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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonitzaci%C3%B3" title="Carbonització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carbonització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonizace_uhl%C3%AD" title="Karbonizace uhlí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karbonizace uhlí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonizaci%C3%B3n" title="Carbonización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbonización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonisation" title="Carbonisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbonisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बनन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonisasi" title="Karbonisasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbonisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Conversion of matter to carbon</div> <p><b>Carbonization</b> or <b>carbonisation</b> is the conversion of organic matters like plants and dead animal remains into <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through <a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">destructive distillation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complexity_in_carbonization">Complexity in carbonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Complexity in carbonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonization_Link_Map_-_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carbonization_Link_Map_-_1.png/220px-Carbonization_Link_Map_-_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="498" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Carbonization_Link_Map_-_1.png/330px-Carbonization_Link_Map_-_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Carbonization_Link_Map_-_1.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>A series of processes that involve carbonization.<sup id="cite_ref-gold_book_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold_book-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Carbonization is a <a href="/wiki/Pyrolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrolytic">pyrolytic</a> reaction, therefore, is considered a complex process in which many reactions take place concurrently such as <a href="/wiki/Dehydrogenation" title="Dehydrogenation">dehydrogenation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condensation_reaction" title="Condensation reaction">condensation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfer_hydrogenation" title="Transfer hydrogenation">hydrogen transfer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isomerization" title="Isomerization">isomerization</a>. </p><p>Carbonization differs from <a href="/wiki/Coal#Geology" title="Coal">coalification</a> in that it occurs much faster, due to its reaction rate being faster by many orders of magnitude. </p><p>For the final pyrolysis temperature, the amount of heat applied controls the degree of carbonization and the residual content of foreign elements. For example, at T ~ 1,200 K (930 °C; 1,700 °F) the carbon content of the residue exceeds a mass fraction of 90 wt.%, whereas at T ~ 1,600 K (1,330 °C; 2,420 °F) more than 99 wt.% carbon is found.<sup id="cite_ref-gold_book_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold_book-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbonization is often <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a>, which means that it could in principle be made self-sustaining and be used as a source of energy that does not produce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, the reaction releases about 237 <a href="/wiki/Calories" class="mw-redirect" title="Calories">calories</a> per gram. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">biomaterial</a> is exposed to sudden searing heat (as in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a> explosion or <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flow</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>, for instance), it can be carbonized extremely quickly, turning it into solid carbon. In the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> by a volcano, many organic objects such as wooden furniture were carbonized by the intense heat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_wood_is_transformed_into_charcoal">How wood is transformed into charcoal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: How wood is transformed into charcoal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charring" title="Charring">Charring</a></div> <p>The carbonization of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> in an industrial setting usually requires a temperature above 280 °C (536 °F), which frees up energy and hence this reaction is said to be <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a>. This carbonization, which can also be seen as a spontaneous breakdown of the wood, continues until only the carbonised residue called <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> remains. Unless further external heat is provided, the process stops and the temperature reaches a maximum of about 400 °C (752 °F). This charcoal, however, will still contain appreciable amounts of <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a> residue, together with the <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">ash</a> of the original wood.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_safety_in_carbonization">Industrial safety in carbonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrial safety in carbonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carbonization produces substances which can prove harmful and simple precautions should be taken to reduce risks. </p><p>The gas produced by carbonization has a high content of carbon monoxide which is poisonous when breathed. Therefore, when working around the kiln or pit during operation and when the kiln is opened for unloading, care must be taken that proper ventilation is provided to allow the carbon monoxide, which is also produced during unloading through spontaneous ignition of the hot fuel, to be dispersed. </p><p>The tars and smoke produced from carbonization, although not directly poisonous, may have long-term damaging effects on the respiratory system. Housing areas should, where possible, be located so that prevailing winds carry smoke from charcoal operations away from them and batteries of kilns should not be located in close proximity to housing areas. </p><p>Wood tars and pyroligneous acid can be irritant to skin and care should be taken to avoid prolonged skin contact by providing protective clothing and adopting working procedures which minimize exposure. </p><p>The tars and pyroligneous liquors can also seriously contaminate streams and affect drinking water supplies for humans and animals. Fish may also be adversely affected. Liquid effluents and waste water from medium and large scale charcoal operations should be trapped in large settling ponds and allowed to evaporate so that this water does not pass into the local drainage system and contaminate streams. Kilns and pits, as distinct from retorts and other sophisticated systems, do not normally produce liquid effluent - the by-products are mostly dispersed into the air as vapours. Precautions against airborne contamination of the environment are of greater importance in this case.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carbonization_and_biodiesel_fuels">Carbonization and biodiesel fuels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Carbonization and biodiesel fuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In one study,<sup id="cite_ref-Toda_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toda-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carbonization was used to create a new <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> for the generation of <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>. The catalyst was created by carbonization of simple <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>. The sugars were processed for 15 hours at 400 °C under a nitrogen flow to a <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a> residue consisting of a complex mixture of <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic</a> <a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatic</a> carbon sheets. This material was then treated with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, which functionalized the sheets with <a href="/wiki/Sulfonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfonite">sulfonite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl">carboxyl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> catalytic sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke (fuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrification" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrification">Torrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2023" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, L.A. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104367">"A chemical framework for the preservation of fossil vertebrate cells and soft tissues"</a>. <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>240</b>: 104367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104367">10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104367</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+chemical+framework+for+the+preservation+of+fossil+vertebrate+cells+and+soft+tissues&rft.volume=240&rft.pages=104367&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104367&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=L.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.earscirev.2023.104367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold_book-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gold_book_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gold_book_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNic2014" class="citation book cs1">Nic, M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/C00840.html">"Carbonization"</a>. <i>The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i>. IUPAC Gold Book. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C00840">10.1351/goldbook.C00840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carbonization&rft.btitle=The+IUPAC+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology&rft.pub=IUPAC+Gold+Book&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C00840&rft.aulast=Nic&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2FC00840.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826542-400-burying-biomass-to-fight-climate-change/">Burying biomass to fight climate change</a>" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Lovett_(science_writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Lovett (science writer) (page does not exist)">Richard Lovett</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>, 3 May 2008, pp. 32-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmrich" class="citation web cs1">Emrich, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5555E/x5555e05.htm#4.2%20wood%20for%20carbonisation">"Transformation of Wood into Charcoal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transformation+of+Wood+into+Charcoal&rft.aulast=Emrich&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2FX5555E%2Fx5555e05.htm%234.2%2520wood%2520for%2520carbonisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5328e/x5328e05.htm">"Simple Technologies in Charcoal Making"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simple+Technologies+in+Charcoal+Making&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fx5328e%2Fx5328e05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toda-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toda_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Green chemistry: Biodiesel made with sugar catalyst</i> Masakazu Toda, Atsushi Takagaki, Mai Okamura, Junko N. Kondo, Shigenobu Hayashi, Kazunari Domen and Michikazu Hara <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> 438, 178 (10 November <b>2005</b>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438178a">10.1038/438178a</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7065/abs/438178a.html">Abstract</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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