_enthalpies_of_formation_at_25_°C-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples: standard enthalpies of formation at 25 °C subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples:_standard_enthalpies_of_formation_at_25_°C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inorganic_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Inorganic substances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aliphatic_hydrocarbons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aliphatic_hydrocarbons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Aliphatic hydrocarbons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aliphatic_hydrocarbons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other organic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Standard enthalpy of formation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vormingsentalpie" title="Vormingsentalpie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vormingsentalpie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="إنثالبي قياسي للتكوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنثالبي قياسي للتكوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Топлинен ефект – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топлинен ефект" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalpia_de_formaci%C3%B3_est%C3%A0ndard" title="Entalpia de formació estàndard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Entalpia de formació estàndard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardn%C3%AD_slu%C4%8Dovac%C3%AD_entalpie" title="Standardní slučovací entalpie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Standardní slučovací entalpie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpie#Standardbildungsenthalpie" title="Enthalpie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enthalpie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Πρότυπη ενθαλπία σχηματισμού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρότυπη ενθαλπία σχηματισμού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalp%C3%ADa_de_formaci%C3%B3n" title="Entalpía de formación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Entalpía de formación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84" title="آنتالپی استاندارد تشکیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتالپی استاندارد تشکیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpie_standard_de_formation" title="Enthalpie standard de formation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enthalpie standard de formation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eantalpacht_chaighde%C3%A1nach_an_fhoirmithe" title="Eantalpacht chaighdeánach an fhoirmithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eantalpacht chaighdeánach an fhoirmithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalp%C3%ADa_est%C3%A1ndar_de_formaci%C3%B3n" title="Entalpía estándar de formación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Entalpía estándar de formación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1_%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC" title="표준 생성 엔탈피 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표준 생성 엔탈피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A7%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF" title="Քիմիական ռեակցիայի ջերմային էֆեկտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական ռեակցիայի ջերմային էֆեկտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="मानक संभवन पूर्णोष्मा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानक संभवन पूर्णोष्मा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubahan_entalpi_pembentukan_standar" title="Perubahan entalpi pembentukan standar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perubahan entalpi pembentukan standar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalpia_standard_di_formazione" title="Entalpia standard di formazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Entalpia standard di formazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אנתלפיית התהוות סטנדרטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנתלפיית התהוות סטנדרטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Реакцияның жылулық эффектісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Реакцияның жылулық эффектісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_k%C3%A9pz%C5%91d%C3%A9si_entalpia" title="Standard képződési entalpia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Standard képződési entalpia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vormingsenthalpie" title="Vormingsenthalpie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vormingsenthalpie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E7%86%B1" title="生成熱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生成熱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannelsesentalpi" title="Dannelsesentalpi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dannelsesentalpi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardowa_entalpia_tworzenia_zwi%C4%85zku_chemicznego" title="Standardowa entalpia tworzenia związku chemicznego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Standardowa entalpia tworzenia związku chemicznego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalpia_padr%C3%A3o_de_forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Entalpia padrão de formação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Entalpia padrão de formação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalpie_standard_de_formare" title="Entalpie standard de formare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Entalpie standard de formare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Тепловой эффект химической реакции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тепловой эффект химической реакции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tandardn%C3%A1_zlu%C4%8Dovacia_entalpia" title="Štandardná zlučovacia entalpia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štandardná zlučovacia entalpia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardna_tvorbena_entalpija" title="Standardna tvorbena entalpija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Standardna tvorbena entalpija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86" title="مۆڵە ئێنتالپیی پێکھاتن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆڵە ئێنتالپیی پێکھاتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildningsentalpi" title="Bildningsentalpi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bildningsentalpi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Стандартна ентальпія утворення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стандартна ентальпія утворення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E7%84%93" title="标准摩尔生成焓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="标准摩尔生成焓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Change of enthalpy during the formation of a compound from its elements</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, the <b>standard enthalpy of formation</b> or <b>standard heat of formation</b> of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compound</a> is the change of <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> during the formation of 1 <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> of the substance from its constituent <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements in their reference state</a>, with all substances in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard states</a>. The standard <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> value <span class="nowrap"><span class="texhtml"><i>p</i><sup>⦵</sup></span> = 10<sup>5</sup> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a></span> <span class="nowrap">(= 100 kPa = 1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>)</span> is recommended by <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>, although prior to 1982 the value 1.00 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a> (101.325 kPa) was used.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no standard temperature. Its symbol is Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup>. The superscript <a href="/wiki/Standard_state#Typesetting" title="Standard state">Plimsoll</a> on this symbol indicates that the process has occurred under standard conditions at the specified temperature (usually 25 °C or 298.15 K). </p><p>Standard states are defined for various types of substances. For a gas, it is the hypothetical state the gas would assume if it obeyed the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideal gas equation">ideal gas equation</a> at a pressure of 1 bar. For a gaseous or solid <a href="/wiki/Solute" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute">solute</a> present in a diluted <a href="/wiki/Ideal_solution" title="Ideal solution">ideal solution</a>, the standard state is the hypothetical state of concentration of the solute of exactly one mole per liter (1 <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">M</a>) at a pressure of 1 bar extrapolated from infinite dilution. For a pure substance or a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> in a condensed state (a liquid or a solid) the standard state is the pure liquid or solid under a pressure of 1 bar. </p><p>For elements that have multiple <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropes</a>, the reference state usually is chosen to be the form in which the element is most stable under 1 bar of pressure. One exception is <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, for which the most stable form at 1 bar is <a href="/wiki/Black_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Black phosphorus">black phosphorus</a>, but white phosphorus is chosen as the standard reference state for zero enthalpy of formation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the standard enthalpy of formation of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> is the enthalpy of the following reaction under the above conditions: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C(s, graphite) + O2(g) -> CO2(g)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>graphite</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C(s, graphite) + O2(g) -> CO2(g)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88685a9423aaefce0c98e7c9689b9231e44f44d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.126ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C(s, graphite) + O2(g) -> CO2(g)}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>All elements are written in their standard states, and one mole of product is formed. This is true for all enthalpies of formation. </p><p>The standard enthalpy of formation is measured in units of energy per amount of substance, usually stated in <a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mole" title="Joule per mole">kilojoule per mole</a> (kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>), but also in <a href="/wiki/Kilocalorie_per_mole" title="Kilocalorie per mole">kilocalorie per mole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a> per mole or kilocalorie per <a href="/wiki/Gram_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram (unit)">gram</a> (any combination of these units conforming to the energy per mass or amount guideline). </p><p>All elements in their reference states (<a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> gas, solid <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, etc.) have a standard enthalpy of formation of zero, as there is no change involved in their formation. </p><p>The formation reaction is a constant pressure and constant temperature process. Since the pressure of the standard formation reaction is fixed at 1 bar, the standard formation enthalpy or reaction heat is a function of temperature. For tabulation purposes, standard formation enthalpies are all given at a single temperature: 298 K, represented by the symbol <span class="texhtml">Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">⦵</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">298 K</sub></span></span></span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hess'_law"><span id="Hess.27_law"></span>Hess' law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hess' law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many substances, the formation reaction may be considered as the sum of a number of simpler reactions, either real or fictitious. The <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthalpy of reaction">enthalpy of reaction</a> can then be analyzed by applying <a href="/wiki/Hess%27_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hess' law">Hess' law</a>, which states that the <i>sum</i> of the enthalpy changes for a number of individual reaction steps equals the enthalpy change of the overall reaction. This is true because enthalpy is a <a href="/wiki/State_function" title="State function">state function</a>, whose value for an overall process depends only on the initial and final states and not on any intermediate states. Examples are given in the following sections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ionic_compounds:_Born–Haber_cycle"><span id="Ionic_compounds:_Born.E2.80.93Haber_cycle"></span>Ionic compounds: Born–Haber cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ionic compounds: Born–Haber cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg/450px-Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg/675px-Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg/900px-Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Standard enthalpy change of formation in <a href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Haber_cycle" title="Born–Haber cycle">Born–Haber</a> diagram for <a href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">lithium fluoride</a>. <span class="texhtml">Δ<sub>latt</sub><i>H</i></span> corresponds to <span class="texhtml">U<sub>L</sub></span> in the text. The downward arrow "electron affinity" shows the negative quantity <span class="texhtml">–EA<sub>F</sub></span>, since <span class="texhtml">EA<sub>F</sub></span> is usually <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity#Sign_convention" title="Electron affinity">defined as positive.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For ionic compounds, the standard enthalpy of formation is equivalent to the sum of several terms included in the <a href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Haber_cycle" title="Born–Haber cycle">Born–Haber cycle</a>. For example, the formation of <a href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">lithium fluoride</a>, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Li(s) + 1/2 F2(g) -> LiF(s)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Li</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> <msubsup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>LiF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Li(s) + 1/2 F2(g) -> LiF(s)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7968f6ca9f8e4ae89b29c2222d8baaf348d57a50" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:26.306ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Li(s) + 1/2 F2(g) -> LiF(s)}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>may be considered as the sum of several steps, each with its own enthalpy (or energy, approximately): </p> <ol><li><span class="texhtml"><i>H</i><sub>sub</sub></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_atomization" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy of atomization">standard enthalpy of atomization</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a>) of solid lithium.</li> <li><span class="texhtml">IE<sub>Li</sub></span>, the <a href="/wiki/First_ionization_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="First ionization energy">first ionization energy</a> of gaseous lithium.</li> <li><span class="texhtml">B(F–F)</span>, the standard <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_atomization" title="Enthalpy of atomization">enthalpy of atomization</a> (or bond energy) of fluorine gas.</li> <li><span class="texhtml">EA<sub>F</sub></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinity</a> of a fluorine atom.</li> <li><span class="texhtml">U<sub>L</sub></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">lattice energy</a> of lithium fluoride.</li></ol> <p>The sum of these enthalpies give the standard enthalpy of formation (<span class="texhtml">Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i></span>) of lithium fluoride: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{f}}=\Delta H_{\text{sub}}+{\text{IE}}_{\text{Li}}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\text{B(F–F)}}-{\text{EA}}_{\text{F}}+{\text{U}}_{\text{L}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>sub</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>IE</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Li</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B(F–F)</mtext> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>EA</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>F</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>U</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>L</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{f}}=\Delta H_{\text{sub}}+{\text{IE}}_{\text{Li}}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\text{B(F–F)}}-{\text{EA}}_{\text{F}}+{\text{U}}_{\text{L}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b567e732cd090d540c171277e132c35b537d41a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:47.818ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{f}}=\Delta H_{\text{sub}}+{\text{IE}}_{\text{Li}}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\text{B(F–F)}}-{\text{EA}}_{\text{F}}+{\text{U}}_{\text{L}}.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>In practice, the enthalpy of formation of lithium fluoride can be determined experimentally, but the lattice energy cannot be measured directly. The equation is therefore rearranged to evaluate the lattice energy:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -U_{\text{L}}=\Delta H_{\text{sub}}+{\text{IE}}_{\text{Li}}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\text{B(F–F)}}-{\text{EA}}_{\text{F}}-\Delta H_{\text{f}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>L</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>sub</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>IE</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Li</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B(F–F)</mtext> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>EA</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>F</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -U_{\text{L}}=\Delta H_{\text{sub}}+{\text{IE}}_{\text{Li}}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\text{B(F–F)}}-{\text{EA}}_{\text{F}}-\Delta H_{\text{f}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce3696d4ed049f6accad237042a4f7cda0afe30c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:49.471ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -U_{\text{L}}=\Delta H_{\text{sub}}+{\text{IE}}_{\text{Li}}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\text{B(F–F)}}-{\text{EA}}_{\text{F}}-\Delta H_{\text{f}}.}" /></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organic_compounds">Organic compounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formation reactions for most organic compounds are hypothetical. For instance, carbon and hydrogen will not directly react to form <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>), so that the standard enthalpy of formation cannot be measured directly. However the <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">standard enthalpy of combustion</a> is readily measurable using <a href="/wiki/Calorimeter#Bomb_calorimeters" title="Calorimeter">bomb calorimetry</a>. The standard enthalpy of formation is then determined using <a href="/wiki/Hess%27s_law" title="Hess's law">Hess's law</a>. The combustion of methane: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + 2 O2 -> CO2 + 2 H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + 2 O2 -> CO2 + 2 H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fff89c129e6222f641b40a710d97016377395720" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.36ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + 2 O2 -> CO2 + 2 H2O}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>is equivalent to the sum of the hypothetical decomposition into elements followed by the combustion of the elements to form <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) and water (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>): </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 -> C + 2H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 -> C + 2H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c45966ca83758e10980ede773c1a05658b466d4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.437ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 -> C + 2H2}}}" /></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C + O2 -> CO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C + O2 -> CO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2bdc98c8c974216027185b29eeab09447cbfabc8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.017ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C + O2 -> CO2}}}" /></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6b89f435dc1b8c9c2a094e2b2b5a5b254330c15b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.301ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>Applying Hess's law, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{comb}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}})]-\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4}).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>comb</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CH</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CO</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CH</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{comb}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}})]-\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4}).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/868ef759a6238c57f082b526d2599d6a04ae8c6a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:66.016ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{comb}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}})]-\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4}).}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>Solving for the standard of enthalpy of formation, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}})]-\Delta _{\text{comb}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4}).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CH</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CO</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>comb</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CH</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}})]-\Delta _{\text{comb}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4}).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eaa4ff8ecbdfc22efc596605a9e9c5b9fc178c70" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:66.016ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}})]-\Delta _{\text{comb}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4}).}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>The value of <span class="nowrap">⁠<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CH</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4db0dd94e7c09e83f2ca4e03ccf14290abc08be0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.679ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})}" /></span>⁠</span> is determined to be −74.8 kJ/mol. The negative sign shows that the reaction, if it were to proceed, would be <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a>; that is, methane is enthalpically more stable than hydrogen gas and carbon. </p><p>It is possible to predict heats of formation for simple <a href="/wiki/Strain_(chemistry)" title="Strain (chemistry)">unstrained</a> organic compounds with the <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_formation_group_additivity" title="Heat of formation group additivity">heat of formation group additivity</a> method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_calculation_for_other_reactions">Use in calculation for other reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use in calculation for other reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_reaction" title="Standard enthalpy of reaction">standard enthalpy change of any reaction</a> can be calculated from the standard enthalpies of formation of reactants and products using Hess's law. A given reaction is considered as the decomposition of all reactants into elements in their standard states, followed by the formation of all products. The heat of reaction is then <i>minus</i> the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants (each being multiplied by its respective stoichiometric coefficient, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ν</span>) <i>plus</i> the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products (each also multiplied by its respective stoichiometric coefficient), as shown in the equation below:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{r}}H^{\ominus }=\sum \nu \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{products}})-\sum \nu \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{reactants}}).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>r</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <mi>ν</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>products</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <mi>ν</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>reactants</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{r}}H^{\ominus }=\sum \nu \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{products}})-\sum \nu \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{reactants}}).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/60419b3d798927eebe11c7d355c853d3da3ebd6d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:57.492ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{r}}H^{\ominus }=\sum \nu \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{products}})-\sum \nu \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{reactants}}).}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>If the standard enthalpy of the products is less than the standard enthalpy of the reactants, the standard enthalpy of reaction is negative. This implies that the reaction is exothermic. The converse is also true; the standard enthalpy of reaction is positive for an endothermic reaction. This calculation has a tacit assumption of <a href="/wiki/Ideal_solution" title="Ideal solution">ideal solution</a> between reactants and products where the <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_mixing" title="Enthalpy of mixing">enthalpy of mixing</a> is zero. </p><p>For example, for the combustion of methane, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15ab4eaec6907cc1b1f1a8d0cede5ef9087e5438" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.36ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O}}}" /></span>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{r}}H^{\ominus }=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{}{\text{O}})]-[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{O}}_{2})].}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>r</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CO</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CH</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{r}}H^{\ominus }=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{}{\text{O}})]-[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{O}}_{2})].}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f12483f224dc97b374f8b1908de1c158d83541e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:72.903ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{r}}H^{\ominus }=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{}{\text{O}})]-[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{O}}_{2})].}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>However <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8c2c304a17b2fe1e4a79afb22d531d90f9c5ad1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.862ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}" /></span> is an element in its standard state, so that <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{O}}_{2})=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{O}}_{2})=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7ede62b30392b3d66899510f9c9a0fe637e5753" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.327ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{O}}_{2})=0}" /></span>, and the heat of reaction is simplified to </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{r}}H^{\ominus }=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{}{\text{O}})]-\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4}),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>r</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CO</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>f</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CH</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{r}}H^{\ominus }=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{}{\text{O}})]-\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4}),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c42524f88a1a7f73776f08e9a85b8d7d1469574" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:56.541ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{r}}H^{\ominus }=[\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CO}}_{2})+2\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{H}}_{2}{}{\text{O}})]-\Delta _{\text{f}}H^{\ominus }({\text{CH}}_{4}),}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>which is the equation in the previous section for the enthalpy of combustion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{comb}}H^{\ominus }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>comb</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{comb}}H^{\ominus }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/126c168c45e3efb68a918a4677f7b66fb9734c82" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.617ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{comb}}H^{\ominus }}" /></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_concepts_for_enthalpy_calculations">Key concepts for enthalpy calculations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Key concepts for enthalpy calculations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>When a reaction is reversed, the magnitude of Δ<i>H</i> stays the same, but the sign changes.</li> <li>When the balanced equation for a reaction is multiplied by an integer, the corresponding value of Δ<i>H</i> must be multiplied by that integer as well.</li> <li>The change in enthalpy for a reaction can be calculated from the enthalpies of formation of the reactants and the products</li> <li>Elements in their standard states make no contribution to the enthalpy calculations for the reaction, since the enthalpy of an element in its standard state is zero. <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</a> of an element other than the standard state generally have non-zero standard enthalpies of formation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples:_standard_enthalpies_of_formation_at_25_°C"><span id="Examples:_standard_enthalpies_of_formation_at_25_.C2.B0C"></span>Examples: standard enthalpies of formation at 25 °C</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples: standard enthalpies of formation at 25 °C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thermochemical properties of selected substances at 298.15 K and 1 atm </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_substances">Inorganic substances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inorganic substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1281342579">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header-multi{display:table}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Species </th> <th>Phase </th> <th>Chemical formula </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup> /(kJ/mol) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Al </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">Aluminium chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>AlCl<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−705.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Aluminium oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−1675.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">Aluminium hydroxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−1277 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium sulphate">Aluminium sulphate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−3440 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_chloride" title="Barium chloride">Barium chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>BaCl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−858.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_carbonate" title="Barium carbonate">Barium carbonate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>BaCO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−1216 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_hydroxide" title="Barium hydroxide">Barium hydroxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−944.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">Barium oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>BaO </td> <td>−548.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">Barium sulfate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>BaSO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−1473.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Be </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_hydroxide" title="Beryllium hydroxide">Beryllium hydroxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Be(OH)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−903 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">Beryllium oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>BeO </td> <td>−609.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron_trichloride" title="Boron trichloride">Boron trichloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>BCl<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−402.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>Br<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromide_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromide ion">Bromide ion</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>Br<sup>−</sup> </td> <td>−121 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Br </td> <td>111.884 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Br<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>30.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine_trifluoride" title="Bromine trifluoride">Bromine trifluoride</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>BrF<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−255.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">Hydrogen bromide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>HBr </td> <td>−36.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Cd </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CdO </td> <td>−258 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_hydroxide" title="Cadmium hydroxide">Cadmium hydroxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Cd(OH)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−561 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">Cadmium sulfide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CdS </td> <td>−162 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfate" title="Cadmium sulfate">Cadmium sulfate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CdSO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−935 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Cs </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Cs </td> <td>76.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>Cs </td> <td>2.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caesium(I) ion </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Cs<sup>+</sup> </td> <td>457.964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_chloride" title="Caesium chloride">Caesium chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CsCl </td> <td>−443.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Ca </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Ca </td> <td>178.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium(II) ion </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Ca<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td>1925.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium(II) ion </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>Ca<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td>−542.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbide" title="Calcium carbide">Calcium carbide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CaC<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−59.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">Calcium carbonate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a>) </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CaCO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−1206.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">Calcium chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CaCl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−795.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">Calcium chloride</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>CaCl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−877.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">Calcium phosphate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−4132 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">Calcium fluoride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CaF<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−1219.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydride" title="Calcium hydride">Calcium hydride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CaH<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−186.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">Calcium hydroxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−986.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">Calcium hydroxide</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−1002.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">Calcium oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CaO </td> <td>−635.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">Calcium sulfate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CaSO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−1434.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfide" title="Calcium sulfide">Calcium sulfide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CaS </td> <td>−482.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wollastonite" title="Wollastonite">Wollastonite</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CaSiO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−1630 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a>) </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>C </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a>) </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>C </td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>C </td> <td>716.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>CO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−393.509 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">Carbon disulfide</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>CS<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>89.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">Carbon disulfide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>CS<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>116.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>CO </td> <td>−110.525 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl chloride">Carbonyl chloride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">Phosgene</a>) </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>COCl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−218.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carbon dioxide (un–ionized) </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) </td> <td>−419.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonate</a> ion </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> </td> <td>−689.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonate</a> ion </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup> </td> <td>−675.23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monatomic chlorine </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Cl </td> <td>121.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a> ion </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>Cl<sup>−</sup> </td> <td>−167.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Cl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Cr </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Cu </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_bromide" title="Copper(II) bromide">Copper(II) bromide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CuBr2 </td> <td>−138.490 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_chloride" title="Copper(II) chloride">Copper(II) chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CuCl2 </td> <td>−217.986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">Copper(II) oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>CuO </td> <td>−155.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">Copper(II) sulfate</a></td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>CuSO<sub>4</sub></td> <td>−769.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>F<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monatomic hydrogen </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>H </td> <td>218 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>−241.818 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>−285.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion">Hydrogen ion</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>H<sup>+</sup> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxide_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxide ion">Hydroxide ion</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>OH<sup>−</sup> </td> <td>−230 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−187.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">Phosphoric acid</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−1288 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>HCN </td> <td>130.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">Hydrogen bromide</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>HBr </td> <td>−36.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>HCl </td> <td>−92.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>HCl </td> <td>−167.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>HF </td> <td>−273.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_iodide" title="Hydrogen iodide">Hydrogen iodide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>HI </td> <td>26.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>I<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>I<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>62.438 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>I<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">Iodide</a> ion </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>I<sup>−</sup> </td> <td>−55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Fe </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iron carbide (<a href="/wiki/Cementite" title="Cementite">Cementite</a>) </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Fe<sub>3</sub>C </td> <td>5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iron(II) carbonate (<a href="/wiki/Siderite" title="Siderite">Siderite</a>) </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>FeCO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−750.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride" title="Iron(III) chloride">Iron(III) chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>FeCl<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−399.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCstite" title="Wüstite">Wüstite</a>) </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>FeO </td> <td>−272 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Iron(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">Magnetite</a>) </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−1118.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Iron(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</a>) </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−824.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">Iron(II) sulfate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>FeSO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_sulfate" title="Iron(III) sulfate">Iron(III) sulfate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Fe<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−2583 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide" title="Iron(II) sulfide">Iron(II) sulfide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>FeS </td> <td>−102 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">Pyrite</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>FeS<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−178 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Pb </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">Lead dioxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>PbO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−277 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead_sulfide" title="Lead sulfide">Lead sulfide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>PbS </td> <td>−100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead sulfate">Lead sulfate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>PbSO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−920 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_nitrate" title="Lead(II) nitrate">Lead(II) nitrate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−452 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_sulfate" title="Lead(II) sulfate">Lead(II) sulfate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>PbSO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−920 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">Lithium fluoride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>LiF </td> <td>−616.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Mg </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnesium ion </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>Mg<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td>−466.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">Magnesium carbonate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>MgCO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−1095.797 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">Magnesium chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>MgCl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−641.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">Magnesium hydroxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−924.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">Magnesium hydroxide</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−926.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">Magnesium oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>MgO </td> <td>−601.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Magnesium sulfate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>MgSO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−1278.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Mn </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">Manganese(II) oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>MnO </td> <td>−384.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(IV)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese(IV) oxide">Manganese(IV) oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>MnO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−519.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Manganese(III) oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II,III)_oxide" title="Manganese(II,III) oxide">Manganese(II,III) oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−1387 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">Permanganate</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">MnO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> </td> <td>−543 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">Mercury(II) oxide</a> (red) </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>HgO </td> <td>−90.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_sulfide" title="Mercury sulfide">Mercury sulfide</a> (red, <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>) </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>HgS </td> <td>−58.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a> (ammonium hydroxide)</td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>NH<sub>3</sub> (NH<sub>4</sub>OH)</td> <td>−80.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ammonia</td> <td>Gas </td> <td>NH<sub>3</sub></td> <td>−46.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">Ammonium nitrate</a></td> <td>Solid </td> <td>NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub></td> <td>−365.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">Ammonium chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>NH<sub>4</sub>Cl </td> <td>−314.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>NO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>33.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">Hydrazine</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>95.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">Hydrazine</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>50.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>82.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>NO </td> <td>90.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>9.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">Dinitrogen pentoxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>−43.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">Dinitrogen pentoxide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>11.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">Nitric acid</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>HNO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−207 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monatomic oxygen </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>O </td> <td>249 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>O<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>143 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">White phosphorus</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>P<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">Red phosphorus</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>P </td> <td>−17.4<sup id="cite_ref-HS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Black phosphorus">Black phosphorus</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>P </td> <td>−39.3<sup id="cite_ref-HS_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">Phosphorus trichloride</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>PCl<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−319.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">Phosphorus trichloride</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>PCl<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−278 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentachloride" title="Phosphorus pentachloride">Phosphorus pentachloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>PCl<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>−440 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentachloride" title="Phosphorus pentachloride">Phosphorus pentachloride</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>PCl<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>−321 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">Phosphorus pentoxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>−1505.5<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">Potassium bromide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>KBr </td> <td>−392.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">Potassium carbonate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−1150 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">Potassium chlorate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>KClO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−391.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>KCl </td> <td>−436.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_fluoride" title="Potassium fluoride">Potassium fluoride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>KF </td> <td>−562.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">Potassium oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>K<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>−363 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>KNO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−494.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_perchlorate" title="Potassium perchlorate">Potassium perchlorate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>KClO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−430.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Si </td> <td>368.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>SiC </td> <td>−74.4,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> −71.5<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrachloride" title="Silicon tetrachloride">Silicon tetrachloride</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>SiCl<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−640.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">Silica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a>) </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>SiO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−910.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">Silver bromide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>AgBr </td> <td>−99.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">Silver chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>AgCl </td> <td>−127.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">Silver iodide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>AgI </td> <td>−62.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide" title="Silver oxide">Silver oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Ag<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>−31.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_sulfide" title="Silver sulfide">Silver sulfide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Ag<sub>2</sub>S </td> <td>−31.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Na</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sodium</td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Na</td> <td>107.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">Sodium bicarbonate</a></td> <td>Solid </td> <td>NaHCO<sub>3</sub></td> <td>−950.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Sodium carbonate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−1130.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>NaCl </td> <td>−407.27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>NaCl </td> <td>−411.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>NaCl </td> <td>−385.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>NaCl </td> <td>−181.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorate" title="Sodium chlorate">Sodium chlorate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>NaClO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−365.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">Sodium fluoride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>NaF </td> <td>−569.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>NaOH </td> <td>−469.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>NaOH </td> <td>−425.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">Sodium hypochlorite</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>NaOCl </td> <td>−347.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">Sodium nitrate</a> </td> <td>Aqueous </td> <td>NaNO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−446.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">Sodium nitrate</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>NaNO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−424.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Sodium oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>Na<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td>−414.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfur (monoclinic)</td> <td>Solid </td> <td>S<sub>8</sub></td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfur (rhombic)</td> <td>Solid </td> <td>S<sub>8</sub></td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>S </td> <td>−20.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>SO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−296.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">Sulfur trioxide</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>SO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−395.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">Sulfuric acid</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−814 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Ti </td> <td>468 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">Titanium tetrachloride</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>TiCl<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−763.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">Titanium tetrachloride</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>TiCl<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−804.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>TiO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−944.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>Zn </td> <td>130.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_chloride" title="Zinc chloride">Zinc chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>ZnCl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−415.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>ZnO </td> <td>−348.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfate" title="Zinc sulfate">Zinc sulfate</a></td> <td>Solid </td> <td>ZnSO<sub>4</sub></td> <td>−980.14 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aliphatic_hydrocarbons">Aliphatic hydrocarbons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aliphatic hydrocarbons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Formula</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup> /(kcal/mol)</th> <th>Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup> /(kJ/mol) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>Straight-chain</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CH<sub>4</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></td> <td>−17.9</td> <td>−74.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">Ethane</a></td> <td>−20.0</td> <td>−83.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></td> <td>12.5</td> <td>52.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></td> <td>54.2</td> <td>226.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></td> <td>−25.0</td> <td>−104.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></td> <td><i>n</i>-<a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></td> <td>−30.0</td> <td>−125.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub></td> <td><i>n</i>-<a href="/wiki/Pentane" title="Pentane">Pentane</a></td> <td>−35.1</td> <td>−146.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub></td> <td><i>n</i>-<a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">Hexane</a></td> <td>−40.0</td> <td>−167.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></td> <td><i>n</i>-<a href="/wiki/Heptane" title="Heptane">Heptane</a></td> <td>−44.9</td> <td>−187.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><i>n</i>-<a href="/wiki/Octane" title="Octane">Octane</a></td> <td>−49.8</td> <td>−208.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub></td> <td><i>n</i>-<a href="/wiki/Nonane" title="Nonane">Nonane</a></td> <td>−54.8</td> <td>−229.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>22</sub></td> <td><i>n</i>-<a href="/wiki/Decane" title="Decane">Decane</a></td> <td>−59.6</td> <td>−249.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>C<sub>4</sub> Alkane branched isomers</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">Isobutane</a> (methylpropane)</td> <td>−32.1</td> <td>−134.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>C<sub>5</sub> Alkane branched isomers</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neopentane" title="Neopentane">Neopentane</a> (dimethylpropane)</td> <td>−40.1</td> <td>−167.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isopentane" title="Isopentane">Isopentane</a> (methylbutane)</td> <td>−36.9</td> <td>−154.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>C<sub>6</sub> Alkane branched isomers</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,2-Dimethylbutane" title="2,2-Dimethylbutane">2,2-Dimethylbutane</a></td> <td>−44.5</td> <td>−186.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,3-Dimethylbutane" title="2,3-Dimethylbutane">2,3-Dimethylbutane</a></td> <td>−42.5</td> <td>−177.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2-Methylpentane" title="2-Methylpentane">2-Methylpentane</a> (isohexane)</td> <td>−41.8</td> <td>−174.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3-Methylpentane" title="3-Methylpentane">3-Methylpentane</a></td> <td>−41.1</td> <td>−172.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>C<sub>7</sub> Alkane branched isomers</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,2-Dimethylpentane" title="2,2-Dimethylpentane">2,2-Dimethylpentane</a></td> <td>−49.2</td> <td>−205.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,2,3-Trimethylbutane" class="mw-redirect" title="2,2,3-Trimethylbutane">2,2,3-Trimethylbutane</a></td> <td>−49.0</td> <td>−205.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3,3-Dimethylpentane" title="3,3-Dimethylpentane">3,3-Dimethylpentane</a></td> <td>−48.1</td> <td>−201.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,3-Dimethylpentane" title="2,3-Dimethylpentane">2,3-Dimethylpentane</a></td> <td>−47.3</td> <td>−197.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,4-Dimethylpentane" title="2,4-Dimethylpentane">2,4-Dimethylpentane</a></td> <td>−48.2</td> <td>−201.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2-Methylhexane" title="2-Methylhexane">2-Methylhexane</a></td> <td>−46.5</td> <td>−194.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3-Methylhexane" title="3-Methylhexane">3-Methylhexane</a></td> <td>−45.7</td> <td>−191.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3-Ethylpentane" title="3-Ethylpentane">3-Ethylpentane</a></td> <td>−45.3</td> <td>−189.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>C<sub>8</sub> Alkane branched isomers</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,3-Dimethylhexane" title="2,3-Dimethylhexane">2,3-Dimethylhexane</a></td> <td>−55.1</td> <td>−230.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane" class="mw-redirect" title="2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane">2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane</a></td> <td>−53.9</td> <td>−225.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2-Dimethylhexane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2-Dimethylhexane (page does not exist)">2,2-Dimethylhexane</a></td> <td>−53.7</td> <td>−224.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,2,4-Trimethylpentane" title="2,2,4-Trimethylpentane">2,2,4-Trimethylpentane</a> (isooctane)</td> <td>−53.5</td> <td>−223.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethylhexane" title="2,5-Dimethylhexane">2,5-Dimethylhexane</a></td> <td>−53.2</td> <td>−222.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2,3-Trimethylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2,3-Trimethylpentane (page does not exist)">2,2,3-Trimethylpentane</a></td> <td>−52.6</td> <td>−220.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3,3-Dimethylhexane" title="3,3-Dimethylhexane">3,3-Dimethylhexane</a></td> <td>−52.6</td> <td>−220.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,4-Dimethylhexane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,4-Dimethylhexane (page does not exist)">2,4-Dimethylhexane</a></td> <td>−52.4</td> <td>−219.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,3,4-Trimethylpentane" title="2,3,4-Trimethylpentane">2,3,4-Trimethylpentane</a></td> <td>−51.9</td> <td>−217.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2,3,3-Trimethylpentane" title="2,3,3-Trimethylpentane">2,3,3-Trimethylpentane</a></td> <td>−51.7</td> <td>−216.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2-Methylheptane" title="2-Methylheptane">2-Methylheptane</a></td> <td>−51.5</td> <td>−215.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Ethyl-3-Methylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Ethyl-3-Methylpentane (page does not exist)">3-Ethyl-3-Methylpentane</a></td> <td>−51.4</td> <td>−215.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=3,4-Dimethylhexane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3,4-Dimethylhexane (page does not exist)">3,4-Dimethylhexane</a></td> <td>−50.9</td> <td>−213.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Ethyl-2-Methylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Ethyl-2-Methylpentane (page does not exist)">3-Ethyl-2-Methylpentane</a></td> <td>−50.4</td> <td>−210.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3-Methylheptane" title="3-Methylheptane">3-Methylheptane</a></td> <td>−60.3</td> <td>−252.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Methylheptane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Methylheptane (page does not exist)">4-Methylheptane</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Ethylhexane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Ethylhexane (page does not exist)">3-Ethylhexane</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>C<sub>9</sub> Alkane branched isomers (selected)</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane (page does not exist)">2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane</a></td> <td>−57.8</td> <td>−241.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane (page does not exist)">2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane</a></td> <td>−56.7</td> <td>−237.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane (page does not exist)">2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane</a></td> <td>−56.6</td> <td>−236.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane (page does not exist)">2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane</a></td> <td>−56.4</td> <td>−236.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3,3-Diethylpentane" class="mw-redirect" title="3,3-Diethylpentane">3,3-Diethylpentane</a></td> <td>−55.7</td> <td>−233.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_organic_compounds">Other organic compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other organic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Species </th> <th>Phase </th> <th>Chemical formula </th> <th>Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup> /(kJ/mol) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O</td> <td>−248.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> </td> <td>48.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−385.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">Carbon tetrachloride</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>CCl<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−135.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">Carbon tetrachloride</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>CCl<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>−95.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH </td> <td>−277.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH </td> <td>−235.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> </td> <td>−1271 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">Isopropanol</a></td> <td>Gas </td> <td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>OH</td> <td>−318.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> (methyl alcohol) </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>OH </td> <td>−238.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> (methyl alcohol) </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>OH </td> <td>−201.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methyl_linoleate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methyl linoleate (page does not exist)">Methyl linoleate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a>) </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>−356.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></td> <td>Solid </td> <td>C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub></td> <td>−2226.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trichloromethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichloromethane">Trichloromethane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a>) </td> <td>Liquid </td> <td>CHCl<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−134.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trichloromethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichloromethane">Trichloromethane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a>) </td> <td>Gas </td> <td>CHCl<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>−103.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> </td> <td>Solid </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>Cl </td> <td>−94.12 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05921.html">standard pressure</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.S05921">10.1351/goldbook.S05921</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOxtobyPat_GillisCampion2011" class="citation book cs1">Oxtoby, David W; Pat Gillis, H; Campion, Alan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fJWpg4ZJ2esC&q=standard+exception+white+phosphorus+enthalpy&pg=PA547"><i>Principles of Modern Chemistry</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 547. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-4931-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-4931-5"><bdi>978-0-8400-4931-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Modern+Chemistry&rft.pages=547&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8400-4931-5&rft.aulast=Oxtoby&rft.aufirst=David+W&rft.au=Pat+Gillis%2C+H&rft.au=Campion%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfJWpg4ZJ2esC%26q%3Dstandard%2Bexception%2Bwhite%2Bphosphorus%2Benthalpy%26pg%3DPA547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+enthalpy+of+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Stanitski, and Jurs. <i>Chemistry: The Molecular Science</i>. 3rd edition. 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-10521-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-495-10521-X">0-495-10521-X</a>. pages 320–321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/heatreac.html">"Enthalpies of Reaction"</a>. <i>www.science.uwaterloo.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025201240/http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/heatreac.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.science.uwaterloo.ca&rft.atitle=Enthalpies+of+Reaction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.uwaterloo.ca%2F~cchieh%2Fcact%2Fc120%2Fheatreac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+enthalpy+of+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HS_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHousecroftSharpe2004" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i> (2nd ed.). 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"Gibbs Energy of Formation of SiC: A contribution to the Thermodynamic Stability of the Modifications". <i>Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie</i>. <b>102</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1231–</span>1234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbbpc.19981020928">10.1002/bbpc.19981020928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berichte+der+Bunsengesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+physikalische+Chemie&rft.atitle=Gibbs+Energy+of+Formation+of+SiC%3A+A+contribution+to+the+Thermodynamic+Stability+of+the+Modifications&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1231-%3C%2Fspan%3E1234&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbbpc.19981020928&rft.aulast=Kleykamp&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+enthalpy+of+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="SiC_b" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://janaf.nist.gov/tables/C-100.html">"Silicon Carbide, Alpha (SiC)"</a>. March 1967<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silicon+Carbide%2C+Alpha+%28SiC%29&rft.date=1967-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjanaf.nist.gov%2Ftables%2FC-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+enthalpy+of+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZumdahl2009" class="citation book cs1">Zumdahl, Steven (2009). <i>Chemical Principles</i> (6th ed.). Boston. New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. <span class="nowrap">384–</span>387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-19626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-19626-8"><bdi>978-0-547-19626-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Principles&rft.place=Boston.+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E384-%3C%2Fspan%3E387&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-547-19626-8&rft.aulast=Zumdahl&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+enthalpy+of+formation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/">NIST Chemistry WebBook</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&oldid=1261077201">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&oldid=1261077201</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Enthalpy" title="Category:Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thermochemistry" title="Category:Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 December 2024, at 03:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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