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id="toc-Founding_and_early_years:_1947–1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_and_early_years:_1947–1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding and early years: 1947–1963</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_and_early_years:_1947–1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_of_1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_of_1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Coup of 1963</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_of_1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruling_party:_1963_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruling_party:_1963_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ruling party: 1963 onwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruling_party:_1963_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970_Coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970_Coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1970 Coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970_Coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_the_Assads_(1970s_–_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_the_Assads_(1970s_–_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Reign of the Assads (1970s – present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_the_Assads_(1970s_–_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hafez_al-Assad_(1970–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hafez_al-Assad_(1970–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hafez_al-Assad_(1970–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bashar_al-Assad_(2000_–_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bashar_al-Assad_(2000_–_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Bashar al-Assad (2000 – present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bashar_al-Assad_(2000_–_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Central Command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Central Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central-level_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central-level_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Central-level organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central-level_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_Bureau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Bureau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Military Bureau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Bureau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Party_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Party_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Central Party School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Party_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower-level_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower-level_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lower-level organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower-level_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assadism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assadism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Assadism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assadism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anthem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_People's_Assembly_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_People's_Assembly_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Syrian People's Assembly elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_People's_Assembly_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A_(%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي (سوريا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي (سوريا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_Sosialist_B%C9%99%C9%99s_Partiyas%C4%B1_%E2%80%93_Suriya_Regionu" title="Ərəb Sosialist Bəəs Partiyası – Suriya Regionu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb Sosialist Bəəs Partiyası – Suriya Regionu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="سوریه‌نین بعث حیزبی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوریه‌نین بعث حیزبی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сирийска Баас партия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сирийска Баас партия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baath-Partei_(Syrien)" title="Baath-Partei (Syrien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baath-Partei (Syrien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B1%CE%B8_%E2%80%93_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αραβικό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Μπάαθ – Περιφέρεια Συρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβικό Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα Μπάαθ – Περιφέρεια Συρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Baaz_%C3%81rabe_Socialista_(Siria)" title="Partido Baaz Árabe Socialista (Siria) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Baaz Árabe Socialista (Siria)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_(%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87)" title="حزب بعث سوسیالیست عرب (سوریه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب بعث سوسیالیست عرب (سوریه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Baas_syrien" title="Parti Baas syrien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti Baas syrien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%8B%B9_(%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84)" title="바트당 (시리아) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바트당 (시리아)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Sosialis_Arab_Ba%27th_%E2%80%93_Kawasan_Suriah" title="Partai Sosialis Arab Ba'th – Kawasan Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Sosialis Arab Ba'th – Kawasan Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Ba%27th_(Siria)" title="Partito Ba'th (Siria) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Ba'th (Siria)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA%27_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מפלגת הבעת' הסורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלגת הבעת' הסורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF)" title="അറബ് സോഷിലിസ്റ്റ് ബഅ്‌സ്‌ പാർട്ടി (സിറിയ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറബ് സോഷിലിസ്റ്റ് ബഅ്‌സ്‌ പാർട്ടി (സിറിയ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%89_(%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="حزب البعث العربى الاشتراكى (سوريا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب البعث العربى الاشتراكى (سوريا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Socialistische_Ba%27ath-partij_(Syri%C3%AB)" title="Arabische Socialistische Ba'ath-partij (Syrië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabische Socialistische Ba'ath-partij (Syrië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%90_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="دسوریې اړوند دعرب سوسیالیست بعث ګوند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دسوریې اړوند دعرب سوسیالیست بعث ګوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Baas_(Syria)" title="Partia Baas (Syria) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Baas (Syria)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Baath_(S%C3%ADria)" title="Partido Baath (Síria) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Baath (Síria)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Баас (сирийское региональное отделение) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баас (сирийское региональное отделение)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitu_Sucialista_Arabbu_Ba%27ath_-_Riggiuni_Siria" title="Partitu Sucialista Arabbu Ba'ath - Riggiuni Siria – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Partitu Sucialista Arabbu Ba'ath - Riggiuni Siria" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B9%D8%B3_(%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="حیزبی بەعس (سووریا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حیزبی بەعس (سووریا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baathpartiet_(Syrien)" 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data-title="عرب سوشلسٹ بعث پارٹی - سوریہ علاقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_h%C6%B0ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_-_v%C3%B9ng_Syria" title="Đảng Phục hưng Xã hội Ả Rập - vùng Syria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Phục hưng Xã hội Ả Rập - vùng Syria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A%E2%80%94%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="阿拉伯复兴社会党—叙利亚地区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯复兴社会党—叙利亚地区" data-language-autonym="中文" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the branch that controls Syria. For the pan-Arab Ba'ath Party, which is Syrian-led but has branches in multiple countries, see <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #017B48; border-bottom:2px solid #017B48; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="ar">حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Syrian_Ba%27ath.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Logo_of_the_Syrian_Ba%27ath.png/180px-Logo_of_the_Syrian_Ba%27ath.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Logo_of_the_Syrian_Ba%27ath.png/270px-Logo_of_the_Syrian_Ba%27ath.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f5/Logo_of_the_Syrian_Ba%27ath.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Central Command</a><br />(from 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Assistant General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Hadid" title="Ibrahim al-Hadid">Ibrahim al-Hadid</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">7 April 1947<span class="noprint">; 77 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1947-04-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27ath" title="Al-Ba'ath">Al-Ba'ath</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawra_(newspaper)" title="Al-Thawra (newspaper)">Al-Thawra</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-apn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ai_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ai-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Student_wing" title="Student wing">Student wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">National Union of Students<br />Ba'ath Vanguards<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Union" title="Revolutionary Youth Union">Revolutionary Youth Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Paramilitary wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a><br />(2012–2018)<sup id="cite_ref-SunniAleppo_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunniAleppo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-groupdissolved_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groupdissolved-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.2 million (2010 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism#Neo-Ba'athism" title="Ba'athism">Neo-Ba'athism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadism">Assadism</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria_in_pan-Syrian_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria in pan-Syrian nationalism">Syrian irredentism</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Historical:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(1963–1970)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a><sup id="cite_ref-eb_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Regional affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007a3d; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ce1126; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>Unity, Freedom, Socialism</i><br /><i>Long Live The Arabs</i> <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in the<br /><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="People's Assembly of Syria">People's Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">169 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 68%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in the<br /><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 28</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 18%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baathparty.sy">www<wbr />.baathparty<wbr />.sy</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #017B48;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا</span> <i>Ḥizb al-Ba'th al-'Arabī al-Ishtirākī – Quṭr Sūriyā</i>), officially the <b>Syrian Regional Branch</b> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> being a "region" of the Arab nation in Ba'ath ideology), is a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ba%27athism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Ba'athism">neo-Ba'athist</a> organisation founded on 7 April 1947 by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a> and followers of <a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a>. The party has ruled Syria continuously since the <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a> which brought the Ba'athists to power. It was first the regional branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">original Ba'ath Party</a> (1947–1966) before it changed its allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Syrian-dominated Ba'ath movement</a> (1966–present) following the 1966 split within the original Ba'ath Party. Since their ascent to power in 1963, neo-Ba'athist officers proceeded by stamping out the traditional <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> elites to construct a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> operating in <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lines; wherein all state agencies, party organisations, public institutions, civil entities, media and health infrastructure are tightly dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian armed forces">army establishment</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Mukhabarat</a></i> (intelligence services). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup d'état</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">radical left-wing</a> faction of <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> ousted the Old Guard of Ba'ath leadership consisting of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din Bitar</a>; and dissolved the <a href="/wiki/National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="National Command of the Ba'ath Party">National Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">united Ba'ath party</a>. The leftist faction of the Syrian Baath advanced a strictly <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist economic</a> programme, pursued closer alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian communists</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a>" Arab states and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a> and prioritised the spread of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">socialist revolution</a> in the neighbouring "<a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>" Arab states over <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Arab">pan-Arab</a> unity. The official ideology preached by the Syrian Ba'ath is known as <a href="/wiki/Neo-ba%27athism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-ba'athism">neo-Ba'athism</a>, a school of Ba'athist thought that denounces Aflaq and Bitar and eulogizes <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawite</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a> as the leading theoretician. In another <a href="/wiki/1970_coup_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 coup (Syria)">coup in 1970</a>, officially dubbed the "Corrective Movement", Hafez al-Assad would overthrow the Jadid faction and tone down the revolutionary measures. The new regime emphasized building socialism in Syria first and was open to alliances with the neighbouring countries. Since this period, the party has adopted <a href="/wiki/Assadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadism">Assadism</a> as its official ideology; promoting a <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> centred around the <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">Assad dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="History of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">History of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_early_years:_1947–1963"><span id="Founding_and_early_years:_1947.E2.80.931963"></span>Founding and early years: 1947–1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding and early years: 1947–1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg/220px-Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg/330px-Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg/440px-Hawrani_Aflaq_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a> (left) with <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> as seen in 1957</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ba'ath Party, and indirectly the Syrian Regional Branch, was established on 7 April 1947 by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> (a Christian), <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni Muslim</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETejel2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg4f54qsU618CpgPA149_149]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETejel2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg4f54qsU618CpgPA149_149]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the congress, the party was "nationalist, populist, socialist, and revolutionary" and believed in the "unity and freedom of the Arab nation within its homeland."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostiner2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYQb1Ilj2U7ECpgPA36_36]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostiner2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYQb1Ilj2U7ECpgPA36_36]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party opposed the theory of class conflict, but supported the nationalisation of major industries, the unionisation of workers, land reform, and supported private inheritance and private property rights to some degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostiner2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYQb1Ilj2U7ECpgPA36_36]_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostiner2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYQb1Ilj2U7ECpgPA36_36]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party merged with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Party</a> (ASP), led by <a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a>, to establish the <i>Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</i> in Lebanon following <a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Adib Shishakli</a>'s rise to power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA66_66–67]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA66_66–67]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most ASP members did not adhere to the merger and remained, according to George Alan, "passionately loyal to Hawrani's person."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA67_67]_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA67_67]-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merger was weak, and a lot of the ASP's original infrastructure remained intact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA67_67]_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA67_67]-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, the party decided to support <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamal Nasser">Gamal Nasser</a> and what they perceived as his pan-Arabic policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA67_67]_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA67_67]-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syrian politics took a dramatic turn in 1954 when the military government of <a href="/wiki/Adib_al-Shishakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Adib al-Shishakli">Adib al-Shishakli</a> was overthrown and the democratic system restored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUqfHROAUevsCpgPA413_413]_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUqfHROAUevsCpgPA413_413]-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ba'ath, now a large and popular organisation, won 22 out of 142 parliamentary seats in the <a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1954 Syrian parliamentary election">Syrian election</a> that year, becoming the second-largest party in parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUqfHROAUevsCpgPA413_413]_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUqfHROAUevsCpgPA413_413]-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ba'ath Party was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> because of their pro-Egyptian and anti-imperialist stance and their support for social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinerStanley2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4lhgDBDWw3ACpgPA149_149]_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinerStanley2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4lhgDBDWw3ACpgPA149_149]-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assassination of Ba'athist colonel <a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Malki" title="Adnan al-Malki">Adnan al-Malki</a> by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (SSNP) in April 1955 allowed the Ba'ath Party and its allies to launch a crackdown, thus eliminating one rival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, the Ba'ath Party partnered with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a> (SCP) to weaken the power of Syria's conservative parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of that year, the SCP weakened the Ba'ath Party to such an extent that in December the Ba'ath Party drafted a bill calling for a union with Egypt, a move that was very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union between Egypt and Syria went ahead and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (UAR) was created, and the Ba'ath Party was banned in the UAR because of Nasser's hostility to parties other than his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ba'ath leadership dissolved the party in 1958, gambling that the legalisation against certain parties would hurt the SCP more than it would the Ba'ath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A military coup in Damascus in 1961 brought the UAR to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA52_52–53]_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA52_52–53]-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixteen prominent politicians, including al-Hawrani and <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a> – who later retracted his signature, signed a statement supporting the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodeh1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidF9GsyTmJZYwCpgPA152_152–153]_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodeh1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidF9GsyTmJZYwCpgPA152_152–153]-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ba'athists won several seats during the <a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1961 Syrian parliamentary election">1961 parliamentary election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA52_52–53]_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA52_52–53]-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup_of_1963">Coup of 1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coup of 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_Committee_celebrates_1963_coup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Military_Committee_celebrates_1963_coup.jpg/220px-Military_Committee_celebrates_1963_coup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Military_Committee_celebrates_1963_coup.jpg/330px-Military_Committee_celebrates_1963_coup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Military_Committee_celebrates_1963_coup.jpg/440px-Military_Committee_celebrates_1963_coup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Military Committee members <a href="/wiki/Salim_Hatum" title="Salim Hatum">Salim Hatum</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umran" title="Muhammad Umran">Muhammad Umran</a> (center) and <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a> (right) celebrating after the 1963 coup d'état</figcaption></figure> <p>The military group preparing for the overthrow of the separatist regime in February 1963 was composed of independent Nasserite and other unionist, including Ba'thi officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197245_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197245-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The re-emergence of the Ba'tha's a majority political force aided in the coup; without a political majority the coup would have remained a military take over .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197245_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197245-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziyad al-Hariri controlled the sizable forces stationed at the Israeli Front, not far from Damascus, Muhammad as-Sufi commanded the key brigade stationes in Homs, and Ghassan Haddad, one of Hariri's independent partners, commanded the Desert Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197247_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197247-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in March it was decided the coup would be brought into action March ninth. But on March fifth several of the officers wanted to delay the coup in hope of staging a bloodless coup .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197247_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197247-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was presumed that the Nasserite were preparing a coup of their own which effectively canceled the delay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197247_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197247-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coup began at night and by the morning of March eighth it was evident that a new political era had begun in Syria. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197248_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197248-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruling_party:_1963_onwards">Ruling party: 1963 onwards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ruling party: 1963 onwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senior_officials_in_the_Baath_Party_in_a_rare_un-official_photograph_with_Salah_Jadid_from_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Senior_officials_in_the_Baath_Party_in_a_rare_un-official_photograph_with_Salah_Jadid_from_1969.jpg/220px-Senior_officials_in_the_Baath_Party_in_a_rare_un-official_photograph_with_Salah_Jadid_from_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Senior_officials_in_the_Baath_Party_in_a_rare_un-official_photograph_with_Salah_Jadid_from_1969.jpg/330px-Senior_officials_in_the_Baath_Party_in_a_rare_un-official_photograph_with_Salah_Jadid_from_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Senior_officials_in_the_Baath_Party_in_a_rare_un-official_photograph_with_Salah_Jadid_from_1969.jpg/440px-Senior_officials_in_the_Baath_Party_in_a_rare_un-official_photograph_with_Salah_Jadid_from_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of a meeting of Senior leadership of the Baath Party in 1969 / From left to right: Interior Minister Mohammad Rabah al-Tawil, Chief of Staff General <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Tlass" title="Mustafa Tlass">Mustafa Tlass</a>, Commander of the Golan Front Ahmad al-Meer, and the Syrian strongman <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The secession from the UAR was a time of crisis for the party; several groups, including Hawrani, left the Ba'ath Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoubayed2006249_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoubayed2006249-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, Aflaq convened a congress which re-established the Syrian Regional Branch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200455_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division200455-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division in the original Ba'ath Party between the National Command led by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> and the "regionalists" in the Syrian Regional Branch stemmed from the break-up of the UAR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236–39_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236–39-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aflaq had sought to control the regionalist elements – an incoherent grouping led by Fa'iz al-Jasim, Yusuf Zuayyin, Munir al-Abdallah and Ibrahim Makhus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236–39_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich197236–39-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aflaq retained the support of the majority of the non-Syrian National Command members (13 at the time).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReich199034_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich199034-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the success of the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">February 1963 coup d'état</a> in Iraq, led by the Ba'ath Party's <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraqi Regional Branch</a>, the Military Committee hastily convened to plan a coup against <a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Kudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim al-Kudsi">Nazim al-Kudsi</a>'s presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199076–78_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199076–78-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coup – dubbed the <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">8 March Revolution</a> – was successful and a Ba'athist government was installed in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199076–78_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199076–78-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plotters' first order was to establish the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Revolutionary_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of the Revolutionary Command">National Council of the Revolutionary Command</a> (NCRC), which consisted entirely of Ba'athists and Nasserists, and was controlled by military personnel rather than civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199078_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale199078-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in its first years in power, the Syrian Regional Branch experienced an internal power struggle between traditional Ba'athists, radical socialists and the members of the Military Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200368–69_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200368–69-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> opposition joined forces to raise the spectre of communist takeover of Syria during the 1960s. They attacked the Baath party as being <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">anti-Sunni</a> and condemned the <a href="/wiki/State_secularism" class="mw-redirect" title="State secularism">state secularism</a> of the regime as being <a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">anti-religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>. Nasser himself proscribed the Syrian Baath for its militant secularism and the radical <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> proposals of its leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first period of Ba'ath rule was put to an end with the <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a>, which overthrew the traditional Ba'athists led by Aflaq and Bitar and brought <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a>, the head of the Military Committee, to power (though not formally).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200369_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200369-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Hafez_al-Assad_in_1970,_during_the_Syrian_Corrective_Revolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/General_Hafez_al-Assad_in_1970%2C_during_the_Syrian_Corrective_Revolution.jpg/220px-General_Hafez_al-Assad_in_1970%2C_during_the_Syrian_Corrective_Revolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/General_Hafez_al-Assad_in_1970%2C_during_the_Syrian_Corrective_Revolution.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Photo of Syrian military general Hafez al-Assad during the 1970 coup</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970_Coup">1970 Coup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1970 Coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1970_coup_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 coup (Syria)">1970 coup (Syria)</a></div> <p>After the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, tensions between Jadid and <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> increased, and al-Assad and his associates were strengthened by their hold on the military. In late 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale1990142_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale1990142-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they began dismantling Jadid's support network, facing ineffectual resistance from the civilian branch of the party that remained under Jadid's control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale1990149–150_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeale1990149–150-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This duality of power persisted until the <a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Revolution</a> of November 1970, when al-Assad ousted and imprisoned Atassi and Jadid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004213_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004213-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then set upon a project of rapid institution-building, reopened parliament and adopted a permanent constitution for the country, which had been ruled by military fiat and a provisional constitutional documents since 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004213_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004213-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assad significantly modified his predecessor's radical <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist economic</a> policies, encouraged several wealthy urban families to increase their activities in the private sector, and allowed limited foreign investment from <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Arab countries in the Persian Gulf region</a> States.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_the_Assads_(1970s_–_present)"><span id="Reign_of_the_Assads_.281970s_.E2.80.93_present.29"></span>Reign of the Assads (1970s – present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reign of the Assads (1970s – present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assad_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad family">Assad family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Iran–Syria relations">Iran–Syria relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hafez_al-Assad_(1970–2000)"><span id="Hafez_al-Assad_.281970.E2.80.932000.29"></span>Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hafez_al-Assad_and_Ali_Khamenei_-_September_6,_1984_-_Damascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hafez_al-Assad_and_Ali_Khamenei_-_September_6%2C_1984_-_Damascus.jpg/220px-Hafez_al-Assad_and_Ali_Khamenei_-_September_6%2C_1984_-_Damascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hafez_al-Assad_and_Ali_Khamenei_-_September_6%2C_1984_-_Damascus.jpg/330px-Hafez_al-Assad_and_Ali_Khamenei_-_September_6%2C_1984_-_Damascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hafez_al-Assad_and_Ali_Khamenei_-_September_6%2C_1984_-_Damascus.jpg/440px-Hafez_al-Assad_and_Ali_Khamenei_-_September_6%2C_1984_-_Damascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption> Meeting of Hafez Al-Assad and then <a href="/wiki/Iranian_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian president">Iranian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, 6 September 1984. During 1980s, as the grip of his Alawite loyalists in the Baath party tightened, Assad pursued close alliance with the Shi'ite theocracy of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hafez Al-Assad's reign was marked by the virtual abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arab</a> ideology; replacing it with the doctrine of socialist transformation and giving overriding priority in constructing <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist society</a> within Syria. Political participation was limited to the <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a>, the ruling coalition of Syrian Baath and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> parties; entrenching itself firmly within the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>. The Party also began building a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">personality cult</a> around Assad and brought the elite of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">armed forces</a> under Assad's grip and the officer corps were installed with <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawite</a> loyalists; further alienating the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Syria">Sunni</a> majority from the party.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Military_Presence_In_and_Near_Syria,_December_1986.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soviet_Military_Presence_In_and_Near_Syria%2C_December_1986.png/220px-Soviet_Military_Presence_In_and_Near_Syria%2C_December_1986.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soviet_Military_Presence_In_and_Near_Syria%2C_December_1986.png/330px-Soviet_Military_Presence_In_and_Near_Syria%2C_December_1986.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soviet_Military_Presence_In_and_Near_Syria%2C_December_1986.png/440px-Soviet_Military_Presence_In_and_Near_Syria%2C_December_1986.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Military Presence in Syria and Lebanon, December 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 1970s, the state apparatus of the Baath regime under Assad had consolidated into an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">anti-Sunni</a> orientation. Official propaganda incited Alawite farmers against rich Sunni landowners and regularly disseminated stereotypes of Sunni merchants and industrialists, casting them as enemies of <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a>. Bitterness towards the <a href="/wiki/Assadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadist">Assadist</a> regime and the <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawite</a> elite in the Baath and armed forces became widespread amongst the Sunni majority, laying the beginnings of an Islamic resistance. Prominent leaders of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> like <a href="/wiki/Issam_al-Attar" title="Issam al-Attar">Issam al-Attar</a> were imprisoned and exiled. A coalition of the traditional Syrian Sunni <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a></i>, Muslim Brotherhood revolutionaries and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> activists formed the Syrian Islamic Front in 1980 with objective of overthrowing Assad through <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> and establishing an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>. In the same year, Hafez officially supported Iran in its <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">war with Iraq</a> and controversially began importing Iranian fighters and terror groups into <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and Syria. This led to rising social tensions within the country which eventually became a full-fledged <a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">rebellion</a> in 1982; led by the Islamic Front. The regime responded by <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">slaughtering the Sunni inhabitants in Hama</a> and Aleppo and bombarding numerous mosques, killing around 20,000–40,000 civilians. The uprising was brutally crushed and Assad regarded the Muslim Brethren as demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syria under Hafez al-Assad was a staunch <a href="/wiki/Soviet_allies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet allies">Soviet ally</a> and firmly aligned itself with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a> during the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> saw Syria as the lynchpin of its Middle-East strategy and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation">Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation</a> in 1980; directly committing itself to Syria's defense and incorporating the Syrian armed forces into Soviet standards. For his part, Hafez committed himself to socialist economic and foreign policies; and was one of the few autocrats to openly support the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="End of the Cold War">end of the Cold War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> dealt a deep blow to Assad, who retained the nostalgia for the old order.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assad continued to rule Syria until his death in 2000, by centralizing powers in the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">state presidency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar2006362_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar2006362-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bashar_al-Assad_(2000_–_present)"><span id="Bashar_al-Assad_.282000_.E2.80.93_present.29"></span>Bashar al-Assad (2000 – present)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bashar al-Assad (2000 – present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Assad_2022_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Al-Assad_2022_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-Al-Assad_2022_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Al-Assad_2022_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-Al-Assad_2022_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Al-Assad_2022_%28cropped%29.jpeg/440px-Al-Assad_2022_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, the Secretary-General of the Syrian Regional Branch and state president</figcaption></figure> <p>Hafez's son <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> succeeded him in office as President of Syria and Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Branch on 17 July<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004199–200_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004199–200-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 24 June respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrechner1978257_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrechner1978257-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Syria" title="Mass media in Syria">State propaganda</a> portrayed the new president as the symbol of "modernity, youth, and openness".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning, Bashar al-Assad's rule was met with high expectations, with many foreign commentators believing he would introduce reforms reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese economic reforms">Chinese economic reforms</a> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhadbian2001636_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhadbian2001636-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar2006388_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar2006388-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A brief period of political and cultural opening known as <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a> was stamped out during 2001–2002, when numerous intellectuals, activists and dissidents, were arrested or exiled, under the guise of "national unity". Image of Assad as a moderniser also vanished; when economic measures resulted in the concentration of wealth under loyalist oligarchs, heightened <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">systematic corruption</a> and increased poverty levels amongst the <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rural_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural people">villagers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Syria_(2020-01-07)_06_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vladimir_Putin_in_Syria_%282020-01-07%29_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Syria_%282020-01-07%29_06_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vladimir_Putin_in_Syria_%282020-01-07%29_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Syria_%282020-01-07%29_06_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vladimir_Putin_in_Syria_%282020-01-07%29_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Syria_%282020-01-07%29_06_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (centre), sitting alongside <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Russian_defense_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian defense minister">Russian defense minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> (left), hearing military reports during his visit to the command post of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a> in Syria.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bashar al-Assad's rule was believed to be stable until the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> took place; the revolutions occurring in other parts of the Arab world acted as an inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Syrian Revolution">2011 Syrian revolution</a> which escalated into a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baathdone_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baathdone-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrian Regional Branch has demonstrated absolute loyalty to <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> in its entirety throughout the civil war, from organising counter-demonstrations to forming paramilitary units focused on violently crushing peaceful demonstrators of the Syrian Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally believed that the plays a minor role in the conflict, having been reduced to a <a href="/wiki/Mass_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass organization">mass organization</a>, and real decision-making taking place either in the military, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> or Bashar al-Assad's inner circle.<sup id="cite_ref-baathdone_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baathdone-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the party remained loyal to the government almost in its entirety throughout the civil war, probably out of concerns that the overthrow of the al-Assad family's rule would result in its own demise as well. Several militias were formed by Ba'ath Party volunteers to fight against insurgents,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper201521_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper201521-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civil war also resulted in a <a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_constitutional_referendum" title="2012 Syrian constitutional referendum">referendum on a new constitution</a> on 26 February 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution was approved by the populace, and the article stating that Ba'ath Party was "the leading party of society and state" was removed<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the constitution was ratified on 27 February.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another aspect of Assad's tenure was the restoration of close alliance with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the successor state of former Soviet Union. As protests erupted in 2011 as part of the Arab Spring and later proiliferated into a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil War</a>; Russia became the sole member to safeguard Assad in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a>. In September 2015; <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> ordered a direct Russian military operation in Syria on behalf of Assad; providing the regime with training, volunteers, supplies and weaponry; and has since engaged in extensive <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombardment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial bombardment">aerial bombardment</a> campaigns throughout the country targeting <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">anti-Assad rebels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2018, the government has launched an extensive Ba'athification campaign in its territories, amalgamating the state-party nexus and further entrenched its <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party rule</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary elections</a>, more hardline Ba'athist loyalists were appointed to commanding roles; and other satellite parties in the <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a> have been curtailed. Ba'athist candidates are fielded uncontested in many regions. The party itself was structurally overhauled, re-invigorating <a href="/wiki/Neo-ba%27athist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-ba'athist">neo-Ba'athist</a> ideology in organizational levels, and cadres accused of lacking ideological dedication were purged. The party portrays itself as the <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">vanguard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian">Syrian nation</a> and has tightened its monopoly on <a href="/wiki/Youth_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth organisations">youth organisations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">student activism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, agricultural organisations and other civil society groups.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_Congress">General Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The General Congress is supposed to be held every fourth year to elect members of the Central Command. Since 1980, its functions have been eclipsed by the Central Committee, which was empowered to elect the Central Command. By 1985's 8th Regional Congress, the Command Secretary was empowered to elect the Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA73_73]_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA73_73]-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 8th Regional Congress would be the last congress held under Hafez al-Assad's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA65_65]_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA65_65]-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next Regional Congress was held in June 2000 and elected Bashar al-Assad as Command Secretary and elected him as a candidate for the next presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA77_77]_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA77_77]-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delegates to the General Congress are elected beforehand by the Central Command leadership. While all delegates come from the party's local organisation, they are forced to elect members presented by the leadership. However, some criticism is allowed. At the 8th Regional Congress, several delegates openly criticised the growing political corruption and the economic stagnation in Syria. They could also discuss important problems to the Central Command, which in turn could deal with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA216_216]_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA216_216]-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Regional Congresses before the Regional Branch's dissolution in 1958</dt></dl> <ul><li>1st Regional Congress (March 1954)</li> <li>2nd Regional Congress (March 1955)</li> <li>3rd Regional Congress (9–12 July 1957)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Regional Congresses held after the Regional Branch's reestablishment</dt></dl> <ul><li>1st Regional Congress: 5 September 1963</li> <li>2nd Regional Congress: 18 March – 4 April 1965</li> <li>3rd Regional Congress: September 1966</li> <li>4th Regional Congress: 26 September 1968</li> <li>5th Regional Congress: 8–14 May 1971</li> <li>6th Regional Congress: 5–15 April 1975</li> <li>7th Regional Congress: 22 December – 7 January 1980</li> <li>8th Regional Congress: 5–20 January 1985</li> <li>9th Regional Congress: 17–21 June 2000</li> <li>10th Regional Congress: 6–9 June 2005</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Extraordinary Regional Congresses</dt></dl> <ul><li>1st Extraordinary Regional Congress: 1 February 1964</li> <li>2nd Extraordinary Regional Congress: 1 August 1965</li> <li>3rd Congress of the Regional Emergency: 10–13 and 20–27 March 1966</li> <li>4th Congress of the Regional Emergency: September 1967</li> <li>5th Regional Emergency Congress: 21–31 March 1969</li> <li>6th Regional Congress of the Emergency: June 1974</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Command">Central Command</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central Command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></div> <p>The Central Command is according to the Syrian Constitution has the power to nominate a candidate for president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerthes1997140_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerthes1997140-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the constitution does not state that the Secretary of the Central Command is the President of Syria, the charter of the <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a> (NPF), of which the Ba'ath Party is a member, states that the President and the Central Command Secretary is the NPF President, but this is not stated in any legal document.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerthes1997140_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerthes1997140-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1st Extraordinary Regional Congress held in 1964 decided that the Secretary of the Central Command would also be head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972148_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972148-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Command is officially responsible to the General Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200373_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200373-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Committee">Central Committee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Central Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Central Committee (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">Al-Lajna Al-Markaziyya</i>), established in January 1980, is subordinate to the Central Command. It was established as a conduit for communication between the Ba'ath Party leadership and local party organs. At the 8th Regional Congress held in 1985, membership size increased from 75 to 95. Other changes was that its powers were enhanced; in theory,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Central Command became responsible to the Central Committee, the hitch was that the Central Command Secretary elected the members of the Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA73_73]_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA73_73]-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another change was that the Central Committee was given the responsibilities of the Regional Congress when the congress was not in session.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the Central Command, the Central Committee is in theory supposed to be elected every fourth year by the Regional Congress, but from 1985 until Hafez al-Assad's death in 2000, no Regional Congress was held.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA216_216]_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA216_216]-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central-level_organs">Central-level organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Central-level organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_Bureau">Military Bureau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military Bureau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Military Bureau, which succeeded the Military Committee,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA70_70]_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA70_70]-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oversees the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian armed forces">Syrian armed forces</a>. Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/8th_of_March_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="8th of March Revolution">8 March Revolution</a>, the Military Committee became the supreme authority in military affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA149_149]_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA149_149]-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party has a parallel structure within the Syrian armed forces. The military and civilian sectors only meet at the regional level, as the military sector is represented in the Central Command and sends delegates to general congresses. The military sector is divided into branches, which operate at the battalion level. The head of a military party branch is called a <i>tawjihi</i>, or guide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, the Military Committee established the Military Organisation, which consisted of 12 branches resembling their civilian counterparts. The Military Organisation was led by a Central Committee, which represented the Military Committee. These new institutions were established to stop the civilian faction meddling in the affairs of the Military Committee. The Military Organisation met with the other branches through the Military Committee, which was represented at the Regional and National Congresses and Commands. The Military Organisation was a very secretive body. Members were sworn not to divulge any information about the organisation to officers who were not members in order to strengthen the Military Committee's hold on the military. In June 1964, it was decided that no new members would be admitted to the organisation. The Military Committee was built on a democratic framework, and a Military Organization Congress was held to elect the members of the Military Committee. Only one congress was ever held.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA150_150]_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA150_150]-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of a democratic framework led to internal divisions within the Military Organisation among the rank-and-file.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA150_150–151]_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA150_150–151]-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tension within the organisation increased, and became apparent when <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umran" title="Muhammad Umran">Muhammad Umran</a> was dismissed from the Military Committee. Some rank-and-file members presented a petition to the Regional Congress which called for the democratisation of the Military Organisation. The National Command, represented by <a href="/wiki/Munif_al-Razzaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Munif al-Razzaz">Munif al-Razzaz</a>, did not realise the importance of this petition before <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a> suppressed it. The Military Committee decided to reform, and the Regional Congress passed a resolution which made the Military Organisation responsible to the Military Bureau of the Central Command, which was only responsible for military affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA151_151]_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA151_151]-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Party_School">Central Party School</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Central Party School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ali Diab is the current head of the Ba'ath Party's Central Party School.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower-level_organizations">Lower-level organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lower-level organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party has 19 branches in Syria: one in each of the thirteen provinces, one in Damascus, one in Aleppo and one at each of the country's four universities. In most cases the governor of a province, police chief, mayor and other local dignitaries comprise the Branch Command. The Branch Command Secretary and other executive positions are filled by full-time party employees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members">Members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a>, the two principal fathers of Ba'athist thought, saw the Ba'ath Party as a <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a>, comparable to the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>, while Al-Assad saw it as a mass organisation. In 1970 he stated, "After this day the Ba'ath will not be the party of the elect, as some has envisaged ... Syria does not belong to the Ba'athists alone."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA71_71]_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA71_71]-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1970, membership of the Ba'ath Party in Syria expanded dramatically. In 1971, the party had 65,938 members; ten years later it stood at 374,332 and by mid-1992 it was 1,008,243. By mid-1992, over 14 percent of Syrians aged over 14 were members of the party. In 2003, the party membership stood at 1.8 million people, which is 18 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA71_71]_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA71_71]-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase in membership was not smooth. In 1985 a party organisational report stated that thousand of members had been expelled before the 7th Regional Congress held in 1980 because of indiscipline. The report also mentioned the increased tendency of opportunism among party members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA71_71]_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA71_71]-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1980 and 1984, 133,850 supporter-members and 3,242 full members were expelled from the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA72_72]_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA72_72]-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increase in members has led official propaganda, and leading members of the party and state, to say that the people and the party are inseparable. <a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syrian Christian</a> dissident and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activist">human rights activist</a>, said, "The Ba'ath does not recognize society. It consider itself [to be] society."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA72_72]_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA72_72]-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea led to Ba'athist slogans and tenets being included in the Syrian constitution. In 1979, the Ba'ath Party's position was further strengthened when dual party membership became a criminal offence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA72_72–73]_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA72_72–73]-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ba%27athism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Ba'athism">Neo-Ba'athism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadism">Assadism</a></div> <p>The original Ba'ath headed by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michael Aflaq</a> had viewed <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as a unique religion that shaped <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arab history</a> and society, calling for the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a> with Islamic religious values. On other hand; the younger <a href="/wiki/Neo-ba%27athist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-ba'athist">Neo-Ba'athists</a> who came from minority communities like <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> were highly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> ideals and incorporated <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> anti-religious, economic ideas and downplayed efforts for pan-Arab unity. The Neo-Ba'athist faction that took official control of Syria following the <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a> were advocates of militant revolution, calling for immediate socialist transformation of society. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> began supporting the group for its leftist programme and denounced its rival <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraqi Ba'ath</a> as "reactionary" and "right-wing". The early years of neo-Ba'ath power was marked by militarism along with increasing sectarianism in the army and party elites. State propaganda regularly attacked religion and belief in God and young students were given compulsory military training. Big businesses, banks and large agricultural lands were all nationalised. These policies brought the Syrian Ba'athists into conflict with <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalist</a> ideologies like <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a>, which was accused of betraying socialist ideals. <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a>, in turn, charged the Ba'ath with <a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">anti-religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neo-Ba'athism advocates the creation of a "vanguard" of leftist revolutionaries committed to build an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> in Syria and other Arab countries before making steps to achieve pan-Arab unity. The vanguard organisation is the Ba'th party; which advocates <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class-struggle</a> against the traditional Syrian economic elite classes; the big agriculturalists, industrialists, bourgeousie and feudal landlords. By the 1970s, 85% of agricultural lands were distributed to landless peasant populations and tenant farmers. Banks, oil companies, power production and 90% of large-scale industries were nationalised. The neo-Ba'athists led by <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a> who came to power in 1966 concentrated on improving the Syrian economy and exporting the doctrines of class-conflict and militant <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a> to the neighbouring countries. This view was challenged by General <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> and his neo-Ba'ath faction; who were proponents of a military-centric approach and focused on a strategy of strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian military</a> to defend the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist government">socialist government</a> against imperialist forces and their alleged internal collaborators. Assad favoured reconciliation of various leftist factions and pursued better relations with other Arab states. Although majority of the party members favoured Salah, Hafez was able to gain the upperhand following the events of the <a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">1970 coup</a> dubbed the "Corrective Movement" in official Syrian Ba'ath history. Assad's victory also marked the supersedure of the military over the Ba'ath party structures; making the armed forces a central centre of political power.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assadism">Assadism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Assadism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></figcaption></figure><p> Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc#Dissolution" title="Eastern Bloc">fall of the Soviet Bloc</a> in the 1990s, the official ideological paradigm of the Ba'athist dogma in Syria has been described as foundering. Despite decades of one-party rule that has lasted longer than the period of independent Syria (1946–1963); Ba'athist ideology itself has not gained popular legitimacy. The role of the party has become supplanted with the <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family#Cult_of_personality" title="Al-Assad family">cult of personality</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Assad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad dynasty">Assad dynasty</a> and a consolidation of communal-based allegiances. Assad's government was a <a href="/wiki/Personalist_dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalist dictator">personalist system</a> and his wisdom was portrayed as "beyond the comprehension of the average citizen". Assad deepened the <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawitization</a> of the party and the military; reduced the role of the civilian wing of party and based his state governance structure on loyalty to the leader's family.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State biography of Hafiz al-Assad describes this philosophy as "<i>Asadiyah</i> (Assadism)" defining it as: </p><blockquote><p>"the <a href="/wiki/Neo-ba%27athism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-ba'athism">New Ba'th</a> led by Hafiz al‑Asad, representing a new distinctive current in Syria which has been developed by him; it is a school of thought which has benefited from <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a>, but has surpassed it, just as it has surpassed the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">traditional Ba'thist</a> school, albeit that it does not contradict either of these schools of thought but has further developed them in line with contemporary needs."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Assad personality cult is portrayed as integral to the prosperity and security of the nation; with <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> being depicted as the father figure of the Syrian nation. Ceremonies and slogans of loyalty, praise and adulation of Assads are a daily part of schools, party centres, government offices, public spaces and the military. Official state propaganda attributes Assad with supernatural abilities combined by repetitive usage of symbolism that discouraged wider society from arenas for political activism. Upon the death of Hafez al-Assad in 2000, his successor <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> was depicted as a reformist and youthful hope. Hafez's inner circle elite was replaced by a far more restricted faction of elites closer to Bashar, often referred to as the "New Guard". Major posts in the armed forces were awarded to Alawite loyalists, family relatives and many non-Alawite elites that served under Hafez were expelled. Another important shift was the end of the Ba'th party's practical significance; with it being reduced to a formal structure for affirming fealty to Bashar and support for his revamped crackdowns on the newly established independent civil society groups, political activists and reformist voices that arose during the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a> in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cathcart_Winstanley-Chesters_Green_2017_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathcart_Winstanley-Chesters_Green_2017-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Describing the nature of Assadist ideological propaganda in her work <i>Ambiguities of Domination</i>, <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Wedeen" title="Lisa Wedeen">Lisa Wedeen</a> writes: </p><blockquote><p>"<a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family#Cult_of_personality" title="Al-Assad family">Asad's cult</a> is a strategy of domination based on compliance rather than legitimacy. The regime produces compliance through enforced participation in rituals of obeisance that are transparently phony both to those who orchestrate them and to those who consume them. Asad's cult operates as a disciplinary device, generating a politics of public dissimulation in which citizens act <i>as if</i> they revere their leader.. It produces guidelines for acceptable; it defines and generalizes a specific type of national membership; it occasions the enforcement of obedience; it induces complicity by creating practices in which citizens are themselves "accomplices", upholding the norms constitutive of Asad's domination; it isolates <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a> from one another; and it clutters public space with monotonous slogans and empty gestures, which tire the minds and bodies of producers and consumers alike... Asad is powerful because his regime can compel people to say the ridiculous and to avow the absurd."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cathcart_Winstanley-Chesters_Green_2017_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathcart_Winstanley-Chesters_Green_2017-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxists</a>, Syrian Ba'athist ideologues viewed religion as a tool used by traditional elites to oppress the weaker sections of the society and reinforce their conservative social order. Anti-religious propaganda has been a common ideological theme in the literature published by Syrian Ba'ath party. <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">Militant secularism</a> was emphasized in the "Declaration of Principles" manifesto published by the Ba'ath party in 1960; which declared that the party's "educational policy" was to build a "new generation of Arabs that believes in the unity of the nation and the eternity of its mission".<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manifesto also stated that this envisaged Ba'athist generation would be "committed to <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific thought</a> freed from the shackles of superstition and backward customs" and replace religion with <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> as their belief system.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian Ba'athist documents regularly depicted religion as a social institution that advanced "the values of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ba%27athist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Ba'athist">Neo-Ba'athism</a> views <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> as the "foremost symbol of reaction" preventing the birth of a modern <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> society, and advocate strict state supervision over religious activities for sustaining what its ideologues regard as a healthy, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a> society. During <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a>'s reign in power, the Ba'ath postured itself as a strongly <a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">anti-religious</a> political entity; adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> approach of top-down regimentation of the society through <a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">liquidation</a> of what it regarded as "<a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>" classes such as the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a>'s official status was downgraded by the Ba'athist government and the conventional role of religious clergy in state functioning was curtailed. While state ministers, officials, educators, etc. regularly preached about the "perils of religion"; party periodicals and magazines during the 1960s regularly made predictions about the "impending demise" of religion through the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an article titled "The Path to Creation of the New Arab Man" published by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> magazine "People's Army" in 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> party ideologue Ibrahim Khalas declared: </p><blockquote><p>"The <a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a> believes that God, religions, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and all the values that govern the ancient society are mummies that are just worth being put away in the museum of History... We don't need a man who prays and kneels, who bows his head with baseness and begs God for pity and mercy. The New Man is a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:After_Hama_Massacre_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/After_Hama_Massacre_18.jpg/280px-After_Hama_Massacre_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/After_Hama_Massacre_18.jpg/420px-After_Hama_Massacre_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/After_Hama_Massacre_18.jpg/560px-After_Hama_Massacre_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Anti-religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ba%27athism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Ba'athism">Ba'athist</a> writings on the walls of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama city</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">Hama Massacre</a> in 1982. The propaganda slogan, which translates to "There is no god but the homeland, and there is no messenger but the Ba'ath party", denigrated the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i> (Islamic testimony of faith)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the rule of Salah Jadid, neo-Ba'athist ideologues openly denounced religion as a source of what they considered as the backwardness of the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following popular revulsion at Jadid's blatant anti-religious policies, Hafez al-Assad began to tone down the <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularisation</a> programme during the 1970s, by co-opting some pro-government clerics like <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Said_Ramadan_al-Bouti" title="Muhammad Said Ramadan al-Bouti">Ramadan al-Bouti</a> to counter the Islamic opposition and granted them a degree of autonomy from the regime. Simultaneously, the regime began the "<a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>" of religious discourse through a loyal clerical network, and condemned anyone deviating from the state-promoted "Ba'thist version of Islam" as a threat to the society.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state-sponsored religious discourse during the rule of Hafez al-Assad promoted a <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing nationalist">left-wing nationalist</a> worldview that sought to anathematize Islamists and re-inforce loyalty towards the Alawite president.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The era of <i>d'tente</i> between the religious establishment and the Ba'athists came to an end in 2008, when <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> appointed Muhammad al-Sayyid as Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Awqaf_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Awqaf (Syria)">Ministry of <i>Awqaf</i></a>, which marked an era of harsh regulations in the religious landscape. Numerous private religious educational institutes, religious charities, independent <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">preaching</a> organisations, female religious centres, etc. were forcibly shut down as part of the revamped state -sponsored secularization drive. The state also tightened its grip over the official religious institutions and dissident Islamic voices were imprisoned, leading to open rift with the <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a></i>. Private religious institutes were allowed donations only after official permission from the Ministry of <i>Awqaf</i>, which also controlled the expenditures. The state was also entrusted with a broad range of powers including the hiring and firing of its instructors as well as the standardisation of their religious curriculum with the Ba'thist religious policy advocated by the Assad government, effectively <a href="/wiki/Nationalising" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalising">nationalising</a> the private religious institutes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Ba'ath party activists launched ideological campaigns against the <i><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">Niqab</a></i> (Islamic face veils) and alleged "extremist trends" in the society, which was complemented by the regime's revamped clampdown on religious activists, independent religious scholars and <a href="/wiki/Private_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Private schools">private schools</a>. Popular display of religious symbols of all sects was banned in 2010 and officials close to the <i>ulema</i> were suspended, under the pretext of preserving the "secular character" of the country. The regime also implemented <a href="/wiki/Niqab_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Niqab ban">nation-wide ban</a> on the <i>Niqab</i> (face-covering) and imposed restrictions on female Islamic organisations like the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qubaysiat" title="Al-Qubaysiat">Al-Qubaisiat</a>, which ignited a region-wide controversy. By the onset of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> in late 2010, relationship between the <i>ulema</i> and the Assad regime had sunk to its lowest level, with even staunch Assad-loyalists like the Grand Mufti <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Al-Bouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan Al-Bouti">Ramadan al-Bouti</a> expressing public discontent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, regime's crackdown on religious dissidents have increased, particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> background over allegations of sympathies with <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> groups. In November 2021, Assad abolished the office of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Syria" title="Grand Mufti of Syria">Grand Mufti of Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing <a href="/wiki/Assadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadism">Assadism</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Quasi-religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-religion">quasi-religion</a> fostered by the Ba'athist state for mobilising the fealty and adulation of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian citizenship">Syrian citizens</a>, Professor of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Middle Eastern Studies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bonn_International_Centre_for_Conflict_Studies" title="Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies">Bonn International Centre</a> Dr. Esther Meininghaus wrote: </p><blockquote><p>"by drawing on religion, the <a href="/wiki/Assad_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad regime">Assad regime</a> successfully sought to promote a value system ultimately rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27thist_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'thist Syria">Baʿthist</a> vision for Syrian society.. To this, we can indeed add the cult surrounding Presidents <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Asad</a>, whose pictures are displayed not only in public buildings and schools but taxis and shops, or ceremonies such as mass parades and/or the playing of the <a href="/wiki/Humat_ad-Diyar" title="Humat ad-Diyar">national anthem</a> during official celebrations. Also, official rhetoric has become increasingly infused with transcendental and metaphysical elements, in particular with regard to the President's <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family#Cult_of_personality" title="Al-Assad family">personality cult</a>. For instance, the President is addressed as the '<b>Eternal Leader</b><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> who will guide his people to becoming the 'true' <a href="/wiki/Arab_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Nation">Arab nation</a>. The recent slogan of <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i>Bashar, Allah, Suriyya wa-bas</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> (<i>Bashar, God, and Syria – that's it</i>) possibly best epitomises how close the regime has come to creating a Syrian public religion in its own right. Whether the outward performance of 'regime rituals' was actually fully internalised or secretly mocked, it had to be practised and obeyed."<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athism" title="Category:Ba'athism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 175%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Ba'ath Party"><img alt="Flag of the Ba'ath Party" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Major_groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1947–1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1968–2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Syrian)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">UN sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Baathist Syria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963</a> / <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup d'états</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_intervention_in_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War">Intervention in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist-Saddamist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadist-Saddamist conflict">Assadist-Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Regional_branches" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Regional organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;text-align:center;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Algeria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Algeria" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Bahrain</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Bahrain" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Egypt" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Iraq</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Iraq" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Jordan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kuwait</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Kuwait" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Lebanon</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Libya</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Mauritania</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Palestine</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sudan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Syria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Tunisia</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Tunisia" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Yemen</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Splinter-groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Splinter groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1960–1962/63</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1965–1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1970–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2002–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to Subhi Hadidi, a Syrian dissident, "The Ba'ath is in complete disarray. ... It's like a dead body. It's no longer a party in any normal sense of the word."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA64_64]_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA64_64]-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Batatu" title="Hanna Batatu">Hanna Batatu</a> wrote, "Under Assad the character of the Ba'ath changed ... Whatever independence of opinion its members enjoyed in the past was now curtailed, a premium being placed on conformity and internal discipline. The party became in effect another instrument by which the regime sought to control the community at large or to rally it behind its policies. The party's cadres turned more and more into bureaucrats and careerists, and were no longer vibrantly alive ideologically as in the 1950s and 1960s, unconditional fidelity to Assad having ultimately overridden fidelity to old beliefs."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA64_64–65]_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA64_64–65]-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Volker_Perthes" title="Volker Perthes">Volker Perthes</a>, the Ba'ath Party was transformed under Assad; Perthes wrote, "It was further inflated such as to neutralise those who had supported the overthrown leftist leadership, it was de-ideologised; and it was restructured so as to fit into the authoritarian format of Assad's system, lose its avant-garde character and became an instrument for generating mass support and political control. It was also to become the regime's main patronage network."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA70_70]_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA70_70]-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%27athist_mural_in_Idlib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ba%27athist_mural_in_Idlib.png/240px-Ba%27athist_mural_in_Idlib.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ba%27athist_mural_in_Idlib.png/360px-Ba%27athist_mural_in_Idlib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ba%27athist_mural_in_Idlib.png/480px-Ba%27athist_mural_in_Idlib.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A defaced Ba'athist mural at the Mihrab roundabout in <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a>, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">city's capture</a> by rebel forces in March 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ba'ath Party was turned into a patronage network closely intertwined with the bureaucracy, and soon became virtually indistinguishable from the state, while membership rules were liberalized. In 1987, the party had 50,000 members in Syria, with another 200,000 candidate members on probation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA214_214]_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA214_214]-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party lost its independence from the state and was turned into a tool of the Assad government, which remained based essentially in the security forces. Other parties that accepted the basic orientation of the government were permitted to operate again. The <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a> was established in 1972 as a coalition of these legal parties, which were only permitted to act as junior partners to the Ba'ath, with very little room for independent organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKedar2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidty-dtRMRd18CpgPA228_228]_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKedar2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidty-dtRMRd18CpgPA228_228]-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its social and political subservience to <a href="/wiki/Assadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadism">Assadism</a>, the Ba'ath party apparatus and its working establishments are crucial components in daily governance. The party facilitates <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">Assad family</a>'s tight control over the state, serves to organize supporters and mobilize mass-rallies for social legitimacy. Despite affirmation of multiple parties in the 2012 constitution; no real opposition is allowed to operate in practice. All candidates to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="People's Assembly of Syria">People's Assembly</a> and local councils are from the <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a> (NPF), a Ba'athist-led alliance firmly committed to the government. After 2018, the Ba'ath party expanded its political dominance and fielded more candidates in regional and national electoral processes, at the expense of other parties in the NPF. Internally, the party is strictly monitored by the High Command and regional Ba'athist leaders suspected of insufficient loyalty are expelled as "grey members" (<i>al-Ramadiyyin</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2022, the Ba'athists continue to dominate the regional councils, civil services, parliament, army and <i><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Mukhabarat</a></i>. Vast majority of legalized trade unions, students associations also belong to the Ba'ath party. More than a third of government employees in rural regions are Baath members; whereas in urban areas about half the officers are Baathists. Baath party institutions remain vital to establish bureaucratic functioning in the government controlled regions. Other parties of the <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a> are minority in size.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthem">Anthem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Anthem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ce1126;color:#fff;">Arabic script </th> <th style="background:#fff;color:#007A3D;">Arabic transliteration </th> <th style="background:#000;color:#fff;">English translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar">يا شباب العرب هيا وانطلق يا موكبي<br /> وارفع الصوت قوياً عاش بعث العـرب<br /> يا شباب العرب هيا وانطلق يا موكبي<br /> وارفع الصوت قوياً عاش بعث العـرب<br /> <br /> نحن فلاح وعامل وشباب لا يلين<br /> نحن جندي مقاتل نحن صوت الكادحين<br /> من جذور الأرض جئنا من صميم الألم<br /> بالضحايا ما بخلنا بالعطاء الأكرم<br /> <br /> يا شباب العرب هيا وانطلق يا موكبي<br /> وارفع الصوت قوياً عاش بعث العـرب<br /> <br /> خندق الثوار واحد أو يقال الظلم زال<br /> صامد يا بعـث صامد أنت في ساح النضال<br /> وحد الأحـرار هيا وحد الشعب العظـيم<br /> وامض يا بعث قوياً للغد الحر الكريم<br /> <br /> يا شباب العرب هيا وانطلق يا موكبي<br /> وارفع الصوت قوياً عاش بعث العـرب</span></span> </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>ya šabāba-l'arbi hayyā wanṭaliq yā mawkibī<br /> warfa'i-ṣṣawta qawiyān 'aša Ba'athu-l'arabi<br /> ya šabāba-l'arbi hayyā wanṭaliq yā mawkibī<br /> warfa'i-ṣṣawta qawiyān 'aša Ba'athu-l'arabi<br /> <br /> naḥnu fallaḥu wa'āmil washabābu-lla yalīn<br /> naḥnu jundi yun muqātil naḥnu sawtu-lkādaḥin<br /> min juðūri-l'Arḍi ji.nā min samimi-l-alami<br /> bī-ḍḍaḥāyā mā bakhilnā bi-l'aṭā il'akrami<br /> <br /> ya šabāba-l'arbi hayyā wanṭaliq yā mawkibī<br /> warfa'i-ṣṣawta qawiyān 'aša Ba'athu-l'arabi<br /> <br /> khandaqu-ththuwwāri wāḥid .aw yuqāla-ẓẓulmu zāl<br /> ṣāmidun ya Ba'athu ṣāmid .anta fī sāḥi-nniḍāl<br /> waḥidi-l.aḥrara hayyā waḥidi-shsha'aba-l'aẓīm<br /> wāmḍi yā Ba'athu qawiyyān lilġadi-lḥurri-lkarīm<br /> <br /> ya šabāba-l'arbi hayyā wanṭaliq yā mawkibī<br /> warfa'i-ṣṣawta qawiyān 'aša Ba'athu-l'arabi </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>Arab youth, raise and march to fight your enemies,<br /> Raise your voice: "Long live the Arab Ba'ath!"<br /> Arab youth, raise and march to fight your enemies,<br /> Raise your voice: "Long live the Arab Ba'ath!"<br /> <br /> We are farmers, workers and persistent youth,<br /> We are soldiers, we are the voice of labourers,<br /> We came from roots of this land and pain from hearts,<br /> We weren't <a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">misers</a> in giving sacrifice nobly.<br /> <br /> Arab youth, raise and march to fight your enemies,<br /> Raise your voice: "Long live the Arab Ba'ath!"<br /> <br /> All revolutionaries into the trenches, there's still injustice,<br /> The Ba'ath will never surrender and stop struggling.<br /> Go Ba'ath. Unite all revolutionaries, unite all great people,<br /> Go strong for tomorrow in freedom and dignity.<br /> <br /> Arab youth, raise and march to fight your enemies,<br /> Raise your voice: "Long live the Arab Ba'ath!" </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Party candidate </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1971_Syrian_presidential_election" title="1971 Syrian presidential election">1971</a> </th> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> </td> <td>1,919,609 </td> <td>99.2% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1978_Syrian_presidential_election" title="1978 Syrian presidential election">1978</a> </th> <td>3,975,729 </td> <td>99.9% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1985_Syrian_presidential_election" title="1985 Syrian presidential election">1985</a> </th> <td>6,200,428 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1991_Syrian_presidential_election" title="1991 Syrian presidential election">1991</a> </th> <td>6,726,843 </td> <td>99.99% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_Syrian_presidential_election" title="1999 Syrian presidential election">1999</a> </th> <td>8,960,011 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2000_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2000 Syrian presidential election">2000</a> </th> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> </td> <td>8,689,871 </td> <td>99.7% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2007_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2007 Syrian presidential election">2007</a> </th> <td>11,199,445 </td> <td>99.82% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014</a> </th> <td>10,319,723 </td> <td>88.7% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021</a> </th> <td>13,540,860 </td> <td>95.1% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_People's_Assembly_elections"><span id="Syrian_People.27s_Assembly_elections"></span>Syrian People's Assembly elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Syrian People's Assembly elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Party leader </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1949_Syrian_constituent_assembly_election" title="1949 Syrian constituent assembly election">1949</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 114</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 0.9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1953 Syrian parliamentary election">1953</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 82</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1954 Syrian parliamentary election">1954</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">22 / 140</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 16%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 22 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1961 Syrian parliamentary election">1961</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">20 / 140</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1973_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1973 Syrian parliamentary election">1973</a> </th> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">122 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 102 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1977_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1977 Syrian parliamentary election">1977</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">125 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1981_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1981 Syrian parliamentary election">1981</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">127 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1986_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1986 Syrian parliamentary election">1986</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">130 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Syrian parliamentary election">1990</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">134 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1994 Syrian parliamentary election">1994</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">135 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="1998 Syrian parliamentary election">1998</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">135 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2003_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2003 Syrian parliamentary election">2003</a> </th> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">167 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 32 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2007_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Syrian parliamentary election">2007</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">169 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 68%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">168 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">172 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 69%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">167 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Syrian parliamentary election">2024</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">169 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #017B48; width: 68%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (2004). <i>Syria: A Country Study</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing" title="Kessinger Publishing">Kessinger Publishing</a>. p. 215. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5022-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5022-7">978-1-4191-5022-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baathparty.sy/Posts.php?id=56287">"السيرة الذاتية للرفاق أعضاء القيادة المركزية لحزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي07-05-2024"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508091459/http://www.baathparty.sy/Posts.php?id=56287">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A07-05-2024&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baathparty.sy%2FPosts.php%3Fid%3D56287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alwatan.sy/archives/388689">"هنأ بوتين بتنصيبه رئيساً لروسيا الاتحادية لولاية جديدة ... الرئيس الأسد للقيادة المركزية: الحوار أحد أهم آليات تعزيز حضور «البع"</a> [He congratulated Putin on his inauguration as President of the Russian Federation for a new term... President al-Assad of the Central Command: Dialogue is one of the most important mechanisms for strengthening the presence of the "Baath Party."]. <a href="/wiki/Al-Watan_(Syria)" title="Al-Watan (Syria)">Al Watan Newspaper</a>. 9 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509062300/https://alwatan.sy/archives/388689">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A3+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+...+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF+%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85+%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1+%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9&rft.pub=Al+Watan+Newspaper&rft.date=2024-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falwatan.sy%2Farchives%2F388689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_ComminsDavid_W._Lesch2013" class="citation book cs1">David Commins; David W. Lesch (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wpBWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252"><i>Historical Dictionary of Syria</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7966-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7966-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-7966-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Syria&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7966-9&rft.au=David+Commins&rft.au=David+W.+Lesch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwpBWAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apn_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825124135/http://www.arabpressnetwork.org/newspaysv2.php?id=138">"Syria"</a>. <i>Arab Press Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabpressnetwork.org/newspaysv2.php?id=138">the original</a> on 25 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Press+Network&rft.atitle=Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabpressnetwork.org%2Fnewspaysv2.php%3Fid%3D138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ai-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ai_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker,_SpencerRoberts,_Priscillia_Mary2008" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscillia Mary (2008). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA183">183–184</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-841-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-841-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-841-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=183-184&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-841-5&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Spencer&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscillia+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/syriasource/syria-s-conflicting-powers-develop-separate-education-curriculums">"Syria's Conflicting Powers Develop Separate Education Curriculums"</a>. <i>Atlantic Council</i>. 23 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107030404/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/syriasource/syria-s-conflicting-powers-develop-separate-education-curriculums">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Conflicting+Powers+Develop+Separate+Education+Curriculums&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fsyriasource%2Fsyria-s-conflicting-powers-develop-separate-education-curriculums&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ryu-sy.org/">أحدث أخبار وفعاليات منظمة اتحاد شبيبة الثورة</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118194757/http://ryu-sy.org/">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (The latest news and events of the Revolutionary Youth Union).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SunniAleppo-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SunniAleppo_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Dark2014" class="citation news cs1">Edward Dark (14 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/syria-aleppo-sunni-quds-baath-brigades.html">"Pro-regime Sunni fighters in Aleppo defy sectarian narrative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Monitor">Al Monitor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223221431/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/syria-aleppo-sunni-quds-baath-brigades.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pro-regime+Sunni+fighters+in+Aleppo+defy+sectarian+narrative&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.au=Edward+Dark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2014%2F03%2Fsyria-aleppo-sunni-quds-baath-brigades.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-groupdissolved-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-groupdissolved_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2018/09/source-the-tiger-cancels-the-contracts-of-6500-of-its-troops-throughout-syria/">"Source: The "Tiger" Cancels the Contracts of 6500 of Its Troops throughout Syria"</a>. <i>Enab Baladi</i>. 20 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021756/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2018/09/source-the-tiger-cancels-the-contracts-of-6500-of-its-troops-throughout-syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=Source%3A+The+%22Tiger%22+Cancels+the+Contracts+of+6500+of+Its+Troops+throughout+Syria&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2018%2F09%2Fsource-the-tiger-cancels-the-contracts-of-6500-of-its-troops-throughout-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18582755">"Profile: Syria's ruling Baath Party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 9 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813084243/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18582755">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2019</span>. <q>Many posts in the public sector, the military and government were generally reserved for Baathists, which helped boost party membership. By 1981, some 375,000 people had joined the party. By 2010, this number had reportedly risen to 1.2 million – nearly 10% of the population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Syria%27s+ruling+Baath+Party&rft.date=2012-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-18582755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korany, Baghat; Dessouki, Ali (2010). <i>The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo_Press" title="American University in Cairo Press">American University in Cairo Press</a>. pp. 423–424. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-360-9">978-977-416-360-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viorst, Milton (1995). <i>Sandcastles: The Arabs in Search of the Modern World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. p. 146. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0224033237" title="Special:BookSources/978-0224033237">978-0224033237</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2020" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Christopher (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqIjEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East</i></a>. London, UK: Yale University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21717-9"><bdi>978-0-300-21717-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Syria%3A+International+Rivalry+in+the+New+Middle+East&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21717-9&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcqIjEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtassi2018" class="citation book cs1">Atassi, Karim (2018). <i>Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes</i>. New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 259–262, 382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316872017">10.1017/9781316872017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18360-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18360-5"><bdi>978-1-107-18360-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%2C+the+Strength+of+an+Idea%3A+The+Constitutional+Architectures+of+Its+Political+Regimes&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY+10006%2C+USA&rft.pages=259-262%2C+382&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316872017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-18360-5&rft.aulast=Atassi&rft.aufirst=Karim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtassi2018" class="citation book cs1">Atassi, Karim (2018). <i>Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes</i>. New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 262, 344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316872017">10.1017/9781316872017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18360-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18360-5"><bdi>978-1-107-18360-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%2C+the+Strength+of+an+Idea%3A+The+Constitutional+Architectures+of+Its+Political+Regimes&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY+10006%2C+USA&rft.pages=262%2C+344&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316872017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-18360-5&rft.aulast=Atassi&rft.aufirst=Karim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Tucker2015" class="citation book cs1">C. Tucker, Spencer (2015). "Baath party". <i>U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century</i>. Vol. 1. California, USA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 135, 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3878-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3878-1"><bdi>978-1-4408-3878-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baath+party&rft.btitle=U.S.+Conflicts+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=California%2C+USA&rft.pages=135%2C+136&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3878-1&rft.aulast=C.+Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>The Israel Economist</i>. Vol. 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970. p. 61. <q>The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel+Economist&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Kollek+%26+Son%2C+Limited&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/syrian-nationalism-is-all-about-masculinity-87406">"Syrian nationalism is all about masculinity"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. 13 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719180148/https://theconversation.com/syrian-nationalism-is-all-about-masculinity-87406">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>And just as these ideas are at the forefront of the Syrian conflict, they will be very familiar to any ordinary Syrian. Assad's invigorated nationalism is a highly amplified and intensified version of the same nationalist ideology that we have all experienced over the last four decades.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Syrian+nationalism+is+all+about+masculinity&rft.date=2017-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fsyrian-nationalism-is-all-about-masculinity-87406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisan2017" class="citation book cs1">Nisan, Mordechai (2017). "5: Syria: The Occupation of Lebanon". <i>Politics and War in Lebanon: Unraveling the Enigma</i>. 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. pp. 93–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-5667-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-5667-6"><bdi>978-1-4128-5667-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Syria%3A+The+Occupation+of+Lebanon&rft.btitle=Politics+and+War+in+Lebanon%3A+Unraveling+the+Enigma&rft.place=711+Third+Avenue%2C+New+York%2C+NY+10017%2C+USA&rft.pages=93-116&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-5667-6&rft.aulast=Nisan&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bath-Party">"Baʿath Party"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107070213/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bath-Party">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Baʿath Party espoused nonalignment and opposition to imperialism and colonialism...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ba%CA%BFath+Party&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBath-Party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieland2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wieland, Carsten (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0122-44092007000100009">"SYRIA'S CHALLENGES AFTER THE ELECTION YEAR IS BASHAR AL-ASAD PART OF THE PROBLEM OR PART OF THE SOLUTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST?"</a>. <i>Papel Politico</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 209–236. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425041312/http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0122-44092007000100009">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papel+Politico&rft.atitle=SYRIA%27S+CHALLENGES+AFTER+THE+ELECTION+YEAR+IS+BASHAR+AL-ASAD+PART+OF+THE+PROBLEM+OR+PART+OF+THE+SOLUTION+IN+THE+MIDDLE+EAST%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=209-236&rft.date=2007-06&rft.aulast=Wieland&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.co%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0122-44092007000100009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalt,_Stephen1987" class="citation book cs1">Walt, Stephen (1987). "3:From the Baghdad Pact to the Six Day War". <i>The Origins of Alliances</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9418-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9418-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-9418-5</bdi></a>. <q>yet another coup d'etat in Syria in February 1966 ousted the old guard of the Ba'th Party... and gave a radical faction (subsequently dubbed the neo-Ba'th) undisputed power. Abandoning the traditional goal of Arab unity, the new leaders proclaimed a radical socialist platform at home and a commitment to violent revolutionary activity abroad..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3AFrom+the+Baghdad+Pact+to+the+Six+Day+War&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Alliances&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9418-5&rft.au=Walt%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-El-attrache-Roberts-Bar-Siman-Tov-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-El-attrache-Roberts-Bar-Siman-Tov_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-attrache1973" class="citation book cs1">El-attrache, Mohammed (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11244/3545"><i>The Political Philosophy of Michel Aflaq and the Ba'th Party in Syria</i></a>. Norman, Oklahoma, USA: University of Oklahoma. pp. 160–177. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11244%2F3545">11244/3545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Philosophy+of+Michel+Aflaq+and+the+Ba%27th+Party+in+Syria&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma%2C+USA&rft.pages=160-177&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11244%2F3545&rft.aulast=El-attrache&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F11244%2F3545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2015" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, David (2015). "7: Ba'athist Doctrine". <i>The Ba'ath and the creation of modern Syria</i> (Routledge Library Editions: Syria ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 62–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83882-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83882-5"><bdi>978-0-415-83882-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%3A+Ba%27athist+Doctrine&rft.btitle=The+Ba%27ath+and+the+creation+of+modern+Syria&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=62-76&rft.edition=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+Syria&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-83882-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Siman-Tov1983" class="citation book cs1">Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov (1983). "7: The Neo-Ba'ath Regime". <i>Linkage Politics in the Middle East Syria Between Domestic and External Conflict, 1961–1970</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86531-945-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86531-945-6"><bdi>0-86531-945-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%3A+The+Neo-Ba%27ath+Regime&rft.btitle=Linkage+Politics+in+the+Middle+East+Syria+Between+Domestic+and+External+Conflict%2C+1961%E2%80%931970&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-86531-945-6&rft.aulast=Bar-Siman-Tov&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Wilber,_P._JamesonGottheil1982" class="citation book cs1">K. Wilber, P. Jameson, Charles, Kenneth; Gottheil, Fred (1982). "Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal". <i>Socialist Models of Development</i>. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press. pp. 825–836. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-027921-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-027921-X"><bdi>0-08-027921-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iraqi+and+Syrian+Socialism%3A+An+Economic+Appraisal&rft.btitle=Socialist+Models+of+Development&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=825-836&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-08-027921-X&rft.aulast=K.+Wilber%2C+P.+Jameson&rft.aufirst=Charles%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Gottheil%2C+Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeydemann1999" class="citation book cs1">Heydemann, Steven (1999). "4: Building the Institutions of Populist Authoritarian Rule". <i>Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict</i>. New York: Cornell University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2932-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-2932-3"><bdi>0-8014-2932-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+Building+the+Institutions+of+Populist+Authoritarian+Rule&rft.btitle=Authoritarianism+in+Syria%3A+Institutions+and+Social+Conflict&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8014-2932-3&rft.aulast=Heydemann&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-El-attrache-Roberts-Bar-Siman-Tov_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El-attrache-Roberts-Bar-Siman-Tov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavoški2022" class="citation book cs1">Cavoški, Jovan (2022). <i>Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History</i>. UK: Bloomsburry. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-3209-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-3209-5"><bdi>978-1-3500-3209-5</bdi></a>. <q>Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-Aligned+Movement+Summits%3A+A+History&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Bloomsburry&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-3500-3209-5&rft.aulast=Cavo%C5%A1ki&rft.aufirst=Jovan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._Dawisha1980" class="citation book cs1">I. Dawisha, Adeed (1980). "3: External and Internal Setting". <i>Syria and the Lebanese Crisis</i>. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05373-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05373-5"><bdi>978-1-349-05373-5</bdi></a>. <q>The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+External+and+Internal+Setting&rft.btitle=Syria+and+the+Lebanese+Crisis&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-1-349-05373-5&rft.aulast=I.+Dawisha&rft.aufirst=Adeed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>The Israel Economist</i>. Vol. 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970. p. 61. <q>The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel+Economist&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Kollek+%26+Son%2C+Limited&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbadi2004" class="citation book cs1">Abadi, Jacob (2004). <i>Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy</i>. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5576-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5576-7"><bdi>0-7146-5576-7</bdi></a>. <q>radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Quest+for+Recognition+and+Acceptance+in+Asia%3A+Garrison+State+Diplomacy&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Frank+Class+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7146-5576-7&rft.aulast=Abadi&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Abu_Jaber1966" class="citation book cs1">S. Abu Jaber, Kamel (1966). <i>The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization</i>. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. pp. xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/66-25181">66-25181</a>. <q>The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Ba%27th+Socialist+Party%3A+History%2C+Ideology+and+Organization&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=xii-xiii%2C+33-47%2C+75-97&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F66-25181&rft.aulast=S.+Abu+Jaber&rft.aufirst=Kamel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopwood2013" class="citation book cs1">Hopwood, Derek (2013). <i>Syria 1945–1986: Politics and Society</i>. Routledge. pp. 45–46, 73–75, 90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315818955">10.4324/9781315818955</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317818427" title="Special:BookSources/9781317818427"><bdi>9781317818427</bdi></a>. <q>The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis.. struggle between 'moderates' and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+1945%E2%80%931986%3A+Politics+and+Society&rft.pages=45-46%2C+73-75%2C+90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315818955&rft.isbn=9781317818427&rft.aulast=Hopwood&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2020" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Christopher (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqIjEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East</i></a>. London, UK: Yale University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21717-9"><bdi>978-0-300-21717-9</bdi></a>. <q> In 1963.. the socialist Ba'ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Syria%3A+International+Rivalry+in+the+New+Middle+East&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21717-9&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcqIjEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikhaĭlovich_Vasilʹev1993" class="citation book cs1">Mikhaĭlovich Vasilʹev, Alekseĭ (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qtJoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism</i></a>. University of Michigan, USA: Ithaca Press. pp. 63, 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863721687" title="Special:BookSources/978-0863721687"><bdi>978-0863721687</bdi></a>. <q>Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy.. when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria's rapprochement with the Soviet Union.. for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a "people's war") were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Policy+in+the+Middle+East%3A+From+Messianism+to+Pragmatism&rft.place=University+of+Michigan%2C+USA&rft.pages=63%2C+76&rft.pub=Ithaca+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0863721687&rft.aulast=Mikha%C4%ADlovich+Vasil%CA%B9ev&rft.aufirst=Alekse%C4%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqtJoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliment2015" class="citation book cs1">Climent, James (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dv8TBwAAQBAJ"><i>World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8284-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8284-0"><bdi>978-0-7656-8284-0</bdi></a>. <q>influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included.. Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Terrorism%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Violence+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Post-9%2F11+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=383&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-8284-0&rft.aulast=Climent&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddv8TBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-eb-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_O'Bagy2012" class="citation web cs1">Elizabeth O'Bagy (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_SyriasPoliticalStruggle_Spring2012.pdf">"Syria's Political Struggle: Spring 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Backgrounder)</span>. <i>ISW</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225936/http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_SyriasPoliticalStruggle_Spring2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISW&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Political+Struggle%3A+Spring+2012&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.au=Elizabeth+O%27Bagy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FBackgrounder_SyriasPoliticalStruggle_Spring2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perthes, Volker (1997). The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad. I.B. Tauris. p. 156. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-192-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-192-X">1-86064-192-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETejel2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg4f54qsU618CpgPA149_149]-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETejel2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg4f54qsU618CpgPA149_149]_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTejel2009">Tejel 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4f54qsU618C&pg=PA149">149</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostiner2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYQb1Ilj2U7ECpgPA36_36]-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostiner2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYQb1Ilj2U7ECpgPA36_36]_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostiner2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYQb1Ilj2U7ECpgPA36_36]_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKostiner2007">Kostiner 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQb1Ilj2U7EC&pg=PA36">36</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA66_66–67]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA66_66–67]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFdbVVcKsSIC&pg=PA66">66–67</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA67_67]-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA67_67]_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA67_67]_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA67_67]_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFdbVVcKsSIC&pg=PA67">67</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUqfHROAUevsCpgPA413_413]-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUqfHROAUevsCpgPA413_413]_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeretz1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUqfHROAUevsCpgPA413_413]_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeretz1994">Peretz 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqfHROAUevsC&pg=PA413">413</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinerStanley2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4lhgDBDWw3ACpgPA149_149]-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinerStanley2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4lhgDBDWw3ACpgPA149_149]_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinerStanley2009">Finer & Stanley 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4lhgDBDWw3AC&pg=PA149">149</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA211_211–212]_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFederal_Research_Division2004">Federal Research Division 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9L9ZWtnYsgC&pg=PA211">211–212</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA52_52–53]-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalvani1974" class="citation journal cs1">Galvani, John (February 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3011567">"Syria and the Baath Party"</a>. <i>MERIP Reports</i> (25): 12, 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3011567">10.2307/3011567</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3011567">3011567</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221104023128/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3011567">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA73_73]_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFdbVVcKsSIC&pg=PA73">73</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA65_65]-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA65_65]_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFdbVVcKsSIC&pg=PA65">65</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA77_77]-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA77_77]_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFdbVVcKsSIC&pg=PA77">77</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA216_216]-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA216_216]_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA216_216]_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFederal_Research_Division2004">Federal Research Division 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9L9ZWtnYsgC&pg=PA216">216</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerthes1997140-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerthes1997140_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerthes1997140_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerthes1997">Perthes 1997</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972148-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972148_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge200373-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge200373_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Research_Division2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB9L9ZWtnYsgCpgPA215_215]_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFederal_Research_Division2004">Federal Research Division 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9L9ZWtnYsgC&pg=PA215">215</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA70_70]-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA150_150]-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA150_150]_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KqR5eFb3xGsC&pg=PA150">150</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA150_150–151]-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKqR5eFb3xGsCpgPA150_150–151]_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinovich1972">Rabinovich 1972</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KqR5eFb3xGsC&pg=PA150">150–151</a>.</span> </li> <li 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Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region. 10 June 2000. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baath-party.org/download/130_low-e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ba%27ath+Message&rft.atitle=National+leadership+workshop+Arab+world+in+the+Heart+of+Regional+and+International+Conflict&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2000-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baath-party.org%2Fdownload%2F130_low-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA71_71]-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA71_71]_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA71_71]_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA71_71]_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFdbVVcKsSIC&pg=PA71">71</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA72_72]-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA72_72]_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA72_72]_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFdbVVcKsSIC&pg=PA72">72</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA72_72–73]-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddFdbVVcKsSICpgPA72_72–73]_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFdbVVcKsSIC&pg=PA72">72–73</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2015" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, David (2015). <i>The Ba'ath and the creation of modern Syria</i> (Routledge Library Editions: Syria ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 49, 57, 61, 72, 82–83, 88–100, 133–134, 148–149, 153, 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83882-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83882-5"><bdi>978-0-415-83882-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ba%27ath+and+the+creation+of+modern+Syria&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=49%2C+57%2C+61%2C+72%2C+82-83%2C+88-100%2C+133-134%2C+148-149%2C+153%2C+161&rft.edition=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+Syria&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-83882-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Abu_Jaber1966" class="citation book cs1">S. 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Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. pp. xii–xiii, 76–78, 93–95. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/66-25181">66-25181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Ba%27th+Socialist+Party%3A+History%2C+Ideology+and+Organization&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=xii-xiii%2C+76-78%2C+93-95&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F66-25181&rft.aulast=S.+Abu+Jaber&rft.aufirst=Kamel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2015" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, David (2015). "13: Conclusions". <i>The Ba'ath and the creation of modern Syria</i> (Routledge Library Editions: Syria ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 136–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83882-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83882-5"><bdi>978-0-415-83882-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13%3A+Conclusions&rft.btitle=The+Ba%27ath+and+the+creation+of+modern+Syria&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=136-139&rft.edition=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+Syria&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-83882-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalt,_Stephen1987" class="citation book cs1">Walt, Stephen (1987). 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Stanford University, California: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 281–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817965617" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817965617"><bdi>978-0817965617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=16%3A+Military+Ascendancy+in+Syria&rft.btitle=The+Baath+Party%3A+A+History+From+its+Origins+to+1966&rft.place=Stanford+University%2C+California&rft.pages=281-307&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0817965617&rft.aulast=F.+Devlin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalvani1974" class="citation journal cs1">Galvani, John (February 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3011567">"Syria and the Baath Party"</a>. <i>MERIP Reports</i> (25): 3, 7–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3011567">10.2307/3011567</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3011567">3011567</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221104023128/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3011567">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MERIP+Reports&rft.atitle=Syria+and+the+Baath+Party&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=3%2C+7-10&rft.date=1974-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3011567&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3011567%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Galvani&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3011567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoranyDessouki2010" class="citation book cs1">Korany, Baghat; Dessouki, Ali (2010). <i>The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo_Press" title="American University in Cairo Press">American University in Cairo Press</a>. pp. 423, 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-360-9"><bdi>978-977-416-360-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policies+of+Arab+States%3A+The+Challenge+of+Globalization&rft.pages=423%2C+424&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-977-416-360-9&rft.au=Korany%2C+Baghat&rft.au=Dessouki%2C+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dam2011" class="citation book cs1">Van Dam, Nikolaos (2011). "10: Conclusions". <i>The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society Under Asad and the Ba'th Party</i> (4th ed.). London: I. 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"10: Conclusions". <i>The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society Under Asad and the Ba'th Party</i> (4th ed.). London: I. B Tauris. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-760-5"><bdi>978-1-84885-760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+Conclusions&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Power+in+Syria%3A+Politics+and+Society+Under+Asad+and+the+Ba%27th+Party&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=I.+B+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-760-5&rft.aulast=Van+Dam&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2020" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Christopher (2020). 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Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 9–10, 41–44, 227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-25450-6">10.1007/978-3-030-25450-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25449-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25449-0"><bdi>978-3-030-25449-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204449526">204449526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leading+Protests+in+the+Digital+Age%3A+Youth+Activism+in+Egypt+and+Syria&rft.pages=9-10%2C+41-44%2C+227&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204449526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-25450-6&rft.isbn=978-3-030-25449-0&rft.aulast=Aslan+Ozgul&rft.aufirst=Billur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Reilly2018" class="citation book cs1">A. Reilly, James (2018). "7: Thirty Years of Hafez Al-Assad". <i>Fragile Nation, Shattered Land: The Modern History of Syria</i>. London, UK: I. B Tauris. pp. 160–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-961-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-961-0"><bdi>978-1-78453-961-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%3A+Thirty+Years+of+Hafez+Al-Assad&rft.btitle=Fragile+Nation%2C+Shattered+Land%3A+The+Modern+History+of+Syria&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=160-161&rft.pub=I.+B+Tauris&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78453-961-0&rft.aulast=A.+Reilly&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cathcart_Winstanley-Chesters_Green_2017-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cathcart_Winstanley-Chesters_Green_2017_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathcart_Winstanley-Chesters_Green_2017_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_CathcartRobert_Winstanley-ChestersChristopher_K._Green2017" class="citation book cs1">Adam Cathcart; Robert Winstanley-Chesters; Christopher K. Green, eds. (2017). <i>Change and Continuity in North Korean Politics</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-68168-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-68168-2"><bdi>978-1-138-68168-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Change+and+Continuity+in+North+Korean+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-68168-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedeen2015" class="citation book cs1">Wedeen, Lisa (2015). 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Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 6, 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F978022345536.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/978022345536.001.0001</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33337-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33337-3"><bdi>978-0-226-33337-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Believing+in+Spectacles&rft.btitle=Ambiguities+of+Domination%3A+Politics%2C+Rhetoric%2C+and+Symbols+in+Contemporary+Syria&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=6%2C+12&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F978022345536.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-33337-3&rft.aulast=Wedeen&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214138/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf">"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 364–365. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bashar%27s+Syria%3A+The+Regime+and+its+Strategic+Worldview&rft.pages=364-365&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herzliyaconference.org%2F_Uploads%2F2590Bashars.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2007" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barry (2007). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bashar%27s+Syria%3A+The+Regime+and+its+Strategic+Worldview&rft.pages=364-365&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herzliyaconference.org%2F_Uploads%2F2590Bashars.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeydemann,_LeendersPierret2013" class="citation book cs1">Heydemann, Leenders, Steven, Reinoud; Pierret, Thomas (2013). "4: The State Management of religion in Syria". <i>Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation and regime resilience in Syria and Iran</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/83906">the original</a> on 2 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carnegieendowment.org&rft.atitle=The+Banality+of+Authoritarian+Control%3A+Syria%27s+Ba%27ath+Party+Marches+On&rft.aulast=Yonker%2C+Solomon&rft.aufirst=Carl%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fsada%2F83906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226152530/https://crd.org/al-assad/">"Al-Assad: The Presidency That Never Ends"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Defenders" title="Civil Rights Defenders">Civil Rights Defenders</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crd.org/al-assad/">the original</a> on 26 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Rights+Defenders&rft.atitle=Al-Assad%3A+The+Presidency+That+Never+Ends&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrd.org%2Fal-assad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwad2023" class="citation book cs1">Awad, Ziad (27 January 2023). <i>The 2022 Syrian Local Elections: A Leadership Rooted in Regime Networks</i>. Via dei Roccettini 9, I-50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy: European University Institute. pp. 5–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2870%2F52247">10.2870/52247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9466-358-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9466-358-0"><bdi>978-92-9466-358-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+2022+Syrian+Local+Elections%3A+A+Leadership+Rooted+in+Regime+Networks&rft.place=Via+dei+Roccettini+9%2C+I-50014+San+Domenico+di+Fiesole+%28FI%29+Italy&rft.pages=5-20&rft.pub=European+University+Institute&rft.date=2023-01-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2870%2F52247&rft.isbn=978-92-9466-358-0&rft.aulast=Awad&rft.aufirst=Ziad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Syrian Ba'ath represents the "left-wing"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Ba'ath movement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieland2018" class="citation book cs1">Wieland, Carsten (2018). "6: De-neutralizing Aid: All Roads Lead to Damascus". <i>Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes</i>. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4138-3"><bdi>978-0-7556-4138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+De-neutralizing+Aid%3A+All+Roads+Lead+to+Damascus&rft.btitle=Syria+and+the+Neutrality+Trap%3A+The+Dilemmas+of+Delivering+Humanitarian+Aid+Through+Violent+Regimes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-4138-3&rft.aulast=Wieland&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1979" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1979). "Syria". <i>World Armies</i>. New York, USA: Facts on File Inc. pp. 683–684. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87196-407-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87196-407-4"><bdi>0-87196-407-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syria&rft.btitle=World+Armies&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=683-684&rft.pub=Facts+on+File+Inc.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-87196-407-4&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeininghaus2016" class="citation book cs1">Meininghaus, Esther (2016). "Introduction". <i>Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State</i>. I. B. Tauris. pp. 1–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-115-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-115-7"><bdi>978-1-78453-115-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Creating+Consent+in+Ba%27thist+Syria%3A+Women+and+Welfare+in+a+Totalitarian+State&rft.pages=1-33&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78453-115-7&rft.aulast=Meininghaus&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>Journals and papers</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bar, Shmuel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214138/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf">"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comparative Strategy</i>. <b>25</b> (5): 353–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01495930601105412">10.1080/01495930601105412</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154739379">154739379</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Strategy&rft.atitle=Bashar%27s+Syria%3A+The+Regime+and+its+Strategic+Worldview&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=353-445&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01495930601105412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154739379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herzliyaconference.org%2F_Uploads%2F2590Bashars.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhadbian2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ghadbian, Najib (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212184217/https://offiziere.ch/wp-content/uploads/The-New-Assad.pdf">"The New Asad: Dynamics of Continuity and Change in Syria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Middle_East_Journal" title="The Middle East Journal">The Middle East Journal</a></i>. <b>55</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Institute" title="Middle East Institute">Middle East Institute</a>: 624–641. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://offiziere.ch/wp-content/uploads/The-New-Assad.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=The+New+Asad%3A+Dynamics+of+Continuity+and+Change+in+Syria&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=624-641&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ghadbian&rft.aufirst=Najib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foffiziere.ch%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FThe-New-Assad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouejati2006" class="citation web cs1">Jouejati, Murhaf (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dtra/syria.pdf">"The Strategic Culture of Irredentist Small Powers: The Case of Syria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federation of American Scientists</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009214518/https://fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dtra/syria.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft.atitle=The+Strategic+Culture+of+Irredentist+Small+Powers%3A+The+Case+of+Syria&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jouejati&rft.aufirst=Murhaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fagency%2Fdod%2Fdtra%2Fsyria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrechner1978" class="citation book cs1">Brechner, Michael (1978). <i>Studies in Crisis Behavior</i>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87855-292-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87855-292-8"><bdi>0-87855-292-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Crisis+Behavior&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87855-292-8&rft.au=Brechner%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Cooper_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Cooper (author) (page does not exist)">Cooper, Tom</a> (2015). <i>Syrian Conflagration. The Civil War 2011–2013</i>. <a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a>: Helion & Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-10-9"><bdi>978-1-910294-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syrian+Conflagration.+The+Civil+War+2011%E2%80%932013&rft.place=Solihull&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-10-9&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Research_Division2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (2004). <i>Syria: A Country Study</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing" title="Kessinger Publishing">Kessinger Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5022-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5022-7"><bdi>978-1-4191-5022-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-5022-7&rft.au=Federal+Research+Division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinerStanley2009" class="citation book cs1">Finer, Samuel; Stanley, Jay (2009). <i>The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0922-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0922-3"><bdi>978-0-7658-0922-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+on+Horseback%3A+The+Role+of+the+Military+in+Politics&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0922-3&rft.au=Finer%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2003" class="citation book cs1">George, Alan (2003). <i>Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-213-3"><bdi>978-1-84277-213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Neither+Bread+nor+Freedom&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-213-3&rft.au=George%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKedar2006" class="citation book cs1">Kedar, Mordechai (2006). <i>Asad in Search of Legitimacy: Message and Rhetoric in the Syrian Press Under</i>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84519-185-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84519-185-4"><bdi>1-84519-185-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asad+in+Search+of+Legitimacy%3A+Message+and+Rhetoric+in+the+Syrian+Press+Under&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84519-185-4&rft.au=Kedar%2C+Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostiner2007" class="citation book cs1">Kostiner, Joseph (2007). <i>Conflict and Cooperation in the Gulf Region</i>. VS Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-269-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-269-1"><bdi>978-1-84511-269-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Cooperation+in+the+Gulf+Region&rft.pub=VS+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-269-1&rft.au=Kostiner%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoubayed2006" class="citation book cs1">Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). <i>Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000</i>. Cune Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885942-40-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-885942-40-0"><bdi>1-885942-40-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+%26+Silk%3A+Men+and+Women+who+shaped+Syria+1900%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Cune+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-885942-40-0&rft.au=Moubayed%2C+Sami+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerthes1997" class="citation book cs1">Perthes, Volker (1997). <i>The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-192-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-192-X"><bdi>1-86064-192-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Syria+Under+Asad&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-86064-192-X&rft.au=Perthes%2C+Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeale1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Seale" title="Patrick Seale">Seale, Patrick</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal"><i>Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06976-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06976-5"><bdi>0-520-06976-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asad+of+Syria%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-520-06976-5&rft.au=Seale%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasadofsyriastrug00seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeretz1994" class="citation book cs1">Peretz, Don (1994). <i>The Middle East Today</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-94576-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-94576-6"><bdi>0-275-94576-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+Today&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-275-94576-6&rft.au=Peretz%2C+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodeh1999" class="citation book cs1">Podeh, Elie (1999). <i>The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic</i>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902210-20-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-902210-20-4"><bdi>1-902210-20-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Arab+Unity%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+United+Arabic+Republic&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-902210-20-4&rft.au=Podeh%2C+Elie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinovich1972" class="citation book cs1">Rabinovich, Itamar (1972). <i>Syria under the Baʻth, 1963–66: the Army Party symbiosis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7065-1266-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7065-1266-9"><bdi>0-7065-1266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+under+the+Ba%CA%BBth%2C+1963%E2%80%9366%3A+the+Army+Party+symbiosis&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7065-1266-9&rft.au=Rabinovich%2C+Itamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich1990" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Bernard (1990). <i>Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: a Biographical Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26213-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26213-6"><bdi>0-313-26213-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+a+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-313-26213-6&rft.au=Reich%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2013" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, David (2013). <i>The Ba'th and the Creation of Modern Syria</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317818540" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317818540"><bdi>978-1317818540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ba%27th+and+the+Creation+of+Modern+Syria&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1317818540&rft.au=Roberts%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2011" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Jeremy (2011). <i>Syria: Issues for the 112th Congress and Background on U.S. Sanctions</i>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-4465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-4465-5"><bdi>978-1-4379-4465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Issues+for+the+112th+Congress+and+Background+on+U.S.+Sanctions&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-4465-5&rft.au=Sharp%2C+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTejel2009" class="citation book cs1">Tejel, Jordi (2009). <i>Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89211-4"><bdi>978-0-203-89211-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+Kurds%3A+History%2C+Politics+and+Society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-203-89211-4&rft.au=Tejel%2C+Jordi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZîser2007" class="citation book cs1">Zîser, Eyāl (2007). <i>Commanding Syria: Bashar al-Asad and the First Years in Power</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-153-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-153-3"><bdi>978-1-84511-153-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanding+Syria%3A+Bashar+al-Asad+and+the+First+Years+in+Power&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-153-3&rft.au=Z%C3%AEser%2C+Ey%C4%81l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+Socialist+Ba%27ath+Party+%E2%80%93+Syria+Region" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Socialist_Ba&#039;ath_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Template:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Template talk:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Socialist_Ba&#039;ath_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;;background:#017B48;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraqi-dominated faction</span></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syrian-dominated faction</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="History of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Pre-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Revolutionary_Command" title="National Council for the Revolutionary Command">National Council for the Revolutionary Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rashid_revolt" title="Ar-Rashid revolt">Ar-Rashid revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Post-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Revolutionary_Command_Council_under_Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="List of members of the Revolutionary Command Council under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Belt">Arab Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Arabization_campaigns_in_northern_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq">Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist%E2%80%93Saddamist_conflict" title="Assadist–Saddamist conflict">Assadist–Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_archives" title="Ba'ath Party archives">Ba'ath Party archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Pre-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraqi-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Al-Mukhtar" title="Salah Al-Mukhtar">Salah Al-Mukhtar</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syrian-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar <small><i>(de facto)</i></small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Regional Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Jordan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Homsi" title="Akram al-Homsi">Akram al-Homsi</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assem_Qanso" title="Assem Qanso">Assem Qanso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Majid_al-Rafei" title="Abd al-Majid al-Rafei">Abd al-Majid al-Rafei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isam_al-Qadi" title="Isam al-Qadi">Isam al-Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakad_Salem" title="Rakad Salem">Rakad Salem</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Members</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="National Command of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">National Command</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Farah" title="Elias Farah">Elias Farah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakem_Al-Fayez" title="Hakem Al-Fayez">Hakem Al-Fayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuheir_Mohsen" title="Zuheir Mohsen">Zuheir Mohsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Yashruti" title="Khaled Yashruti">Khaled Yashruti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Members of the Regional Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humam_Abd_al-Khaliq_Abd_al-Ghafur" title="Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur">Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanim_Abdul-Jalil" title="Ghanim Abdul-Jalil">Ghanim Abdul-Jalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_Abdul-Majid" title="Saad Abdul-Majid">Saad Abdul-Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Mustafa_Abdullah" title="Jamal Mustafa Abdullah">Jamal Mustafa Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Omar_al-Ali" title="Salah Omar al-Ali">Salah Omar al-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huda_Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash">Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Salih Mahdi Ammash">Salih Mahdi Ammash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Al-Awadi" title="Hussein Al-Awadi">Hussein Al-Awadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdullah_Mahdi_Al-Douri" title="Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri">Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadoun_Ghaidan" title="Saadoun Ghaidan">Saadoun Ghaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadil_Mahmud_Gharib" title="Fadil Mahmud Gharib">Fadil Mahmud Gharib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Sa'dun Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latif_Nassif_Jassim" title="Latif Nassif Jassim">Latif Nassif Jassim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Taan_Kazim" title="Rashid Taan Kazim">Rashid Taan Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Khayr_Allah" title="Adnan Khayr Allah">Adnan Khayr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyi_Abdul-Hussein_Mashhadi" title="Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi">Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Saleh_Al-Numan" title="Aziz Saleh Al-Numan">Aziz Saleh Al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Hamoud_Al-Obaidi" title="Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi">Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Yassin_Ramadan" title="Taha Yassin Ramadan">Taha Yassin Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Mutlaq_al-Rawi" title="Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi">Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Rifai" title="Rashid al-Rifai">Rashid al-Rifai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Al-Baqi_Abd_Karim_Al-Sadun" title="Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun">Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zimam_al-Sadun" title="Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun">Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Khaliq_al-Samarra%27i" title="Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i">Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Sallum_al-Samarra%27i" title="Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i">Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayef_Shindakh_Thamer" title="Nayef Shindakh Thamer">Nayef Shindakh Thamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Sirhan" title="Khamis Sirhan">Khamis Sirhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardan_al-Tikriti" title="Hardan al-Tikriti">Hardan al-Tikriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Abdallah_al-Ubaydi" title="Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi">Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Tahir Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Shuaib" title="Musa Shuaib">Musa Shuaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Hussein Arnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Saeed_Bekheitan" title="Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan">Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsen_Bilal" title="Muhsen Bilal">Muhsen Bilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Dakhlallah" title="Mahdi Dakhlallah">Mahdi Dakhlallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Diyab" title="Ahmad Diyab">Ahmad Diyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Duba" title="Ali Duba">Ali Duba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Habash" title="Marwan Habash">Marwan Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Hadid" title="Ibrahim al-Hadid">Ibrahim al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Halabi" title="Muhammad Ali al-Halabi">Muhammad Ali al-Halabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Badr_Hassan" title="Adnan Badr Hassan">Adnan Badr Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Hatum" title="Salim Hatum">Salim Hatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilal_Hilal" title="Hilal Hilal">Hilal Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_al-Hussein" title="Mohammad al-Hussein">Mohammad al-Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_Ikhtiyar" title="Hisham Ikhtiyar">Hisham Ikhtiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_al-Jundi" title="Abdul-Karim al-Jundi">Abdul-Karim al-Jundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Jundi" title="Sami al-Jundi">Sami al-Jundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_al-Kasm" title="Abdul Rauf al-Kasm">Abdul Rauf al-Kasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">Ahmad al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Abdul Rahman Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Jihad_al-Laham" title="Mohammad Jihad al-Laham">Mohammad Jihad al-Laham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Makhous" title="Ibrahim Makhous">Ibrahim Makhous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhair_Masharqa" title="Zuhair Masharqa">Zuhair Masharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Mero" title="Muhammad Mustafa Mero">Muhammad Mustafa Mero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Qaddura" title="Abdul Qadir Qaddura">Abdul Qadir Qaddura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammouda_Sabbagh" title="Hammouda Sabbagh">Hammouda Sabbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farouk_al-Sharaa" title="Farouk al-Sharaa">Farouk al-Sharaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_al-Shihabi" title="Hikmat al-Shihabi">Hikmat al-Shihabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Tlass" title="Mustafa Tlass">Mustafa Tlass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani" title="Hasan Turkmani">Hasan Turkmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umran" title="Muhammad Umran">Muhammad Umran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Yasin" title="Salim Yasin">Salim Yasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Yusuf Zuayyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ahmad_Nasser_al-Dhahab" title="Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab">Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Heads of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">Ahmad al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam <small><i>(interim)</i></small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Heads of government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Sa'dun Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Husayn_Khudayir_as-Samarrai" title="Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai">Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Syria" title="List of prime ministers of Syria"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Yusuf Zuayyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Abdul Rahman Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Ayyubi" title="Mahmoud al-Ayyubi">Mahmoud al-Ayyubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Halabi" title="Muhammad Ali al-Halabi">Muhammad Ali al-Halabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_al-Kasm" title="Abdul Rauf al-Kasm">Abdul Rauf al-Kasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Al-Zoubi" title="Mahmoud Al-Zoubi">Mahmoud Al-Zoubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Mero" title="Muhammad Mustafa Mero">Muhammad Mustafa Mero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ibrahim_Ghalawanji" title="Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji">Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Hussein Arnous</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div>* = incumbent</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organization_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Organization of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Organization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athist_regional_branches" title="Category:Ba'athist regional branches"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Regional branches</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraqi-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syrian-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vanguard_Party_(South_Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Vanguard Party (South Yemen)">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="History of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">National Security Bureau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27ath" title="Al-Ba'ath">Al-Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_al-Jamahir" title="Sawt al-Jamahir">Sawt al-Jamahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawra_(newspaper)" title="Al-Thawra (newspaper)">Al-Thawra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Popular fronts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">National Progressive Front (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front (Syria)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Battalions_(Iraq)" title="National Defense Battalions (Iraq)">National Defense Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Army_(Iraq)" title="Popular Army (Iraq)">Popular Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Youth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Union" title="Revolutionary Youth Union">Revolutionary Youth Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_associated_with_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Organizations associated with the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Associated organizations</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Armed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Army" title="Free Iraqi Army">Free Iraqi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Jeish Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionists" title="Rejectionists">Rejectionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Party" title="Snake Party">Snake Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27ath_Party_breakaway_groups" title="Category:Ba'ath Party breakaway groups"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Breakaway groups</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement_(Damascus_branch)" title="Arab Socialist Movement (Damascus branch)">Damascus branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Toilers%27_Movement" title="Arabic Toilers' Movement">Arabic Toilers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arab_Front" title="Palestinian Arab Front">Palestinian Arab Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Political alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Palestinian_Forces" title="Alliance of Palestinian Forces">Alliance of Palestinian Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Consensus_Forces" title="National Consensus Forces">National Consensus Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(Sudan)" title="National Democratic Alliance (Sudan)">National Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_and_Islamic_Forces" title="Palestinian National and Islamic Forces">Palestinian National and Islamic Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahd_Bloc" title="Ahd Bloc">Ahd Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Patriotic_and_National_Parties" title="Front of Patriotic and National Parties">Front of Patriotic and National Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front" title="Lebanese National Resistance Front">Lebanese National Resistance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_the_Liberation_of_Syria" title="National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria">National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Union Front (Iraq)">National Union Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Alliance" title="Palestinian National Alliance">Palestinian National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Salvation_Front" title="Palestinian National Salvation Front">Palestinian National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Union_Party" title="Arab Democratic Union Party">Arab Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Unionist Party">Democratic Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Revolutionary_Party" title="Kurdistan Revolutionary Party">Kurdistan Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Movement" title="Libyan National Movement">Libyan National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant_Party" title="National Covenant Party">National Covenant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Party_(Iraq)" title="Popular Unity Party (Iraq)">Popular Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawab_(Mauritania)" title="Sawab (Mauritania)">Sawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Unionists" title="Social Democratic Unionists">Social Democratic Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionist_Party_(Syria)" title="Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)">Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Unified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Trade_Unions_(Syria)" title="General Federation of Trade Unions (Syria)">General Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Peasants" title="General Union of Peasants">General Union of Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Syrian_Women" title="General Union of Syrian Women">General Union of Syrian Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Symbolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardulfurataini" title="Ardulfurataini">Arḍ ul-Furātayn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Syria_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_political_parties" title="Template:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Syria_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties in Syria</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pan-Arab organization</a>) (167</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionist_Party_(Syria)" title="Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)">Socialist Unionist Party</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Syrian Communist Party (Unified)</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant_Party" title="National Covenant Party">National Covenant Party</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Union_Party" title="Arab Democratic Union Party">Arab Democratic Union Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Unionist Party">Democratic Socialist Unionist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Unionists" title="Social Democratic Unionists">Social Democratic Unionists</a> (0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement_(Damascus_branch)" title="Arab Socialist Movement (Damascus branch)">Arab Socialist Movement</a> (0)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Will_Party" title="People's Will Party">People's Will Party</a> (0)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Unrepresented</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_People%27s_Party" title="Syrian Democratic People's Party">Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Assembly" title="Syrian Turkmen Assembly">Syrian Turkmen Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Turkmen Bloc">Syrian Turkmen Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Turkmen_Movement" title="Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement">Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Arab_Socialist_Union" title="Democratic Arab Socialist Union">Democratic Arab Socialist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Justice_and_Development_in_Syria" title="Movement for Justice and Development in Syria">Movement for Justice and Development in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Youth_Party" title="Syrian National Youth Party">National Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Future_Movement_in_Syria" title="Kurdish Future Movement in Syria">Kurdish Future Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Syria" title="Reform Party of Syria">Reform Party of Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Syria)" title="National Bloc (Syria)">National Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Syria)" title="National Party (Syria)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Egypt)" title="National Union (Egypt)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nationalist_Action" title="League of Nationalist Action">League of Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_National_Party_(historical)" title="Arab National Party (historical)">Arab National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party">Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Movement" title="Arab Liberation Movement">Arab Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Cooperation_Party" title="Socialist Cooperation Party">Socialist Cooperation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Communist_Party" title="Arab Communist Party">Arab Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_(Syria)" title="Communist Labour Party (Syria)">Communist Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banned Islamist parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Kurdish Supreme Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Future_Movement_in_Syria" title="Kurdish Future Movement in Syria">Kurdish Future Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party">Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assyrian parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Party" title="Assyrian Democratic Party">Assyrian Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16243030#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16243030#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16243030#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143812156">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5160719-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80067459">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262636805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/169465411">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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