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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early career and marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Fliess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Fliess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Relationship with Fliess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Fliess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_psychoanalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_psychoanalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Development of psychoanalysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_psychoanalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_followers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_followers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Early followers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_followers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resignations_from_the_IPA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignations_from_the_IPA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Resignations from the IPA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignations_from_the_IPA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_psychoanalytic_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_psychoanalytic_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Early psychoanalytic movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_psychoanalytic_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Patients </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escape_from_Nazism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escape_from_Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Escape from Nazism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escape_from_Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ideas </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ideas subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seduction_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seduction_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Seduction theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seduction_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cocaine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cocaine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Cocaine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cocaine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unconscious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unconscious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Unconscious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unconscious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dreams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dreams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Dreams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dreams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychosexual_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychosexual_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Psychosexual development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychosexual_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Id,_ego,_and_super-ego" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Id,_ego,_and_super-ego"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Id, ego, and super-ego </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Id,_ego,_and_super-ego-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_and_death_drives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_and_death_drives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Life and death drives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_and_death_drives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melancholia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melancholia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Melancholia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melancholia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Femininity_and_female_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Femininity_and_female_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Femininity and female sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Femininity_and_female_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Psychotherapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_literary_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_literary_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Literature and literary criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_literary_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Feminism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Case histories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papers_on_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papers_on_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Papers on sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papers_on_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autobiographical_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiographical_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Autobiographical papers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiographical_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Standard_Edition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Standard_Edition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 The Standard Edition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Standard_Edition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Revised_Standard_Edition_of_the_Complete_Psychological_Works_of_Sigmund_Freud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Revised_Standard_Edition_of_the_Complete_Psychological_Works_of_Sigmund_Freud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 The Revised Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Revised_Standard_Edition_of_the_Complete_Psychological_Works_of_Sigmund_Freud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Correspondence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Biographical works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sigmund Freud</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 182 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-182" aria-hidden="true" > 182 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%B5" title="ፍሮይድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍሮይድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="سيغموند فرويد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيغموند فرويد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%9D%DC%93%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%95_%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%95" title="ܙܝܓܡܘܢܕ ܦܪܘܝܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܝܓܡܘܢܕ ܦܪܘܝܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="চিগ্‌মণ্ড ফ্ৰয়েড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চিগ্‌মণ্ড ফ্ৰয়েড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziqmund_Freyd" title="Ziqmund Freyd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ziqmund Freyd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="زیقموند فروید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زیقموند فروید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="সিগমুন্ড ফ্রয়েড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিগমুন্ড ফ্রয়েড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фрейд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зигмунд Фрейд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зігмунд Фрэйд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зігмунд Фрэйд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зыгмунд Фройд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зыгмунд Фройд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1" title="सिगमंड फ्रायड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिगमंड फ्रायड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фройд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зигмунд Фройд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фройд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зигмунд Фройд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фрейд – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Зигмунд Фрейд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="زيڭموند فرويد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="زيڭموند فرويد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A6%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Σίγκμουντ Φρόυντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σίγκμουντ Φρόυντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4,_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Фрейд, Зигмунд – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Фрейд, Зигмунд" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="زیگموند فروید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیگموند فروید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="弗洛伊德 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="弗洛伊德" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B7%B8%EB%AC%B8%ED%8A%B8_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="지그문트 프로이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지그문트 프로이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A4" title="Զիգմունդ Ֆրոյդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զիգմունդ Ֆրոյդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1" title="सिग्मंड फ्रायड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिग्मंड फ्रायड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4,_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Фрейд, Зигмунд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фрейд, Зигмунд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93" title="זיגמונד פרויד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיגמונד פרויד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಸಿಗ್ಮಂಡ್‌ ಫ್ರಾಯ್ಡ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಗ್ಮಂಡ್‌ ಫ್ರಾಯ್ಡ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ზიგმუნდ ფროიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზიგმუნდ ფროიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фрейд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зигмунд Фрейд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фрейд – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зигмунд Фрейд" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismundus_Freud" title="Sigismundus Freud – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sigismundus Freud" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigmunds_Freids" title="Zigmunds Freids – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zigmunds Freids" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фрейд – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Зигмунд Фрейд" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zikmunt._freut." title="zikmunt. freut. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zikmunt. freut." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фројд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зигмунд Фројд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="സിഗ്മണ്ട് ഫ്രോയിഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിഗ്മണ്ട് ഫ്രോയിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="सिग्मुंड फ्रॉइड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिग्मुंड फ्रॉइड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ზიგმუნდ ფროიდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზიგმუნდ ფროიდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="سيجموند فرويد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيجموند فرويد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="زیگموند فروید – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زیگموند فروید" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фройд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зигмунд Фройд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဆစ်ဂမန် ဖရွိုက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆစ်ဂမန် ဖရွိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1" title="सिग्मुन्ड फ्रायड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिग्मुन्ड फ्रायड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1" title="सिग्मंड फ्रायड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिग्मंड फ्रायड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A0%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="ジークムント・フロイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジークムント・フロイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4,_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Фрейд, Зигмунд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фрейд, Зигмунд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1_%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC" title="ସିଗମଣ୍ଡ ଫ୍ରଏଡ଼ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସିଗମଣ୍ଡ ଫ୍ରଏଡ଼" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A1" title="ਸਿਗਮੰਡ ਫ਼ਰਾਇਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਗਮੰਡ ਫ਼ਰਾਇਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%86%DA%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88" title="سگمنڈ فرائیڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سگمنڈ فرائیڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%90%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%89" title="سېگمونډ فرايډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سېگمونډ فرايډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigmund_Freud" title="Zigmund Freud – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Zigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%93" title="ហ្រ្គេតស៊ីងមួន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្រ្គេតស៊ីងមួន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigmund_Freyd" title="Zigmund Freyd – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Zigmund Freyd" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D2%91%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зіґмунд Фройд – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Зіґмунд Фройд" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4,_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Фрейд, Зигмунд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фрейд, Зигмунд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фрейд – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Зигмунд Фрейд" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si-ke-mung-de.fuo-luo-yi-de%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7.%E4%BD%9B%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="Si-ke-mung-de.fuo-luo-yi-de西格蒙德.佛洛伊德 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Si-ke-mung-de.fuo-luo-yi-de西格蒙德.佛洛伊德" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="सिग्मण्ड फ्रोइड – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सिग्मण्ड फ्रोइड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱢᱩᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱢᱩᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱨᱩᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="සිග්මන්ඩ් ෆ්‍රොයිඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිග්මන්ඩ් ෆ්‍රොයිඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%8A" title="سگمنڊ فرائيڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سگمنڊ فرائيڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%86%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="زیگمۆند فرۆید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیگمۆند فرۆید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фројд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зигмунд Фројд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சிக்மண்ட் பிராய்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிக்மண்ட் பிராய்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Fruyd" title="Sigmund Fruyd – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Sigmund Fruyd" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigmund_Freyd" title="Zigmund Freyd – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Zigmund Freyd" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="సిగ్మండ్ ఫ్రాయిడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిగ్మండ్ ఫ్రాయిడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="ซีคมุนท์ ฟร็อยท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีคมุนท์ ฟร็อยท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фруйд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зигмунд Фруйд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8F%E1%8E%A9%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%97_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%97" title="ᏏᎩᎹᏂᏗ ᎦᎶᎢᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏏᎩᎹᏂᏗ ᎦᎶᎢᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freyd" title="Sigmund Freyd – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sigmund Freyd" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Зигмунд Фрейд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зигмунд Фрейд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%88" title="فرائڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرائڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AF_%DB%8B%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%88%D9%83" title="فروئىد ۋە ئۆزلۈك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فروئىد ۋە ئۆزلۈك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freid_Zigmund" title="Freid Zigmund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Freid Zigmund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="弗洛伊德 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="弗洛伊德" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93" title="זיגמונד פרויד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זיגמונד פרויד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%89%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E4%BD%9B%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="悉文·佛洛伊德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="悉文·佛洛伊德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Sigmund Freud" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%97gmonds_Froids" title="Zėgmonds Froids – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Zėgmonds Froids" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmun_Peroid" title="Sigmun Peroid – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sigmun Peroid" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Founder of psychoanalysis (1856–1939)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Freud" and "Freudian" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freud_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Freud (disambiguation)">Freud (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sigmund Freud</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigmund_Freud,_by_Max_Halberstadt_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sigmund Freud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="2240" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Freud, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1921<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Sigismund Schlomo Freud</div> (1856-05-06)6 May 1856 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Freiberg_in_M%C3%A4hren" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiberg in Mähren">Freiberg in Mähren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1939(1939-09-23) (aged 83) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Freud_Corner_(Golders_Green_Crematorium)" title="Freud Corner (Golders Green Crematorium)">Freud Corner</a>, London, UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of medicine">MD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_psychoanalytic_theories" title="Freud's psychoanalytic theories">theories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego and super-ego">id, ego and super-ego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">oedipus complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repression_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repression (psychology)">repression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanism" title="Defence mechanism">defence mechanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">stages of psychosexual development</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bernays" title="Martha Bernays">Martha Bernays</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1886)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Ernst_L._Freud" title="Ernst L. Freud">Ernst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Freud" title="Jacob Freud">Jacob Freud</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Amalia_Freud" title="Amalia Freud">Amalia Nathanson</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a> (1930)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_von_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke">Ernst Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Claus" title="Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus">Carl Claus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:FreudSignature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FreudSignature.svg/150px-FreudSignature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FreudSignature.svg/225px-FreudSignature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FreudSignature.svg/300px-FreudSignature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="198" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sigmund Freud (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/frɔɪd/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">FROYD</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfrɔʏt]</a>; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a> and the founder of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, a clinical method for evaluating and treating <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">pathologies</a> seen as originating from conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a>, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst,<a href="#cite_note-Systems-3">[3]</a> and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Freud was born to <a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician Jewish</a> parents in the <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADbor" title="Příbor">Freiberg</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Upon completing his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> in 1885, he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Docent" title="Docent">docent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">neuropathology</a> and became an affiliated professor in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Freud lived and worked in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. Following the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">German annexation of Austria</a> in March 1938, Freud left Austria to escape <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> persecution. He died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939. In founding <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">free association</a> and discovered <a href="/wiki/Transference" title="Transference">transference</a>, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a> as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> His analysis of <a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">dreams</a> as wish-fulfilments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the underlying mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Repression_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repression (psychology)">repression</a>. On this basis, Freud elaborated his theory of the <a href="#The_unconscious">unconscious</a> and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego and super-ego">id, ego and super-ego</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mannoni-9">[9]</a> Freud postulated the existence of <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>, sexualised energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a <a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">death drive</a>, the source of compulsive repetition, hate, aggression, and <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurotic</a> guilt.<a href="#cite_note-mannoni-9">[9]</a> In his later work, Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, and across the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>. It thus continues to generate extensive and highly contested debate concerning its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status, and whether it advances or hinders the <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> cause.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Nonetheless, Freud's work has suffused contemporary <a href="/wiki/Western_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Western thought">Western thought</a> and popular culture. <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>'s 1940 poetic tribute to Freud describes him as having created "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pribor_-_Birthplace_of_Sigmund_Freud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pribor_-_Birthplace_of_Sigmund_Freud.jpg/220px-Pribor_-_Birthplace_of_Sigmund_Freud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pribor_-_Birthplace_of_Sigmund_Freud.jpg/330px-Pribor_-_Birthplace_of_Sigmund_Freud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pribor_-_Birthplace_of_Sigmund_Freud.jpg/440px-Pribor_-_Birthplace_of_Sigmund_Freud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Freud's birthplace, a rented room in a locksmith's house, <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADbor" title="Příbor">Freiberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADbor" title="Příbor">Příbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmaliaFreud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/AmaliaFreud.jpg/170px-AmaliaFreud.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/AmaliaFreud.jpg/255px-AmaliaFreud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/AmaliaFreud.jpg/340px-AmaliaFreud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="4294" /></a><figcaption>Freud (aged 16) and his mother, <a href="/wiki/Amalia_Freud" title="Amalia Freud">Amalia</a>, in 1872</figcaption></figure> Sigmund Freud was born to <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi Jewish">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> parents in the <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADbor" title="Příbor">Freiberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (in Czech Příbor, now <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>), the first of eight children.<a href="#cite_note-Gresser-14">[14]</a> Both of his parents were from <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>. His father, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Freud" title="Jacob Freud">Jakob Freud</a>, a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel and Philipp, by his first marriage. Jakob's family were <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Jews</a> and, although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition, he came to be known for his <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a>. He and Freud's mother, <a href="/wiki/Amalia_Freud" title="Amalia Freud">Amalia Nathansohn</a>, who was 20 years younger and his third wife, were married by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Noah_Mannheimer" title="Isaac Noah Mannheimer">Isaac Noah Mannheimer</a> on 29 July 1855.<a href="#cite_note-Emanuel-15">[15]</a> They were struggling financially and living in a rented room, in a locksmith's house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He was born with a <a href="/wiki/Caul" title="Caul">caul</a>, which his mother saw as a positive <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omen</a> for the boy's future.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1859, the <a href="/wiki/Freud_family" title="Freud family">Freud family</a> left Freiberg. Freud's half-brothers immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England, parting him from the "inseparable" playmate of his early childhood, Emanuel's son, John.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Jakob Freud took his wife and two children (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius born in 1857, had died in infancy) firstly to <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> and then in 1860 to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> where four sisters and a brother were born: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). In 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved to be an outstanding pupil and graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> in 1873 with honors. He loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17. He had planned to study law, but joined the medical faculty at the university, where his studies included philosophy under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a>, physiology under <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_von_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke">Ernst Brücke</a>, and zoology under <a href="/wiki/Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinist">Darwinist</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Claus" title="Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus">Carl Claus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 1876, Freud spent four weeks at Claus's zoological research station in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1877, Freud moved to Ernst Brücke's physiology laboratory where he spent six years comparing the brains of humans with those of other vertebrates such as frogs, <a href="/wiki/Lampreys" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampreys">lampreys</a> as well as also invertebrates, for example <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>. His research work on the biology of nervous tissue proved seminal for the subsequent discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a> in the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Freud's research work was interrupted in 1879 by the obligation to undertake a year's compulsory military service. The lengthy downtimes enabled him to complete a commission to translate four essays from <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>'s collected works.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He graduated with an <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of medicine">MD</a> in March 1881.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career_and_marriage">Early career and marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career and marriage">edit</a>]</div> In 1882 Freud began his medical career at <a href="/wiki/Vienna_General_Hospital" title="Vienna General Hospital">Vienna General Hospital</a>. His research work in cerebral anatomy led to the publication in 1884 of an influential paper on the palliative effects of cocaine, and his work on <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a> would form the basis of his first book On Aphasia: A Critical Study, published in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Over a three-year period, Freud worked in various departments of the hospital. His time spent in <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Meynert" title="Theodor Meynert">Theodor Meynert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> clinic and as a <a href="/wiki/Locum" title="Locum">locum</a> in a local asylum led to an increased interest in clinical work. His substantial body of published research led to his appointment as a university lecturer or <a href="/wiki/Docent" title="Docent">docent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">neuropathology</a> in 1885, a non-salaried post but one which entitled him to give lectures at the University of Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 1886 Freud resigned his hospital post and entered private practice specializing in "nervous disorders". The same year he married <a href="/wiki/Martha_Bernays" title="Martha Bernays">Martha Bernays</a>, the granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bernays" title="Isaac Bernays">Isaac Bernays</a>, a chief rabbi in Hamburg. Freud was, as an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, dismayed at the requirement in Austria for a Jewish religious ceremony and briefly considered, before dismissing, the prospect of joining the Protestant 'Confession' to avoid one.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> A civil ceremony for Bernays and Freud took place on 13 September and a religious ceremony took place the following day, with Freud having been hastily tutored in the Hebrew prayers.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Freuds had six children: Mathilde (b. 1887), Jean-Martin (b. 1889), Oliver (b. 1891), <a href="/wiki/Ernst_L._Freud" title="Ernst L. Freud">Ernst</a> (b. 1892), Sophie (b. 1893), and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna</a> (b. 1895). From 1891 until they left Vienna in 1938, Freud and his family lived in an apartment at <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Museum_(Vienna)" title="Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)">Berggasse 19</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Innere_Stadt" title="Innere Stadt">Innere Stadt</a>. On 8 December 1897 Freud was initiated into the German Jewish cultural association <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a>, to which he remained linked for all his life. Freud gave a speech on the interpretation of dreams, which had an enthusiastic reception. It anticipated the <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">book of the same name</a>, which was published for the first time two years later.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Wohnhaus_Sigmund_Freuds.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wien_-_Wohnhaus_Sigmund_Freuds.JPG/220px-Wien_-_Wohnhaus_Sigmund_Freuds.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wien_-_Wohnhaus_Sigmund_Freuds.JPG/330px-Wien_-_Wohnhaus_Sigmund_Freuds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wien_-_Wohnhaus_Sigmund_Freuds.JPG/440px-Wien_-_Wohnhaus_Sigmund_Freuds.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Freud's home at <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Museum_(Vienna)" title="Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)">Berggasse 19</a>, Vienna</figcaption></figure> In 1896, Minna Bernays, Martha Freud's sister, became a permanent member of the Freud household after the death of her fiancé. The close relationship she formed with Freud led to rumours, started by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>, of an affair. The discovery of a Swiss hotel guest-book entry for 13 August 1898, signed by Freud whilst travelling with his sister-in-law, has been presented as evidence of the affair.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Freud began <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smoking tobacco</a> at age 24; initially a cigarette smoker, he became a cigar smoker.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> He believed smoking enhanced his capacity to work and that he could exercise <a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">self-control</a> in moderating it. Despite health warnings from colleague <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Fliess" title="Wilhelm Fliess">Wilhelm Fliess</a>, he remained a smoker, eventually developing <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">buccal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Freud suggested to Fliess in 1897 that addictions, including that to tobacco, were substitutes for <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>, "the one great habit."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Freud had greatly admired his philosophy tutor, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a>, who was known for his theories of perception and introspection. Brentano discussed the possible existence of the unconscious mind in his <a href="/wiki/Psychology_from_an_Empirical_Standpoint" title="Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint">Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint</a> (1874). Although Brentano denied its existence, his discussion of the unconscious probably helped introduce Freud to the concept.<a href="#cite_note-Vitzpages5354-37">[37]</a> Freud owned and made use of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s major evolutionary writings and was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Hartmann" title="Eduard von Hartmann">Eduard von Hartmann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_the_Unconscious" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philosophy of the Unconscious">The Philosophy of the Unconscious</a> (1869). Other texts of importance to Freud were by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fechner" title="Gustav Fechner">Fechner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Herbart" title="Johann Friedrich Herbart">Herbart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> with the latter's Psychology as Science arguably considered to be of underrated significance in this respect.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Freud also drew on the work of <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Theodor Lipps</a>, who was one of the main contemporary theorists of the concepts of the unconscious and empathy.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Though Freud was reluctant to associate his psychoanalytic insights with prior philosophical theories, attention has been drawn to analogies between his work and that of both <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>. In 1908, Freud said that he occasionally read Nietzsche, and was strongly fascinated by his writings, but did not study him, because he found Nietzsche's "intuitive insights" resembled too much his own work at the time, and also because he was overwhelmed by the "wealth of ideas" he encountered when he read Nietzsche. Freud sometimes would deny the influence of Nietzsche's ideas. One historian quotes Peter L. Rudnytsky, who says that based on Freud's correspondence with his adolescent friend Eduard Silberstein, Freud read Nietzsche's <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Tragedy" title="The Birth of Tragedy">The Birth of Tragedy</a> and probably the first two of the <a href="/wiki/Untimely_Meditations" title="Untimely Meditations">Untimely Meditations</a> when he was seventeen.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Freud bought Nietzsche's collected works in 1900; telling Wilhelm Fliess that he hoped to find in Nietzsche's works "the words for much that remains mute in me." Later, he said he had not yet opened them.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Freud came to treat Nietzsche's writings, according to Peter Gay, "as texts to be resisted far more than to be studied."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> His interest in philosophy declined after he decided on a career in <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Freud read <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> in English; his understanding of human psychology may have been partially derived from Shakespeare's plays.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Freud's Jewish origins and his allegiance to his secular Jewish identity were of significant influence in the formation of his intellectual and moral outlook, especially concerning his intellectual non-conformism, as he pointed out in his Autobiographical Study.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> They would also have a substantial effect on the content of psychoanalytic ideas, particularly in respect of their common concerns with depth interpretation and "the bounding of desire by law".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Fliess">Relationship with Fliess</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship with Fliess">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metapsychology#Freud_and_the_als_ob_problem" title="Metapsychology">Metapsychology § Freud and the als ob problem</a></div> During the formative period of his work, Freud valued and came to rely on the intellectual and emotional support of his friend <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Fliess" title="Wilhelm Fliess">Wilhelm Fliess</a>, a Berlin-based ear, nose, and throat specialist whom he had first met in 1887. Both men saw themselves as isolated from the prevailing clinical and theoretical mainstream because of their ambitions to develop radical new theories of sexuality. Fliess developed highly eccentric theories of human <a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">biorhythms</a> and a nasogenital connection which are today considered pseudoscientific. He shared Freud's views on the importance of certain aspects of sexuality – <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coitus_interruptus" title="Coitus interruptus">coitus interruptus</a>, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Condoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Condoms">condoms</a> – in the etiology of what was then called the "actual neuroses," primarily <a href="/wiki/Neurasthenia" title="Neurasthenia">neurasthenia</a> and certain physically manifested anxiety symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-massonee-50">[50]</a> They maintained an extensive correspondence from which Freud drew on Fliess's speculations on infantile sexuality and bisexuality to elaborate and revise his own ideas. His first attempt at a systematic theory of the mind, his Project for a Scientific Psychology, was developed as a <a href="/wiki/Metapsychology" title="Metapsychology">metapsychology</a> with Fliess as interlocutor.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> However, Freud's efforts to build a bridge between neurology and psychology were eventually abandoned after they had reached an impasse, as his letters to Fliess reveal,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> though some ideas of the Project were to be taken up again in the concluding chapter of The Interpretation of Dreams.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Freud had Fliess repeatedly operate on his nose and sinuses to treat "nasal reflex neurosis",<a href="#cite_note-Sulloway1992-54">[54]</a> and subsequently referred his patient <a href="/wiki/Emma_Eckstein" title="Emma Eckstein">Emma Eckstein</a> to him. According to Freud, her history of symptoms included severe leg pains with consequent restricted mobility, as well as stomach and menstrual pains. These pains were, according to Fliess's theories, caused by habitual masturbation which, as the tissue of the nose and genitalia were linked, was curable by removal of part of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_nasal_concha" title="Middle nasal concha">middle turbinate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Masson-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Fliess's surgery proved disastrous, resulting in profuse, recurrent nasal bleeding; he had left a half-metre of gauze in Eckstein's nasal cavity whose subsequent removal left her permanently disfigured. At first, though aware of Fliess's culpability and regarding the remedial surgery in horror, Freud could bring himself only to intimate delicately in his correspondence with Fliess the nature of his disastrous role, and in subsequent letters maintained a tactful silence on the matter or else returned to the face-saving topic of Eckstein's hysteria. Freud ultimately, in light of Eckstein's history of adolescent self-cutting and irregular nasal (and menstrual) bleeding, concluded that Fliess was "completely without blame", as Eckstein's post-operative haemorrhages were hysterical "wish-bleedings" linked to "an old wish to be loved in her illness" and triggered as a means of "rearousing [Freud's] affection". Eckstein nonetheless continued her analysis with Freud. She was restored to full mobility and went on to practice psychoanalysis herself.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Masson-55">[55]</a> Freud, who had called Fliess "the <a href="/wiki/Kepler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler">Kepler</a> of biology", later concluded that a combination of a homoerotic attachment and the residue of his "specifically Jewish mysticism" lay behind his loyalty to his Jewish friend and his consequent overestimation of both his theoretical and clinical work. Their friendship came to an acrimonious end with Fliess angry at Freud's unwillingness to endorse his general theory of sexual periodicity and accusing him of collusion in the plagiarism of his work. After Fliess failed to respond to Freud's offer of collaboration over the publication of his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality in 1906, their relationship came to an end.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_psychoanalysis">Development of psychoanalysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development of psychoanalysis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg/330px-Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg/440px-Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Brouillet" title="André Brouillet">André Brouillet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Clinical_Lesson_at_the_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re" title="A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière">A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière</a> (1887) depicting a <a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Charcot</a> demonstration. Freud had a lithograph of this painting placed over the couch in his consulting rooms.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> In October 1885, Freud went to Paris on a three-month fellowship to study with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a>, a renowned neurologist who was conducting scientific research into <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a>. He was later to recall the experience of this stay as catalytic in turning him toward the practice of medical psychopathology and away from a less financially promising career in neurology research.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Charcot specialized in the study of hysteria and susceptibility to hypnosis, which he frequently demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience. Once he had set up in private practice in Vienna in 1886, Freud began using hypnosis in his clinical work. He adopted the approach of his friend and collaborator, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a>, in a type of hypnosis that was different from the French methods he had studied, in that it did not use suggestion. The treatment of one particular patient of Breuer's proved to be transformative for Freud's clinical practice. Described as <a href="/wiki/Anna_O." class="mw-redirect" title="Anna O.">Anna O.</a>, she was invited to talk about her symptoms while under hypnosis (she would coin the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Talking_cure" title="Talking cure">talking cure</a>"). Her symptoms became reduced in severity as she retrieved memories of traumatic incidents associated with their onset. The inconsistent results of Freud's early clinical work eventually led him to abandon hypnosis, having concluded that more consistent and effective symptom relief could be achieved by encouraging patients to talk freely, without censorship or inhibition, about whatever ideas or memories occurred to them. He called this procedure "<a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">free association</a>". In conjunction with this, Freud found that patients' dreams could be fruitfully analyzed to reveal the complex structuring of unconscious material and to demonstrate the psychic action of <a href="/wiki/Repression_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repression (psychology)">repression</a> which, he had concluded, underlay symptom formation. By 1896 he was using the term "<a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>" to refer to his new clinical method and the theories on which it was based.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freudsdoor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ornate staircase, a landing with an interior door and window, staircase continuing up" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Freudsdoor.JPG/170px-Freudsdoor.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Freudsdoor.JPG/255px-Freudsdoor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Freudsdoor.JPG/340px-Freudsdoor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Approach to Freud's consulting rooms at Berggasse 19</figcaption></figure> Freud's development of these new theories took place during a period in which he experienced heart irregularities, disturbing dreams and periods of depression, a "neurasthenia" which he linked to the death of his father in 1896<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and which prompted a "self-analysis" of his own dreams and memories of childhood. His explorations of his feelings of hostility to his father and rivalrous jealousy over his mother's affections led him to fundamentally revise his theory of the origin of the neuroses. Based on his early clinical work, Freud postulated that unconscious memories of sexual molestation in early childhood were a necessary precondition for psychoneuroses (hysteria and obsessional neurosis), a formulation now known as <a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_seduction_theory" title="Freud's seduction theory">Freud's seduction theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In the light of his self-analysis, Freud abandoned the theory that every neurosis can be traced back to the effects of infantile sexual abuse, now arguing that infantile sexual scenarios still had a causative function, but it did not matter whether they were real or imagined and that in either case, they became pathogenic only when acting as repressed memories.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> This transition from the theory of infantile sexual trauma as a general explanation of how all neuroses originate to one that presupposes autonomous infantile sexuality provided the basis for Freud's subsequent formulation of the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Freud described the evolution of his clinical method and set out his theory of the psychogenetic origins of hysteria, demonstrated in several case histories, in Studies on Hysteria published in 1895 (co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a>). In 1899, he published <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a> in which, following a critical review of existing theory, Freud gives detailed interpretations of his own and his patients' dreams in terms of <a href="/wiki/Wish_fulfilment" class="mw-redirect" title="Wish fulfilment">wish-fulfillments</a> made subject to the repression and censorship of the "dream-work". He then sets out the theoretical model of mental structure (the unconscious, pre-conscious and conscious) on which this account is based. An abridged version, On Dreams, was published in 1901. In works that would win him a more general readership, Freud applied his theories outside the clinical setting in <a href="/wiki/The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a> (1901) and <a href="/wiki/Humor_in_Freud" title="Humor in Freud">Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious</a> (1905).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality</a>, published in 1905, Freud elaborates his theory of infantile sexuality, describing its "polymorphous perverse" forms and the functioning of the "drives", to which it gives rise, in the formation of sexual identity.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The same year he published <a href="/wiki/Dora_(case_study)" title="Dora (case study)">Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria</a>, which became one of his more famous and controversial <a href="#Case_histories">case studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Known as the 'Dora' case study, for Freud it was illustrative of <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a> as a symptom and contributed to his understanding of the importance of <a href="/wiki/Transference" title="Transference">transference</a> as a clinical phenomena. In other of his early case studies Freud set out to describe the symptomatology of <a href="/wiki/Obsessional_neurosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessional neurosis">obsessional neurosis</a> in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Rat_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Rat man">Rat man</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">phobia</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Little_Hans" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Hans">Little Hans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_followers">Early followers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early followers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark.jpg/220px-Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark.jpg/330px-Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark.jpg/440px-Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a>, 1909. Front row: Freud, <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>; back row: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Brill" title="Abraham Brill">Abraham Brill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Ernest Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a> </figcaption></figure> In 1902, Freud, at last, realised his long-standing ambition to be made a university professor. The title "professor extraordinarius"<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> was important to Freud for the recognition and prestige it conferred, there being no salary or teaching duties attached to the post (he would be granted the enhanced status of "professor ordinarius" in 1920).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Despite support from the university, his appointment had been blocked in successive years by the political authorities and it was secured only with the intervention of an influential ex-patient, Baroness Marie Ferstel, who (supposedly) had to bribe the minister of education with a valuable painting.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Freud continued with the regular series of lectures on his work which, since the mid-1880s as a <a href="/wiki/Docent" title="Docent">docent</a> of Vienna University, he had been delivering to small audiences every Saturday evening at the lecture hall of the university's psychiatric clinic.<a href="#cite_note-FreudianCalling52-74">[74]</a> From the autumn of 1902, a number of Viennese physicians who had expressed interest in Freud's work were invited to meet at his apartment every Wednesday afternoon to discuss issues relating to psychology and neuropathology.<a href="#cite_note-Cassandra100-75">[75]</a> This group was called the Wednesday Psychological Society (Psychologische Mittwochs-Gesellschaft) and it marked the beginnings of the worldwide psychoanalytic movement.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Freud founded this discussion group at the suggestion of the physician <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Wilhelm Stekel</a>. Stekel had studied medicine; his conversion to psychoanalysis is variously attributed to his successful treatment by Freud for a sexual problem or as a result of his reading The Interpretation of Dreams, to which he subsequently gave a positive review in the Viennese daily newspaper Neues Wiener Tagblatt.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The other three original members whom Freud invited to attend, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>, Max Kahane, and Rudolf Reitler, were also physicians<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and all five were Jewish by birth.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Both Kahane and Reitler were childhood friends of Freud who had gone to university with him and kept abreast of Freud's developing ideas by attending his Saturday evening lectures.<a href="#cite_note-makari130-80">[80]</a> In 1901, Kahane, who first introduced Stekel to Freud's work,<a href="#cite_note-FreudianCalling52-74">[74]</a> had opened an out-patient psychotherapy institute of which he was the director in Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-Cassandra100-75">[75]</a> In the same year, his medical textbook, Outline of Internal Medicine for Students and Practicing Physicians, was published. In it, he provided an outline of Freud's psychoanalytic method.<a href="#cite_note-FreudianCalling52-74">[74]</a> Kahane broke with Freud and left the Wednesday Psychological Society in 1907 for unknown reasons and in 1923 committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Reitler was the director of an establishment providing thermal cures in <a href="/wiki/Dorotheergasse" title="Dorotheergasse">Dorotheergasse</a> which had been founded in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Cassandra100-75">[75]</a> He died prematurely in 1917. Adler, regarded as the most formidable intellect among the early Freud circle, was a socialist who in 1898 had written a health manual for the tailoring trade. He was particularly interested in the potential social impact of psychiatry.<a href="#cite_note-Gay174-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Graf" title="Max Graf">Max Graf</a>, a Viennese musicologist and father of "<a href="/wiki/Herbert_Graf" title="Herbert Graf">Little Hans</a>", who had first encountered Freud in 1900 and joined the Wednesday group soon after its initial inception,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> described the ritual and atmosphere of the early meetings of the society: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The gatherings followed a definite ritual. First one of the members would present a paper. Then, black coffee and cakes were served; cigars and cigarettes were on the table and were consumed in great quantities. After a social quarter of an hour, the discussion would begin. The last and decisive word was always spoken by Freud himself. There was the atmosphere of the foundation of a religion in that room. Freud himself was its new prophet who made the heretofore prevailing methods of psychological investigation appear superficial.<a href="#cite_note-Gay174-82">[82]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jung_1910-rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jung_1910-rotated.jpg/170px-Jung_1910-rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jung_1910-rotated.jpg/255px-Jung_1910-rotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jung_1910-rotated.jpg/340px-Jung_1910-rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> in 1910</figcaption></figure> By 1906, the group had grown to sixteen members, including <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a>, who was employed as the group's paid secretary.<a href="#cite_note-Gay174-82">[82]</a> In the same year, Freud began a correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustav Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a> who was by then already an academically acclaimed researcher into word-association and the <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_Skin_Response" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanic Skin Response">Galvanic Skin Response</a>, and a lecturer at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">Zurich University</a>, although still only an assistant to <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler" title="Eugen Bleuler">Eugen Bleuler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Burgh%C3%B6lzli" title="Burghölzli">Burghölzli Mental Hospital</a> in Zürich.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In March 1907, Jung and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a>, also a Swiss psychiatrist, travelled to Vienna to visit Freud and attend the discussion group. Thereafter, they established a small psychoanalytic group in Zürich. In 1908, reflecting its growing institutional status, the Wednesday group was reconstituted as the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Psychoanalytic_Society" title="Vienna Psychoanalytic Society">Vienna Psychoanalytic Society</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> with Freud as president, a position he relinquished in 1910 in favor of Adler in the hope of neutralizing his increasingly critical standpoint.<a href="#cite_note-Gay219-87">[87]</a> The first woman member, <a href="/wiki/Margarete_Hilferding" title="Margarete Hilferding">Margarete Hilferding</a>, joined the Society in 1910<a href="#cite_note-Gay503-88">[88]</a> and the following year she was joined by <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Rosenthal" title="Tatiana Rosenthal">Tatiana Rosenthal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Sabina Spielrein</a> who were both Russian psychiatrists and graduates of the Zürich University medical school. Before the completion of her studies, Spielrein had been a patient of Jung at the Burghölzli and the clinical and personal details of their relationship became the subject of an extensive correspondence between Freud and Jung. Both women would go on to make important contributions to the work of the Russian Psychoanalytic Society founded in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Freud's early followers met together formally for the first time at the Hotel Bristol, <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> on 27 April 1908. This meeting, which was retrospectively deemed to be the first International Psychoanalytic Congress,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> was convened at the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Ernest Jones</a>, then a London-based neurologist who had discovered Freud's writings and begun applying psychoanalytic methods in his clinical work. Jones had met Jung at a conference the previous year and they met up again in Zürich to organize the Congress. There were, as Jones records, "forty-two present, half of whom were or became practising analysts."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In addition to Jones and the Viennese and Zürich contingents accompanying Freud and Jung, also present and notable for their subsequent importance in the psychoanalytic movement were <a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Karl Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Eitingon" title="Max Eitingon">Max Eitingon</a> from Berlin, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a> from Budapest and the New York-based <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Brill" title="Abraham Brill">Abraham Brill</a>. Important decisions were taken at the Congress to advance the impact of Freud's work. A journal, the Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen, was launched in 1909 under the editorship of Jung. This was followed in 1910 by the monthly Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse edited by Adler and Stekel, in 1911 by Imago, a journal devoted to the application of psychoanalysis to the field of cultural and literary studies edited by Rank and in 1913 by the <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Psychoanalyse" title="Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse">Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse</a>, also edited by Rank.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Plans for an <a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">international association of psychoanalysts</a> were put in place and these were implemented at the Nuremberg Congress of 1910 where Jung was elected, with Freud's support, as its first president. Freud turned to Brill and Jones to further his ambition to spread the psychoanalytic cause in the English-speaking world. Both were invited to Vienna following the Salzburg Congress and a division of labour was agreed with Brill given the translation rights for Freud's works, and Jones, who was to take up a post at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> later in the year, tasked with establishing a platform for Freudian ideas in North American academic and medical life.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Jones's advocacy prepared the way for Freud's visit to the United States, accompanied by Jung and Ferenczi, in September 1909 at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">Stanley Hall</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a>, Worcester, Massachusetts, where he gave five lectures on psychoanalysis.<a href="#cite_note-Gaypage212-94">[94]</a> The event, at which Freud was awarded an Honorary Doctorate, marked the first public recognition of Freud's work and attracted widespread media interest. Freud's audience included the distinguished neurologist and psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/James_Jackson_Putnam" title="James Jackson Putnam">James Jackson Putnam</a>, Professor of Diseases of the Nervous System at <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>, who invited Freud to his country retreat where they held extensive discussions over a period of four days. Putnam's subsequent public endorsement of Freud's work represented a significant breakthrough for the psychoanalytic cause in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Gaypage212-94">[94]</a> When Putnam and Jones organised the founding of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychoanalytic_Association" title="American Psychoanalytic Association">American Psychoanalytic Association</a> in May 1911 they were elected president and secretary respectively. Brill founded the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Psychoanalytic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Psychoanalytic Society">New York Psychoanalytic Society</a> the same year. His English translations of Freud's work began to appear from 1909. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resignations_from_the_IPA">Resignations from the IPA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resignations from the IPA">edit</a>]</div> Some of Freud's followers subsequently withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a> (IPA) and founded their own schools. From 1909, Adler's views on topics such as neurosis began to differ markedly from those held by Freud. As Adler's position appeared increasingly incompatible with Freudianism, a series of confrontations between their respective viewpoints took place at the meetings of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society in January and February 1911. In February 1911, Adler, then the president of the society, resigned his position. At this time, Stekel also resigned from his position as vice president of the society. Adler finally left the Freudian group altogether in June 1911 to form his own organization with nine other members who had also resigned from the group.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> This new formation was initially called Society for Free Psychoanalysis but it was soon renamed the Society for Individual Psychology. In the period after World War I, Adler became increasingly associated with a psychological position he devised called <a href="/wiki/Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">individual psychology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freud_and_other_psychoanalysts_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Freud_and_other_psychoanalysts_1922.jpg/300px-Freud_and_other_psychoanalysts_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Freud_and_other_psychoanalysts_1922.jpg/450px-Freud_and_other_psychoanalysts_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Freud_and_other_psychoanalysts_1922.jpg/600px-Freud_and_other_psychoanalysts_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>The Committee in 1922 (from left to right): <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a>, Sigmund Freud, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Karl Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Eitingon" title="Max Eitingon">Max Eitingon</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Ernest Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Sachs" title="Hanns Sachs">Hanns Sachs</a></figcaption></figure> In 1912, Jung published Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (published in English in 1916 as <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a>) making it clear that his views were taking a direction quite different from those of Freud. To distinguish his system from psychoanalysis, Jung called it <a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">analytical psychology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Anticipating the final breakdown of the relationship between Freud and Jung, Ernest Jones initiated the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Inner_circle_(psychoanalysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner circle (psychoanalysis)">Secret Committee</a> of loyalists charged with safeguarding the theoretical coherence and institutional legacy of the psychoanalytic movement. Formed in the autumn of 1912, the Committee comprised Freud, Jones, Abraham, Ferenczi, Rank, and <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Sachs" title="Hanns Sachs">Hanns Sachs</a>. Max Eitingon joined the Committee in 1919. Each member pledged himself not to make any public departure from the fundamental tenets of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">psychoanalytic theory</a> before he had discussed his views with the others. After this development, Jung recognised that his position was untenable and resigned as editor of the Jahrbuch and then as president of the IPA in April 1914. The Zürich branch of the IPA withdrew from membership the following July.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Later the same year, Freud published a paper entitled "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Psychoanalytic_Movement" class="extiw" title="s:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement">The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement</a>", the German original being first published in the Jahrbuch, giving his view on the birth and evolution of the psychoanalytic movement and the withdrawal of Adler and Jung from it. The final defection from Freud's inner circle occurred following the publication in 1924 of Rank's <a href="/wiki/The_Trauma_of_Birth" title="The Trauma of Birth">The Trauma of Birth</a> which other members of the Committee read as, in effect, abandoning the Oedipus Complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytic theory. Abraham and Jones became increasingly forceful critics of Rank and though he and Freud were reluctant to end their close and long-standing relationship the break finally came in 1926 when Rank resigned from his official posts in the IPA and left Vienna for Paris. His place on the committee was taken by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Rank eventually settled in the United States where his revisions of Freudian theory were to influence a new generation of therapists uncomfortable with the orthodoxies of the IPA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_psychoanalytic_movement">Early psychoanalytic movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early psychoanalytic movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Psychoanalysis" title="Category:Psychoanalysis">a series of articles</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Freud%27s_couch,_London,_2004_(2).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/220px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/330px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg/440px-Freud%27s_couch%2C_London%2C_2004_%282%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial development (Erikson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind#Freud's_view" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconscious" title="Preconscious">Preconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_apparatus" title="Psychic apparatus">Psychic apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_superego" title="Id, ego and superego">Id, ego and superego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">Ego defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference" title="Transference">Transference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertransference" title="Countertransference">Countertransference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_(psychoanalysis)" title="Resistance (psychoanalysis)">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_(Freud)" title="Denial (Freud)">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamwork" title="Dreamwork">Dreamwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathexis" title="Cathexis">Cathexis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Balint" title="Michael Balint">Balint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Bion" title="Wilfred Bion">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Chodorow" title="Nancy Chodorow">Chodorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fairbairn" title="Ronald Fairbairn">Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Freud (Anna)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freud (Sigmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Jacobson" title="Edith Jacobson">Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kohut" title="Heinz Kohut">Kohut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Laplanche" title="Jean Laplanche">Laplanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahler" title="Margaret Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Spielrein" title="Sabina Spielrein">Spielrein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Stekel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strachey" title="James Strachey">Strachey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a> (1901)</li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality</a> (1905)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_the_Unconscious" title="Psychology of the Unconscious">Psychology of the Unconscious</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_the_Id" title="The Ego and the Id">The Ego and the Id</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Fundamental_Concepts_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis">The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_psychology" title="Individual psychology">Adlerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">Ego psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Jungian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacanianism" title="Lacanianism">Lacanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_psychoanalysis" title="Interpersonal psychoanalysis">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjective_psychoanalysis" title="Intersubjective psychoanalysis">Intersubjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">Object relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_therapy" title="Reichian therapy">Reichian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_psychoanalysis" title="Relational psychoanalysis">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_psychology" title="Self psychology">Self psychology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Training</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Graduate_School_of_Psychoanalysis" title="Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis">Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytic_Council" title="British Psychoanalytic Council">British Psychoanalytic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytical_Society" title="British Psychoanalytical Society">British Psychoanalytical Society</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Center_for_Psychoanalytic_Training_and_Research" title="Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research">Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Psychoanalysis" title="World Association of Psychoanalysis">World Association of Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_psychoanalysis" title="List of schools of psychoanalysis">List of schools of psychoanalysis</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_psychoanalysis" title="Child psychoanalysis">Child psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_psychology" title="Depth psychology">Depth psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">Psychodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychoanalysis" title="Template:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychoanalysis" title="Template talk:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoanalysis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoanalysis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> After the founding of the IPA in 1910, an international network of psychoanalytical societies, training institutes, and clinics became well established and a regular schedule of biannual <a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association#International_Congresses" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">Congresses</a> commenced after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to coordinate their activities and as a forum for presenting papers on clinical and theoretical topics.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Abraham and Eitingon founded the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society in 1910 and then the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Psychoanalytic_Institute" title="Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute">Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute</a> and the Poliklinik in 1920. The Poliklinik's innovations of free treatment, and child analysis, and the Berlin Institute's standardisation of psychoanalytic training had a major influence on the wider psychoanalytic movement. In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Simmel" title="Ernst Simmel">Ernst Simmel</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Tegel" title="Schloss Tegel">Schloss Tegel</a> Sanatorium on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, the first such establishment to provide psychoanalytic treatment in an institutional framework. Freud organised a fund to help finance its activities and his architect son, Ernst, was commissioned to refurbish the building. It was forced to close in 1931 for economic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The 1910 Moscow Psychoanalytic Society became the Russian Psychoanalytic Society and Institute in 1922. Freud's Russian followers were the first to benefit from translations of his work, the 1904 Russian translation of The Interpretation of Dreams appearing nine years before Brill's English edition. The Russian Institute was unique in receiving state support for its activities, including publication of translations of Freud's works.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Support was abruptly annulled in 1924, when <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> came to power, after which psychoanalysis was denounced on ideological grounds.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> After helping found the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychoanalytic_Association" title="American Psychoanalytic Association">American Psychoanalytic Association</a> in 1911, Ernest Jones returned to Britain from Canada in 1913 and founded the London Psychoanalytic Society. In 1919, he dissolved this organisation and, with its core membership purged of Jungian adherents, founded the <a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytical_Society" title="British Psychoanalytical Society">British Psychoanalytical Society</a>, serving as its president until 1944. The Institute of Psychoanalysis was established in 1924 and the London Clinic of Psychoanalysis was established in 1926, both under Jones's directorship.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The Vienna Ambulatorium (Clinic) was established in 1922 and the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute was founded in 1924 under the directorship of <a href="/wiki/Helene_Deutsch" title="Helene Deutsch">Helene Deutsch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Ferenczi founded the Budapest Psychoanalytic Institute in 1913 and a clinic in 1929. Psychoanalytic societies and institutes were established in Switzerland (1919), France (1926), Italy (1932), the Netherlands (1933), Norway (1933), and in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> (Jerusalem, 1933) by Eitingon, who had fled Berlin after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to power.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The New York Psychoanalytic Institute was founded in 1931. The 1922 Berlin Congress was the last Freud attended.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> By this time his speech had become seriously impaired by the prosthetic device he needed as a result of a series of operations on his cancerous jaw. He kept abreast of developments through regular correspondence with his principal followers and via the circular letters and meetings of the Secret Committee which he continued to attend. The Committee continued to function until 1927 by which time institutional developments within the IPA, such as the establishment of the International Training Commission, had addressed concerns about the transmission of psychoanalytic theory and practice. There remained, however, significant differences over the issue of lay analysis – i.e. the acceptance of non-medically qualified candidates for psychoanalytic training. Freud set out his case in favour in 1926 in his <a href="/wiki/The_Question_of_Lay_Analysis" title="The Question of Lay Analysis">The Question of Lay Analysis</a>. He was resolutely opposed by the American societies who expressed concerns over professional standards and the risk of litigation (though child analysts were made exempt). These concerns were also shared by some of his European colleagues. Eventually, an agreement was reached allowing societies autonomy in setting criteria for candidature.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 1930, Freud received the <a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a> in recognition of his contributions to psychology and German literary culture.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patients">Patients</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Patients">edit</a>]</div> Freud used pseudonyms in his case histories. Some patients known by pseudonyms were <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A4cilie_M." title="Cäcilie M.">Cäcilie M.</a> (Anna von Lieben); <a href="/wiki/Dora_(case_study)" title="Dora (case study)">Dora</a> (Ida Bauer, 1882–1945); Frau Emmy von N. (Fanny Moser); Fräulein Elisabeth von R. (Ilona Weiss);<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Fräulein Katharina (Aurelia Kronich); Fräulein Lucy R.; <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex#Oedipal_case_study" title="Oedipus complex">Little Hans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herbert_Graf" title="Herbert Graf">Herbert Graf</a>, 1903–1973); <a href="/wiki/Rat_Man" title="Rat Man">Rat Man</a> (Ernst Lanzer); Enos Fingy (Joshua Wild);<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Pankejeff" title="Sergei Pankejeff">Wolf Man</a> (Sergei Pankejeff). Other famous patients included <a href="/wiki/Prince_Pedro_Augusto_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Pedro Augusto of Brazil</a>; <a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emma_Eckstein" title="Emma Eckstein">Emma Eckstein</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, with whom Freud had only a single, extended consultation; <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Bonaparte">Princess Marie Bonaparte</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edith_Banfield_Jackson" title="Edith Banfield Jackson">Edith Banfield Jackson</a>;<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and Albert Hirst.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cancer">edit</a>]</div> In 1917, Freud noticed a painful lesion on the roof of his mouth, but, after it receded, did not seek medical attention. By February 1923, the growth had spread, which was when Freud identified it as either <a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">leukoplakia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epithelioma" title="Epithelioma">epithelioma</a> brought on by his smoking habit. Reluctant to give up smoking, he initially kept his symptoms a secret. Freud later consulted the <a href="/wiki/Dermatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermatologist">dermatologist</a> Maximilian Steiner, who advised him to quit smoking while minimizing the lesion's implications. Shorter after, Freud met with Felix Deutsch, who was also reluctant to tell Freud that the growth was cancerous. He, too, described it as an instance of leukoplakia. Both men told Freud to give up smoking, and Deutsch told him to seek surgical treatment.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Freud was treated by Marcus Hajek, a <a href="/wiki/Rhinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinologist">rhinologist</a> whose competence he had previously questioned. Hajek performed an unnecessary cosmetic surgery in his clinic's outpatient department. Freud bled during and after the operation and may narrowly have escaped death. At a subsequent visit Deutsch saw that further surgery would be required but did not tell Freud he had cancer because he was worried that Freud might commit suicide.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escape_from_Nazism">Escape from Nazism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Escape from Nazism">edit</a>]</div> In January 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> took control of Germany, and Freud's books were prominent among <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">those they burned</a>. Freud remarked to <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Ernest Jones</a>: "What progress we are making. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> they would have burned me. Now, they are content with burning my books."<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Freud underestimated the growing Nazi threat and remained determined to stay in Vienna, even following the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> of 13 March 1938 and the outbreaks of violent <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> that ensued.<a href="#cite_note-Gay618-117">[117]</a> Jones, the then president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Psychoanalytical_Association" title="International Psychoanalytical Association">International Psychoanalytical Association</a> (IPA), flew into Vienna on 15 March determined to get Freud to change his mind and seek exile in Britain. This prospect and the shock of the arrest and interrogation of Anna Freud by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> finally convinced Freud it was time to leave.<a href="#cite_note-Gay618-117">[117]</a> Jones left for London the following week with a list provided by Freud of the party of émigrés for whom immigration permits would be required. Back in London, Jones used his personal acquaintance with the Home Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Sir Samuel Hoare</a>, to expedite the granting of permits. There were seventeen in all, and work permits were provided where relevant. Jones also used his influence in scientific circles, persuading the president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">Sir William Bragg</a>, to write to the Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, requesting to good effect that diplomatic pressure be applied in Berlin and Vienna on Freud's behalf. Freud also had support from American diplomats, notably his ex-patient and American ambassador to France, <a href="/wiki/William_Christian_Bullitt,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Christian Bullitt, Jr.">William Bullitt</a>. Bullitt alerted U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> to the increased dangers facing the Freuds, resulting in the American consul-general in Vienna, <a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_Wiley" title="John Cooper Wiley">John Cooper Wiley</a>, arranging regular monitoring of Berggasse 19. He also intervened by phone during the Gestapo interrogation of Anna Freud.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The departure from Vienna began in stages throughout April and May 1938. Freud's grandson, Ernst Halberstadt, and Freud's son Martin's wife and children left for Paris in April. Freud's sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, left for London on 5 May, Martin Freud the following week and Freud's daughter Mathilde and her husband, Robert Hollitscher, on 24 May.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> By the end of the month, arrangements for Freud's own departure for London had become stalled, mired in a legally tortuous and financially extortionate process of negotiation with the Nazi authorities. Under regulations imposed on the Jewish population by the Nazis, a <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Kommissar</a> was appointed to manage Freud's assets and those of the IPA. Freud was allocated to Dr Anton Sauerwald, who had studied chemistry at <a href="/wiki/Vienna_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna University">Vienna University</a> under Professor <a href="/wiki/Josef_Herzig" title="Josef Herzig">Josef Herzig</a>, an old friend of Freud's. Sauerwald read Freud's books to further learn about him and became sympathetic. Though required to disclose details of all Freud's bank accounts to his superiors and to arrange the destruction of the historic library of books housed at the IPA, Sauerwald did neither. Instead, he removed evidence of Freud's foreign bank accounts to his own safe-keeping and arranged the storage of the IPA library in the Austrian National Library, where it remained until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freud_Museum_London_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Freud_Museum_London_2.jpg/220px-Freud_Museum_London_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Freud_Museum_London_2.jpg/330px-Freud_Museum_London_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Freud_Museum_London_2.jpg/440px-Freud_Museum_London_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Freud's last home, now dedicated to his life and work as the <a href="/wiki/Freud_Museum" title="Freud Museum">Freud Museum</a>, 20 Maresfield Gardens, <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, north London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigmund_Freud_(4625084022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sigmund_Freud_%284625084022%29.jpg/220px-Sigmund_Freud_%284625084022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sigmund_Freud_%284625084022%29.jpg/330px-Sigmund_Freud_%284625084022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sigmund_Freud_%284625084022%29.jpg/440px-Sigmund_Freud_%284625084022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2295" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption>Close up of his commemorative Blue plaque (commissioned by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>) at his Hampstead home</figcaption></figure> Though Sauerwald's intervention lessened the financial burden of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Flight_Tax" title="Reich Flight Tax">Reich Flight Tax</a> on Freud's declared assets, other substantial charges were levied concerning the debts of the IPA and the valuable collection of antiquities Freud possessed. Unable to access his own accounts, Freud turned to <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Bonaparte">Princess Marie Bonaparte</a>, the most eminent and wealthy of his French followers, who had travelled to Vienna to offer her support, and it was she who made the necessary funds available.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> This allowed Sauerwald to sign the necessary exit visas for Freud, his wife Martha, and daughter Anna. They left Vienna on the <a href="/wiki/Orient_Express" title="Orient Express">Orient Express</a> on 4 June, accompanied by their housekeeper and a doctor, arriving in Paris the following day, where they stayed as guests of Marie Bonaparte, before travelling overnight to London, arriving at <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">London Victoria station</a> on 6 June. Among those soon to call on Freud in London to pay their respects were <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolf" title="Leonard Woolf">Leonard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>. Representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> called with the Society's Charter for Freud, who had been elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1936">Foreign Member</a> in 1936, to sign himself into membership. Marie Bonaparte arrived near the end of June to discuss the fate of Freud's four elderly sisters in Vienna. Her subsequent attempts to get them exit visas failed; they all were murdered in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In early 1939, Sauerwald arrived in London in mysterious circumstances, where he met Freud's brother Alexander.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> He was tried and imprisoned in 1945 by an Austrian court for his activities as a Nazi Party official. Responding to a plea from his wife, Anna Freud wrote to confirm that Sauerwald "used his office as our appointed commissar in such a manner as to protect my father". Her intervention helped secure his release in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The Freud's new family home was established in <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a> at <a href="/wiki/Freud_Museum" title="Freud Museum">20 Maresfield Gardens</a> in September 1938. Freud's architect son, Ernst, designed modifications of the building including the installation of an electric lift. The study and library areas were arranged to create the atmosphere and visual impression of Freud's Vienna consulting rooms.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> He continued to see patients there until the terminal stages of his illness. He also worked on his last books, <a href="/wiki/Moses_and_Monotheism" title="Moses and Monotheism">Moses and Monotheism</a>, published in German in 1938 and in English the following year<a href="#cite_note-Chaney62-126">[126]</a> and the uncompleted <a href="/wiki/An_Outline_of_Psychoanalysis" title="An Outline of Psychoanalysis">An Outline of Psychoanalysis</a>, which was published posthumously. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freud%27s_ashes_in_Golder%27s_Green_Columbarium.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Freud%27s_ashes_in_Golder%27s_Green_Columbarium.JPG/170px-Freud%27s_ashes_in_Golder%27s_Green_Columbarium.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Freud%27s_ashes_in_Golder%27s_Green_Columbarium.JPG/255px-Freud%27s_ashes_in_Golder%27s_Green_Columbarium.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Freud%27s_ashes_in_Golder%27s_Green_Columbarium.JPG/340px-Freud%27s_ashes_in_Golder%27s_Green_Columbarium.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>Freud's ashes in the <a href="/wiki/Freud_Corner_(Golders_Green_Crematorium)" title="Freud Corner (Golders Green Crematorium)">"Freud Corner"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium" title="Golders Green Crematorium">Golders Green Crematorium</a>, London</figcaption></figure> By mid-September 1939, Freud's <a href="/wiki/Jaw_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw cancer">cancer of the jaw</a> was causing him increasingly severe pain and had been declared inoperable. The last book he read, <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_Peau_de_chagrin" title="La Peau de chagrin">La Peau de chagrin</a>, prompted reflections on his own increasing frailty, and a few days later he turned to his doctor, friend, and fellow refugee, <a href="/wiki/Max_Schur" title="Max Schur">Max Schur</a>, reminding him that they had previously discussed the terminal stages of his illness: "Schur, you remember our 'contract' not to leave me in the lurch when the time had come. Now it is nothing but torture and makes no sense." When Schur replied that he had not forgotten, Freud said, "I thank you," and then, "Talk it over with Anna, and if she thinks it's right, then make an end of it." Anna Freud wanted to postpone her father's death, but Schur convinced her it was pointless to keep him alive; on 21 and 22 September, he administered doses of morphine that resulted in Freud's death at around 3 am on 23 September 1939.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> However, discrepancies in the accounts Schur gave of his role in Freud's final hours led to inconsistencies between Freud's main biographers. A revised account proposes that Schur was absent from Freud's deathbed when a third and final dose of morphine was administered by Dr. Josephine Stross, a colleague of Anna Freud, leading to Freud's death at around midnight on 23 September 1939.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Three days after his death, Freud's body was cremated at <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium" title="Golders Green Crematorium">Golders Green Crematorium</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a> acting as funeral directors, on the instructions of his son, Ernst.<a href="#cite_note-sydney1-130">[130]</a> Funeral orations were given by Ernest Jones and the Austrian author <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a>. Freud's ashes were later placed in <a href="/wiki/Freud_Corner_(Golders_Green_Crematorium)" title="Freud Corner (Golders Green Crematorium)">a corner of the crematorium's Ernest George Columbarium</a> on a plinth designed by his son, Ernst,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> in a sealed<a href="#cite_note-sydney1-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell_krater" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell krater">bell krater</a> painted with <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysian scenes</a> that Freud had received as a gift from Marie Bonaparte, and which he had kept in his study in Vienna for many years. After his wife, Martha, died in 1951, her ashes were also placed in the urn.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas">Ideas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ideas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_work">Early work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early work">edit</a>]</div> Freud began his study of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> He took almost nine years to finish due to his interest in neurophysiological research, specifically investigation of the sexual anatomy of eels and the physiology of the fish nervous system, and because of his interest in studying philosophy with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a>. He entered private practice in neurology for financial reasons, receiving his M.D. in 1881 at the age of 25.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Amongst his principal concerns in the 1880s was the anatomy of the brain, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>. He intervened in the important debates about <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a> with his monograph of 1891, Zur Auffassung der Aphasien, in which he coined the term <a href="/wiki/Agnosia" title="Agnosia">agnosia</a> and counselled against a too locationist view of the explanation of neurological deficits. Like his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler" title="Eugen Bleuler">Eugen Bleuler</a>, he emphasized brain function rather than brain structure. Freud was also an early researcher in the field of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, which was then known as "cerebral paralysis". He published several medical papers on the topic and showed that the disease existed long before other researchers of the period began to study it. He suggested that <a href="/wiki/William_John_Little" title="William John Little">William John Little</a>, the man who first identified cerebral palsy, was wrong about lack of oxygen during birth being a cause. Instead, he suggested that complications in birth were a symptom. The origin of Freud's early work with psychoanalysis can be linked to <a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a>. Freud credited Breuer with opening the way to the discovery of the psychoanalytical method by his treatment of the case of <a href="/wiki/Anna_O." class="mw-redirect" title="Anna O.">Anna O.</a> In November 1880, Breuer was called in to treat a highly intelligent 21-year-old woman (<a href="/wiki/Bertha_Pappenheim" title="Bertha Pappenheim">Bertha Pappenheim</a>) for a persistent cough and hallucinations that he diagnosed as hysterical. He found that while nursing her dying father, she had developed some transitory symptoms, including visual disorders and paralysis and contractures of limbs, which he also diagnosed as hysterical. Breuer began to see his patient almost every day as the symptoms increased and became more persistent, and observed that she entered states of absence. He found that when, with his encouragement, she told fantasy stories in her evening states of absence her condition improved, and most of her symptoms had disappeared by April 1881. Following the death of her father in that month her condition deteriorated. Breuer recorded that some of the symptoms eventually remitted spontaneously and that full recovery was achieved by inducing her to recall events that had precipitated the occurrence of a specific symptom.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In the years immediately following Breuer's treatment, Anna O. spent three short periods in sanatoria with the diagnosis "hysteria" with "somatic symptoms",<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and some authors have challenged Breuer's published account of a cure.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Richard Skues rejects this interpretation, which he sees as stemming from both Freudian and anti-psychoanalytical revisionism — revisionism that regards both Breuer's narrative of the case as unreliable and his treatment of Anna O. as a failure.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seduction_theory">Seduction theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Seduction theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_seduction_theory" title="Freud's seduction theory">Freud's seduction theory</a></div> In the early 1890s, Freud used a form of treatment based on the one that Breuer had described to him, modified by what he called his "pressure technique" and his newly developed analytic technique of interpretation and reconstruction. According to Freud's later accounts of this period, as a result of his use of this procedure, most of his patients in the mid-1890s reported early <a href="/wiki/Childhood_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood sexual abuse">childhood sexual abuse</a>. He believed these accounts, which he used as the basis for his <a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_seduction_theory" title="Freud's seduction theory">seduction theory</a>, but then he came to believe that they were fantasies. He explained these at first as having the function of "fending off" memories of infantile masturbation, but in later years he wrote that they represented Oedipal fantasies, stemming from innate <a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">drives</a> that are sexual and destructive in nature.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Another version of events focuses on Freud's proposing that unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse were at the root of the psychoneuroses in letters to Fliess in October 1895, before he reported that he had actually discovered such abuse among his patients.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In the first half of 1896, Freud published three papers, which led to his <a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_seduction_theory" title="Freud's seduction theory">seduction theory</a>, stating that he had uncovered, in all of his current patients, deeply repressed memories of sexual abuse in early childhood.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In these papers, Freud recorded that his patients were not consciously aware of these memories, and must therefore be present as unconscious memories if they were to result in hysterical symptoms or obsessional neurosis. The patients were subjected to considerable pressure to "reproduce" infantile sexual abuse "scenes" that Freud was convinced had been repressed into the unconscious.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Patients were generally unconvinced that their experiences of Freud's clinical procedure indicated actual sexual abuse. He reported that even after a supposed "reproduction" of sexual scenes the patients assured him emphatically of their disbelief.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> As well as his pressure technique, Freud's clinical procedures involved analytic inference and the symbolic interpretation of symptoms to trace back to memories of infantile sexual abuse.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> His claim of one hundred percent confirmation of his theory only served to reinforce previously expressed reservations from his colleagues about the validity of findings obtained through his suggestive techniques.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Freud subsequently showed inconsistency as to whether his seduction theory was still compatible with his later findings.<a href="#cite_note-thepsychologist-148">[148]</a> In an addendum to The Aetiology of Hysteria he stated: "All this is true [the sexual abuse of children], but it must be remembered that at the time I wrote it I had not yet freed myself from my overvaluation of reality and my low valuation of phantasy".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Some years later Freud explicitly rejected the claim of his colleague Ferenczi that his patients' reports of sexual molestation were actual memories instead of fantasies, and he tried to dissuade Ferenczi from making his views public.<a href="#cite_note-thepsychologist-148">[148]</a> Karin Ahbel-Rappe concludes that "Freud marked out and started down a trail of investigation into the nature of the experience of infantile incest and its impact on the human psyche, and then abandoned this direction for the most part."<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cocaine">Cocaine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cocaine">edit</a>]</div> As a medical researcher, Freud was an early user and proponent of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> as a stimulant as well as <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>. He believed that cocaine was a cure for many mental and physical problems, and in his 1884 paper "On Coca" he extolled its virtues. Between 1883 and 1887 he wrote several articles recommending medical applications, including its use as an <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a>. He narrowly missed out on obtaining <a href="/wiki/Scientific_priority" title="Scientific priority">scientific priority</a> for discovering its <a href="/wiki/Anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthesia">anesthetic</a> properties of which he was aware but had mentioned only in passing.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karl_Koller_(ophthalmologist)" title="Karl Koller (ophthalmologist)">Karl Koller</a>, a colleague of Freud's in Vienna, received that distinction in 1884 after reporting to a medical society the ways cocaine could be used in delicate eye surgery.) Freud also recommended cocaine as a cure for <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> addiction.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> He had introduced cocaine to his friend <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Fleischl-Marxow" title="Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow">Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow</a>, who had become addicted to morphine taken to relieve years of excruciating nerve pain resulting from an infection acquired after injuring himself while performing an autopsy. His claim that Fleischl-Marxow was cured of his addiction was premature, though he never acknowledged that he had been at fault. Fleischl-Marxow developed an acute case of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_intoxication" title="Cocaine intoxication">"cocaine psychosis"</a>, and soon returned to using morphine, dying a few years later still suffering from intolerable pain.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The application as an anaesthetic turned out to be one of the few safe uses of cocaine, and as reports of addiction and overdose began to filter in from many places in the world, Freud's medical reputation became somewhat tarnished.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> After the "Cocaine Episode"<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Freud ceased to publicly recommend the use of the drug, but continued to take it himself occasionally for depression, <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a> and nasal inflammation during the early 1890s, before discontinuing its use in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unconscious">Unconscious</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unconscious">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious mind</a></div> The concept of the unconscious, which Freud regarded as already well known amongst poets, was important to his theories and ideas; he also believed that it was his responsibility to ensure that it received scientific recognition in the field of psychology.<a href="#cite_note-WollheimChap-157">[157]</a> Freud states explicitly that his concept of the unconscious as he first formulated it was based on the theory of repression. In his formulations of the concept of repression in his 1915 paper 'Repression' (<a href="#The_Standard_Edition">Standard Edition</a> XIV) Freud introduces the distinction in the unconscious between primary repression linked to the universal taboo on incest ('innately present originally') and repression ('after expulsion') that was a product of an individual's life history ('acquired in the course of the ego's development') in which something that was at one point conscious is rejected or eliminated from consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-WollheimChap-157">[157]</a> In his account of the development and modification of his theory of unconscious mental processes he sets out in his 1915 paper 'The Unconscious' (<a href="#The_Standard_Edition">Standard Edition</a> XIV), Freud identifies the three perspectives he employs: the dynamic, the economic and the topographical. The dynamic perspective concerns firstly the constitution of the unconscious by repression and secondly the process of "censorship" which maintains unwanted, anxiety-inducing thoughts as such. Here Freud is drawing on observations from his earliest clinical work in the treatment of hysteria. In the economic perspective the focus is on the trajectories of the repressed contents ("the vicissitudes of sexual impulses") as they undergo complex transformations in the process of both symptom formation and normal unconscious thought such as dreams and slips of the tongue. These were topics Freud explored in detail in <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a>. Whereas both these former perspectives focus on the unconscious as it is about to enter consciousness, the topographical perspective represents a shift in which the systemic properties of the unconscious, its characteristic processes, and modes of operation such as <a href="/wiki/Condensation_(psychology)" title="Condensation (psychology)">Condensation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(psychology)" title="Displacement (psychology)">Displacement</a>, are placed in the foreground. This "first topography" presents a model of psychic structure comprising three systems: <ul><li>The System Ucs – the unconscious: "primary process" mentation governed by the <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_principle_(psychology)" title="Pleasure principle (psychology)">pleasure principle</a> characterised by "exemption from mutual contradiction, ... mobility of cathexes, timelessness, and replacement of external by psychical reality." ('The Unconscious' (1915) <a href="#The_Standard_Edition">Standard Edition</a> XIV).</li> <li>The System Pcs – the preconscious in which the unconscious thing-presentations of the primary process are bound by the secondary processes of language (word presentations), a prerequisite for their becoming available to consciousness.</li> <li>The System Cns – conscious thought governed by the reality principle.</li></ul> In his later work, notably in <a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_the_Id" title="The Ego and the Id">The Ego and the Id</a> (1923), a second topography is introduced comprising <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego and super-ego">id, ego and super-ego</a>, which is superimposed on the first without replacing it.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In this later formulation of the concept of the unconscious the <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego#Id" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego and super-ego">id</a><a href="#cite_note-id-159">[159]</a> comprises a reservoir of instincts or <a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">drives</a>, a portion of them being hereditary or innate, a portion repressed or acquired. As such, from the economic perspective, the id is the prime source of psychical energy and from the dynamic perspective it conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego#Ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego and super-ego">ego</a><a href="#cite_note-ego-160">[160]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego#Superego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego and super-ego">super-ego</a><a href="#cite_note-superego-161">[161]</a> which, genetically speaking, are diversifications of the id. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dreams">Dreams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dreams">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a></div>In Freud's theory dreams are instigated by the daily occurrences and thoughts of everyday life. In what Freud called the "dream-work", these "secondary process" thoughts ("word presentations"), governed by the rules of language and the reality principle, become subject to the "primary process" of unconscious thought ("thing presentations") governed by the pleasure principle, wish gratification and the repressed sexual scenarios of childhood. Because of the disturbing nature of the latter and other repressed thoughts and desires which may have become linked to them, the dream-work operates a censorship function, disguising by distortion, displacement, and condensation the repressed thoughts to preserve sleep.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In the clinical setting, Freud encouraged free association to the dream's manifest content, as recounted in the dream narrative, to facilitate interpretative work on its latent content – the repressed thoughts and fantasies – and also on the underlying mechanisms and structures operative in the dream-work. As Freud developed his theoretical work on dreams he went beyond his theory of dreams as wish-fulfillments to arrive at an emphasis on dreams as "nothing other than a particular form of thinking. ... It is the dream-work that creates that form, and it alone is the essence of dreaming".<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychosexual_development">Psychosexual development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Psychosexual development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></div> Freud's theory of psychosexual development proposes that following on from the initial <a href="/wiki/Polymorphous_perversity" title="Polymorphous perversity">polymorphous perversity</a> of infantile sexuality, the sexual "drives" pass through the distinct developmental phases of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_stage" title="Oral stage">oral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anal_stage" title="Anal stage">anal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Phallic_stage" title="Phallic stage">phallic</a>. Though these phases then give way to a <a href="/wiki/Latency_stage" title="Latency stage">latency stage</a> of reduced sexual interest and activity (from the age of five to puberty, approximately), they leave a "perverse" and bisexual residue which persists during the formation of <a href="/wiki/Genital_stage" title="Genital stage">adult genital sexuality</a>. Freud argued that <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perversion" title="Perversion">perversion</a> could be explained in terms of fixation or regression to these phases whereas adult character and cultural creativity could achieve a <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(psychology)" title="Sublimation (psychology)">sublimation</a> of their perverse residue.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> After Freud's later development of the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a> this normative developmental trajectory becomes formulated in terms of the child's renunciation of incestuous desires under the fantasised threat of (or fantasised fact of, in the case of the girl) <a href="/wiki/Castration_complex" title="Castration complex">castration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The "dissolution" of the Oedipus complex is then achieved when the child's rivalrous identification with the parental figure is transformed into the pacifying identifications of the <a href="/wiki/Ego_ideal" title="Ego ideal">Ego ideal</a> which assume both similarity and difference and acknowledge the separateness and autonomy of the other.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Freud hoped to prove that his model was universally valid and turned to ancient mythology and contemporary ethnography for comparative material arguing that totemism reflected a ritualized enactment of a tribal Oedipal conflict.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Id,_ego,_and_super-ego">Id, ego, and super-ego</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Id, ego, and super-ego">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego and super-ego">Id, ego and super-ego</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structural-Iceberg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Structural-Iceberg.svg/220px-Structural-Iceberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Structural-Iceberg.svg/330px-Structural-Iceberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Structural-Iceberg.svg/440px-Structural-Iceberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">iceberg</a> metaphor is often used to explain the psyche's parts in relation to one another.</figcaption></figure> Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: Id, ego, and super-ego. Freud discussed this model in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and fully elaborated upon it in <a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_the_Id" title="The Ego and the Id">The Ego and the Id</a> (1923), in which he developed it as an alternative to his previous topographic schema (i.e., conscious, unconscious and preconscious). The id is the unconscious portion of the psyche that operates on the "pleasure principle" and is the source of basic impulses and drives; it seeks immediate pleasure and gratification.<a href="#cite_note-Hothersall290-168">[168]</a> Freud acknowledged that his use of the term Id (das Es, "the It") derives from the writings of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Groddeck" title="Georg Groddeck">Georg Groddeck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-id-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The super-ego is the moral component of the psyche.<a href="#cite_note-superego-161">[161]</a> The rational ego attempts to exact a balance between the impractical <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a> of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego;<a href="#cite_note-ego-160">[160]</a> it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions. When overburdened or threatened by its tasks, it may employ <a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanism" title="Defence mechanism">defence mechanisms</a> including <a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">denial</a>, repression, undoing, rationalization, and <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(psychology)" title="Displacement (psychology)">displacement</a>. This concept is usually represented by the "Iceberg Model".<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> This model represents the roles the id, ego, and super-ego play in relation to conscious and unconscious thought. Freud compared the relationship between the ego and the id to that between a charioteer and his horses: the horses provide the energy and drive, while the charioteer provides direction.<a href="#cite_note-Hothersall290-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_and_death_drives">Life and death drives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Life and death drives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Repetition_compulsion" title="Repetition compulsion">Repetition compulsion</a></div> Freud believed that the human psyche is subject to two conflicting drives: the life drive or <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">death drive</a>. The life drive was also termed "Eros" and the death drive "Thanatos", although Freud did not use the latter term; "Thanatos" was introduced in this context by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Federn" title="Paul Federn">Paul Federn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Freud hypothesized that libido is a form of mental energy with which processes, structures, and object-representations are invested.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a> (1920), Freud inferred the existence of a death drive. Its premise was a regulatory principle that has been described as "the principle of psychic inertia", "the Nirvana principle",<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> and "the conservatism of instinct". Its background was Freud's earlier Project for a Scientific Psychology, where he had defined the principle governing the mental apparatus as its tendency to divest itself of quantity or to reduce tension to zero. Freud had been obliged to abandon that definition, since it proved adequate only to the most rudimentary kinds of mental functioning, and replaced the idea that the apparatus tends toward a level of zero tension with the idea that it tends toward a minimum level of tension.<a href="#cite_note-Wollheim-175">[175]</a> Freud in effect readopted the original definition in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, this time applying it to a different principle. He asserted that on certain occasions the mind acts as though it could eliminate tension, or in effect to reduce itself to a state of extinction; his key evidence for this was the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Repetition_compulsion" title="Repetition compulsion">compulsion to repeat</a>. Examples of such repetition included the dream life of traumatic neurotics and children's play. In the phenomenon of repetition, Freud saw a psychic trend to work over earlier impressions, to master them and derive pleasure from them, a trend that was before the pleasure principle but not opposed to it. In addition to that trend, there was also a principle at work that was opposed to, and thus "beyond" the pleasure principle. If repetition is a necessary element in the binding of energy or adaptation, when carried to inordinate lengths it becomes a means of abandoning adaptations and reinstating earlier or less evolved psychic positions. By combining this idea with the hypothesis that all repetition is a form of discharge, Freud concluded that the compulsion to repeat is an effort to restore a state that is both historically primitive and marked by the total draining of energy: death.<a href="#cite_note-Wollheim-175">[175]</a> This has been described by some scholars as "metaphysical biology".<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melancholia">Melancholia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Melancholia">edit</a>]</div> In his 1917 essay "Mourning and Melancholia", Freud distinguished mourning, painful but an inevitable part of life, and "melancholia", his term for pathological refusal of a mourner to "<a href="/wiki/Decathexis" title="Decathexis">decathect</a>" from the lost one. Freud claimed that, in normal mourning, the ego was responsible for narcissistically detaching the libido from the lost one as a means of self-preservation, but that in "melancholia", prior ambivalence towards the lost one prevents this from occurring. Suicide, Freud hypothesized, could result in extreme cases, when unconscious feelings of conflict became directed against the mourner's own ego.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Femininity_and_female_sexuality">Femininity and female sexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Femininity and female sexuality">edit</a>]</div> Freud's account of femininity is grounded in his theory of psychic development as it traces the uneven transition from the earliest stages of infantile and childhood sexuality, characterised by <a href="/wiki/Polymorphous_perversity" title="Polymorphous perversity">polymorphous perversity</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> disposition, through to the fantasy scenarios and rivalrous identifications of the <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a> and on to the greater or lesser extent these are modified in adult sexuality. There are different trajectories for the boy and the girl which arise as effects of the <a href="/wiki/Castration_complex" title="Castration complex">castration complex</a>. Anatomical difference, the possession of a penis, induces castration anxiety for the boy whereas the girl experiences a sense of deprivation. In the boy's case the castration complex concludes the Oedipal phase whereas for the girl it precipitates it.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The constraint of the erotic feelings and fantasies of the girl and her turning away from the mother to the father is an uneven and precarious process entailing "waves of repression". The normal outcome is, according to Freud, the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> becoming "the new leading zone" of sexual sensitivity, displacing the previously dominant <a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a>, the phallic properties of which made it indistinguishable in the child's early sexual life from the penis. This leaves a legacy of <a href="/wiki/Penis_envy" title="Penis envy">penis envy</a> and emotional ambivalence for the girl which was "intimately related to the essence of femininity" and leads to "the greater proneness of women to <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurosis</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a>."<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> In his last paper on the topic Freud likewise concludes that "the development of femininity remains exposed to disturbance by the residual phenomena of the early masculine period... Some portion of what we men call the 'enigma of women' may perhaps be derived from this expression of bisexuality in women's lives."<a href="#cite_note-Femininity_1933,_SE_XXII-181">[181]</a> Initiating what became the first debate within psychoanalysis on femininity, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Psychoanalytic_Institute" title="Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute">Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute</a> set out to challenge Freud's account of femininity. Rejecting Freud's theories of the feminine castration complex and penis envy, Horney argued for a primary femininity and penis envy as a defensive formation rather than arising from the fact, or "injury", of biological asymmetry as Freud held. Horney had the influential support of <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Ernest Jones</a> who coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">phallocentrism</a>" in his critique of Freud's position.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In defending Freud against this critique, feminist scholar <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Rose" title="Jacqueline Rose">Jacqueline Rose</a> has argued that it presupposes a more normative account of female sexual development than that given by Freud. She finds that Freud moved from a description of the little girl stuck with her 'inferiority' or 'injury' in the face of the anatomy of the little boy to an account in his later work which explicitly describes the process of becoming 'feminine' as an 'injury' or 'catastrophe' for the complexity of her earlier psychic and sexual life.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Throughout his deliberations on what he described as the "dark continent" of female sexuality and the "riddle" of femininity, Freud was careful to emphasise the "average validity" and provisional nature of his findings.<a href="#cite_note-Femininity_1933,_SE_XXII-181">[181]</a> He did, however, in response to his critics, maintain a steadfast objection "to all of you ... to the extent that you do not distinguish more clearly between what is psychic and what is biological..."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud%27s_views_on_religion" title="Sigmund Freud's views on religion">Sigmund Freud's views on religion</a></div> Freud regarded the <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> God as an illusion based upon the infantile emotional need for a powerful, supernatural <a href="/wiki/Pater_familias" title="Pater familias">pater familias</a>. He maintained that religion – once necessary to restrain man's violent nature in the early stages of civilization – in modern times, can be set aside in favor of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and science.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> "Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices" (1907) notes the likeness between faith (religious belief) and <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurotic</a> obsession.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo" title="Totem and Taboo">Totem and Taboo</a> (1913) proposes that society and religion begin with the <a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">patricide</a> and eating of the powerful paternal figure, who then becomes a revered collective memory.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_an_Illusion" title="The Future of an Illusion">The Future of an Illusion</a> (1927) Freud argues that the function of religious belief is psychological consolation. He argues that the belief in a supernatural protector serves as a buffer against man's "fear of nature", just as the belief in an afterlife serves as a buffer against man's fear of death. The core idea of the work is that religious belief can be explained through its function in society, not through its relation to the truth. In <a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930), he considers the "oceanic feeling" of wholeness, limitlessness, and eternity (brought to his attention by his friend <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a>), as a possible source for religious feelings. He notes that he has no experience of this feeling himself, and suggests that it is a regression into the state of consciousness that precedes the ego's differentiation of itself from the world of objects and others.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moses_and_Monotheism" title="Moses and Monotheism">Moses and Monotheism</a> (1937) proposes that <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> was the tribal pater familias, killed by the Jews, who psychologically coped with the patricide with a <a href="/wiki/Reaction_formation" title="Reaction formation">reaction formation</a> conducive to their establishing monotheistic Judaism;<a href="#cite_note-HR-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> analogously, he described the Roman Catholic rite of <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Holy Communion</a> as cultural evidence of the killing and devouring of the sacred father.<a href="#cite_note-Chaney62-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Moreover, he perceived religion, with its suppression of violence, as mediator of the societal and personal, the public and the private, conflicts between Eros and <a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Thanatos</a>, the forces of life and death.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Later works indicate Freud's pessimism about the future of civilization, which he noted in the 1931 edition of Civilization and its Discontents.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Humphrey Skelton described Freud's <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> as one of "<a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">stoical</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-HH-194">[194]</a> The Humanist Heritage project summed his contributions to understanding of religion by saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Freud's ideas on the origins of the religious impulse, and the comforting illusion religion provided, were a significant contribution to a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">scientific humanist thought</a>, in which research and reason were the means of uncovering truth. They also served to highlight the powerful resonance of childhood influences on adult lives, not least in the realm of religion.<a href="#cite_note-HH-194">[194]</a></blockquote> In a footnote of his 1909 Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy, Freud theorized that the universal fear of castration was provoked in the uncircumcised when they perceived circumcision and that this was "the deepest unconscious root of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigmund_Freud_statue,_London_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sigmund_Freud_statue%2C_London_1.jpg/170px-Sigmund_Freud_statue%2C_London_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sigmund_Freud_statue%2C_London_1.jpg/255px-Sigmund_Freud_statue%2C_London_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sigmund_Freud_statue%2C_London_1.jpg/340px-Sigmund_Freud_statue%2C_London_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>The 1971 <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Sigmund_Freud,_Hampstead" title="Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead">Sigmund Freud memorial in Hampstead, North London</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Nemon" title="Oscar Nemon">Oscar Nemon</a>, is located near to where Sigmund and Anna Freud lived, now the <a href="/wiki/Freud_Museum" title="Freud Museum">Freud Museum</a>. The building behind the statue is the <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_Clinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavistock Clinic">Tavistock Clinic</a>, a major psychological health care institution.</figcaption></figure> Freud's legacy, though a highly contested area of controversy, has been assessed as "one of the strongest influences on twentieth-century thought, its impact comparable only to that of <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> with its range of influence permeating "all the fields of culture ... so far as to change our way of life and concept of man."<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Psychotherapy">edit</a>]</div> Though not the first methodology in the practice of individual verbal psychotherapy,<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Freud's psychoanalytic system came to dominate the field from early in the twentieth century, forming the basis for many later variants. While these systems have adopted different theories and techniques, all have followed Freud by attempting to achieve psychic and behavioral change through having patients talk about their difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-Systems-3">[3]</a> Psychoanalysis is not as influential as it once was in Europe and the United States, though in some parts of the world, notably Latin America, its influence in the later 20th century expanded substantially. Psychoanalysis also remains influential within many contemporary schools of psychotherapy and has led to innovative therapeutic work in schools and with families and groups.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> There is a substantial body of research which demonstrates the efficacy of the clinical methods of psychoanalysis<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> and of related <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychodynamic">psychodynamic</a> therapies in treating a wide range of psychological disorders.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Freudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Freudian">neo-Freudians</a>, a group including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, rejected Freud's theory of instinctual drive, emphasized interpersonal relations and self-assertiveness, and made modifications to therapeutic practice that reflected these theoretical shifts. The neo-Freudian analysis places more emphasis on the patient's relationship with the analyst and less on the exploration of the unconscious.<a href="#cite_note-Kovel-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a> approached psychoanalysis through <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and literature. Lacan believed that most of Freud's essential work had been done before 1905, and that <a href="/wiki/Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">ego psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">object relations theory</a> were based upon misreadings of Freud's work. Lacan saw desire as more important than need.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a> developed some of Freud's ideas, such as Actualneurosis. Freud applied that idea both to infants and to adults. In the former case, seductions were sought as the causes of later neuroses and in the latter incomplete sexual release. Unlike Freud, Reich retained the idea that actual experience, especially sexual experience, was of key significance. By the 1920s, Reich had "taken Freud's original ideas about sexual release to the point of specifying the orgasm as the criteria of healthy function." Reich was also "developing his ideas about character into a form that would later take shape, first as "muscular armour", and eventually as a transducer of universal biological energy, the "orgone"."<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a>, who helped to develop <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a>, was influenced by Reich, Jung, and Freud. The key idea of gestalt therapy is that Freud overlooked the structure of awareness, "an active process that moves toward the construction of organized meaningful wholes ... between an organism and its environment." These wholes, called gestalts, are "patterns involving all the layers of organismic function – thought, feeling, and activity", to which improper formation, in Perls' view, gives rise to neurosis and anxieties. Gestalt therapy attempts to cure patients by placing them in contact with "immediate organismic needs." Perls rejected the verbal approach of classical psychoanalysis; favoring a workshop style approach.<a href="#cite_note-Kovel-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">primal therapy</a>, which has been influential post-Freudian psychotherapy, resembles psychoanalytic therapy in its emphasis on early childhood experience but has also differences with it. While Janov's theory is akin to Freud's early idea of Actualneurosis, he does not have a dynamic psychology but a nature psychology like that of Reich or Perls, in which need is primary while wish is derivative and dispensable when need is met. Despite its surface similarity to Freud's ideas, Janov's theory lacks a strictly psychological account of the unconscious and belief in infantile sexuality. While for Freud there was a hierarchy of dangerous situations, for Janov the key event in the child's life is an awareness that the parents do not love it.<a href="#cite_note-Kovel-202">[202]</a> Janov writes in <a href="/wiki/The_Primal_Scream" title="The Primal Scream">The Primal Scream</a> (1970) that primal therapy has in some ways returned to Freud's early ideas and techniques.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Bass" title="Ellen Bass">Ellen Bass</a> and Laura Davis, co-authors of <a href="/wiki/The_Courage_to_Heal" title="The Courage to Heal">The Courage to Heal</a> (1988), are described as "champions of survivorship" by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Crews" title="Frederick Crews">Frederick Crews</a>, who considers Freud the key influence upon them, although in his view they are indebted not to classic psychoanalysis but to "the pre-psychoanalytic Freud ... who supposedly took pity on his hysterical patients, found that they were all harboring memories of early abuse ... and cured them by unknotting their repression." Crews sees Freud as having anticipated the <a href="/wiki/Recovered_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Recovered memory">recovered memory</a> movement by emphasizing "mechanical cause-and-effect relations between symptomatology and the premature stimulation of one body zone or another", and with pioneering its "technique of thematically matching a patient's symptom with a sexually symmetrical 'memory.'" Crews believes that Freud's confidence in accurate recall of early memories anticipates the theories of recovered memory therapists such as <a href="/wiki/Lenore_Terr" title="Lenore Terr">Lenore Terr</a>, which in his view have led to people being wrongfully imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Science">edit</a>]</div> Research projects designed to test Freud's theories empirically have led to a vast literature on the topic.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> American psychologists began to attempt to study repression in the experimental laboratory around 1930. In 1934, when the psychologist <a href="/wiki/Saul_Rosenzweig" title="Saul Rosenzweig">Saul Rosenzweig</a> sent Freud reprints of his attempts to study repression, Freud responded with a dismissive letter stating that "the wealth of reliable observations" on which psychoanalytic assertions were based made them "independent of experimental verification."<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Seymour Fisher and Roger P. Greenberg concluded in 1977 that some of Freud's concepts were supported by <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a>. Their analysis of research literature supported Freud's concepts of oral and anal personality constellations, his account of the role of Oedipal factors in certain aspects of male personality functioning, his formulations about the relatively greater concern about the loss of love in women's as compared to men's personality economy, and his views about the instigating effects of homosexual anxieties on the formation of paranoid delusions. They also found limited and equivocal support for <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud%27s_views_on_homosexuality" title="Sigmund Freud's views on homosexuality">Freud's theories about the development of homosexuality</a>. They found that several of Freud's other theories, including his portrayal of dreams as primarily containers of secret, unconscious wishes, as well as some of his views about the <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">psychodynamics</a> of women, were either not supported or contradicted by research. Reviewing the issues again in 1996, they concluded that much experimental data relevant to Freud's work exists, and supports some of his major ideas and theories.<a href="#cite_note-FisherG-209">[209]</a> Other viewpoints include those of psychologist and science historian Malcolm Macmillan, who concludes in Freud Evaluated (1991) that "Freud's method is not capable of yielding objective data about mental processes".<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Morris Eagle states that it has been "demonstrated quite conclusively that because of the epistemologically contaminated status of clinical data derived from the clinical situation, such data have questionable probative value in the testing of psychoanalytic hypotheses".<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Webster_(British_author)" title="Richard Webster (British author)">Richard Webster</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Why_Freud_Was_Wrong" title="Why Freud Was Wrong">Why Freud Was Wrong</a> (1995), described psychoanalysis as "perhaps the most complex and successful" <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> in history.<a href="#cite_note-Webster-212">[212]</a> Crews believes that psychoanalysis has no scientific or therapeutic merit.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> research associate Kurt Jacobsen takes these critics to task for their own supposedly dogmatic and historically naive views both about psychoanalysis and the nature of science.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> I.B. Cohen regards Freud's Interpretation of Dreams as a revolutionary work of science, the last such work to be published in book form.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> In contrast <a href="/wiki/Allan_Hobson" title="Allan Hobson">Allan Hobson</a> believes that Freud, by rhetorically discrediting 19th century investigators of dreams such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Maury" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Maury">Alfred Maury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean-L%C3%A9on,_Marquis_d%27Hervey_de_Saint_Denys" title="Marie-Jean-Léon, Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys">Marquis de Hervey de Saint-Denis</a> at a time when study of the physiology of the brain was only beginning, interrupted the development of scientific dream theory for half a century.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The dream researcher G. William Domhoff has disputed claims of Freudian dream theory being validated.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Popper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head high portrait of a man about sixty years old" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Karl_Popper.jpg/170px-Karl_Popper.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Karl_Popper.jpg/255px-Karl_Popper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Karl_Popper.jpg/340px-Karl_Popper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> argued that Freud's psychoanalytic theories were unfalsifiable.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_Psychoanalytic_Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud's Psychoanalytic Theories">Freud's Psychoanalytic Theories</a> were presented in <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">unfalsifiable</a> form, meaning that no experiment could ever disprove them.<a href="#cite_note-Popper-218">[218]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Gr%C3%BCnbaum" title="Adolf Grünbaum">Adolf Grünbaum</a> argues in <a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The Foundations of Psychoanalysis">The Foundations of Psychoanalysis</a> (1984) that Popper was mistaken and that many of Freud's theories are empirically testable, a position with which others such as Eysenck agree.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>, writing in Sexual Desire (1986), also rejected Popper's arguments, pointing to the theory of repression as an example of a Freudian theory that does have testable consequences. Scruton nevertheless concluded that psychoanalysis is not genuinely scientific, because it involves an unacceptable dependence on metaphor.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The philosopher Donald Levy agrees with Grünbaum that Freud's theories are falsifiable but disputes Grünbaum's contention that therapeutic success is only the empirical basis on which they stand or fall, arguing that a much wider range of empirical evidence can be adduced via clinical case material.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> In a study of psychoanalysis in the United States, Nathan Hale reported on the "decline of psychoanalysis in psychiatry" during 1965–1985.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The continuation of this trend was noted by Alan Stone: "As academic psychology becomes more 'scientific' and psychiatry more biological, psychoanalysis is being brushed aside."<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Paul Stepansky, while noting that psychoanalysis remains influential in the humanities, records the "vanishingly small number of psychiatric residents who choose to pursue psychoanalytic training" and the "nonanalytic backgrounds of psychiatric chairpersons at major universities" among the evidence he cites for his conclusion that "Such historical trends attest to the marginalisation of psychoanalysis within American psychiatry."<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Nonetheless, Freud was ranked as the third most cited psychologist of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> It is also claimed that in moving beyond the "orthodoxy of the not so distant past ... new ideas and new research has led to an intense reawakening of interest in psychoanalysis from neighbouring disciplines ranging from the humanities to <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> and including the non-analytic therapies".<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Research in the emerging field of <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychoanalysis" title="Neuropsychoanalysis">neuropsychoanalysis</a>, founded by neuroscientist and psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Mark_Solms" title="Mark Solms">Mark Solms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> has proved controversial with some psychoanalysts criticising the very concept itself.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Solms and his colleagues have argued for neuro-scientific findings being "broadly consistent" with Freudian theories pointing out brain structures relating to Freudian concepts such as libido, drives, the unconscious, and repression.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Neuroscientists who have endorsed Freud's work include <a href="/wiki/David_Eagleman" title="David Eagleman">David Eagleman</a> who believes that Freud "transformed psychiatry" by providing "the first exploration of the way in which hidden states of the brain participate in driving thought and behavior"<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> and Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> who argues that "psychoanalysis still represents the most coherent and intellectually satisfying view of the mind."<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton,_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/220px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/330px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/440px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> saw similarities between psychoanalysis and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>.</figcaption></figure> Psychoanalysis has been interpreted as both radical and conservative. By the 1940s, it had come to be seen as conservative by the European and American intellectual community. Critics outside the psychoanalytic movement, whether on the political left or right, saw Freud as a conservative. Fromm had argued that several aspects of psychoanalytic theory served the interests of political reaction in his <a href="/wiki/The_Fear_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fear of Freedom">The Fear of Freedom</a> (1942), an assessment confirmed by sympathetic writers on the right. In <a href="/wiki/Freud:_The_Mind_of_the_Moralist" title="Freud: The Mind of the Moralist">Freud: The Mind of the Moralist</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Philip Rieff</a> portrayed Freud as a man who urged men to make the best of an inevitably unhappy fate, and admirable for that reason. In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> challenged the then prevailing interpretation of Freud as a conservative in <a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a> (1955), as did <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a> in Freud and the Crisis of Our Culture and <a href="/wiki/Norman_O._Brown" title="Norman O. Brown">Norman O. Brown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Life_Against_Death" title="Life Against Death">Life Against Death</a> (1959).<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Eros and Civilization helped make the idea that Freud and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> were addressing similar questions from different perspectives credible to the left. Marcuse criticized neo-Freudian revisionism for discarding seemingly pessimistic theories such as the death instinct, arguing that they could be turned in a utopian direction. Freud's theories also influenced the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a> as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Freud has been compared to Marx by Reich, who saw Freud's importance for psychiatry as parallel to that of Marx for economics,<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> and by Paul Robinson, who sees Freud as a revolutionary whose contributions to twentieth-century thought are comparable in importance to Marx's contributions to the nineteenth-century thought.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> Fromm calls Freud, Marx, and Einstein the "architects of the modern age", but rejects the idea that Marx and Freud were equally significant, arguing that Marx was both far more historically important and a finer thinker. Fromm nevertheless credits Freud with permanently changing the way human nature is understood.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a> write in <a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a> (1972) that psychoanalysis resembles the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> in that it became corrupted almost from the beginning. They believe this began with Freud's development of the theory of the Oedipus complex, which they see as idealist.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> critiques Freud's theory of the unconscious in <a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a> (1943), claiming that consciousness is essentially self-conscious.<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin-240">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a> considers Freud to be one of the anticipators of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> considers <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, the founder of phenomenology, to be Freud's philosophical opposite, writing that Husserl's polemic against psychologism could have been directed against psychoanalysis.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a> sees Freud as one of the three "<a href="/wiki/Masters_of_suspicion" class="mw-redirect" title="Masters of suspicion">masters of suspicion</a>", alongside Marx and Nietzsche,<a href="#cite_note-Ricoeur-243">[243]</a> for their unmasking 'the lies and <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Ricœur and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> have helped create a "<a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutic</a> version of Freud", one which "claimed him as the most significant progenitor of the shift from an objectifying, empiricist understanding of the human realm to one stressing subjectivity and interpretation."<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-245">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a> drew on Freud's concept of <a href="/wiki/Overdetermination" title="Overdetermination">overdetermination</a> for his reinterpretation of Marx's <a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cleaver-246">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a> developed a theory of the unconscious that reverses Freud's account of the dream-work.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Several scholars see Freud as parallel to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, writing that they hold nearly the same theory of dreams and have similar theories of the tripartite structure of the human soul or personality, even if the hierarchy between the parts of the soul is almost reversed.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a> argues that Freud's theories are an inversion of Plato's. Whereas Plato saw a hierarchy inherent in the nature of reality and relied upon it to validate norms, Freud was a naturalist who could not follow such an approach. Both men's theories drew a parallel between the structure of the human mind and that of society, but while Plato wanted to strengthen the super-ego, which Gellner compared to the aristocracy, Freud wanted to strengthen the ego, which corresponded to the middle class.<a href="#cite_note-Gellner140-250">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Vitz" title="Paul Vitz">Paul Vitz</a> compares Freudian psychoanalysis to <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a>, noting St. Thomas's belief in the existence of an "unconscious consciousness" and his "frequent use of the word and concept 'libido' – sometimes in a more specific sense than Freud, but always in a manner in agreement with the Freudian use." Vitz suggests that Freud may have been unaware his theory of the unconscious was reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vitzpages5354-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_literary_criticism">Literature and literary criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Literature and literary criticism">edit</a>]</div> The poem "In Memory of Sigmund Freud" was published by <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> in his 1940 collection <a href="/wiki/Another_Time_(book)" title="Another Time (book)">Another Time</a>. Auden describes Freud as having created "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives."<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Literary critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> has been influenced by Freud.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a> has also been influenced by Freud, whom she calls "Nietzsche's heir" and one of the greatest sexual psychologists in literature, but has rejected the scientific status of his work in her <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Personae" title="Sexual Personae">Sexual Personae</a> (1990), writing, "Freud has no rivals among his successors because they think he wrote science, when in fact he wrote art."<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminism">Feminism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Feminism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betty_Friedan_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shoulder high portrait of a forty-year-old woman with short brownish hair wearing a buttoned sweater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Betty_Friedan_1960.jpg/170px-Betty_Friedan_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Betty_Friedan_1960.jpg/255px-Betty_Friedan_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Betty_Friedan_1960.jpg/340px-Betty_Friedan_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2884" data-file-height="3695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> criticizes Freud's view of women in her 1963 book <a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Friedan-255">[255]</a></figcaption></figure> The decline in Freud's reputation has been attributed partly to the revival of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> criticizes psychoanalysis from an <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialist</a> standpoint in <a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949), arguing that Freud saw an "original superiority" in the male that is in reality socially induced.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-257">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> criticizes Freud and what she considered his Victorian view of women in <a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a> (1963).<a href="#cite_note-Friedan-255">[255]</a> Freud's concept of <a href="/wiki/Penis_envy" title="Penis envy">penis envy</a> was attacked by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a>, who in <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics">Sexual Politics</a> (1970) accused him of confusion and oversights.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Koedt" title="Anne Koedt">Anne Koedt</a> wrote in her essay <a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Vaginal_Orgasm" title="The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm">The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm</a>: <blockquote>It was Freud's feelings about women's secondary and inferior relationship to men that formed the basis for his theories on female sexuality. Once having laid down the law about the nature of our sexuality, Freud not so strangely discovered a tremendous problem of <a href="/wiki/Frigidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Frigidity">frigidity</a> in women. His recommended cure for a frigid woman was psychiatric care. She was suffering from failure to mentally adjust to her 'natural' role as a woman.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Weisstein" title="Naomi Weisstein">Naomi Weisstein</a> writes that Freud and his followers erroneously thought his "years of intensive clinical experience" added up to scientific rigor.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Freud is also criticized by <a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eva_Figes" title="Eva Figes">Eva Figes</a>. In <a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex">The Dialectic of Sex</a> (1970), Firestone argues that Freud was a "poet" who produced metaphors rather than literal truths; in her view, Freud, like feminists, recognized that sexuality was the crucial problem of modern life, but ignored the social context. Firestone interprets Freud's "metaphors" in terms of the facts of power within the family. Figes tries in Patriarchal Attitudes (1970) to place Freud within a "<a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">history of ideas</a>". <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Mitchell" title="Juliet Mitchell">Juliet Mitchell</a> defends Freud against his feminist critics in Psychoanalysis and Feminism (1974), accusing them of misreading him and misunderstanding the implications of psychoanalytic theory for feminism. Mitchell helped introduce English-speaking feminists to Lacan.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-257">[257]</a> Mitchell is criticized by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Gallop" title="Jane Gallop">Jane Gallop</a> in The Daughter's Seduction (1982). Gallop compliments Mitchell for her criticism of feminist discussions of Freud but finds her treatment of Lacanian theory lacking.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Some French feminists, among them <a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Julia Kristeva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Luce Irigaray</a>, have been influenced by Freud as interpreted by Lacan.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Carol_Gilligan" title="Carol Gilligan">Carol Gilligan</a> writes that "The penchant of developmental theorists to project a masculine image, and one that appears frightening to women, goes back at least to Freud." She sees Freud's criticism of women's sense of justice reappearing in the work of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a>. Gilligan notes that <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Chodorow" title="Nancy Chodorow">Nancy Chodorow</a>, in contrast to Freud, attributes sexual difference not to anatomy but to the fact that male and female children have different early social environments. Chodorow, writing against the masculine bias of psychoanalysis, "replaces Freud's negative and derivative description of female psychology with a positive and direct account of her own."<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> In her analysis of Freud's work on religion in relation to gender, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Van_Herik" title="Judith Van Herik">Judith Van Herik</a> noted that Freud paired femininity and the concept of weakness with Christianity and wish fulfillment while associating masculinity and renunciation with Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Toril_Moi" title="Toril Moi">Toril Moi</a> has developed a feminist perspective on psychoanalysis proposing that it is a discourse that "attempts to understand the psychic consequences of three universal traumas: the fact that there are others, the fact of sexual difference, and the fact of death".<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> She replaces Freud's term of castration with <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cavell" title="Stanley Cavell">Stanley Cavell's</a> concept of "victimization" which is a more universal term that applies equally to both sexes.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Moi regards this concept of human finitude as a suitable replacement for both castration and sexual difference as the traumatic "discovery of our separate, sexed, mortal existence" and how both men and women come to terms with it.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Sigmund Freud is the subject of three major films or TV series, the first of which was 1962's <a href="/wiki/Freud:_The_Secret_Passion" title="Freud: The Secret Passion">Freud: The Secret Passion</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Clift" title="Montgomery Clift">Montgomery Clift</a> as Freud, directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> from a revision of a script by an uncredited <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>. The film is focused on Freud's early life from 1885 to 1890 and combines multiple case studies of Freud into single ones, and multiple friends of his into single characters.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> produced the six-episode mini-series <a href="/wiki/Freud_(miniseries)" title="Freud (miniseries)">Freud: the Life of a Dream</a> starring <a href="/wiki/David_Suchet" title="David Suchet">David Suchet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> The stage play The Talking Cure and subsequent film <a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Method" title="A Dangerous Method">A Dangerous Method</a> focus on the conflict between Freud and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>. Both are written by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hampton" title="Christopher Hampton">Christopher Hampton</a> and are partly based on the nonfiction book A Most Dangerous Method by <a href="/wiki/John_Kerr_(author)" title="John Kerr (author)">John Kerr</a>. <a href="/wiki/Viggo_Mortensen" title="Viggo Mortensen">Viggo Mortensen</a> plays Freud and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fassbender" title="Michael Fassbender">Michael Fassbender</a> plays Jung.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> More fanciful employments of Freud in fiction are <a href="/wiki/The_Seven-Per-Cent_Solution" title="The Seven-Per-Cent Solution">The Seven-Per-Cent Solution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Meyer" title="Nicholas Meyer">Nicholas Meyer</a>, which centers on an encounter between Freud and the fictional detective <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>, with a main part of the plot seeing Freud helping Holmes overcome his cocaine addiction.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The 2020 Austrian-German series <a href="/wiki/Freud_(TV_series)" title="Freud (TV series)">Freud</a> involves a young Freud solving murder mysteries.<a href="#cite_note-Db-273">[273]</a> The series has been criticized for having Freud be helped by a <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">medium</a> with real paranormal powers, when in reality Freud was quite skeptical of the paranormal.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Freud also helps to solve a murder case in the 2006 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Murder" title="The Interpretation of Murder">The Interpretation of Murder</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jed_Rubenfeld" title="Jed Rubenfeld">Jed Rubenfeld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_St._Germain" title="Mark St. Germain">Mark St. Germain</a>'s 2009 play Freud's Last Session imagines a meeting between <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, aged 40, and Freud, aged 83, at Freud's house in Hampstead, London, in 1939, as the Second World War is about to break out. The play is focused on the two men discussing religion and whether it should be seen as a sign of neurosis.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> The play is inspired by the 2003 nonfiction book The Question of God: C. S. Lewis and Sigmund Freud Debate God, Love, Sex, and the Meaning of Life by <a href="/wiki/Armand_Nicholi" title="Armand Nicholi">Armand Nicholi</a> which also inspired a four-part <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> Freud is employed to more comic effect in the 1983 film <a href="/wiki/Lovesick_(1983_film)" title="Lovesick (1983 film)">Lovesick</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> plays Freud's ghost who gives love advice to a modern psychiatrist played by <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Freud is also presented in a comedic light in the 1989 film, <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Ted%27s_Excellent_Adventure" title="Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure">Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure</a>. Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Rod_Loomis" title="Rod Loomis">Rod Loomis</a>, Freud is one of several historical figures recruited by the film's time-traveling lead characters to assist them in passing their high school history class presentation.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_bibliography" title="Sigmund Freud bibliography">Sigmund Freud bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1891 <a href="/wiki/On_Aphasia" title="On Aphasia">On Aphasia</a></li> <li>1895 <a href="/wiki/Studies_on_Hysteria" title="Studies on Hysteria">Studies on Hysteria</a> (co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a>)</li> <li>1899 <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a></li> <li>1901 On Dreams (abridged version of The Interpretation of Dreams)</li> <li>1904 <a href="/wiki/The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a></li> <li>1905 <a href="/wiki/Jokes_and_Their_Relation_to_the_Unconscious" title="Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious">Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious</a></li> <li>1905 <a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality</a></li> <li>1907 <a href="/wiki/Delusion_and_Dream_in_Jensen%27s_Gradiva" title="Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva">Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva</a></li> <li>1910 Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis</li> <li>1910 <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci,_A_Memory_of_His_Childhood" title="Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood">Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood</a></li> <li>1913 <a href="/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo" title="Totem and Taboo">Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics</a></li> <li>1915–17 <a href="/wiki/Introductory_Lectures_on_Psycho-Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis">Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis</a></li> <li>1920 <a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a></li> <li>1921 <a href="/wiki/Group_Psychology_and_the_Analysis_of_the_Ego" title="Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego">Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego</a></li> <li>1923 <a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_the_Id" title="The Ego and the Id">The Ego and the Id</a></li> <li>1926 Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety</li> <li>1926 <a href="/wiki/The_Question_of_Lay_Analysis" title="The Question of Lay Analysis">The Question of Lay Analysis</a></li> <li>1927 <a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_an_Illusion" title="The Future of an Illusion">The Future of an Illusion</a></li> <li>1930 <a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></li> <li>1933 New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis</li> <li>1939 <a href="/wiki/Moses_and_Monotheism" title="Moses and Monotheism">Moses and Monotheism</a></li> <li>1940 <a href="/wiki/An_Outline_of_Psychoanalysis" title="An Outline of Psychoanalysis">An Outline of Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li>1967 Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study, with William C. Bullit</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_histories">Case histories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Case histories">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1905 Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (the <a href="/wiki/Dora_(case_study)" title="Dora (case study)">Dora</a> case history)</li> <li>1909 Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy (the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Graf" title="Herbert Graf">Little Hans</a> case history)</li> <li>1909 Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis (the <a href="/wiki/Rat_Man" title="Rat Man">Rat Man</a> case history)</li> <li>1911 Psycho-Analytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia (the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Paul_Schreber" title="Daniel Paul Schreber">Schreber</a> case)</li> <li>1918 From the History of an Infantile Neurosis (the <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Pankejeff" title="Sergei Pankejeff">Wolfman</a> case history)</li> <li>1920 The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></li> <li>1923 A Seventeenth-Century Demonological Neurosis (the <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Haizmann" title="Christoph Haizmann">Haizmann</a> case)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papers_on_sexuality">Papers on sexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Papers on sexuality">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1906 My Views on the Part Played by Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neuroses</li> <li>1908 <a href="/wiki/%22Civilized%22_Sexual_Morality_and_Modern_Nervous_Illness" title=""Civilized" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness">"Civilized" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness</a></li> <li>1910 A Special Type of Choice of Object made by Men</li> <li>1912 Types of Onset of Neurosis</li> <li>1912 The Most Prevalent Form of Degradation in Erotic Life</li> <li>1913 The Disposition to Obsessional Neurosis</li> <li>1915 A Case of Paranoia Running Counter to the Psycho-Analytic Theory of the Disease</li> <li>1919 A Child is Being Beaten: A Contribution to the Origin of Sexual Perversions</li> <li>1922 <a href="/wiki/Medusa%27s_Head" title="Medusa's Head">Medusa's Head</a></li> <li>1922 Some Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia and Homosexuality</li> <li>1923 Infantile Genital Organisation</li> <li>1924 The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex</li> <li>1925 Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes</li> <li>1927 Fetishism</li> <li>1931 Female Sexuality</li> <li>1933 Femininity</li> <li>1938 The Splitting of the Ego in the Process of Defence</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiographical_papers">Autobiographical papers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Autobiographical papers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1899 An Autobiographical Note</li> <li>1914 <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Psychoanalytic_Movement" title="The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement">On the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement</a></li> <li>1925 An Autobiographical Study (1935 Revised edition with Postscript).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Standard_Edition">The Standard Edition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: The Standard Edition">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/The_Standard_Edition_of_the_Complete_Psychological_Works_of_Sigmund_Freud" title="The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud">The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud</a>. Translated from the German under the general editorship of <a href="/wiki/James_Strachey" title="James Strachey">James Strachey</a>, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a>, assisted by <a href="/wiki/Alix_Strachey" title="Alix Strachey">Alix Strachey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Tyson" title="Alan Tyson">Alan Tyson</a>, and Angela Richards. 24 volumes, London: <a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth Press</a> and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953–1974. <ul><li>Vol. I Pre-Psycho-Analytic Publications and Unpublished Drafts (1886–1899).</li> <li>Vol. II Studies in Hysteria (1893–1895). By Josef Breuer and S. Freud.</li> <li>Vol. III Early Psycho-Analytic Publications (1893–1899)</li> <li>Vol. IV The Interpretation of Dreams (I) (1900)</li> <li>Vol. V The Interpretation of Dreams (II) and On Dreams (1900–1901)</li> <li>Vol. VI The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901)</li> <li>Vol. VII A Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and Other Works (1901–1905)</li> <li>Vol. VIII Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious (1905)</li> <li>Vol. IX Jensen's 'Gradiva,' and Other Works (1906–1909)</li> <li>Vol. X The Cases of 'Little Hans' and the Rat Man' (1909)</li> <li>Vol. XI Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Leonardo and Other Works (1910)</li> <li>Vol. XII The Case of Schreber, Papers on Technique and Other Works (1911–1913)</li> <li>Vol. XIII Totem and Taboo and Other Works (1913–1914)</li> <li>Vol. XIV On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement, Papers on Meta-psychology and Other Works (1914–1916)</li> <li>Vol. XV Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (Parts I and II) (1915–1916)</li> <li>Vol. XVI Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (Part III) (1916–1917)</li> <li>Vol. XVII An Infantile Neurosis and Other Works (1917–1919)</li> <li>Vol. XVIII Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Group Psychology and Other Works (1920–1922)</li> <li>Vol. XIX The Ego and the Id and Other Works (1923–1925)</li> <li>Vol. XX An Autobiographical Study, Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, Lay Analysis and Other Works (1925–1926)</li> <li>Vol. XXI The Future of an Illusion, Civilization and its Discontents and Other Works (1927–1931)</li> <li>Vol. XXII New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis and Other Works (1932–1936)</li> <li>Vol. XXIII Moses and Monotheism, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis and Other Works (1937–1939)</li> <li>Vol. XXIV Indexes and Bibliographies (Compiled by Angela Richards,1974)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Revised_Standard_Edition_of_the_Complete_Psychological_Works_of_Sigmund_Freud">The Revised Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: The Revised Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud">edit</a>]</div> A revised and newly annotated edition of the Standard Edition texts was published in 2024 under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Solms" title="Mark Solms">Mark Solms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correspondence">Correspondence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Correspondence">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Selected Letters of Sigmund Freud to <a href="/wiki/Martha_Bernays" title="Martha Bernays">Martha Bernays</a>, Ansh Mehta and Ankit Patel (eds.), CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5151-3703-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5151-3703-0">978-1-5151-3703-0</a></li> <li>Correspondence: Sigmund Freud, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a>, Cambridge: Polity 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4149-2">978-0-7456-4149-2</a></li> <li> The Letters of Sigmund Freud and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a>: Inside Psychoanalysis (eds. E.J. Lieberman and Robert Kramer). Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.</li> <li>The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Fliess" title="Wilhelm Fliess">Wilhelm Fliess</a>, 1887–1904, (editor and translator <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Moussaieff_Masson" title="Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson">Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson</a>), 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-15420-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-15420-9">978-0-674-15420-9</a></li> <li>The Sigmund Freud <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustav Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a> Letters, Princeton University Press; Abr edition, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03643-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03643-4">978-0-691-03643-4</a></li> <li>The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Karl Abraham</a>, 1907–1925, Karnac Books, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-051-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-051-7">978-1-85575-051-7</a></li> <li>The Letters of Sigmund Freud to <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Lampl-de_Groot" title="Jeanne Lampl-de Groot">Jeanne Lampl-de Groot</a>, 1921–1939: Psychoanalysis and Politics in the Interwar Years. Edited By Gertie Bögels. London: Routledge 2022.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=978-0-674-15424-7">The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones, 1908–1939.</a>, Belknap Press, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-15424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-15424-7">978-0-674-15424-7</a></li> <li>The Sigmund Freud – <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a> Correspondence 1908–1939, London: Other Press 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892746-32-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-892746-32-8">1-892746-32-8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=978-0-674-17418-4">The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Vol 1, 1908–1914</a>, Belknap Press, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17418-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17418-4">978-0-674-17418-4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bREsyHmISRcC">The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Vol 2, 1914–1919</a>, Belknap Press, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17419-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17419-1">978-0-674-17419-1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=978-0-674-00297-5">The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Vol 3, 1920–1933</a>, Belknap Press, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00297-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00297-5">978-0-674-00297-5</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=978-0-674-52828-4">The Letters of Sigmund Freud to Eduard Silberstein, 1871–1881</a>, Belknap Press, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-52828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-52828-4">978-0-674-52828-4</a></li> <li>Psycho-Analysis and Faith: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Pfister" title="Oskar Pfister">Oskar Pfister</a>. Trans. Eric Mosbacher. Heinrich Meng and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_L._Freud" title="Ernst L. Freud">Ernst L. Freud</a>. eds London: <a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth Press</a> and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1963.</li> <li>Sigmund Freud and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Andreas-Salome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lou Andreas-Salome">Lou Andreas-Salome</a>; Letters, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-133490-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-133490-2">978-0-15-133490-2</a></li> <li>The Letters of Sigmund Freud and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Zweig" title="Arnold Zweig">Arnold Zweig</a>, New York University Press, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2585-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2585-6">978-0-8147-2585-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.public.asu.edu/~jmlynch/273/documents/FreudEinstein.pdf">Why War?</a> Open Letters Between <a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a> and Freud. London: New Commonwealth, 1934.</li> <li>Letters of Sigmund Freud, selected and edited by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_L._Freud" title="Ernst L. Freud">Ernst L. Freud</a>, New York: Basic Books, 1960, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-27105-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-27105-7">978-0-486-27105-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Standard_Edition_of_the_Complete_Psychological_Works_of_Sigmund_Freud" title="The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud">The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Archives" title="Sigmund Freud Archives">Sigmund Freud Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freud_Museum" title="Freud Museum">Freud Museum</a> (London)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Museum_(Vienna)" title="Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)">Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Clinical_Lesson_at_the_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re" title="A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière">A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterwardsness" title="Afterwardsness">Afterwardsness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Brentano" title="School of Brentano">School of Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog%27s_dilemma" title="Hedgehog's dilemma">Hedgehog's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_of_small_differences" title="Narcissism of small differences">Narcissism of small differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_personality" title="Hidden personality">Hidden personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">Histrionic personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_literary_criticism" title="Psychoanalytic literary criticism">Psychoanalytic literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">Psychodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Rosenzweig" title="Saul Rosenzweig">Saul Rosenzweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signorelli_parapraxis" title="Signorelli parapraxis">Signorelli parapraxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freudian_Coverup" title="The Freudian Coverup">The Freudian Coverup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passions_of_the_Mind" title="The Passions of the Mind">The Passions of the Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny" title="Uncanny">Uncanny</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstadtc._1921" class="citation web cs1">Halberstadt, Max (c. 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/98514770/">"Sigmund Freud, half-length portrait, facing left, holding cigar in right hand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054049/https://www.loc.gov/item/98514770/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Sigmund+Freud%2C+half-length+portrait%2C+facing+left%2C+holding+cigar+in+right+hand&rft.aulast=Halberstadt&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F98514770%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/freud">"Freud"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223181459/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Freud">Archived</a> 23 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Systems-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Systems_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Systems_3-1">b</a> Ford & Urban 1965, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Pick, Daniel (2015). Psychoanalysis: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoel_SheehyAlexandra_Forsythe2013" class="citation book cs1">Noel Sheehy; Alexandra Forsythe (2013). "Sigmund Freud". Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-70493-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-70493-4"><bdi>978-1-134-70493-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sigmund+Freud&rft.btitle=Fifty+Key+Thinkers+in+Psychology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-70493-4&rft.au=Noel+Sheehy&rft.au=Alexandra+Forsythe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Kandel, Eric R. (2012). The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present, pp. 45–46. New York: Random House. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Gay 2006, pp. 136–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Jones, Ernest (1949). What is Psychoanalysis?, p. 47. London: Allen & Unwin. </li> <li id="cite_note-mannoni-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mannoni_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mannoni_9-1">b</a> Mannoni, Octave (2015) [1971]. Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, pp. 49–51, 146–47, 152–54. London: Verso. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> For its efficacy and the influence of psychoanalysis on psychiatry and psychotherapy, see The Challenge to Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanmentalhealthfoundation.org/a.php?id=24">Chapter 9, Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606094737/http://americanmentalhealthfoundation.org/a.php?id=24">Archived</a> 6 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels_(physician)" title="Robert Michels (physician)">Robert Michels</a>, 1999 and Tom Burns Our Necessary Shadow: The Nature and Meaning of Psychiatry London: Allen Lane 2013 pp. 96–97. <ul><li>For the influence on psychology, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-13/edition-12">The Psychologist, December 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231004848/http://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-13/edition-12">Archived</a> 31 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>For the influence of psychoanalysis in the humanities, see J. Forrester The Seductions of Psychoanalysis Cambridge University Press 1990, pp. 2–3.</li> <li>For the debate on efficacy, see Fisher, S. and Greenberg, R.P., Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy, New York: John Wiley, 1996, pp. 193–217</li> <li>For the debate on the scientific status of psychoanalysis see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1985" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Richard (1985). Freud and Psychoanalysis. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. pp. 91–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-10180-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-10180-1"><bdi>978-0-335-10180-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud+and+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=Milton+Keynes&rft.pages=91-116&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-335-10180-1&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988">, Gay (2006) p. 745, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolms2018" class="citation journal cs1">Solms, Mark (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6020924">"The scientific standing of psychoanalysis"</a>. BJPsych International. 15 (1): 5–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbji.2017.4">10.1192/bji.2017.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-4740">2056-4740</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6020924">6020924</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29953128">29953128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BJPsych+International&rft.atitle=The+scientific+standing+of+psychoanalysis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-8&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6020924%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2056-4740&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29953128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbji.2017.4&rft.aulast=Solms&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6020924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li>For the debate on psychoanalysis and feminism, see Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. Freud's Women. London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp. 455–74.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poets.org/poem/memory-sigmund-freud">"In Memory of Sigmund Freud"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi.archives.cz/da/permalink?xid=be85d01a-f13c-102f-8255-0050568c0263&scan=3196614d700349279f6de3a8330b224a">"Digitized Birth Records of Freiberg (Zemský archiv v Opavě)"</a>. digi.archives.cz. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digi.archives.cz&rft.atitle=Digitized+Birth+Records+of+Freiberg+%28Zemsk%C3%BD+archiv+v+Opav%C4%9B%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigi.archives.cz%2Fda%2Fpermalink%3Fxid%3Dbe85d01a-f13c-102f-8255-0050568c0263%26scan%3D3196614d700349279f6de3a8330b224a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud">"Sigmund Freud | Biography, Theories, Works, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sigmund+Freud+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Theories%2C+Works%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSigmund-Freud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gresser-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Gresser_14-0">^</a> Gresser 1994, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-Emanuel-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Emanuel_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuel_Rice1990" class="citation book cs1">Emanuel Rice (1990). Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home. SUNY Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0453-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0453-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-0453-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud+and+Moses%3A+The+Long+Journey+Home&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0453-9&rft.au=Emanuel+Rice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Gay 2006, pp. 4–8; Clark 1980, p. 4. <ul><li>For Jakob's Torah study, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA233">Meissner 1993, p. 233</a>.</li> <li>For the date of the marriage, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JhbDnT74kWEC&pg=PA55">Rice 1990, p. 55</a>.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeborah_P._Margolis,_M.A.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Deborah P. Margolis, M.A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A">"Margolis 1989"</a>. Mod. Psychoanal: 37–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223112728/http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mod.+Psychoanal&rft.atitle=Margolis+1989&rft.pages=37-56&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Deborah+P.+Margolis%2C+M.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pep-web.org%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3DMPSA.014.0037A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Hothersall 2004, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Hothersall 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> See "<a href="/wiki/Eel_life_history#Past_studies_of_eels" title="Eel life history">past studies of eels</a>" and references therein. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostandi2014" class="citation news cs1">Costandi, Mo (10 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2014/mar/10/neuroscience-history-science">"Freud was a pioneering neuroscientist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 16 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Freud+was+a+pioneering+neuroscientist&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft.aulast=Costandi&rft.aufirst=Mo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2Fneurophilosophy%2F2014%2Fmar%2F10%2Fneuroscience-history-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> In this period he published three papers: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreud1877" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Freud, Sigmund (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b3047467x">Über den Ursprung der hinteren Nervenwurzeln im Rückenmark von Ammocoetes (Petromyzon Planeri)</a> [On the Origin of the Posterior Nerve Roots in the Spinal Cord of <a href="/wiki/Ammocoetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammocoetes">Ammocoetes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Petromyzon_planeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Petromyzon planeri">Petromyzon Planeri</a>)] (in German). na.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+den+Ursprung+der+hinteren+Nervenwurzeln+im+R%C3%BCckenmark+von+Ammocoetes+%28Petromyzon+Planeri%29&rft.pub=na&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Freud&rft.aufirst=Sigmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb3047467x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreud1878" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Freud, Sigmund (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9I7mgEACAAJ">Über Spinalganglien und Rückenmark des Petromyzon</a> [On the Spinal Ganglia and Spinal Cord of <a href="/wiki/Petromyzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Petromyzon">Petromyzon</a>] (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+Spinalganglien+und+R%C3%BCckenmark+des+Petromyzon&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Freud&rft.aufirst=Sigmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9I7mgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreud1884" class="citation journal cs1">Freud, Sigmund (April 1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1935710">"A New Histological Method for the Study of Nerve-Tracts in the Brain and Spinal Cord"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brain_(journal)" title="Brain (journal)">Brain</a>. 7 (1): 86–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2F7.1.86">10.1093/brain/7.1.86</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=A+New+Histological+Method+for+the+Study+of+Nerve-Tracts+in+the+Brain+and+Spinal+Cord&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-88&rft.date=1884-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2F7.1.86&rft.aulast=Freud&rft.aufirst=Sigmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1935710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li></ul> For a more in-depth analysis: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamwellSolms2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Gamwell" title="Lynn Gamwell">Gamwell, Lynn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Solms" title="Mark Solms">Solms, Mark</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830064321/https://www.curezone.org/upload/PDF/From_NEUROLOGY_to_PSYCHOANALYSIS_by_Sigmund_Freud.pdf">From Neurology to Psychoanalysis</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University_Art_Museum" title="Binghamton University Art Museum">Binghamton University Art Museum</a>. pp. 29–33, 37–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.curezone.org/upload/PDF/From_NEUROLOGY_to_PSYCHOANALYSIS_by_Sigmund_Freud.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Neurology+to+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=State+University+of+New+York&rft.pages=29-33%2C+37-39&rft.pub=Binghamton+University+Art+Museum&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gamwell&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Solms%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.curezone.org%2Fupload%2FPDF%2FFrom_NEUROLOGY_to_PSYCHOANALYSIS_by_Sigmund_Freud.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Gay 2006 p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sulloway" title="Frank Sulloway">Sulloway</a> 1992 [1979], p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7XcblnI620C&pg=PA22">22</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallesch2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wallesch, Claus (2004). "History of Aphasia Freud as an aphasiologist". Aphasiology. 18 (April): 389–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02687030344000599">10.1080/02687030344000599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144976195">144976195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aphasiology&rft.atitle=History+of+Aphasia+Freud+as+an+aphasiologist&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=April&rft.pages=389-399&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02687030344000599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144976195%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wallesch&rft.aufirst=Claus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Gay 2006, pp. 42–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Jones, Ernest. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, Vol. 1. London: Hogarth Press, 1953, p. 183, see also Vol. 2 pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Roudinesco, Elizabeth (2016). Freud: In His Time and Ours. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Sigmund Freud and the B'Nai B'Rith. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000306517902700209">10.1177/000306517902700209</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisabetta_Cicciola_(Historical_Archive_of_the_Grand_Orient_of_Italy2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elisabetta Cicciola (Historical Archive of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Italy" title="Grand Orient of Italy">Grand Orient of Italy</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44614103">"Freud e l' ordine del B'nai B'rith: un' appartenenza lunga quarant'anni"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Physis_(journal)" title="Physis (journal)">Physis-Rivista internazionale di storia della scienza</a>. Nuova serie (in Italian). LIV (Fasc.1–2). <a href="/wiki/Leo_Samuele_Olschki" title="Leo Samuele Olschki">Leo Olschki</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physis-Rivista+internazionale+di+storia+della+scienza&rft.atitle=Freud+e+l%27+ordine+del+B%27nai+B%27rith%3A+un%27+appartenenza+lunga+quarant%27anni&rft.volume=LIV&rft.issue=Fasc.1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Elisabetta+Cicciola+%28Historical+Archive+of+the+Grand+Orient+of+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44614103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnaibrith.org/saving-sigmund-freud/">"Saving Sigmund Freud | Interview with Former Newsweek Editor Andrew Nagorski"</a>. 10 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saving+Sigmund+Freud+%7C+Interview+with+Former+Newsweek+Editor+Andrew+Nagorski&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnaibrith.org%2Fsaving-sigmund-freud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/sigmund-freud-judaic-treasures">"The Starry Sky & the Still Small Voice: Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Starry+Sky+%26+the+Still+Small+Voice%3A+Sigmund+Freud+%281856+-+1939%29&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsigmund-freud-judaic-treasures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Swales_(historian)" title="Peter Swales (historian)">Peter J. Swales</a>, "Freud, Minna Bernays, and the Conquest of Rome: New Light on the Origins of Psychoanalysis", The New American Review, Spring/Summer 1982, pp. 1–23, which makes a case that Freud impregnated Minna and arranged an abortion for her. <ul><li>see Gay 2006, pp. 76, 752–53 for a sceptical rejoinder to Swales.</li> <li>for the discovery of the hotel log see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2006" class="citation news cs1">Blumenthal, Ralph (24 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/24/world/europe/24iht-web.1224freud.3998915.html">"Hotel log hints at desire that Freud didn't repress – Europe – International Herald Tribune"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613082851/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/24/world/europe/24iht-web.1224freud.3998915.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hotel+log+hints+at+desire+that+Freud+didn%27t+repress+%E2%80%93+Europe+%E2%80%93+International+Herald+Tribune&rft.date=2006-12-24&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F24%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F24iht-web.1224freud.3998915.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li>see also 'Minna Bernays as "Mrs. Freud": What Sort of Relationship Did Sigmund Freud Have with His Sister-in-Law?' by Franz Maciejewski and Jeremy Gaines, American Imago, Volume 65, Number 1, Spring 2008, pp. 5–21.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEiland2014" class="citation journal cs1">Eiland, Murray (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8013409">"Cigar Box Heraldry"</a>. The Armiger's News. 36 (1): 1–4 – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Armiger%27s+News&rft.atitle=Cigar+Box+Heraldry&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Eiland&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8013409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Gay 2006, pp. 77, 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Freud and Bonaparte 2009, pp. 238–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vitzpages5354-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vitzpages5354_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vitzpages5354_37-1">b</a> Vitz 1988, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Sulloway 1992 [1979], pp. 66–67, 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Darian Leader, Freud's Footnotes, London, Faber, 2000, pp. 34–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Pigman, G.W. (1995). "Freud and the history of empathy". The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 76 (Pt 2): 237–56. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7628894">7628894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Psycho-Analysis&rft.atitle=Freud+and+the+history+of+empathy&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=Pt+2&rft.pages=237-56&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7628894&rft.aulast=Pigman&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungBrook1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Young, C.; Brook, A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8005756/">"Schopenhauer and Freud"</a>. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 75 ( Pt 1): 101–118. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8005756">8005756</a>. <q>A close study of Schopenhauer's central work, 'The World as Will and Representation', reveals that certain of Freud's most characteristic doctrines were first articulated by Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer's concept of the will contains the foundations of what in Freud become the concepts of the unconscious and the id. Schopenhauer's writings on madness anticipate Freud's theory of repression and his first theory of the aetiology of neurosis. Schopenhauer's work contains aspects of what becomes the theory of free association. And most importantly, Schopenhauer articulates major parts of the Freudian theory of sexuality. These correspondences raise a question about Freud's denial that he even read Schopenhauer until late in life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Psycho-Analysis&rft.atitle=Schopenhauer+and+Freud&rft.volume=75+%28+Pt+1%29&rft.pages=101-118&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8005756&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Brook%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F8005756%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Paul Roazen, in Dufresne, Todd (ed). Returns of the French Freud: Freud, Lacan, and Beyond. New York and London: Routledge Press, 1997, pp. 13–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Rudnytsky, Peter L. Freud and Oedipus. Columbia University Press (1987), p. 198. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231063531" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231063531">978-0231063531</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Gay 2006, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Gay 1988, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Holt 1989, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Bloom 1994, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Robert, Marthe (1976) From Oedipus to Moses: Freud's Jewish Identity New York: Anchor, pp. 3–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Frosh, Stephen (2006) "Psychoanalysis and Judaism" in Black, David M. (ed.) Psychoanalysis and Religion in the 21st Century: Competitors or Collaborators?, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 205–06. </li> <li id="cite_note-massonee-50"><a href="#cite_ref-massonee_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Moussaieff_Masson" title="Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson">Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff</a> (2012) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jDkkSLkjdJ8C">The Assault on Truth</a>. Untreed Reads. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jDkkSLkjdJ8C&pg=PT18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61187-280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61187-280-4"><bdi>978-1-61187-280-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assault+on+Truth&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Untreed+Reads&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61187-280-4&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Moussaieff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjDkkSLkjdJ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Kris, Ernst, Introduction to Sigmund Freud The Origins of Psychoanalysis. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes 1887–1902. Eds. Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud, Ernst Kris, E. London: Imago 1954. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeder2002" class="citation book cs1">Reeder, Jurgen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38_kz3n4bbEC">Reflecting Psychoanalysis. Narrative and Resolve in the Psychoanalytic Experience</a>. London: Karnac Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38_kz3n4bbEC&pg=PA10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78049-710-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78049-710-5"><bdi>978-1-78049-710-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflecting+Psychoanalysis.+Narrative+and+Resolve+in+the+Psychoanalytic+Experience&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Karnac+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-78049-710-5&rft.aulast=Reeder&rft.aufirst=Jurgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38_kz3n4bbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sulloway1992-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Sulloway1992_54-0">^</a> Sulloway 1992 [1979], pp. 142ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-Masson-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masson_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masson_55-1">b</a> Masson, Jeffrey M. (1984) The Assault on Truth. Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York City: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Bonomi, Carlos (2015) The Cut and the Building of Psychoanalysis, Volume I: Sigmund Freud and Emma Eckstein. London: Routledge, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Gay 2006, pp. 84–87, 154–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Schur, Max. "Some Additional 'Day Residues' of the Specimen Dream of Psychoanalysis." In Psychoanalysis, A General Psychology, ed. R.M. Loewenstein et al. New York: International Universities Press, 1966, pp. 45–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Gay 2006, pp. 154–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Freud had a small lithographic version of the painting, created by Eugène Pirodon (1824–1908), framed and hung on the wall of his Vienna rooms from 1886 to 1938. Once Freud reached England, it was immediately placed directly over the analytical couch in his London rooms. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Aguayo1986" class="citation journal cs1">Joseph Aguayo (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=pct.009.0223a">"Joseph Aguayo Charcot and Freud: Some Implications of Late 19th-century French Psychiatry and Politics for the Origins of Psychoanalysis (1986). Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought"</a>. Psychoanal. Contemp. Thought: 223–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719091239/http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=pct.009.0223a">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoanal.+Contemp.+Thought&rft.atitle=Joseph+Aguayo+Charcot+and+Freud%3A+Some+Implications+of+Late+19th-century+French+Psychiatry+and+Politics+for+the+Origins+of+Psychoanalysis+%281986%29.+Psychoanalysis+and+Contemporary+Thought&rft.pages=223-60&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Joseph+Aguayo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pep-web.org%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3Dpct.009.0223a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Gay 2006, pp. 64–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/freud.html">"jewishvirtuallibrary Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)"</a>. jewishvirtuallibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509021811/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/freud.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=jewishvirtuallibrary+Sigmund+Freud+%281856%E2%80%931939%29&rft.pub=jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fbiography%2Ffreud.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Freud 1896c, pp. 203, 211, 219; Eissler 2005, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> J. Forrester The Seductions of Psychoanalysis Cambridge University Press 1990, pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Gay 2006, pp. 88–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015, pp. 55–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Charles Bernheimer and <a href="/wiki/Claire_Kahane" title="Claire Kahane">Claire Kahane</a> (eds) In Dora's Case: Freud – Hysteria – Feminism, London: Virago 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Gay 2006, pp. 253–261 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Forrester,_IntroductionSigmund_Freud2006" class="citation book cs1">John Forrester, Introduction; Sigmund Freud (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nqYKb9-zGRkC&pg=PT70">Interpreting Dreams</a>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191553-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191553-1"><bdi>978-0-14-191553-1</bdi></a>. <q>Affiliated Professor seems to me to be the best translation of professor extraordinarius, which position has the rank of Full Professor, but without payment by the University.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Dreams&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-191553-1&rft.au=John+Forrester%2C+Introduction&rft.au=Sigmund+Freud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnqYKb9-zGRkC%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Clark (1980), p. 424 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Phillips, Adam (2014) Becoming Freud Yale University Press. p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FreudianCalling52-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FreudianCalling52_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FreudianCalling52_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FreudianCalling52_74-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1998" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Louis (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTMnqDhTzNgC&pg=PA52">The Freudian Calling: Early Psychoanalysis and the Pursuit of Cultural Science</a>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2621-3"><bdi>978-0-8143-2621-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Freudian+Calling%3A+Early+Psychoanalysis+and+the+Pursuit+of+Cultural+Science&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2621-3&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDTMnqDhTzNgC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassandra100-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cassandra100_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassandra100_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassandra100_75-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2003" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Joseph (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zjw-9LEpR04C&pg=PA100">Cassandra's daughter: a history of psychoanalysis</a>. London: Karnac. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-939-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-939-8"><bdi>978-1-85575-939-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassandra%27s+daughter%3A+a+history+of+psychoanalysis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Karnac&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85575-939-8&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzjw-9LEpR04C%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenberger1970" class="citation book cs1">Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich">The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry</a> ([Repr.] ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich/page/443">443</a>, 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01673-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01673-0"><bdi>978-0-465-01673-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Unconscious%3A+the+History+and+Evolution+of+Dynamic+Psychiatry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=443%2C+454&rft.edition=%5BRepr.%5D&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01673-0&rft.aulast=Ellenberger&rft.aufirst=Henri+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofuncon00ellerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Stekel's review appeared in 1902. In it, he declared that Freud's work heralded "a new era in psychology".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1998" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Louis (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTMnqDhTzNgC&pg=PA52">The Freudian Calling: Early Psychoanalysis and the Pursuit of Cultural Science</a>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2621-3"><bdi>978-0-8143-2621-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Freudian+Calling%3A+Early+Psychoanalysis+and+the+Pursuit+of+Cultural+Science&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2621-3&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDTMnqDhTzNgC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, Louis (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=PAQ.057.0147A">"Freud and fetishism: previously unpublished minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society"</a>. Psychoanalytic Quartery. 57 (2): 147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21674086.1988.11927209">10.1080/21674086.1988.11927209</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309112945/http://pep-web.org/document.php?id=paq.057.0147a">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoanalytic+Quartery&rft.atitle=Freud+and+fetishism%3A+previously+unpublished+minutes+of+the+Vienna+Psychoanalytic+Society&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21674086.1988.11927209&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pep-web.org%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3DPAQ.057.0147A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Reitler's family had converted to Catholicism. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakari2008" class="citation book cs1">Makari, George (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPWBHwLjeXsC&pg=PA130">Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis</a> (Australian ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85480-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85480-0"><bdi>978-0-522-85480-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Mind%3A+The+Creation+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Vic.&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=Australian&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85480-0&rft.aulast=Makari&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPWBHwLjeXsC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-makari130-80"><a href="#cite_ref-makari130_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakari2008" class="citation book cs1">Makari, George (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPWBHwLjeXsC&pg=PA130">Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis</a> (Australian ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. pp. 130–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85480-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85480-0"><bdi>978-0-522-85480-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Mind%3A+The+Creation+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Vic.&rft.pages=130-31&rft.edition=Australian&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85480-0&rft.aulast=Makari&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPWBHwLjeXsC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Stekel, Wilhelm (2007). 'On the history of the psychoanalytic movement. Jap Bos (trans. and annot.). In Japp Boss and Leendert Groenendijk (eds). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xM2ZCFWADXUC&pg=PA131">The Self-Marginalization of Wilhelm Stekel: Freudian Circles Inside and Out</a>. New York. p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gay174-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gay174_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gay174_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gay174_82-2">c</a> Gay 2006, pp. 174–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> The real name of "Little Hans" was Herbert Graf. See Gay 2006, pp. 156, 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr,_Gerhard1985" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Gerhard (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/83">Jung – A Biography</a>. Shambhala. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/83">83–85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-455-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-455-0"><bdi>978-0-87773-455-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jung+%E2%80%93+A+Biography&rft.pages=83-85&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87773-455-0&rft.au=Wehr%2C+Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjungbiography0000wehr%2Fpage%2F83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulloway1991" class="citation journal cs1">Sulloway, Frank J. (1991). "Reassessing Freud's case histories: the social construction of psychoanalysis". Isis. 82 (2): 245–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F355727">10.1086/355727</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1917435">1917435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41485270">41485270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Reassessing+Freud%27s+case+histories%3A+the+social+construction+of+psychoanalysis&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-75&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41485270%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1917435&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F355727&rft.aulast=Sulloway&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenberger1970" class="citation book cs1">Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich">The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry</a> ([Repr.] ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich/page/455">455</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01673-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01673-0"><bdi>978-0-465-01673-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Unconscious%3A+the+History+and+Evolution+of+Dynamic+Psychiatry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=455&rft.edition=%5BRepr.%5D&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01673-0&rft.aulast=Ellenberger&rft.aufirst=Henri+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofuncon00ellerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gay219-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Gay219_87-0">^</a> Gay 2006, p. 219 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gay503-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Gay503_88-0">^</a> Gay 2006, p. 503 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Martin Miller(1998) Freud and the Bolsheviks, Yale University Press, pp. 24, 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Jones, E. 1955, pp. 44–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 332 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books pp. 334, 352, 361 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Gay 2006, p. 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaypage212-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaypage212_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaypage212_94-1">b</a> Gay 2006, p. 212 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Three members of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society resigned at the same time as Adler to establish the Society for Free Psychoanalysis. Six other members of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society who attempted to retain links to both the Adlerian and Freudian camps were forced out after Freud insisted that they must choose one side or another. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakari2008" class="citation book cs1">Makari, George (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPWBHwLjeXsC&pg=PA262">Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis</a> (Australian ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85480-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85480-0"><bdi>978-0-522-85480-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Mind%3A+The+Creation+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Vic.&rft.pages=262&rft.edition=Australian&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85480-0&rft.aulast=Makari&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPWBHwLjeXsC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenberger1970" class="citation book cs1">Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich">The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry</a> ([Repr.] ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich/page/456">456</a>, 584–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01673-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01673-0"><bdi>978-0-465-01673-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Unconscious%3A+the+History+and+Evolution+of+Dynamic+Psychiatry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=456%2C+584-85&rft.edition=%5BRepr.%5D&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01673-0&rft.aulast=Ellenberger&rft.aufirst=Henri+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofuncon00ellerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenberger1970" class="citation book cs1">Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofuncon00ellerich">The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry</a> ([Repr.] ed.). 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Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, Chaney 'Freudian Egypt', The London Magazine (April/May 2006), pp. 62–69, and Chaney, 'Moses and Monotheism, by Sigmund Freud', 'The Canon', THE (Times Higher Education), 3–9 June 2010, No. 1, 950, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Gay 2006, pp. 650–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=1i7bxu%2FFMHIpo2b6nEloZg&scan=1">"Index entry"</a>. FreeBMD. ONS. 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(1987); Esterson, Allen (1998); McNally, (2003), pp, 159–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorch-Jacobsen1996" class="citation journal cs1">Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esterson.org/Myth_of_Freuds_ostracism.htm">"Neurotica: Freud and the Seduction Theory. October, vol. 76, Spring 1996, MIT, pp. 15–43; Hergenhahn, B.R. (1997), An Introduction to the History of Psychology, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, pp. 484–485; Esterson, Allen (2002). The myth of Freud's ostracism by the medical community in 1896–1905: Jeffrey Masson's Assault on Truth"</a>. History of Psychology. 5 (2): 115–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1093-4510.5.2.115">10.1037/1093-4510.5.2.115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12096757">12096757</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828101945/http://www.esterson.org/Myth_of_Freuds_ostracism.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Neurotica%3A+Freud+and+the+Seduction+Theory.+October%2C+vol.+76%2C+Spring+1996%2C+MIT%2C+pp.+15%E2%80%9343%3B+Hergenhahn%2C+B.R.+%281997%29%2C+An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Psychology%2C+Pacific+Grove%2C+CA%3A+Brooks%2FCole%2C+pp.+484%E2%80%93485%3B+Esterson%2C+Allen+%282002%29.+The+myth+of+Freud%27s+ostracism+by+the+medical+community+in+1896%E2%80%931905%3A+Jeffrey+Masson%27s+Assault+on+Truth&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-34&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1093-4510.5.2.115&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12096757&rft.aulast=Borch-Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Mikkel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esterson.org%2FMyth_of_Freuds_ostracism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thepsychologist-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thepsychologist_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thepsychologist_148-1">b</a> Andrews, B., and Brewin, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-13/edition-12/what-did-freud-get-right-0">What did Freud get right?, The psychologist, December 2000, page 606</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409174924/http://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-13/edition-12/what-did-freud-get-right-0">Archived</a> 9 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Freud, S. 1924/1961, p. 204 The aetiology of hysteria. 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Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, vol. 1. London: Hogarth Press, 1953, pp. 94–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Byck, Robert. Cocaine Papers by Sigmund Freud. Edited with an Introduction by Robert Byck. New York, Stonehill, 1974. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v22/n08/borc01_.html">Borch-Jacobsen (2001)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012005618/http://lrb.co.uk/v22/n08/borc01_.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Review of Israëls, Han. Der Fall Freud: Die Geburt der Psychoanalyse aus der Lüge. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Thornton, Elizabeth. Freud and Cocaine: The Freudian Fallacy. 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London, Fontana Press, pp. 157–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015 [1971], pp. 137–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-id-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-id_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-id_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaplanchePontalis2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Laplanche" title="Jean Laplanche">Laplanche, Jean</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Pontalis" title="Jean-Bertrand Pontalis">Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand</a> (2018) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RptYDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Id+%3D+D.\+Es%22&pg=PT363">"Id"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RptYDwAAQBAJ">The Language of Psychoanalysis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon-on-Thames</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-92124-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-92124-7"><bdi>978-0-429-92124-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Id&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-92124-7&rft.aulast=Laplanche&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Pontalis%2C+Jean-Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRptYDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Id%2B%253D%2BD.%5C%2BEs%2522%26pg%3DPT363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ego-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ego_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ego_160-1">b</a> Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (2018) [1973]. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RptYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT780">Super-Ego</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso 2015 [1971], pp. 55–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Freud, Sigmund The Interpretation of Dreams (1976 [1900]) Harmondsworth: Pelican Books, p. 650. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Mannoni 2015 [1971], pp. 93–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Gay 2006, pp. 515–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Cavell, Marcia The Psychoanalytic Mind, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press 1996, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1991" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Robert A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4UNrJlLGjoC&pg=PA274">"Freud's anthropology"</a>. In James Neu (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Freud. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37779-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37779-9"><bdi>978-0-521-37779-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freud%27s+anthropology&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Freud&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37779-9&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4UNrJlLGjoC%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hothersall290-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hothersall290_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hothersall290_168-1">b</a> Hothersall, D. 2004. "History of Psychology", 4th ed., Mcgraw-Hill: NY p. 290 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Freud, S. The Ego and the Id, Standard Edition 19, pp. 7, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeffner" class="citation web cs1">Heffner, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allpsych.com/psychology101/ego.html">"Freud's Structural and Topographical Models of Personality"</a>. Psychology 101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110913161450/http://allpsych.com/psychology101/ego.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+101&rft.atitle=Freud%27s+Structural+and+Topographical+Models+of+Personality&rft.aulast=Heffner&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallpsych.com%2Fpsychology101%2Fego.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Jones, Ernest</a> (1957) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nwIAQAAIAAJ">The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. Volume 3</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 273. <q>It is a little odd that Freud himself never, except in conversation, used for the death instinct the term Thanatos, one which has become so popular since. At first, he used the terms "death instinct" and "destructive instinct" indiscriminately, alternating between them, but in his discussion with Einstein about war, he made the distinction that the former is directed against the self and the latter, derived from it, is directed outward. Stekel had in 1909 used the word Thanatos to signify a death wish, but it was Federn who introduced it in the present context.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Work+of+Sigmund+Freud.+Volume+3&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0nwIAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (2018) [1973]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RptYDwAAQBAJ&dq=Thanatos+%22Greek+term+(=Death)%22&pg=PT800">Thanatos</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Rycroft, Charles. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. London: Penguin Books, 1995, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (2018) [1973]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RptYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT493">Nirvana Principle"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wollheim-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wollheim_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wollheim_175-1">b</a> Wollheim, Richard. Freud. London, Fontana Press, pp. 184–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuster2016" class="citation book cs1">Schuster, Aaron (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWiLCwAAQBAJ">The Trouble with Pleasure. Deleuze and Psychoanalysis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWiLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52859-7"><bdi>978-0-262-52859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trouble+with+Pleasure.+Deleuze+and+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52859-7&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWiLCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerelberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Perelberg, Rosine Jozef (15 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4v7fxQifjxAC&pg=PA168">Freud: A Modern Reader</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-71373-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-71373-0"><bdi>978-0-470-71373-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+A+Modern+Reader&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-470-71373-0&rft.aulast=Perelberg&rft.aufirst=Rosine+Jozef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4v7fxQifjxAC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarthLeaman2003" class="citation book cs1">Howarth, Glennys; Leaman, Oliver (16 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pMi2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT304">Encyclopedia of Death and Dying</a>. Routledge. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-91378-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-91378-5"><bdi>978-1-136-91378-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Death+and+Dying&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-136-91378-5&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=Glennys&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpMi2AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriggHecqSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Grigg, Russell; Hecq, Dominique; Smith, Craig (1999). Feminine Sexuality: The Early Psychoanalytic Controversies. London: Rebus Press. pp. 7–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900877-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-900877-13-9"><bdi>1-900877-13-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminine+Sexuality%3A+The+Early+Psychoanalytic+Controversies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7-17&rft.pub=Rebus+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-900877-13-9&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Hecq%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Smith%2C+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. Freud's Women. London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp. 403–414 citing Three Essay on Sexuality (1908), SE VII </li> <li id="cite_note-Femininity_1933,_SE_XXII-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Femininity_1933,_SE_XXII_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Femininity_1933,_SE_XXII_181-1">b</a> Femininity (1933), SE XXII </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. Freud's Women. London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp. 430–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Rose, J. Sexuality in the Field of Vision, London: Verso 1986 pp. 91–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. Freud's Women. London: Penguin Books, 1992, p.431 citing Freud's letter to Carl Müller-Braunschweig of 21 July 1935. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Jones, James W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0CBs5KeujoC">'Foreword'</a> in Charles Spezzano and Gerald J. Gargiulo (eds), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0CBs5KeujoC">Soul on the Couch: Spirituality, Religion and Morality in Contemporary Psychoanalysis</a> (Hillsdale, 2003), p. xi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepnes1986" class="citation journal cs1">Kepnes, Steven D. (December 1986). "Bridging the gap between understanding and explanation approaches to the study of religion". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 25 (4): 504–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1385914">10.2307/1385914</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1385914">1385914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Bridging+the+gap+between+understanding+and+explanation+approaches+to+the+study+of+religion&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=504-12&rft.date=1986-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1385914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1385914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kepnes&rft.aufirst=Steven+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Gay 1995, p. 435. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2007" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Christopher N. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0CBs5KeujoC&pg=PA30">Freud, Religion and Anxiety</a>. Morrisville, NC. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-0571-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-0571-5"><bdi>978-1-4357-0571-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%2C+Religion+and+Anxiety&rft.place=Morrisville%2C+NC&rft.pages=30-31&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4357-0571-5&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Christopher+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc0CBs5KeujoC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) Freud, Sigmund Totem and Taboo (New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 1950) pp. x, 142, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00143-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00143-3">978-0-393-00143-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Rubin, Jeffrey B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0CBs5KeujoC&pg=PA79">'Psychoanalysis is self-centred'</a> in Charles Spezzano and Gerald J. Gargiulo (eds), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0CBs5KeujoC">Soul on the Couch: Spirituality, Religion and Morality in Contemporary Psychoanalysis</a> (Hillsdale, 2003), p. 79. Freud, Sigmund, Civilization and its Discontents (New York: Norton 1962), pp. 11–12 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09623-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09623-1">978-0-393-09623-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2008" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Andrew R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYUWamPaO-IC&pg=PA33">Psychology and religion: classical theorists and contemporary developments</a> (4th ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6022-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6022-2"><bdi>978-0-7425-6022-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+and+religion%3A+classical+theorists+and+contemporary+developments&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6022-2&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYUWamPaO-IC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HR-189"><a href="#cite_ref-HR_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratton2017" class="citation journal cs1">Stratton, Kimberly B. (August 2017). Copp, Paul; <a href="/wiki/Christian_K._Wedemeyer" title="Christian K. Wedemeyer">Wedemeyer, Christian K.</a> (eds.). "Narrating Violence, Narrating Self: Exodus and Collective Identity in Early Rabbinic Literature". <a href="/wiki/History_of_Religions_(journal)" title="History of Religions (journal)">History of Religions</a>. 57 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Divinity_School" title="University of Chicago Divinity School">University of Chicago Divinity School</a>: 68–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692318">10.1086/692318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2710">0018-2710</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26548153">26548153</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/64001081">64001081</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/299661763">299661763</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148787965">148787965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Narrating+Violence%2C+Narrating+Self%3A+Exodus+and+Collective+Identity+in+Early+Rabbinic+Literature&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-92&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26548153%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F692318&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F299661763&rft.issn=0018-2710&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F64001081&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148787965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stratton&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello2010" class="citation book cs1">Costello, Stephen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZabEx-Vyw-0C">Hermeneutics and the psychoanalysis of religion</a>. Bern: Peter Lang. pp. 72–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0124-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0124-4"><bdi>978-3-0343-0124-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermeneutics+and+the+psychoanalysis+of+religion&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=72-77&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-0343-0124-4&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZabEx-Vyw-0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssoun2002" class="citation book cs1">Assoun, Paul-Laurent (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y39rOOHV44UC">Freud and Nietzsche</a>. Translated by Collier, Richard L. London: Continuum. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6316-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6316-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-6316-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud+and+Nietzsche&rft.place=London&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6316-6&rft.aulast=Assoun&rft.aufirst=Paul-Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY39rOOHV44UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, R.Z. (May 1998). "Freud's religion: Oedipus and Moses". Religious Studies. 34 (2): 145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034412598004296">10.1017/S0034412598004296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170245489">170245489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Freud%27s+religion%3A+Oedipus+and+Moses&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034412598004296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170245489%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=R.Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorch-Jacobsen1989" class="citation book cs1">Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GjqsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA271">The Freudian subject</a>. Translated by Porter, Catherine. Basingstoke: Macmillan. p. 271 n. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-48986-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-48986-4"><bdi>978-0-333-48986-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Freudian+subject&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=271+n.+42&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-333-48986-4&rft.aulast=Borch-Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Mikkel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGjqsAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> Freud, Sigmund, Moses and Monotheism (New York: Vintage Books, 1967). Freud, Sigmund, An Autobiographical Study (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1952) pp. 130–31 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00146-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00146-6">0-393-00146-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Juergensmeyer 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpb1mbaHjGQC&pg=PA171">p. 171</a>; Juergensmeyer 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W9lXRS43iXIC&pg=PA895">p. 895</a>; Marlan, Leeming and Madden 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0QQtlJSyOEC&pg=PA439">p. 439</a>; Fuller 1994, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNTcr6E83YIC&pg=PA42">pp. 42, 67</a>; Palmer 1997, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxQdqP_OPt8C&pg=PA35">pp. 35–36</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2010" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Marvin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jR534a1fK-IC&pg=PA405">Western Civilization A Brief History</a>. Boston: Wadsworth Pub Co. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90115-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90115-0"><bdi>978-0-495-90115-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization+A+Brief+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Pub+Co&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-495-90115-0&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjR534a1fK-IC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcquaviva2000" class="citation book cs1">Acquaviva, Gary J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qAtNAPteVk0C&pg=PA26">Values, Violence, and Our Future</a> (2. ed.). Amsterdam [u.a.]: Rodopi. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0559-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0559-4"><bdi>978-90-420-0559-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Values%2C+Violence%2C+and+Our+Future&rft.place=Amsterdam+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0559-4&rft.aulast=Acquaviva&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqAtNAPteVk0C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehrer1995" class="citation book cs1">Lehrer, Ronald (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQkznZX1_5oC&pg=PA180">Nietzsche's Presence in Freud's Life and Thought: on the Origins of a Psychology of Dynamic Unconscious Mental Functioning</a>. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press. pp. 180–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2145-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2145-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-2145-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche%27s+Presence+in+Freud%27s+Life+and+Thought%3A+on+the+Origins+of+a+Psychology+of+Dynamic+Unconscious+Mental+Functioning&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=180-81&rft.pub=State+Univ.+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2145-1&rft.aulast=Lehrer&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdQkznZX1_5oC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> Freud, Sigmund, Civilization and its Discontents (New York: Norton 1962), pp. 92 and editor's footnote <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09623-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09623-1">978-0-393-09623-1</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHergenhahn2009" class="citation book cs1">Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZwXnfYAo3oC&pg=PA536">An Introduction to the History of Psychology</a> (6th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. 536–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50621-8"><bdi>978-0-495-50621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Psychology&rft.place=Australia&rft.pages=536-37&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50621-8&rft.aulast=Hergenhahn&rft.aufirst=B.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiZwXnfYAo3oC%26pg%3DPA536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonAnderson,_James_William2001" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James William; Anderson, James William (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTfJV3fWXWUC&pg=PA29">"Sigmund Freud's life and work: an unofficial guide to the Freud exhibit"</a>. In Jerome A. Winer (ed.). Sigmund Freud and his impact on the modern world. Hillsdale, NJ; London: Analytical Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88163-342-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88163-342-9"><bdi>978-0-88163-342-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sigmund+Freud%27s+life+and+work%3A+an+unofficial+guide+to+the+Freud+exhibit&rft.btitle=Sigmund+Freud+and+his+impact+on+the+modern+world&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+NJ%3B+London&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Analytical+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-88163-342-9&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+William&rft.au=Anderson%2C+James+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRTfJV3fWXWUC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> But cf., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrassinower2003" class="citation book cs1">Drassinower, Abraham (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evDNqzuM0uAC&pg=PA12">Freud's theory of culture: Eros, loss and politics</a>. Lanham (Md.): Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 11–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2262-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2262-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-2262-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%27s+theory+of+culture%3A+Eros%2C+loss+and+politics&rft.place=Lanham+%28Md.%29&rft.pages=11-15&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2262-6&rft.aulast=Drassinower&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevDNqzuM0uAC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HH-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HH_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HH_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritage.humanists.uk/sigmund-freud/">"Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)"</a>. Humanist Heritage. <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a>. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanist+Heritage&rft.atitle=Sigmund+Freud+%281856%E2%80%931939%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritage.humanists.uk%2Fsigmund-freud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvner_Falk2008" class="citation book cs1">Avner Falk (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWL4ja2BbnEC&q=Sigmund+Freud+circumcision+anti+semitism&pg=PA67">Anti-semitism: A History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35384-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35384-0"><bdi>978-0-313-35384-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-semitism%3A+A+History+and+Psychoanalysis+of+Contemporary+Hatred&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35384-0&rft.au=Avner+Falk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWL4ja2BbnEC%26q%3DSigmund%2BFreud%2Bcircumcision%2Banti%2Bsemitism%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrosh1987" class="citation book cs1">Frosh, Stephen (1987). The Politics of Psychoanalysis. London: Macmillan. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-39614-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-39614-6"><bdi>0-333-39614-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-333-39614-6&rft.aulast=Frosh&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenberger1970" class="citation book cs1">Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books. p. 546. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01673-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01673-0"><bdi>978-0-465-01673-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Unconscious%3A+the+History+and+Evolution+of+Dynamic+Psychiatry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=546&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01673-0&rft.aulast=Ellenberger&rft.aufirst=Henri+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> H. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious, 1970, pp. 301, 486, 536, 331–409. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Pick, Daniel (2015). Psychoanalysis: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition. pp. 19, 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolms2018" class="citation journal cs1">Solms, Mark (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6020924">"The scientific standing of psychoanalysis"</a>. BJPsych International. 15 (1): 5–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbji.2017.4">10.1192/bji.2017.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-4740">2056-4740</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6020924">6020924</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29953128">29953128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BJPsych+International&rft.atitle=The+scientific+standing+of+psychoanalysis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-8&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6020924%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2056-4740&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29953128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbji.2017.4&rft.aulast=Solms&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6020924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/Evidence%20in%20support%20of%20psychodynamic%20psychotherapy%20-updated%20Nov%202013.pdf">Evidence in Support of Psychodynamic Therapy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075051/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/Evidence%20in%20support%20of%20psychodynamic%20psychotherapy%20-updated%20Nov%202013.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Jessica Yakeley and Peter Hobson (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kovel-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kovel_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovel_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovel_202-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovel,_Joel1991" class="citation book cs1">Kovel, Joel (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeguidetot0000kove_x8w2">A Complete Guide to Therapy</a>. London: Penguin Books. pp. 96, 123–35, 165–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013631-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013631-9"><bdi>978-0-14-013631-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+Therapy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=96%2C+123-35%2C+165-98&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013631-9&rft.au=Kovel%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteguidetot0000kove_x8w2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Mitchell, Stephen A. & Black, Margaret J. Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought. New York: Basic Books, 1995, pp. 193–203 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Kovel 1991, pp.176-178 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Janov, Arthur. The Primal Scream. Primal Therapy: The Cure for Neurosis. London: Sphere Books, 1977, p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Crews, Frederick, et al. The Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute. New York: The New York Review of Books, 1995, pp. 206–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1985" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Richard (1985). Freud and Psychoanalysis. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-10180-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-10180-1"><bdi>978-0-335-10180-1</bdi></a>. <q>the number of relevant studies runs into thousands"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud+and+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=Milton+Keynes&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-335-10180-1&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon,_Donald_W.Dukes,_William_F.1962" class="citation book cs1">MacKinnon, Donald W.; Dukes, William F. (1962). Postman, Leo (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychologyinmaki00postrich">Psychology in the Making: Histories of Selected Research Problems</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychologyinmaki00postrich/page/663">663</a>, 703. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866224-2"><bdi>978-0-19-866224-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+in+the+Making%3A+Histories+of+Selected+Research+Problems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=663%2C+703&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866224-2&rft.au=MacKinnon%2C+Donald+W.&rft.au=Dukes%2C+William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychologyinmaki00postrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FisherG-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FisherG_209-0">^</a> Fisher, Seymour & Greenberg, Roger P. Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996, pp. 13–15, 284–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Malcolm Macmillan, Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc, MIT Press, 1997, p. xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> p. 32, Morris N. Eagle, "The Epistemological Status of Recent Developments in Psychoanalytic Theory", in 'R.S. Cohen and L. Lauden (eds.), Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis, Reidel 1983, pp. 31–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Webster_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2005" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Richard (2005). Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. 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International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. 22 (1/2): 99–102. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7047">0020-7047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40036410">40036410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Review+of+Freud+on+Femininity+and+Faith&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=99-102&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40036410%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0020-7047&rft.aulast=Soble&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40036410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoi2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toril_Moi" title="Toril Moi">Moi, Toril</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torilmoi.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/MOI_FEMININITY.PDF">"From Femininity to Finitude: Freud, Lacan, and Feminism, again"</a> (PDF). Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 29 (3): 871. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F380630">10.1086/380630</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146342669">146342669</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623200809/http://www.torilmoi.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/MOI_FEMININITY.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs%3A+Journal+of+Women+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=From+Femininity+to+Finitude%3A+Freud%2C+Lacan%2C+and+Feminism%2C+again&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=871&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F380630&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146342669%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moi&rft.aufirst=Toril&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torilmoi.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F09%2FMOI_FEMININITY.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavell1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cavell" title="Stanley Cavell">Cavell, Stanley</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claimreasonwittg00cave">The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality and Tragedy</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claimreasonwittg00cave/page/n137">111</a> and 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513107-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513107-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513107-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Claim+of+Reason%3A+Wittgenstein%2C+Skepticism%2C+Morality+and+Tragedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111+and+431&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513107-9&rft.aulast=Cavell&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclaimreasonwittg00cave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavell1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cavell" title="Stanley Cavell">Cavell, Stanley</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claimreasonwittg00cave">The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claimreasonwittg00cave/page/n457">431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513107-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513107-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513107-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Claim+of+Reason%3A+Wittgenstein%2C+Skepticism%2C+Morality%2C+and+Tragedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513107-9&rft.aulast=Cavell&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclaimreasonwittg00cave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Holland, Norman N. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asharperfocus.com/Freud.html">John Huston, Freud, 1962</a> (adapted essay from an earlier version published in How to See Huston's Freud: Perspectives on John Huston, Ed. Stephen Cooper. Perspectives on Film Series. New York: G. K. Hall, 1994. 164-83.) </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0135093/">Freud</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Dee Jefferson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebrag.com/2012/08/14/film-interview-jeremy-thomas/">Jeremy Thomas: The Lone Ranger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903100717/http://www.thebrag.com/2012/08/14/film-interview-jeremy-thomas/">Archived</a> 3 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, interview with Jeremy Thomas on thebrag.com, 14 August 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bunson" title="Matthew Bunson">Bunson, Matthew</a> (1997). Encyclopedia Sherlockiana. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-861679-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-861679-0"><bdi>0-02-861679-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Sherlockiana&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-02-861679-0&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Db-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Db_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchager2020" class="citation news cs1">Schager, Nick (23 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/netflixs-freud-depicts-sigmund-freud-as-a-horny-coked-out-demon-hunter">"Netflix's 'Freud' Depicts Sigmund Freud as a Horny, Coked-Out Demon Hunter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Beast" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Beast">Daily Beast</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Netflix%27s+%27Freud%27+Depicts+Sigmund+Freud+as+a+Horny%2C+Coked-Out+Demon+Hunter&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft.aulast=Schager&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fnetflixs-freud-depicts-sigmund-freud-as-a-horny-coked-out-demon-hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/freud/s01">"Freud: Season 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Freud%3A+Season+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Ftv%2Ffreud%2Fs01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2020" class="citation news cs1">Horton, Adrian (23 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/mar/23/freud-netflix-review-historical-fiction-thriller">"Freud review – Netflix revisionist drama is a ridiculous coked-up mess"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Freud+review+%E2%80%93+Netflix+revisionist+drama+is+a+ridiculous+coked-up+mess&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2020%2Fmar%2F23%2Ffreud-netflix-review-historical-fiction-thriller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet2006" class="citation news cs1">Janet, Maslin (31 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/31/books/31masl.html">"A New York Murder Mystery With Freud at the Center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 27 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+York+Murder+Mystery+With+Freud+at+the+Center&rft.date=2006-08-31&rft.aulast=Janet&rft.aufirst=Maslin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F31%2Fbooks%2F31masl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermain2010" class="citation book cs1">Germain, Mark St (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tu95z2HrufQC">Freud's Last Session</a>. Dramatists Play Service, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8222-2493-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8222-2493-8"><bdi>978-0-8222-2493-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%27s+Last+Session&rft.pub=Dramatists+Play+Service%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8222-2493-8&rft.aulast=Germain&rft.aufirst=Mark+St&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtu95z2HrufQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholi2003" class="citation book cs1">Nicholi, Armand (7 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0_C1-fUGLgC">The Question of God: C. S. Lewis and Sigmund Freud Debate God, Love, Sex, and the Meaning of Life</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4785-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4785-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-4785-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Question+of+God%3A+C.+S.+Lewis+and+Sigmund+Freud+Debate+God%2C+Love%2C+Sex%2C+and+the+Meaning+of+Life&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003-08-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4785-6&rft.aulast=Nicholi&rft.aufirst=Armand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0_C1-fUGLgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/questionofgod/">"The Question of God | PBS"</a>. pbs.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+God+%26%23124%3B+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fquestionofgod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabbardGabbard1999" class="citation book cs1">Gabbard, Glen O.; Gabbard, Krin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D42m3IIrEDoC&pg=PA107">Psychiatry and the Cinema</a> (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88048-964-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88048-964-5"><bdi>978-0-88048-964-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychiatry+and+the+Cinema&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=107&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88048-964-5&rft.aulast=Gabbard&rft.aufirst=Glen+O.&rft.au=Gabbard%2C+Krin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD42m3IIrEDoC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly2019" class="citation web cs1">Tilly, Chris (15 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/bill-teds-excellent-adventure-happened-actors-behind-historical-figures-162833834.html">"'Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure': What happened to the actors behind the historical figures?"</a>. Yahoo. Yahoo Entertainment. Retrieved 9 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo&rft.atitle=%27Bill+and+Ted%27s+Excellent+Adventure%27%3A+What+happened+to+the+actors+behind+the+historical+figures%3F&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbill-teds-excellent-adventure-happened-actors-behind-historical-figures-162833834.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lacanianworks.net/?p=408">"The Psychogenesis of a case of Homosexuality in a Woman: 1920: Sigmund Freud"</a>. Lacanianworks.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031160343/http://www.lacanianworks.net/?p=408">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Psychogenesis+of+a+case+of+Homosexuality+in+a+Woman%3A+1920%3A+Sigmund+Freud&rft.pub=Lacanianworks.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacanianworks.net%2F%3Fp%3D408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/sp/9781538175163/The-Revised-Standard-Edition-of-the-Complete-Psychological-Works-of-Sigmund-Freud-24-Volumes">The Revised Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Alexander, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710010707/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/In_Memory_of_Sigmund_Freud">"In Memory of Sigmund Freud"</a>, The Modernism Lab, Yale University. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</li> <li>Appignanesi, Lisa and Forrester, John. Freud's Women. Penguin Books, 2000.</li> <li>Auden, W.H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625043704/http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15543">"In Memory of Sigmund Freud"</a>, 1940, poets.org. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</li> <li>Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon. Riverhead Books, 1994.</li> <li>Blumenthal, Ralph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220074438/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/24/europe/web.1224freud.php">"Hotel log hints at desire that Freud didn't repress"</a>, International Herald Tribune, 24 December 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Clark" title="Ronald W. Clark">Clark, Ronald W.</a> (June 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freudmancause00clar">Freud: The Man and the Cause</a> (1st ed.). Random House Inc (T). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-40983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-40983-2"><bdi>978-0-394-40983-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+The+Man+and+the+Cause&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House+Inc+%28T%29&rft.date=1980-06&rft.isbn=978-0-394-40983-2&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ronald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreudmancause00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cohen, David. The Escape of Sigmund Freud. JR Books, 2009.</li> <li>Cohen, Patricia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/weekinreview/25cohen.html">"Freud Is Widely Taught at Universities, Except in the Psychology Department"</a>, The New York Times, 25 November 2007.</li> <li>Eissler, K.R. Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Brief Love Affair. Int. Univ. Press, 2005.</li> <li>Eysenck, Hans. J. Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire. Pelican Books, 1986.</li> <li>Ford, Donald H. & Urban, Hugh B. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Comparative Study. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1965.</li> <li>Freud, Sigmund (1896c). The Aetiology of Hysteria. Standard Edition 3.</li> <li>Freud, Sigmund and Bonaparte, Marie (ed.). The Origins of Psychoanalysis. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess: Drafts and Notes 1887–1902. Kessinger Publishing, 2009.</li> <li>Fuller, Andrew R. Psychology and Religion: Eight Points of View, Littlefield Adams, 1994.</li> <li>Gay, Peter. Freud: A Life for Our Time. W. W. Norton & Company, 2006 (first published 1988).</li> <li>Gay, Peter (ed.) The Freud Reader. W.W. Norton & Co., 1995.</li> <li>Gresser, Moshe. Dual Allegiance: Freud As a Modern Jew. SUNY Press, 1994.</li> <li>Holt, Robert. Freud Reappraised: A Fresh Look at Psychoanalytic Theory. The Guilford Press, 1989.</li> <li>Hothersall, D. History of Psychology. 3rd edition, Mcgraw-Hill, 1995.</li> <li>Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 1: The Young Freud 1856–1900, Hogarth Press, 1953.</li> <li>Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 2: The Years of Maturity 1901–1919, Hogarth Press, 1955</li> <li>Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 3: The Final Years 1919–1939, Hogarth Press, 1957</li> <li>Juergensmeyer, Mark. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. University of California Press, 2004.</li> <li>Juergensmeyer, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W9lXRS43iXIC&pg=PA895">"Religious Violence"</a>, in Peter B. Clarke (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Oxford University Press, 2009.</li> <li>Kovel, Joel. A Complete Guide to Therapy: From Psychoanalysis to Behaviour Modification. Penguin Books, 1991 (first published 1976).</li> <li>Leeming, D.A.; Madden, Kathryn; and Marlan, Stanton. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Springer Verlag u. Co., 2004.</li> <li>Mannoni, Octave. Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious, London: Verso, 2015 [1971].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolis1989" class="citation journal cs1">Margolis, Deborah P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A">"Freud and his Mother"</a>. Modern Psychoanalsys. 14: 37–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Psychoanalsys&rft.atitle=Freud+and+his+Mother&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=37-56&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Margolis&rft.aufirst=Deborah+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pep-web.org%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3DMPSA.014.0037A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Masson, Jeffrey M. (ed.). The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fless, 1887–1904. Harvard University Press, 1985.</li> <li>Meissner, William W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA233">"Freud and the Bible"</a> in Bruce M. Metzger and Michael David Coogan (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press, 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels_(physician)" title="Robert Michels (physician)">Michels, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanmentalhealthfoundation.org/a.php?id=24">"Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship"</a>, American Mental Health Foundation. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</li> <li>Mitchell, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis. Penguin Books, 2000.</li> <li>Palmer, Michael. Freud and Jung on Religion. Routledge, 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Pigman, G.W. (1995). "Freud and the history of empathy". <a href="/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The International Journal of Psychoanalysis">The International Journal of Psychoanalysis</a>. 76 (2): 237–56. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7628894">7628894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Psychoanalysis&rft.atitle=Freud+and+the+history+of+empathy&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-56&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7628894&rft.aulast=Pigman&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rice, Emmanuel. Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home. SUNY Press, 1990.</li> <li>Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Jacques Lacan. Polity Press, 1997.</li> <li>Sadock, Benjamin J. and Sadock, Virginia A. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry. 10th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulloway1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sulloway" title="Frank Sulloway">Sulloway, Frank J.</a> (1992) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7XcblnI620C">Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-32335-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-32335-3"><bdi>978-0-674-32335-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%2C+Biologist+of+the+Mind%3A+Beyond+the+Psychoanalytic+Legend&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-32335-3&rft.aulast=Sulloway&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7XcblnI620C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tononi, Fabio, “The Aesthetics of Freud: Movement, Embodiment and Imagination”, Reti, saperi, linguaggi: Italian Journal of Cognitive Sciences, 8: 1 (2021), pp. 125–154. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.12832/101348">https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.12832/101348</a></li> <li>Vitz, Paul C. Sigmund Freud's Christian Unconscious. The Guilford Press, 1988.</li> <li>Webster, Richard. Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. HarperCollins, 1995.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_O._Brown" title="Norman O. Brown">Brown, Norman O.</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_Against_Death" title="Life Against Death">Life Against Death</a>: The Psychoanalytical Meaning of History. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, Second Edition 1985.</li> <li>Blauner, Andrew, ed. On the Couch: Writers Analyze Sigmund Freud, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2024. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691242439" title="Special:BookSources/9780691242439">9780691242439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cioffi" title="Frank Cioffi">Cioffi, Frank</a>. Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience. Peru, IL: Open Court, 1999.</li> <li>Cole, J. Preston. The Problematic Self in Kierkegaard and Freud. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Crews" title="Frederick Crews">Crews, Frederick</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Memory_Wars" title="The Memory Wars">The Memory Wars</a>: Freud's Legacy in Dispute. New York: The New York Review of Books, 1995.</li> <li>Crews, Frederick. Unauthorized Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend. New York: Penguin Books, 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Dufresne" title="Todd Dufresne">Dufresne, Todd</a>. Killing Freud: Twentieth-Century Culture and the Death of Psychoanalysis. New York: Continuum, 2003.</li> <li>Dufresne, Todd, ed. Against Freud: Critics Talk Back. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Ellenberger" title="Henri Ellenberger">Ellenberger, Henri</a>. Beyond the Unconscious: Essays of Henri F. Ellenberger in the History of Psychiatry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.</li> <li>Ellenberger, Henri. <a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_the_Unconscious" title="The Discovery of the Unconscious">The Discovery of the Unconscious</a>: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books, 1970.</li> <li>Esterson, Allen. Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud. Chicago: Open Court, 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Gellner, Ernest</a>. The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason. London: Fontana Press, 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Gr%C3%BCnbaum" title="Adolf Grünbaum">Grünbaum, Adolf</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The Foundations of Psychoanalysis">The Foundations of Psychoanalysis</a>: A Philosophical Critique. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.</li> <li>Grünbaum, Adolf. Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis: A Study in the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis. Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press, 1993.</li> <li>Hale, Nathan G., Jr. Freud and the Americans: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States, 1876–1917. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.</li> <li>Hale, Nathan G., Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917–1985. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.</li> <li>Hirschmüller, Albrecht. The Life and Work of Josef Breuer. New York University Press, 1989.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung, Carl Gustav</a>. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Volume 4: Freud and Psychoanalysis. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1961.</li> <li>Macmillan, Malcolm. Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse, Herbert</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a>: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud. Boston: Beacon Press, 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Moussaieff_Masson" title="Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson">Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Assault_on_Truth" title="The Assault on Truth">The Assault on Truth</a>: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Pocket Books, 1998.</li> <li>Nagorski, Andrew. Saving Freud: A Life in Vienna and an Escape to Freedom in London. London: Icon, 2022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur, Paul</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freud_and_Philosophy" title="Freud and Philosophy">Freud and Philosophy</a>: An Essay on Interpretation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff, Philip</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freud:_The_Mind_of_the_Moralist" title="Freud: The Mind of the Moralist">Freud: The Mind of the Moralist</a>. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1961.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Roazen" title="Paul Roazen">Roazen, Paul</a>. Freud and His Followers. New York: Knopf, 1975, hardcover; trade paperback, Da Capo Press (22 March 1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80472-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80472-4">978-0-306-80472-4</a>.</li> <li>Roazen, Paul. Freud: Political and Social Thought. London: Hogarth Press, 1969.</li> <li>Roth, Michael, ed. Freud: Conflict and Culture. New York: Vintage, 1998.</li> <li>Schur, Max. Freud: Living and Dying. New York: International Universities Press, 1972.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stannard" title="David Stannard">Stannard, David E</a>. Shrinking History: On Freud and the Failure of Psychohistory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Webster_(British_author)" title="Richard Webster (British author)">Webster, Richard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Why_Freud_Was_Wrong" title="Why Freud Was Wrong">Why Freud Was Wrong</a>: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. Oxford: The Orwell Press, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wollheim" title="Richard Wollheim">Wollheim, Richard</a>. Freud. Fontana, 1971.</li> <li>Wollheim, Richard, and James Hopkins, eds. Philosophical Essays on Freud. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_works">Biographical works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Biographical works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreger2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Breger" title="Louis Breger">Breger, Louis</a> (2001). Freud: Darkness in the Midst of Vision. New York: Wiley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+Darkness+in+the+Midst+of+Vision&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Breger&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Clark" title="Ronald W. Clark">Clark, Ronald W.</a> (1980). Freud: the Man and His Cause. London: Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+the+Man+and+His+Cause&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ronald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Crews" title="Frederick Crews">Crews, Frederick</a> (2017). Freud: The Making of an Illusion. New York: Metropolitan Books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ferris_(Welsh_writer)" title="Paul Ferris (Welsh writer)">Ferris, Paul</a> (1997). Dr Freud: A Life. London: Sinclair-Stevenson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr+Freud%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sinclair-Stevenson&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFfytche2022" class="citation book cs1">Ffytche, Matt (2022). Sigmund Freud. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sigmund+Freud&rft.place=London&rft.series=Critical+Lives&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Ffytche&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlem2002" class="citation book cs1">Flem, Lydia (2002). Freud the Man: An Intellectual Biography. New York: Other Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud+the+Man%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Other+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Flem&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Freud">Freud, Ernst L.</a>, Grubrich-Simitis, Ilse (eds.) (1976) Sigmund Freud: His Life in Pictures and Words New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich</li> <li>Freud, Martin (1958) Sigmund Freud: Man and Father. New York: Vanguard Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Gay, Peter</a> (2006) [1988]. <a href="/wiki/Freud:_A_Life_for_Our_Time" title="Freud: A Life for Our Time">Freud: A Life for Our Time</a> (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+A+Life+for+Our+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Jones, Ernest</a> (1953). <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud:_Life_and_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigmund Freud: Life and Work">Sigmund Freud: Life and Work</a>: Vol 1: The Young Freud 1856–1900. London: Hogarth Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sigmund+Freud%3A+Life+and+Work%3A+Vol+1%3A+The+Young+Freud+1856%E2%80%931900&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hogarth+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1955" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ernest (1955). Sigmund Freud: Life and Work: Vol 2: The Years of Maturity 1901–1919. London: Hogarth Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sigmund+Freud%3A+Life+and+Work%3A+Vol+2%3A+The+Years+of+Maturity+1901%E2%80%931919&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hogarth+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1957" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ernest (1957). Sigmund Freud: Life and Work: Vol 3: The Final Years 1919–1939. London: Hogarth Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sigmund+Freud%3A+Life+and+Work%3A+Vol+3%3A+The+Final+Years+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hogarth+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1961" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ernest (1961). <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling, Lionel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Marcus" title="Stephen Marcus">Marcus, Stephen</a> (eds.). Sigmund Freud: Life and Work (Abridged ed.). New York: Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sigmund+Freud%3A+Life+and+Work&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahr2021" class="citation book cs1">Kahr, Brett (2021). Freud's Pandemics: Surviving Global War, Spanish Flu and the Nazis. Freud Museum London Series. London: Karnac.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%27s+Pandemics%3A+Surviving+Global+War%2C+Spanish+Flu+and+the+Nazis&rft.place=London&rft.series=Freud+Museum+London+Series&rft.pub=Karnac&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Kahr&rft.aufirst=Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagorski2022" class="citation book cs1">Nagorski, Andrew (2022). Saving Freud: A Life in Vienna and an Escape to Freedom in London. London: Icon Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+Freud%3A+A+Life+in+Vienna+and+an+Escape+to+Freedom+in+London&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Icon+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Nagorski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Phillips_(psychologist)" title="Adam Phillips (psychologist)">Phillips, Adam</a> (2014). Becoming Freud. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Freud&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuner1947" class="citation book cs1">Puner, Helen Walker (1947). Freud: His Life and Mind. New York: Howell Soskin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+His+Life+and+Mind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Howell+Soskin&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Puner&rft.aufirst=Helen+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoudinesco2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Roudinesco" title="Élisabeth Roudinesco">Roudinesco, Élisabeth</a> (2016). Freud: In His Time and Ours. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+In+His+Time+and+Ours&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Roudinesco&rft.aufirst=%C3%89lisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchur1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Schur" title="Max Schur">Schur, Max</a> (1972). Freud: Living and Dying. London: Hogarth Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+Living+and+Dying&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hogarth+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Schur&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard2012" class="citation book cs1">Sheppard, Ruth (2012). Explorer of the Mind: The Illustrated Biography of Sigmund Freud. London: Andre Deutsch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorer+of+the+Mind%3A+The+Illustrated+Biography+of+Sigmund+Freud&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitebook2017" class="citation book cs1">Whitebook, Joel (2017). Freud: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Whitebook&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigmund+Freud" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Sigmund Freud at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Freudian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Freudian">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sigmund_Freud" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sigmund Freud">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" class="extiw" title="q:Sigmund Freud">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Sigismund_Schlomo_Freud" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Sigismund Schlomo Freud">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sigmund_Freud" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sigmund Freud">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sigmund_Freud" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Sigmund Freud">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9215" class="extiw" title="d:Q9215">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Freud,+Sigmund">Works by Sigmund Freud</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Freud%2C%20Sigmund%20Schlomo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Freud%2C%20Sigmund%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Freud%2C%20S%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sigmund%20Schlomo%20Freud%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sigmund%20S%2E%20Freud%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22S%2E%20S%2E%20Freud%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Freud%2C%20Sigmund%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sigmund%20Freud%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sigmund%20Schlomo%20Freud%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sigmund%20S%2E%20Freud%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20S%2E%20Freud%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20Schlomo%20Freud%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Freud%2C%20Sigmund%20Schlomo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Freud%2C%20Sigmund%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Freud%2C%20S%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Freud%2C%20S%2E%20Schlomo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sigmund%20Freud%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Freud%2C%20Sigmund%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Sigmund%20Schlomo%20Freud%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Sigmund%20S%2E%20Freud%22%20OR%20title%3A%22S%2E%20S%2E%20Freud%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Sigmund%20Freud%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sigmund%20Schlomo%20Freud%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sigmund%20S%2E%20Freud%22%20OR%20description%3A%22S%2E%20S%2E%20Freud%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Freud%2C%20Sigmund%20Schlomo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Freud%2C%20Sigmund%20S%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sigmund%20Freud%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Freud%2C%20Sigmund%22%29%20OR%20%28%221856-1939%22%20AND%20Freud%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Sigmund Freud</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/312">Works by Sigmund Freud</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219848/Sigmund-Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hastings" title="Patrick Hastings">Patrick Hastings</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_People_on_the_Cover_of_Time_Magazine:_1920s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of People on the Cover of Time Magazine: 1920s">Cover of Time Magazine</a> 27 October 1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lipton" title="Thomas Lipton">Thomas Lipton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Leopold Ziegler</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a> 1930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sigmund_Freud" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sigmund_Freud" title="Template:Sigmund Freud"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sigmund_Freud" title="Template talk:Sigmund Freud"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sigmund_Freud" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sigmund Freud"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sigmund_Freud" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigmund Freud</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Aphasia" title="On Aphasia">On Aphasia</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studies_on_Hysteria" title="Studies on Hysteria">Studies on Hysteria</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams (including On Dreams)</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychopathology_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Psychopathology of Everyday Life">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokes_and_Their_Relation_to_the_Unconscious" title="Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious">Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo" title="Totem and Taboo">Totem and Taboo</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychoanalysis" title="Introduction to Psychoanalysis">Introduction to Psychoanalysis</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Psychoanalytic_Movement" title="The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement">The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Psychology_and_the_Analysis_of_the_Ego" title="Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego">Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_the_Id" title="The Ego and the Id">The Ego and the Id</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Question_of_Lay_Analysis" title="The Question of Lay Analysis">The Question of Lay Analysis</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_an_Illusion" title="The Future of an Illusion">The Future of an Illusion</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_and_Monotheism" title="Moses and Monotheism">Moses and Monotheism</a> (1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Aetiology_of_Hysteria" title="The Aetiology of Hysteria">The Aetiology of Hysteria</a>" (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Essays_on_the_Theory_of_Sexuality" title="Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality">Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delusion_and_Dream_in_Jensen%27s_Gradiva" title="Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva">Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Writers_and_Day-Dreaming" title="Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming">Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci,_A_Memory_of_His_Childhood" title="Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood">Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Narcissism" title="On Narcissism">On Narcissism</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Psychoanalytic_Movement" title="The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement">The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Some_Character-Types_Met_with_in_Psycho-Analytic_Work" title="Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work">Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_for_the_Times_on_War_and_Death" title="Thoughts for the Times on War and Death">Thoughts for the Times on War and Death</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_and_Melancholia" title="Mourning and Melancholia">Mourning and Melancholia</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Pleasure_Principle" title="Beyond the Pleasure Principle">Beyond the Pleasure Principle</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa%27s_Head" title="Medusa's Head">Medusa's Head</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dostoevsky_and_Parricide" title="Dostoevsky and Parricide">Dostoevsky and Parricide</a> (1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dora_(case_study)" title="Dora (case study)">"Dora" (Ida Bauer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Eckstein" title="Emma Eckstein">Emma Eckstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Graf" title="Herbert Graf">Herbert Graf ("Little Hans")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma%27s_injection" title="Irma's injection">Irma's injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_O." class="mw-redirect" title="Anna O.">"Anna O."</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bertha_Pappenheim" title="Bertha Pappenheim">Bertha Pappenheim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_Man" title="Rat Man">"Rat Man"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Pankejeff" title="Sergei Pankejeff">Sergei Pankejeff ("Wolfman")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Paul_Schreber" title="Daniel Paul Schreber">Daniel Paul Schreber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Original concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_superego" title="Id, ego and superego">Id, ego and superego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconscious" title="Preconscious">Preconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_ideal" title="Ego ideal">Ego ideal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_(psychoanalysis)" title="Censorship (psychoanalysis)">censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference" title="Transference">Transference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_stage" title="Oral stage">Oral stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_stage" title="Anal stage">Anal stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallic_stage" title="Phallic stage">Phallic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latency_stage" title="Latency stage">Latency stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_stage" title="Genital stage">Genital stage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_complex" title="Father complex">Father complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_obedience" title="Deferred obedience">Deferred obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_principle" title="Reality principle">Reality principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_seduction_theory" title="Freud's seduction theory">Seduction theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_bibliography" title="Sigmund Freud bibliography">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Standard_Edition_of_the_Complete_Psychological_Works_of_Sigmund_Freud" title="The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud">complete works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Archives" title="Sigmund Freud Archives">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Museum_(Vienna)" title="Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)">Vienna home and museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freud_Museum" title="Freud Museum">London home and museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Sigmund_Freud,_Hampstead" title="Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead">1971 statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freud_Corner_(Golders_Green_Crematorium)" title="Freud Corner (Golders Green Crematorium)">Interment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humor_in_Freud" title="Humor in Freud">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_circle_(psychoanalysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner circle (psychoanalysis)">Inner circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Freudianism" title="Neo-Freudianism">Neo-Freudianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud%27s_views_on_homosexuality" title="Sigmund Freud's views on homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud%27s_views_on_religion" title="Sigmund Freud's views on religion">Religious views</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freud:_The_Secret_Passion" title="Freud: The Secret Passion">Freud: The Secret Passion</a> (1962 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Visitor_(play)" title="The Visitor (play)">The Visitor</a> (1993 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahler_on_the_Couch" title="Mahler on the Couch">Mahler on the Couch</a> (2010 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Method" title="A Dangerous Method">A Dangerous Method</a> (2011 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freud_(TV_series)" title="Freud (TV series)">Freud</a> (2020 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_Last_Session" title="Freud's Last Session">Freud's Last Session</a> (2023 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freud_family" title="Freud family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bernays" title="Martha Bernays">Martha Bernays (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_L._Freud" title="Ernst L. Freud">Ernst L. Freud (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Freud" title="Clement Freud">Clement Freud (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Freud" title="Lucian Freud">Lucian Freud (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Freud" title="Walter Freud">Walter Freud (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalia_Freud" title="Amalia Freud">Amalia Freud (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Freud" title="Jacob Freud">Jacob Freud (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernay (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jofi" title="Jofi">Jofi (dog)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_psychological_development" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_psychological_development" title="Template:Human psychological development"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_psychological_development" title="Template talk:Human psychological development"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_psychological_development" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human psychological development"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_psychological_development" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Human psychological development</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology" title="Prenatal and perinatal psychology">Antenatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_cognitive_development" title="Infant cognitive development">Cognitive development of infants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_youth_development" title="Positive youth development">Positive youth development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_adult_development" title="Positive adult development">Positive adult development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturity_(psychological)" title="Maturity (psychological)">Maturity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Theorists and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_stage_theories" title="Developmental stage theories">theories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freud</a> (1856–1939) (<a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piaget</a> (1896–1980) (<a href="/wiki/Piaget%27s_theory_of_cognitive_development" title="Piaget's theory of cognitive development">Theory of cognitive development</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Vygotsky</a> (1896–1934) (<a href="/wiki/Cultural-historical_psychology" title="Cultural-historical psychology">Cultural-historical psychology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erikson</a> (1902–1994) (<a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial development</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">Bowlby</a> (1907–1990) (<a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urie_Bronfenbrenner" title="Urie Bronfenbrenner">Bronfenbrenner</a> (1917–2005) (<a href="/wiki/Ecological_systems_theory" title="Ecological systems theory">Ecological systems theory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Kohlberg</a> (1927–1987) (<a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_development" title="Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development">Stages of moral development</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Commons" title="Michael Commons">Commons</a> (b. 1939), <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W._Fischer" title="Kurt W. Fischer">Fischer</a> (1943–2020), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kegan" title="Robert Kegan">Kegan</a> (b. 1946), <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Demetriou" title="Andreas Demetriou">Demetriou</a> (b. 1950), and others (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Piagetian_theories_of_cognitive_development" title="Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development">Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Evolutionary developmental psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_memory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Memory" title="Template:Memory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Memory" title="Template talk:Memory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Memory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Memory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_memory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Human memory">Human memory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encoding_(memory)" title="Encoding (memory)">Encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_(memory)" title="Storage (memory)">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_(memory)" title="Recall (memory)">Recall</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_consolidation" title="Memory consolidation">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy_of_memory" title="Neuroanatomy of memory">Neuroanatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_memory" title="Sensory memory">Sensory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echoic_memory" title="Echoic memory">Echoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidetic_memory" title="Eidetic memory">Eidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_memory" title="Eyewitness memory">Eyewitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_memory" title="Haptic memory">Haptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconic_memory" title="Iconic memory">Iconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_learning" title="Motor learning">Motor learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_memory" title="Visual memory">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">Short-term</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two" title="The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two">The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">Working memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Long-term_memory" title="Long-term memory">Long-term</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_recall" class="mw-redirect" title="Active recall">Active recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_memory" title="Autobiographical memory">Autobiographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_memory" title="Explicit memory">Explicit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_memory" title="Explicit memory">Declarative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">Episodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_memory" title="Semantic memory">Semantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashbulb_memory" title="Flashbulb memory">Flashbulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthymesia" title="Hyperthymesia">Hyperthymesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_memory" title="Implicit memory">Implicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaningful_learning" title="Meaningful learning">Meaningful learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal-event_memory" title="Personal-event memory">Personal-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_memory" title="Procedural memory">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">Rote learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_retention" title="Selective retention">Selective retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_of_the_tongue" title="Tip of the tongue">Tip of the tongue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forgetting" title="Forgetting">Forgetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">Amnesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_amnesia" title="Childhood amnesia">childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthypnotic_amnesia" title="Posthypnotic amnesia">post-hypnotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia" title="Post-traumatic amnesia">post-traumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_amnesia" title="Dissociative amnesia">dissociative (psychogenic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_amnesia" title="Retrograde amnesia">retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_amnesia" title="Selective amnesia">selective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia" title="Transient global amnesia">transient global</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decay_theory" title="Decay theory">Decay theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgetting_curve" title="Forgetting curve">Forgetting curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_theory" title="Interference theory">Interference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_erasure" title="Memory erasure">Memory erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_inhibition" title="Memory inhibition">Memory inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivated_forgetting" title="Motivated forgetting">Motivated forgetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repressed_memory" title="Repressed memory">Repressed memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-induced_forgetting" title="Retrieval-induced forgetting">Retrieval-induced forgetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_focus" title="Weapon focus">Weapon focus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_error" title="Memory error">Memory errors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">Confabulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">Cryptomnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">Hindsight bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_inflation" title="Imagination inflation">Imagination inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memory_biases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memory biases">Memory biases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misattribution_of_memory" title="Misattribution of memory">Misattribution of memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_effect" title="Misinformation effect">Misinformation effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-monitoring_error" title="Source-monitoring error">Source-monitoring error</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/False_memory" title="False memory">False memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deese%E2%80%93Roediger%E2%80%93McDermott_paradigm" title="Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm">Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_memory_syndrome" title="False memory syndrome">False memory syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_implantation" title="Memory implantation">Memory implantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_in_the_mall_technique" title="Lost in the mall technique">Lost in the mall technique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methods_used_to_study_memory" title="Methods used to study memory">Research methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_memory" title="Exceptional memory">Exceptional memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_tests_of_memory" title="Indirect tests of memory">Indirect tests of memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_disorder" title="Memory disorder">Memory disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">Collective memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_memory" title="Politics of memory">Politics of memory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_and_social_interactions" title="Memory and social interactions">Memory and social interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactive_memory" title="Transactive memory">Transactive memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_and_aging" title="Memory and aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_memory" title="Art of memory">Art of memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chunking_(psychology)" title="Chunking (psychology)">chunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory" title="Effects of alcohol on memory">Effects of alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Memory" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Effects of exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">Emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_improvement" title="Memory improvement">Memory improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrition and memory">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_memory" title="Sleep and memory">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_and_trauma" title="Memory and trauma">Trauma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_sport" title="Memory sport">Memory sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Memory_Championships" title="World Memory Championships">World Memory Championships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shas_Pollak" title="Shas Pollak">Shas Pollak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absent-mindedness" title="Absent-mindedness">Absent-mindedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atkinson%E2%80%93Shiffrin_memory_model" title="Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model">Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context-dependent_memory" title="Context-dependent memory">Context-dependent</a> and <a href="/wiki/State-dependent_memory" title="State-dependent memory">state-dependent</a> memory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_memory" title="Childhood memory">Childhood memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosomatic_memory" title="Exosomatic memory">Exosomatic memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_recall" title="Free recall">Free recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-term_memory" title="Intermediate-term memory">Intermediate-term memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_memory" title="Involuntary memory">Involuntary memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(psychology)" title="Flashback (psychology)">flashbacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levels_of_Processing_model" title="Levels of Processing model">Levels of Processing model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamemory" title="Metamemory">Metamemory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priming_(psychology)" title="Priming (psychology)">Priming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intertrial_priming" title="Intertrial priming">intertrial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospective_memory" title="Prospective memory">Prospective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retrospective_memory" title="Retrospective memory">retrospective</a> memory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Sins_of_Memory" title="The Seven Sins of Memory">The Seven Sins of Memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Atkinson" title="Richard C. Atkinson">Richard C. Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Bjork" title="Robert A. Bjork">Robert A. Bjork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Ceci" title="Stephen J. Ceci">Stephen J. Ceci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Clancy" title="Susan Clancy">Susan Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaus" title="Hermann Ebbinghaus">Hermann Ebbinghaus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Goldman-Rakic" title="Patricia Goldman-Rakic">Patricia Goldman-Rakic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Izquierdo" title="Ivan Izquierdo">Ivan Izquierdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_K._Johnson" title="Marcia K. Johnson">Marcia K. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Loftus" title="Elizabeth Loftus">Elizabeth Loftus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Loftus" title="Geoffrey Loftus">Geoffrey Loftus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McGaugh" title="James McGaugh">James McGaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Maguire" title="Eleanor Maguire">Eleanor Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George Armitage Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nadel" title="Lynn Nadel">Lynn Nadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Roediger_III" title="Henry L. Roediger III">Henry L. Roediger III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schacter" title="Daniel Schacter">Daniel Schacter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shiffrin" title="Richard Shiffrin">Richard Shiffrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Shimamura" title="Arthur P. Shimamura">Arthur P. Shimamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stickgold" title="Robert Stickgold">Robert Stickgold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Patients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Molaison" title="Henry Molaison">HM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Cochrane" title="Kent Cochrane">KC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_N.A." title="Patient N.A.">NA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Wearing" title="Clive Wearing">Clive Wearing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hancock" title="Jonathan Hancock">Jonathan Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._McHugh" title="Paul R. McHugh">Paul R. McHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_O%27Brien" title="Dominic O'Brien">Dominic O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pridmore" title="Ben Pridmore">Ben Pridmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_Rossellius" title="Cosmos Rossellius">Cosmos Rossellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Slyusarchuk" title="Andriy Slyusarchuk">Andriy Slyusarchuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BFD7FF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psychology">Wiktionary definition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:en:Psychology">Wiktionary category</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Psychology">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Psychology">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Psychology">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Psychology">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Psychology">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lucian_Freud" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lucian_Freud" title="Template:Lucian Freud"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lucian_Freud" title="Template talk:Lucian Freud"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lucian_Freud" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lucian Freud"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lucian_Freud" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Freud" title="Lucian Freud">Lucian Freud</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Kitty" title="Portrait of Kitty">Portrait of Kitty</a> (1948–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_on_a_Green_Sofa" title="Head on a Green Sofa">Head on a Green Sofa</a> (1960–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_Child_Laughing_(painting)" title="Naked Child Laughing (painting)">Naked Child Laughing</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefits_Supervisor_Sleeping" title="Benefits Supervisor Sleeping">Benefits Supervisor Sleeping</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_C%C3%A9zanne" title="After Cézanne">After Cézanne</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brigadier_(painting)" title="The Brigadier (painting)">The Brigadier</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freud_family" title="Freud family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Garman" title="Kitty Garman">Kitty Garman</a> (1st wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Blackwood" title="Lady Caroline Blackwood">Lady Caroline Blackwood</a> (2nd wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Freud" title="Annie Freud">Annie Freud</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_McAdam_Freud" title="Jane McAdam Freud">Jane McAdam Freud</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freud" title="Paul Freud">Paul Freud</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Freud" title="Bella Freud">Bella Freud</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Freud" title="Esther Freud">Esther Freud</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Boyt" title="Susie Boyt">Susie Boyt</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_L._Freud" title="Ernst L. Freud">Ernst L. Freud</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Freud" title="Clement Freud">Clement Freud</a> (brother)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigmund Freud</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bernays" title="Martha Bernays">Martha Bernays</a> (grandmother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bowery" title="Leigh Bowery">Leigh Bowery</a> (model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Tilley" title="Sue Tilley">Sue Tilley</a> (model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_George_Dyer_and_Lucian_Freud" title="Portrait of George Dyer and Lucian Freud">Portrait of George Dyer and Lucian Freud</a> (1967 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Studies_of_Lucian_Freud" title="Three Studies of Lucian Freud">Three Studies of Lucian Freud</a> (1969 painting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders & revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9215#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9215#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9215#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121272193">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34456780">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34252/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc868dQ6vRkyktcKcT8md">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118535315">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79043849">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119035855">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119035855">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440156">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV003682">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35103318">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jk01031841&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX882790">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/17868">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068465246">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90051520">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000003432&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000002954&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000034551">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=82531">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000023033">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199609326">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cfj8h0hs00zn">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810636253205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17336">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261471505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000149264">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521352106706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14117514">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00365316?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=N80kIiYAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500233677">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a8e73e7b-5b8c-4dda-86c4-6c4a1567787e">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/434013">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/4c5a936c-1770-4158-ad88-b79177cbcfbd">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/827362">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118535315.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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