CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Quechuan languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e26c94b9-a950-48e4-9619-730c85696822","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Quechuan_languages","wgTitle":"Quechuan languages","wgCurRevisionId":1258426069,"wgRevisionId":1258426069,"wgArticleId":25286,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Language articles citing Ethnologue 25","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2013","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Language articles with speaker number undated","Pages with Spanish IPA","Articles containing Quechua-language text", "Pages with Quechua IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2023","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Pages with plain IPA","Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from March 2023","All articles that may have off-topic sections","Articles with hAudio microformats","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2023","All articles needing examples","Articles needing examples from December 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016","Pages with errors in interlinear text","Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)","Quechuan languages","Agglutinative languages","Indigenous languages of the Andes","Language families","Subject–object–verb languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Quechuan_languages","wgRelevantArticleId":25286, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5218","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg/1200px-Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1770"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg/800px-Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1180"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg/640px-Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="944"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Quechuan languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Quechuan_languages rootpage-Quechuan_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Quechuan+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Quechuan+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Quechuan+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Quechuan+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Number of speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cognates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quechua_and_Aymara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quechua_and_Aymara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Quechua and Aymara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quechua_and_Aymara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Language contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_of_Quechua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_of_Quechua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Etymology of Quechua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_of_Quechua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphological_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphological_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Morphological type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphological_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Grammatical particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evidentiality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidentiality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Evidentiality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidentiality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc--m(i)_:_Direct_evidence_and_commitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#-m(i)_:_Direct_evidence_and_commitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.1</span> <span><i>-m(i)</i> : Direct evidence and commitment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc--m(i)_:_Direct_evidence_and_commitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc--chr(a)_:_Inference_and_attenuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#-chr(a)_:_Inference_and_attenuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.2</span> <span><i>-chr(a)</i> : Inference and attenuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc--chr(a)_:_Inference_and_attenuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc--sh(i)_:_Hearsay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#-sh(i)_:_Hearsay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.3</span> <span><i>-sh(i)</i> : Hearsay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc--sh(i)_:_Hearsay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affix_or_clitic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affix_or_clitic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.4</span> <span>Affix or clitic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affix_or_clitic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_in_the_sentence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_in_the_sentence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.5</span> <span>Position in the sentence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_in_the_sentence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_meaning_and_other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_meaning_and_other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.6</span> <span>Changes in meaning and other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_meaning_and_other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inferential_evidential,_-chr(a)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inferential_evidential,_-chr(a)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.7</span> <span>Inferential evidential, -chr(a)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inferential_evidential,_-chr(a)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearsay_evidential,_-sh(i)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearsay_evidential,_-sh(i)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.8</span> <span>Hearsay evidential, -sh(i)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearsay_evidential,_-sh(i)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omission_and_overuse_of_evidential_affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omission_and_overuse_of_evidential_affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.9</span> <span>Omission and overuse of evidential affixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omission_and_overuse_of_evidential_affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.10</span> <span>Cultural aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quechuan languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%89%BF" title="ቀቿ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቀቿ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="क्वेशुआ भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्वेशुआ भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kescwisc_spr%C7%A3ccynn" title="Kescwisc sprǣccynn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Kescwisc sprǣccynn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7" title="كتشوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتشوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_quechua" title="Idioma quechua – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma quechua" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kechua%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Kechuañe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kechuañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhichwa_aru" title="Qhichwa aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qhichwa aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C3%A7ua_dill%C9%99ri" title="Keçua dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Keçua dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="কেচুয়া ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেচুয়া ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua-g%C3%AD" title="Quechua-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Quechua-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Кечуанскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кечуанскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Кечуа (мова) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кечуа (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Кечуа (език) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кечуа (език)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Duanski_jezik" title="Kečuanski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kečuanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kechuaeg" title="Kechuaeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kechuaeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADtxua" title="Quítxua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quítxua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5)" title="Кечуа (чĕлхе) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кечуа (чĕлхе)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Du%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Kečuánština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kečuánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket%C5%A1ua_keel" title="Ketšua keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ketšua keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσες Κέτσουα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσες Κέτσουα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_quechuas" title="Lenguas quechuas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas quechuas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%89ua_lingvaro" title="Keĉua lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Keĉua lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitxua" title="Kitxua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kitxua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="زبان‌های کچوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های کچوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_bhasa" title="Quechua bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Quechua bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketsj%C3%BBa_(taal)" title="Ketsjûa (taal) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ketsjûa (taal)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Cheatsuais" title="An Cheatsuais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Cheatsuais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_quechuas" title="Linguas quechuas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas quechuas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%86_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="કેચુઆ ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેચુઆ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua-ng%C3%AE" title="Quechua-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Quechua-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%B6%94%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="케추아어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케추아어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Kekua" title="ʻŌlelo Kekua – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Kekua" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կեչուա լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեչուա լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82" title="क्वेशुआ भाषाएं – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्वेशुआ भाषाएं" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Duanski_jezik" title="Kečuanski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kečuanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua-linguo" title="Quechua-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Quechua-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Quechua" title="Rumpun bahasa Quechua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Quechua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_quechua" title="Linguas quechua – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas quechua" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AE%E1%93%B1%E1%90%8A" title="ᑮᓱᐊ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑮᓱᐊ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketsj%C3%BAa" title="Ketsjúa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ketsjúa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_quechua" title="Lingue quechua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue quechua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="קצ'ואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קצ'ואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕ್ವೆಚುವಾ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ವೆಚುವಾ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="კეჩუა (ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კეჩუა (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Кечуа тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кечуа тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Кечуа (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кечуа (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Quechuae" title="Linguae Quechuae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Quechuae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Dvu_valoda" title="Kečvu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kečvu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Duj%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kečujų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kečujų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetxua_(lingua)" title="Cetxua (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cetxua (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecsua_nyelv" title="Kecsua nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kecsua nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кечуански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кечуански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ക്വെചുവൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്വെചുവൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Keitua" title="Reo Keitua – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Keitua" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="क्वेचुआ भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्वेचुआ भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="კეჩუა (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კეჩუა (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A7" title="کچوئا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کچوئا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Quechua" title="Bahasa Quechua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Quechua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuatlatolli" title="Quechuatlatolli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Quechuatlatolli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_(taal)" title="Quechua (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quechua (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="क्वेस्वा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्वेस्वा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="ケチュア語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケチュア語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketschua_spriaken" title="Ketschua spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ketschua spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuaspr%C3%A5k" title="Quechuaspråk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Quechuaspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADchoa" title="Quíchoa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quíchoa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="کیوچوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیوچوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کيچوا ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيچوا ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_quechuan" title="Lenghe quechuan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe quechuan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_(Spraak)" title="Quechua (Spraak) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Quechua (Spraak)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_keczua" title="Język keczua – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język keczua" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_qu%C3%ADchua" title="Língua quíchua – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua quíchua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_quechua" title="Limbi quechua – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi quechua" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qichwa_simi" title="Qichwa simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qichwa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кечуанские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кечуанские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кечуа тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кечуа тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱮᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_leids" title="Quechuan leids – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Quechuan leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kue%C3%A7ua_(gjuh%C3%AB)" title="Kueçua (gjuhë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kueçua (gjuhë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Du%C3%A1n%C4%8Dina" title="Kečuánčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kečuánčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Duan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kečuanščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kečuanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8E%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="زمانەکانی کێچوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانەکانی کێچوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Кечуа (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кечуа (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Dua_(jezik)" title="Kečua (jezik) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kečua (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket%C5%A1ua" title="Ketšua – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ketšua" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua" title="Quechua – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Quechua" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கெச்வா மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெச்வா மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Кечуа теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кечуа теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="కెచ్వా భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెచ్వా భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="ตระกูลภาษาเกชัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตระกูลภาษาเกชัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C3%A7uva_dilleri" title="Keçuva dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keçuva dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Кечуа (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кечуа (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="کیچوائی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیچوائی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%90%DA%86%DB%87%D8%A6%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="كېچۇئا تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كېچۇئا تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%8Duan_kel%27" title="Kečuan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kečuan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Quechua" title="Ngữ hệ Quechua – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Quechua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchwa" title="Ketchwa – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ketchwa" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="克丘亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克丘亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%A5%9A%E8%8F%AF%E6%96%87" title="奇楚華文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奇楚華文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C3%A7uwa" title="Keçuwa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Keçuwa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%98%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="克丘亞語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克丘亞語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Quechua" title="Bahasa Quechua – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Quechua" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5218#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Quechuan_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Quechuan_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Quechuan_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&oldid=1258426069" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Quechuan_languages&id=1258426069&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQuechuan_languages"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQuechuan_languages"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Quechuan_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quechuan_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Quechua" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Quechua_phrasebook" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5218" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language family of the Andes in South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Quechuan" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan language</a>, or <a href="/wiki/K%27iche%27" class="mw-redirect" title="K'iche'">Quiché</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Quechuan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Qichwa/Qhichwa, Kichwa, Runa Simi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Throughout the central <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes Mountains</a> including <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7.2 million<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a><br />(or <a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a>?)</td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechua_I" title="Quechua I">Quechua I</a></li> <li><a href="#Classification">Quechua II</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code>qu</code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/que" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:que">que</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/que" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:que">que</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/quec1387">quec1387</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qichwa-Simikuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Qichwa-Simikuna.svg/300px-Qichwa-Simikuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="501" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Qichwa-Simikuna.svg/450px-Qichwa-Simikuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Qichwa-Simikuna.svg/600px-Qichwa-Simikuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="1153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map showing the distribution of Quechuan languages</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quechuan_distribution_(w_Inca_Empire).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg/300px-Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="442" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg/450px-Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg/600px-Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="755" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:left;">Map showing the current distribution of the Quechuan languages (solid gray) and the historical extent of the Inca Empire (shaded)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Runa / Nuna</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Runakuna /<br />Nunakuna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Runasimi /<br />Nunasimi</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Quechua</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/u/: 'u' in 'influence'">u</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈketʃwa]</a></span>), also called <b><span title="Quechua-language text"><i lang="qu">Runa simi</i></span></b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Quechua:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="qu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">[ˈɾʊna<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsɪmɪ]</a></span>, 'people's language') in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern Quechua</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> that originated in central <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and thereafter spread to other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derived from a common ancestral "<a href="/wiki/Proto-Quechuan_language" title="Proto-Quechuan language">Proto-Quechua</a>" language,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is today the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> language family of the Americas, with the number of speakers estimated at 8–10 million speakers in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-adelaar167_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelaar167-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and just under 7 million from the most recent census data available up to 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 13.9% (3.7 million) of Peruvians speak a Quechua language.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Quechua began expanding many centuries before<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a>, that previous expansion also meant that it was the primary language family within the Inca Empire. The Spanish also tolerated its use until the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian struggle for independence</a> in the 1780s. As a result, various Quechua languages are still widely spoken today, being co-official in many regions and the most spoken <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">language lineage in Peru</a>, after Spanish. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Quechua" title="Classical Quechua">Classical Quechua</a></div> <p>The Quechua <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">linguistic homeland</a> may have been Central Peru. It has been speculated that it may have been used in the <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari</a> civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quechua had already expanded across wide ranges of the central Andes long before the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>. The Inca were one among many peoples in present-day Peru who already spoke a form of Quechua, which in the <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cuzco</a> region particularly has been heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, hence some of the characteristics that still distinguish the Cuzco form of Quechua today. Diverse Quechua regional dialects and languages had already developed in different areas, influenced by local languages, before the Inca Empire expanded and further promoted Quechua as the official language of the Empire. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Peru">Spanish conquest of Peru</a> in the 16th century, Quechua continued to be used widely by the indigenous peoples as the "common language." It was officially recognized by the Spanish administration, and many Spaniards learned it in order to communicate with local peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> adopted Quechua to use as the language of <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelization</a>. The oldest written records of the language are by missionary <a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Domingo de Santo Tomás">Domingo de Santo Tomás</a>, who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540. He published his <i>Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú</i> (Grammar or Art of the General Language of the Indians of the Kingdoms of Peru) in 1560.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given its use by the Catholic missionaries, the range of Quechua continued to expand in some areas. </p><p>In the late 18th century, colonial officials ended the administrative and religious use of Quechua. They banned it from public use in Peru after the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a> rebellion of indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-adelaar167_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelaar167-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crown banned "loyal" pro-Catholic texts in Quechua, such as Garcilaso de la Vega's <i><a href="/wiki/Comentarios_Reales_de_los_Incas" title="Comentarios Reales de los Incas">Comentarios Reales</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite a brief revival of the language immediately after the Latin American nations achieved independence in the 19th century, the prestige of Quechua had decreased sharply. Gradually its use declined so that it was spoken mostly by indigenous people in the more isolated and conservative rural areas. Nevertheless, in the 21st century, Quechua language speakers number roughly 7 million people across South America,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than any other indigenous language family in the Americas. </p><p>As a result of <a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Inca expansion into Central Chile</a>, there were bilingual Quechua-<a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungu</a> <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> in Central Chile at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish arrival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hernadez_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernadez-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telles43_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telles43-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that Mapuche, Quechua, and Spanish coexisted in <a href="/wiki/Central_Chile" title="Central Chile">Central Chile</a>, with significant bilingualism, during the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hernadez_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernadez-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside Mapudungun, Quechua is the indigenous language that has influenced <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean Spanish</a> the most.<sup id="cite_ref-Hernadez_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernadez-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quechua-Aymara and mixed Quechua-Aymara-<a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungu</a> toponymy can be found as far south as <a href="/wiki/Osorno_Province" title="Osorno Province">Osorno Province</a> in Chile (latitude 41° S).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indag2021_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indag2021-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017 the first thesis defense done in Quechua in Europe was done by Peruvian <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Escalante_Guti%C3%A9rrez" class="extiw" title="es:Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez">Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Olavide_University" title="Pablo de Olavide University">Pablo de Olavide University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sevilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevilla">Sevilla</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The same year <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Landeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pablo Landeo">Pablo Landeo</a> wrote the first novel in Quechua without a Spanish translation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Peruvian student, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxana_Quispe_Collantes" class="extiw" title="es:Roxana Quispe Collantes">Roxana Quispe Collantes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="University of San Marcos">University of San Marcos</a>, completed and defended the first thesis in the language group in 2019; it concerned the works of poet <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Alencastre_Guti%C3%A9rrez" class="extiw" title="es:Andrés Alencastre Gutiérrez">Andrés Alencastre Gutiérrez</a> and it was also the first non-Spanish native language thesis done at that university.<sup id="cite_ref-CollynsCollantes_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CollynsCollantes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, there are different initiatives that promote Quechua in the Andes and across the world: many universities offer Quechua classes, a community-based organization such as <a href="/wiki/Elva_Amb%C3%ADa" title="Elva Ambía">Elva Ambía</a>'s Quechua Collective of New York promote the language, and governments are training interpreters in Quechua to serve in healthcare, justice, and bureaucratic facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_(censo_nacional_2007).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png/350px-El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="453" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png/525px-El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png/700px-El_quechua_como_lengua_materna_%28censo_nacional_2007%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Map of Peru showing the distribution of overall Quechua speakers by district</figcaption></figure><p>In 1975, Peru became the first country to recognize Quechua as one of its official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1975_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1975-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecuador conferred official status on the language in its 2006 constitution, and in 2009, Bolivia adopted a new constitution that recognized Quechua and several other indigenous languages as official languages of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Andes_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major obstacle to the usage and teaching of Quechua languages is the lack of written materials, such as books, newspapers, software, and magazines. The Bible has been translated into Quechua and is distributed by certain missionary groups. Quechua, along with <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> and minor indigenous languages, remains essentially a <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>. </p><p>In recent years, Quechua has been introduced in <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_bilingual_education" title="Intercultural bilingual education">intercultural bilingual education</a> (IBE) in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>. Even in these areas, the governments are reaching only a part of the Quechua-speaking populations. Some indigenous people in each of the countries are having their children study in Spanish for social advancement.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA" title="Radio Nacional del Perú">Radio Nacional del Perú</a> broadcasts news and agrarian programs in Quechua for periods in the mornings. </p><p>Quechua and Spanish are now heavily intermixed in much of the Andean region, with many hundreds of Spanish loanwords in Quechua. Similarly, Quechua phrases and words are commonly used by Spanish speakers. In southern rural Bolivia, for instance, many Quechua words such as <i>wawa</i> (infant), <i>misi</i> (cat), <i>waska</i> (strap or thrashing), are as commonly used as their Spanish counterparts, even in entirely Spanish-speaking areas. Quechua has also had a significant influence on other native languages of the Americas, such as <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moulianetal2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moulianetal2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_speakers">Number of speakers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Number of speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is difficult to measure the number of Quechua speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of speakers given varies widely according to the sources. The total in <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> 16 is 10 million, primarily based on figures published 1987–2002, but with a few dating from the 1960s. The figure for Imbabura Highland Quechua in <i>Ethnologue</i>, for example, is 300,000, an estimate from 1977. </p><p>The missionary organization FEDEPI, on the other hand, estimated one million Imbabura dialect speakers (published 2006). Census figures are also problematic, due to under-reporting. The 2001 Ecuador census reports only 500,000 Quechua speakers, compared to the estimate in most linguistic sources of more than 2 million. The censuses of Peru (2007) and Bolivia (2001) are thought to be more reliable. </p> <ul><li>Argentina: 900,000 (1971)</li> <li>Bolivia: 2,100,000 (2001 census); 2,800,000 South Bolivian (1987)</li> <li>Chile: few, if any; 8,200 in ethnic group (2002 census)</li> <li>Colombia: 4,402 to 16,000<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ecuador: 2,300,000 (Adelaar 1991)</li> <li>Peru: 3,800,000 (2017 census<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); 3,500,000 to 4,400,000 (Adelaar 2000)</li></ul> <p>Additionally, there is an unknown number of speakers in emigrant communities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quechuan_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quechuan_distribution.svg/220px-Quechuan_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quechuan_distribution.svg/330px-Quechuan_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quechuan_distribution.svg/440px-Quechuan_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>The four branches of Quechua: I (Central), II-A (North Peruvian), II-B (Northern), II-C (Southern)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are significant differences among the varieties of Quechua spoken in the central Peruvian highlands and the peripheral varieties of Ecuador, as well as those of southern Peru and Bolivia. They can be labeled Quechua I (or Quechua B, central) and Quechua II (or Quechua A, peripheral). Within the two groups, there are few sharp boundaries, making them <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continua</a>. </p><p>However, there is a secondary division in Quechua II between the grammatically simplified northern varieties of Ecuador, Quechua II-B, known there as <a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a>, and the generally more conservative varieties of the southern highlands, Quechua II-C, which include the old Inca capital of <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>. The closeness is at least in part because of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Cusco_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Quechua">Cusco Quechua</a> on the Ecuadorean varieties in the Inca Empire. Because Northern nobles were required to educate their children in Cusco, this was maintained as the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige dialect">prestige dialect</a> in the north. </p><p>Speakers from different points within any of the three regions can generally understand one another reasonably well. There are nonetheless significant local-level differences across each. (<a href="/wiki/Wanka_Quechua" title="Wanka Quechua">Wanka Quechua</a>, in particular, has several very distinctive characteristics that make the variety more challenging to understand, even for other Central Quechua speakers.) Speakers from different major regions, particularly Central or Southern Quechua, are not able to communicate effectively. </p><p>The lack of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> among the dialects is the basic criterion that defines Quechua not as a single language, but as a language family. The complex and progressive nature of how speech varies across the dialect continua makes it nearly impossible to differentiate discrete varieties; <i>Ethnologue</i> lists 45 varieties which are then divided into two groups; Central and Peripheral. Due to the non-intelligibility between the two groups, they are all classified as separate languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a reference point, the overall degree of diversity across the family is a little less than that of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> families, and more of the order of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. The greatest diversity is within Central Quechua, or Quechua I, which is believed to lie close to the <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">homeland</a> of the ancestral Proto-Quechua language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Torero" title="Alfredo Torero">Alfredo Torero</a> devised the traditional classification, the three divisions above, plus a fourth, a northern or Peruvian branch. The latter causes complications in the classification, however, as various dialects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cajamarca%E2%80%93Ca%C3%B1aris_Quechua" title="Cajamarca–Cañaris Quechua">Cajamarca–Cañaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacaraos_Quechua" title="Pacaraos Quechua">Pacaraos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yauyos%E2%80%93Chincha_Quechua" title="Yauyos–Chincha Quechua">Yauyos</a>) have features of both Quechua I and Quechua II, and so are difficult to assign to either. </p><p>Torero classifies them as the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Quechuan</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechua_I" title="Quechua I">Quechua I</a> or <i>Quechua B,</i> <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Central Quechua</i> or <i>Waywash,</i> spoken in Peru's central highlands and coast. <ul><li>The most widely spoken varieties are Huaylas, Huaylla Wanca, and Conchucos.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechua_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua II">Quechua II</a> or <i>Quechua A</i> or <i>Peripheral Quechua</i> or <i>Wanp'una</i>, divided into <ul><li>Yungay (Yunkay) Quechua or <i>Quechua II A,</i> spoken in the northern mountains of Peru; the most widely spoken dialect is Cajamarca.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Quechua">Northern Quechua</a> or <i>Quechua II B,</i> spoken in Ecuador (<a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a>), northern Peru, and Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Inga_Kichwa" title="Inga Kichwa">Inga Kichwa</a>) <ul><li>The most widely spoken varieties in this group are Chimborazo Highland Quichua and Imbabura Highland Quichua.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern Quechua</a> or <i>Quechua II C,</i> spoken in Bolivia, Chile, southern Peru and Northwest Argentina. <ul><li>The most widely spoken varieties are South Bolivian, Cusco, Ayacucho, and Puno (Collao).</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Willem_Adelaar" title="Willem Adelaar">Willem Adelaar</a> adheres to the Quechua I / Quechua II (central/peripheral) bifurcation. But, partially following later modifications by Torero, he reassigns part of Quechua II-A to Quechua I:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Proto‑Quechua </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Quechua I </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Central </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ancash_Quechua" title="Ancash Quechua">Ancash</a></b> (Huaylas–Conchucos) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Alto_Pativilca%E2%80%93Alto_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n%E2%80%93Alto_Huallaga_Quechua" title="Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga Quechua">Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Yaru_Quechua" title="Yaru Quechua">Yaru</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Wanka_Quechua" title="Wanka Quechua">Wanka</a></b> (Jauja–Huanca) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Yauyos%E2%80%93Chincha_Quechua" title="Yauyos–Chincha Quechua">Yauyos–Chincha</a></b> (Huangáscar–Topará) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pacaraos_Quechua" title="Pacaraos Quechua">Pacaraos</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> Quechua II  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b> <a href="/wiki/Cajamarca%E2%80%93Ca%C3%B1aris_Quechua" title="Cajamarca–Cañaris Quechua">Cajamarca–Cañaris</a> </b><br />(Quechua II-A, reduced) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lambayeque_Quechua" title="Lambayeque Quechua">Lambayeque</a> (Cañaris) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca_Quechua" title="Cajamarca Quechua">Cajamarca</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">(Quechua II‑A split) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lincha_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincha Quechua">Lincha</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">(Quechua II‑A split) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Laraos </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> Northern Quechua <br />(Quechua II‑B) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a></b> ("Ecuadorian" or Highlands and Oriente) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chachapoyas_Quechua" title="Chachapoyas Quechua">Chachapoyas</a> (Amazonas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lamas_Quechua" title="Lamas Quechua">Lamas</a> (San Martín) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern Quechua</a></b><br />(Quechua II-C) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_Quechua" title="Ayacucho Quechua">Ayacucho</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Quechua">Cusco</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Puno_Quechua" title="Puno Quechua">Puno</a> (Collao) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/North_Bolivian_Quechua" title="North Bolivian Quechua">Northern Bolivian</a> (Apolo) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Bolivian_Quechua" title="South Bolivian Quechua">Southern Bolivia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Santiague%C3%B1o_Quechua" title="Santiagueño Quechua">Santiago del Estero</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Landerman (1991) does not believe a true genetic classification is possible and divides Quechua II so that the family has four geographical–typological branches: Northern, North Peruvian, Central, and Southern. He includes Chachapoyas and Lamas in North Peruvian Quechua so Ecuadorian is synonymous with Northern Quechua.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quechua I (Central Quechua, <i>Waywash</i>) is spoken in Peru's central highlands, from the <a href="/wiki/Ancash_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancash Region">Ancash Region</a> to <a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a>. It is the most diverse branch of Quechua,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the extent that its divisions are commonly considered different languages. </p><p>Quechua II (Peripheral Quechua, <i>Wamp'una</i> "Traveler") </p> <ul><li>II-A: Yunkay Quechua (North Peruvian Quechua) is scattered in Peru's occidental highlands.</li> <li>II-B: Northern Quechua (also known as <i>Runashimi</i> or, especially in Ecuador, <a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language"><i>Kichwa</i></a>) is mainly spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. It is also spoken in the Amazonian lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador, and in pockets of Peru.</li> <li>II-C: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern Quechua</a>, in the highlands further south, from <a href="/wiki/Huancavelica" title="Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, across much of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, and in pockets in north-western <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. It is the most influential branch, with the largest number of speakers and the most important cultural and literary legacy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognates">Cognates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cognates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a sampling of words in several Quechuan languages: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Ancash_Quechua" title="Ancash Quechua">Ancash</a> (I) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wanka_Quechua" title="Wanka Quechua">Wanka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quechua_I" title="Quechua I">I</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca_Quechua" title="Cajamarca Quechua">Cajamarca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quechua_II-A" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua II-A">II-A</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lamas_Quechua" title="Lamas Quechua">San Martin</a> (II-B) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a> (II-B) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_Quechua" title="Ayacucho Quechua">Ayacucho</a> (II-C) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Quechua">Cusco</a> (II-C) </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>'one' </th> <td>huk<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uk<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>huk]</span> </td> <td>suk, huk<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[suk]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[huk]</span> </td> <td>suq<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[soχ]</span> </td> <td>suk<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[suk]</span> </td> <td>shuk<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃuk]</span> </td> <td>huk<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[huk]</span> </td> <td>huk<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hoχ]</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>'two' </th> <td>ishkay <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪʃkeˑ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪʃkɐj]</span> </td> <td>ishkay <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iʃkaj]</span> </td> <td>ishkay <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪʃkɐj]</span> </td> <td>ishkay <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iʃkaj]</span> </td> <td>ishkay <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iʃki<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>iʃkaj]</span> </td> <td>iskay<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iskæj]</span> </td> <td>iskay<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iskæj]</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>'ten' </th> <td>ćhunka, chunka<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈ͡ʂʊŋkɐ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃʊŋkɐ]</span> </td> <td>ćhunka<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈ͡ʂuŋka]</span> </td> <td>ch'unka<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈ͡ʂʊŋɡɐ]</span> </td> <td>chunka<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃuŋɡa]</span> </td> <td>chunka<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃuŋɡɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃuŋkɐ]</span> </td> <td>chunka<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃuŋkɐ]</span> </td> <td>chunka<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃuŋkɐ]</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>'sweet' </th> <td>mishki<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɪʃkɪ]</span> </td> <td>mishki<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɪʃkɪ]</span> </td> <td>mishki<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɪʃkɪ]</span> </td> <td>mishki<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɪʃkɪ]</span> </td> <td>mishki<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɪʃkɪ]</span> </td> <td>miski<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɪskɪ]</span> </td> <td>misk'i<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɪskʼɪ]</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>'white' </th> <td>yuraq<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʊɾɑq<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>jʊɾɑχ]</span> </td> <td>yulaq<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[julah<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>julaː]</span> </td> <td>yuraq<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʊɾɑx]</span> </td> <td>yurak<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʊɾak]</span> </td> <td>yurak<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʊɾax<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>jʊɾak]</span> </td> <td>yuraq<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʊɾɑχ]</span> </td> <td>yuraq<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʊɾɑχ]</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>'he gives' </th> <td>qun<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qoŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>χoŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁoŋ]</span> </td> <td>qun<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[huŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔuŋ]</span> </td> <td>qun<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qoŋ]</span> </td> <td>kun<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kuŋ]</span> </td> <td>kun<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kuŋ]</span> </td> <td>qun<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χoŋ]</span> </td> <td>qun<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qoŋ]</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>'yes' </th> <td>awmi<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oːmi<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐwmɪ]</span> </td> <td>aw <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aw]</span> </td> <td>ari<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐɾi]</span> </td> <td>ari<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɾi]</span> </td> <td>ari<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɾi]</span> </td> <td>arí<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐˈɾi]</span> </td> <td>arí<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐˈɾi]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quechua_and_Aymara">Quechua and Aymara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quechua and Aymara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quechua shares a large amount of vocabulary, and some striking structural parallels, with <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, and the two families have sometimes been grouped together as a "<a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran family</a>." This hypothesis is generally rejected by specialists, however. The parallels are better explained by mutual influence and borrowing through intensive and long-term contact. Many Quechua–Aymara cognates are close, often closer than intra-Quechua cognates, and there is a little relationship in the <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixal</a> system. The <a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku Empire</a> is a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua and Aymara.<sup id="cite_ref-Moulianetal2015_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moulianetal2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_contact">Language contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapudungun_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun languages">Mapudungun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mochika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mochika language">Mochika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uru-Chipaya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Uru-Chipaya languages">Uru-Chipaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaparo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaparo languages">Zaparo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak languages">Arawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandoshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandoshi language">Kandoshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muniche_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Muniche language">Muniche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pukina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pukina language">Pukina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pano_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pano languages">Pano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbakoa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbakoa languages">Barbakoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholon-Hibito_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholon-Hibito languages">Cholon-Hibito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaqi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaqi languages">Jaqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jivaro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivaro languages">Jivaro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kawapana_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawapana languages">Kawapana</a> language families due to contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexicon_o_Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_general_del_Peru_1560_first_page_of_vocabulary_list.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lexicon_o_Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_general_del_Peru_1560_first_page_of_vocabulary_list.jpg/220px-Lexicon_o_Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_general_del_Peru_1560_first_page_of_vocabulary_list.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lexicon_o_Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_general_del_Peru_1560_first_page_of_vocabulary_list.jpg/330px-Lexicon_o_Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_general_del_Peru_1560_first_page_of_vocabulary_list.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lexicon_o_Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_general_del_Peru_1560_first_page_of_vocabulary_list.jpg/440px-Lexicon_o_Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_general_del_Peru_1560_first_page_of_vocabulary_list.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="3562" /></a><figcaption><i>Vocabulary of the general language of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indians</a> of Peru, called Quichua</i> (1560). From <a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Domingo de Santo Tomás">Domingo de Santo Tomás</a>, the first writer in Quechua.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quechua has <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowed</a> a large number of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> words, such as <i>piru</i> (from <i>pero</i>, "but"), <i>bwenu</i> (from <i>bueno</i>, "good"), <i>iskwila</i> (from <i>escuela</i>, "school"), <i>waka</i> (from <i>vaca</i>, "cow") and <i>wuru</i> (from <i>burro</i>, "donkey").<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Quechua words have entered <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">French</a> via <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Condor" title="Condor">condor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">jerky</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pampa">pampa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">poncho</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">puma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuña</a></i> (<i>vigogne</i> in French), and, possibly, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gaucho</a></i>. The word <i><a href="/wiki/Lagniappe" title="Lagniappe">lagniappe</a></i> comes from the Quechuan word <i>yapay</i> "to increase, to add." The word first came into Spanish then <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a>, with the French or Spanish article <i>la</i> in front of it, <i>la ñapa</i> in Louisiana French or Creole, or <i>la yapa</i> in Spanish. A rare instance of a Quechua word being taken into general Spanish use is given by <i>carpa</i> for "tent" (Quechua <i>karpa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quechua influence on <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Spanish">Latin American Spanish</a> includes such borrowings as <i>papa</i> "potato", <i>chuchaqui</i> "hangover" in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and diverse borrowings for "<a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a>": <i>suruqch'i</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <i>sorojchi</i> in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and <i>soroche</i> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. </p><p>In Bolivia, particularly, Quechua words are used extensively even by non-Quechua speakers. These include <i>wawa</i> "baby, infant", <i>chʼaki</i> "hangover", <i>misi</i> "cat", <i>jukʼucho</i> "mouse", <i>qʼumer uchu</i> "green pepper", <i>jaku</i> "let's go", <i>chhiri</i> and <i>chhurco</i> "curly haired", among many others. Quechua grammar also enters Bolivian Spanish, such as the use of the suffix <i>-ri</i>. In Bolivian Quechua, <i>-ri</i> is added to verbs to signify an action is performed with affection or, in the imperative, as a rough equivalent to "please". In Bolivia, <i>-ri</i> is often included in the Spanish imperative to imply "please" or to soften commands. For example, the standard <i>pásame</i> "pass me [something]" becomes <i>pasarime</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_of_Quechua">Etymology of Quechua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Etymology of Quechua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At first, Spaniards referred to the language of the Inca empire as the <i>lengua general</i>, the <i>general tongue</i>. The name <i>quichua</i> was first used in 1560 by <a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Domingo de Santo Tomás">Domingo de Santo Tomás</a> in his <i>Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar179_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar179-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known what name the native speakers gave to their language before colonial times and whether it was Spaniards who called it <i>quechua</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar179_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar179-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two possible etymologies of Quechua as the name of the language. There is a possibility that the name Quechua was derived from <i>*qiĉwa</i>, the native word which originally meant the "temperate valley" altitude ecological zone in the Andes (suitable for maize cultivation) and to its inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar179_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar179-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cieza_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Cieza de León">Pedro Cieza de León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega" title="Inca Garcilaso de la Vega">Inca Garcilaso de la Vega</a>, the early Spanish chroniclers, mention the existence of a people called Quichua in the present <a href="/wiki/Apur%C3%ADmac_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Apurímac Region">Apurímac Region</a>, and it could be inferred that their name was given to the entire language.<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar179_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar179-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hispanicised spellings <i>Quechua</i> and <i>Quichua</i> have been used in Peru and Bolivia since the 17th century, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Lima" title="Third Council of Lima">Third Council of Lima</a>. Today, the various local pronunciations of "Quechua" include <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="qu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">[ˈqʰeʃwa<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈqʰeswa]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="qu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">[ˈχɪt͡ʃwa]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="qu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">[ˈkit͡ʃwa]</a></span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="qu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">[ˈʔiʈ͡ʂwa]</a></span>. </p><p>Another name that native speakers give to their own language is <i>runa simi</i>, "language of man/people"; it also seems to have emerged during the colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-Adelaar179_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar179-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>  and should be moved to <i><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_Quechua_language" title="Cuzco Quechua language">Cuzco Quechua language</a></i> instead.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Quechuan_languages" title="Talk:Quechuan languages">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The description below applies to <a href="/wiki/Cuzco_Quechua_language" title="Cuzco Quechua language">Cuzco Quechua</a>; there are significant differences in other varieties of Quechua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quechua only has three vowel phonemes: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span>, with no diphthongs, as in Aymara (including <a href="/wiki/Jaqaru_language" title="Jaqaru language">Jaqaru</a>). Monolingual speakers pronounce them as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span>]</span> respectively, but <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> realizations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>]</span> may also be found. When the vowels appear adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular consonants</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qʼ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qʰ/</span>), they are rendered more like [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>], respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Cusco Quechua consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">qʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a> of the tap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> results in a trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style></p><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Qu-pata_phata_p%27ata.ogg" title="File:Qu-pata phata p'ata.ogg">Voiceless bilabial plosives</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Qu-pata_phata_p'ata.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Qu-pata_phata_p%27ata.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Qu-pata_phata_p%27ata.ogg/Qu-pata_phata_p%27ata.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Pronunciation of the voiceless bilabial plosives of Cusco Quechua</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>About 30% of the modern Quechua vocabulary is borrowed from Spanish, and some Spanish sounds (such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>) may have become phonemic even among monolingual Quechua speakers. </p><p>Voicing is not <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> in Cusco Quechua. <a href="/wiki/Cusco_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Quechua">Cusco Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Bolivian_Quechua" title="North Bolivian Quechua">North Bolivian Quechua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Bolivian_Quechua" title="South Bolivian Quechua">South Bolivian Quechua</a> are the only varieties to have <a href="/wiki/Glottalized_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized consonant">glottalized consonants</a>. They, along with certain kinds of Ecuadorian <a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a>, are the only varieties which have <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated consonants</a>. Because reflexes of a given Proto-Quechua word may have different stops in neighboring dialects (Proto-Quechua <i>*čaki</i> 'foot' becomes <i>č'aki</i> and Proto-Quechua <i>*čaka</i> 'bridge' becomes <i>čaka</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="No different dialects are mentioned here (March 2023)"><i>non sequitur</i></span></a></i>]</sup>), they are thought to be innovations in Quechua from <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, borrowed independently after branching off from Proto-Quechua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stress is penultimate in most dialects of Quechua. In some varieties, factors such as the <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a> of word-final vowels may cause exceptional final stress. Stress in Chachapoyas Quechua falls word-initially. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quechua_alphabet" title="Quechua alphabet">Quechua alphabet</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua#Standard_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern Quechua § Standard Quechua</a></div> <p>Quechua has been written using the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Alphabet">Roman alphabet</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Peru">Spanish conquest of Peru</a>. However, written Quechua is rarely used by Quechua speakers due to limited amounts of printed material in the language. </p><p>Until the 20th century, Quechua was written with a Spanish-based <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, for example <i>Inca, Huayna Cápac, Collasuyo, Mama Ocllo, Viracocha, quipu, tambo, condor</i>. This orthography is the most familiar to Spanish speakers, and so it has been used for most borrowings into English, which essentially always happen through Spanish. </p><p>In 1975, the Peruvian government of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Juan Velasco Alvarado</a> adopted a new orthography for Quechua. This is the system preferred by the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Mayor_de_la_Lengua_Quechua" title="Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua">Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua</a>, which results in the following spellings of the examples listed above: <i>Inka, Wayna Qhapaq, Qollasuyu, Mama Oqllo, Wiraqocha, khipu, tampu, kuntur</i>. This orthography has the following features: </p> <ul><li>It uses <i>w</i> instead of <i>hu</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>.</li> <li>It distinguishes velar <i>k</i> from uvular <i>q</i>, both of which were spelled <i>c</i> or <i>qu</i> in the traditional system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (December 2018)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>It distinguishes simple, ejective, and aspirated stops in dialects that make these distinctions, such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Cusco_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Region">Cusco Region</a>, e.g. the aspirated <i>khipu</i> 'knot'.</li> <li>It continues to use the Spanish five-vowel system.</li></ul> <p>In 1985, a variation of this system was adopted by the Peruvian government that uses the Quechuan three-vowel system, resulting in the following spellings: <i>Inka, Wayna Qhapaq, Qullasuyu, Mama Uqllu, Wiraqucha, khipu, tampu, kuntur</i>. </p><p>The different orthographies are still highly controversial in Peru. Advocates of the traditional system believe that the new orthographies look too foreign and believe that it makes Quechua harder to learn for people who have first been exposed to written Spanish. Those who prefer the new system maintain that it better matches the phonology of Quechua, and they point to studies showing that teaching the five-vowel system to children later causes reading difficulties in Spanish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For more on this, see <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_and_Aymaran_spelling_shift" title="Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift">Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift</a>. </p><p>Writers differ in the treatment of Spanish loanwords. These are sometimes adapted to modern orthography and sometimes left as in Spanish. For instance, "I am Roberto" could be written <i>Robertom kani</i> or <i>Ruwirtum kani</i>. (The <i>-m</i> is not part of the name; it is an evidential suffix, showing how the information is known: firsthand, in this case.) </p><p>The Peruvian linguist <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Cerr%C3%B3n_Palomino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino">Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino</a> has proposed an orthographic norm for all of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern Quechua</a>: this Standard Quechua (<i>el Quechua estándar</i> or <i>Hanan Runasimi</i>) conservatively integrates features of the two widespread dialects <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_Quechua" title="Ayacucho Quechua">Ayacucho Quechua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cusco_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Quechua">Cusco Quechua</a>. For instance:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Ayacucho </th> <th>Cusco </th> <th>Standard Quechua </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td>to drink </td> <td>upyay </td> <td>uhyay </td> <td>upyay </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td>fast </td> <td>utqa </td> <td>usqha </td> <td>utqha </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td>to work </td> <td>llamkay </td> <td>llank'ay </td> <td>llamk'ay </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td>we (inclusive) </td> <td>ñuqanchik </td> <td>nuqanchis </td> <td>ñuqanchik </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td>(progressive suffix) </td> <td>-chka- </td> <td>-sha- </td> <td>-chka- </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <td>day </td> <td>punchaw </td> <td>p'unchay </td> <td>p'unchaw </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Spanish-based orthography is now in conflict with Peruvian law. According to article 20 of the decree <i>Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC</i>, which approves regulations relative to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on July 22, 2016, adequate spellings of the <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponyms</a> in the normalized alphabets of the indigenous languages must progressively be proposed, with the aim of standardizing the spellings used by the National Geographic Institute <i>(Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN)</i> The IGN implements the necessary changes on the official maps of Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-decree_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decree-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphological_type">Morphological type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Morphological type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quechua is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinating language</a>, meaning that words are built up from basic roots followed by several <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, each of which carries one meaning. Their large number of <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> changes both the overall meaning of words and their subtle shades of meaning. All varieties of Quechua are very regular agglutinative languages, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a> ones [Thompson]. Their normal sentence order is SOV (<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>). Notable grammatical features include bipersonal <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> (verbs agree with both subject and object), <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a> (indication of the source and veracity of knowledge), a set of <a href="/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic (linguistics)">topic</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a>, and suffixes indicating who benefits from an action and the speaker's attitude toward it, but some varieties may lack some of the characteristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px gray solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%; vertical-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:white;border-top:2px white solid;border-right:1px solid gray;border-bottom:1px solid gray;border-left:2px white solid;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#9fb6cd;"><big><b>Number</b></big> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#b9d3ee;"> <td><i><b>Singular</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Plural</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#9FB6CD"><big><b>Person</b></big> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#b9d3ee;"><i><b>First</b></i> </td> <td>Ñuqa </td> <td>Ñuqanchik <i>(inclusive)</i> <p>Ñuqayku <i>(exclusive)</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#b9d3ee;"><i><b>Second</b></i> </td> <td>Qam </td> <td>Qamkuna </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#b9d3ee;"><i><b>Third</b></i> </td> <td>Pay </td> <td>Paykuna </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Quechua, there are seven <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>. First-person plural pronouns (equivalent to "we") may be <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">inclusive or exclusive</a>; which mean, respectively, that the <a href="/wiki/Interlocutor_(linguistics)" title="Interlocutor (linguistics)">addressee</a> ("you") is or is not part of the "we". Quechua also adds the suffix <i>-kuna</i> to the second and third person singular pronouns <i>qam</i> and <i>pay</i> to create the plural forms, <i>qam-kuna</i> and <i>pay-kuna</i>. In Quechua IIB, or "Kichwa", the exclusive first-person plural pronoun, "ñuqayku", is generally obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> in Quechua are always placed before nouns. They lack gender and number and are not declined to agree with <a href="/wiki/Nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouns">nouns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal number (linguistics)">Cardinal numbers</a>. <i>ch'usaq</i> (0), <i>huk</i> (1), <i>iskay</i> (2), <i>kimsa</i> (3), <i>tawa</i> (4), <i>pichqa</i> (5), <i>suqta</i> (6), <i>qanchis</i> (7), <i>pusaq</i> (8), <i>isqun</i> (9), <i>chunka</i> (10), <i>chunka hukniyuq</i> (11), <i>chunka iskayniyuq</i> (12), <i>iskay chunka</i> (20), <i>pachak</i> (100), <i>waranqa</i> (1,000), <i>hunu</i> (1,000,000), <i>lluna</i> (1,000,000,000,000).</li> <li>Ordinal numbers. To form ordinal numbers, the word <i>ñiqin</i> is put after the appropriate cardinal number (<i>iskay ñiqin</i> = "second"). The only exception is that, in addition to <i>huk ñiqin</i> ("first"), the phrase <i>ñawpaq</i> is also used in the somewhat more restricted sense of "the initial, primordial, the oldest."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a> roots accept suffixes that indicate <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possessor</a>. In general, the possessive suffix precedes that of number. In the <a href="/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero" title="Santiago del Estero">Santiago del Estero</a> variety, however, the order is reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From variety to variety, suffixes may change. </p> <table style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples using the word <i>wasi</i> (house) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Function </th> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Example </th> <th>(translation) </th></tr> <tr> <td>suffix indicating number </td> <td>plural </td> <td>-kuna </td> <td>wasi<b>kuna</b> </td> <td>houses </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">possessive suffix </td> <td>1.person singular </td> <td>-y, -: </td> <td>wasi<b>y</b>, wasi<b>i</b> </td> <td>my house </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>2.person singular</i> </td> <td>-yki </td> <td>wasi<b>yki</b> </td> <td>your house </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>3.person singular</i> </td> <td>-n </td> <td>wasi<b>n</b> </td> <td>his/her/its house </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>1.person plural (incl)</i> </td> <td>-nchik </td> <td>wasi<b>nchik</b> </td> <td>our house (incl.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>1.person plural (excl)</i> </td> <td>-y-ku </td> <td>wasi<b>yku</b> </td> <td>our house (excl.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>2.person plural</i> </td> <td>-yki-chik </td> <td>wasi<b>ykichik</b> </td> <td>your (pl.) house </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>3.person plural</i> </td> <td>-n-ku </td> <td>wasi<b>nku</b> </td> <td>their house </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="18">suffixes indicating case </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>wasi </td> <td>the house (subj.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> </td> <td>-(k)ta </td> <td>wasi<b>ta</b> </td> <td>the house (obj.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> </td> <td>-wan </td> <td>wasi<b>wan</b> </td> <td>with the house, and the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">abessive</a> </td> <td>-naq/-nax/-naa </td> <td>wasi<b>naq</b> </td> <td>without the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">benefactive</a> </td> <td>-paq/-pax/-paa </td> <td>wasi<b>paq</b> </td> <td>to/for the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </td> <td>-p(a) </td> <td>wasi<b>p(a)</b> </td> <td>of the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Causative_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Causative case">causative</a> </td> <td>-rayku </td> <td>wasi<b>rayku</b> </td> <td>because of the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> </td> <td>-pi </td> <td>wasi<b>pi</b> </td> <td>at the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">directional</a> </td> <td>-man </td> <td>wasi<b>man</b> </td> <td>towards the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inclusive_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inclusive case (page does not exist)">inclusive</a> </td> <td>-piwan, puwan </td> <td>wasi<b>piwan</b>, wasi<b>puwan</b> </td> <td>including the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">terminative</a> </td> <td>-kama, -yaq </td> <td>wasi<b>kama</b>, wasi<b>yaq</b> </td> <td>up to the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">transitive</a> </td> <td>-(ni)nta </td> <td>wasi<b>nta</b> </td> <td>through the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> </td> <td>-manta, -piqta, -pu </td> <td>wasi<b>manta</b>, wasi<b>piqta</b> </td> <td>off/from the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">comitative</a> </td> <td>-(ni)ntin </td> <td>wasi<b>ntin</b> </td> <td>along with the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immediate_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immediate case (page does not exist)">immediate</a> </td> <td>-raq/-rax/-raa </td> <td>wasi<b>raq</b> </td> <td>first the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">intrative</a> </td> <td>-pura </td> <td>wasi<b>pura</b> </td> <td>among the houses </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclusive_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exclusive case (page does not exist)">exclusive</a> </td> <td>-lla(m) </td> <td>wasi<b>lla(m)</b> </td> <td>only the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">comparative</a> </td> <td>-naw, -hina </td> <td>wasi<b>naw</b>, wasi<b>hina</b> </td> <td>than the house </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverbs</a> can be formed by adding <i>-ta</i> or, in some cases, <i>-lla</i> to an adjective: <i>allin – allinta</i> ("good – well"), <i>utqay – utqaylla</i> ("quick – quickly"). They are also formed by adding suffixes to <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a>: <i>chay</i> ("that") – <i>chaypi</i> ("there"), <i>kay</i> ("this") – <i>kayman</i> ("hither"). </p><p>There are several original adverbs. For Europeans, it is striking that the adverb <i>qhipa</i> means both "behind" and "future" and <i>ñawpa</i> means "ahead, in front" and "past."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local and temporal concepts of adverbs in Quechua (as well as in <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>) are associated to each other reversely, compared to European languages. For the speakers of Quechua, we are moving backwards into the future (we cannot see it: it is unknown), facing the past (we can see it: it is remembered). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> forms have the suffix <i>-y</i> (e.g.<i>., much'a</i> 'kiss'; <i>much'a-y</i> 'to kiss'). These are the typical endings for the <a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a> in a Southern Quechua (IIC) dialect: </p> <table style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Present </th> <th>Past </th> <th>Past habitual </th> <th>Future </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">Pluperfect</a> </th> <th>Optative </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>ñuqa </th> <td>-ni </td> <td>-rqa-ni </td> <td>-qka-ni </td> <td>-saq </td> <td>-sqa-ni </td> <td>-yman </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>qam </th> <td>-nki </td> <td>-rqa-nki </td> <td>-qka-nki </td> <td>-nki </td> <td>-sqa-nki </td> <td>-nki-man <p>-waq </p> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>pay </th> <td>-n </td> <td>-rqa(-n) </td> <td>-q </td> <td>-nqa </td> <td>-sqa </td> <td>-nman </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>ñuqanchik </th> <td>-nchik </td> <td>-rqa-nchik </td> <td>-qka-nchik </td> <td>-su-nchik </td> <td>-sqa-nchik </td> <td>-nchik-man <p>-sun(-chik)-man </p><p>-swan </p> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>ñuqayku </th> <td>-yku </td> <td>-rqa-yku </td> <td>-qka-yku </td> <td>-saq-ku </td> <td>-sqa-yku </td> <td>-yku-man </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>qamkuna </th> <td>-nki-chik </td> <td>-rqa-nki-chik </td> <td>-qka-nki-chik </td> <td>-nki-chik </td> <td>-sqa-nki-chik </td> <td>-nki-chik-man <p>-waq-chik </p> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f8ff;"> <th>paykuna </th> <td>-n-ku </td> <td>-rqa-(n)ku </td> <td>-q-ku </td> <td>-nqa-ku </td> <td>-sqa-ku </td> <td>-nku-man </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The suffixes shown in the table above usually indicate the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical subject">subject</a>; the person of the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical object">object</a> is also indicated by a suffix, which precedes the suffixes in the table. For the second person, it is <i>-su-</i>, and for the first person, it is <i>-wa-</i> in most Quechua II dialects. In such cases, the plural suffixes from the table (<i>-chik</i> and <i>-ku</i>) can be used to express the number of the object rather than the subject. There is a lot of variation between the dialects in the exact rules which determine this.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Central Quechua, however, the verbal morphology differs in a number of respects: most notably, the verbal plural suffixes <i>-chik</i> and <i>-ku</i> are not used, and plurality is expressed by different suffixes that are located <i>before</i> rather than after the personal suffixes. Furthermore, the 1st person singular object suffix is <i>-ma-</i>, rather than <i>-wa-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_particles">Grammatical particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Grammatical particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particles</a> are indeclinable: they do not accept suffixes. They are relatively rare, but the most common are <i>arí</i> 'yes' and <i>mana</i> 'no', although <i>mana</i> can take some suffixes, such as <i>-n</i>/<i>-m</i> (<i>manan</i>/<i>manam</i>), <i>-raq</i> (<i>manaraq</i> 'not yet') and <i>-chu</i> (<i>manachu?</i> 'or not?'), to intensify the meaning. Other particles are <i>yaw</i> 'hey, hi', and certain loan words from Spanish, such as <i>piru</i> (from Spanish <i>pero</i> 'but') and <i>sinuqa</i> (from <i>sino</i> 'rather'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Evidentiality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Quechuan languages have three different morphemes that mark <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a>. Evidentiality refers to a morpheme whose primary purpose is to indicate the source of information.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Quechuan languages, evidentiality is a three-term system: there are three evidential morphemes that mark varying levels of source information. The markers can apply to first, second, and third persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikhenvald_2004,_p._377_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikhenvald_2004,_p._377-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chart below depicts an example of these morphemes from <a href="/wiki/Wanka_Quechua" title="Wanka Quechua">Wanka Quechua</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Evidential morphemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><i>-m(i)</i></th> <th><i>-chr(a)</i></th> <th><i>-sh(i)</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Direct evidence</td> <td>Inferred; conjecture</td> <td>Reported; hearsay </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="display:none;"> <p>DIR:direct evidence CONJ:conjecture </p> </div> <p>The parentheses around the vowels indicate that the vowel can be dropped when following an open vowel. For the sake of cohesiveness, the above forms are used to discuss the evidential morphemes. There are dialectal variations to the forms. The variations will be presented in the following descriptions. </p><p>The following sentences provide examples of the three evidentials and further discuss the meaning behind each of them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="-m(i)_:_Direct_evidence_and_commitment"><span id="-m.28i.29_:_Direct_evidence_and_commitment"></span><i>-m(i)</i> : Direct evidence and commitment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: -m(i) : Direct evidence and commitment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional variations: In <a href="/wiki/Cusco_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Quechua">Cusco Quechua</a>, the direct evidential presents itself as <i>–mi</i> and <i>–n</i>. </p><p>The evidential <i>–mi</i> indicates that the speaker has a "strong personal conviction the veracity of the circumstance expressed."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the basis of direct personal experience. </p><p>Wanka Quechua<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ñawi-i-wan-<b>mi</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">eye-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1P</abbr>-with-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct evidence" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lika-la-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ñawi-i-wan-<b>mi</b> lika-la-a</p><p style="display: none;">eye-1P-with-DIR see-PST-1</p><p style="clear: left;">I saw them with my own eyes.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="-chr(a)_:_Inference_and_attenuation"><span id="-chr.28a.29_:_Inference_and_attenuation"></span><i>-chr(a)</i> : Inference and attenuation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: -chr(a) : Inference and attenuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Quechuan languages, not specified by the source, the inference morpheme appears as <i>-ch(i), -ch(a), -chr(a)</i>. </p><p>The <i>-chr(a)</i> evidential indicates that the utterance is an inference or form of conjecture. That inference relays the speaker's non-commitment to the truth-value of the statement. It also appears in cases such as acquiescence, irony, interrogative constructions, and first person inferences. These uses constitute nonprototypical use and will be discussed later in the <i>changes in meaning and other uses</i> section. </p><p>Wanka Quechua<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuti-mu-n'a-qa-<b>chr</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">return-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="AFAR: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">AFAR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="3FUT: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">3FUT</abbr>-now-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="conjecture" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni-ya-ami</p><p style="margin: 0px;">say-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="IMPV: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">IMPV</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct evidence" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIR</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">kuti-mu-n'a-qa-<b>chr</b> ni-ya-ami</p><p style="display: none;">return-AFAR-3FUT-now-CONJ say-IMPV-1-DIR</p><p style="clear: left;">I think they will probably come back.<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="-sh(i)_:_Hearsay"><span id="-sh.28i.29_:_Hearsay"></span><i>-sh(i)</i> : Hearsay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: -sh(i) : Hearsay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional variations: It can appear as <i>–sh(i)</i> or <i>–s(i)</i> depending on the dialect. </p><p>With the use of this morpheme, the speaker "serves as a conduit through which information from another source passes." The information being related is hearsay or revelatory in nature. It also works to express the uncertainty of the speaker regarding the situation. However, it also appears in other constructions that are discussed in the <i>changes in meaning</i> section. </p><p>Wanka Quechua<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">shanti-<b>sh</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">Shanti-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="hearsay" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HSY</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">prista-ka-mu-la</p><p style="margin: 0px;">borrow-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="referential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REF</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="AFAR: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">AFAR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">shanti-<b>sh</b> prista-ka-mu-la</p><p style="display: none;">Shanti-HSY borrow-REF-AFAR-PST</p><p style="clear: left;">(I was told) Shanti borrowed it.<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Hintz discusses an interesting case of evidential behavior found in the Sihaus dialect of <a href="/wiki/Ancash_Quechua" title="Ancash Quechua">Ancash Quechua</a>. The author postulates that instead of three single evidential markers, that Quechuan language contains three pairs of evidential markers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Affix_or_clitic">Affix or clitic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Affix or clitic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evidential morphemes have been referred to as markers or morphemes. The literature seems to differ on whether or not the evidential morphemes are acting as affixes or clitics, in some cases, such as Wanka Quechua, enclitics. Lefebvre and Muysken (1998) discuss this issue in terms of case but remark the line between affix and clitic is not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both terms are used interchangeably throughout these sections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Position_in_the_sentence">Position in the sentence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Position in the sentence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidentials in the Quechuan languages are "second position enclitics", which usually attach to the first constituent in the sentence, as shown in this example.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">huk-<b>si</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">once-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="hearsay" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HSY</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka-sqa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="SD: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">SD</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">huk</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">machucha-piwan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">old.man-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="WITH: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">WITH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">payacha</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><p style="display: none;">huk-<b>si</b> ka-sqa huk machucha-piwan payacha</p><p style="display: none;">once-HSY be-SD one old.man-WITH woman</p><p style="clear: left;">Once, there were an old man and an old woman.<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>They can, however, also occur on a focused constituent. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Pidru</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Pedro</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kunana-<b>mi</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">now-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct evidence" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIR</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="evidential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wasi-ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tuwa-sha-n</p><p style="margin: 0px;">build-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="progressive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Pidru kunana-<b>mi</b> wasi-ta tuwa-sha-n</p><p style="display: none;">Pedro now-DIR.EV house-ACC build-PROG-3SG</p><p style="clear: left;">It is now that Pedro is building the house.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Sometimes, the affix is described as attaching to the focus, particularly in the Tarma dialect of <a href="/wiki/Yaru_Quechua" title="Yaru Quechua">Yaru Quechua</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this does not hold true for all varieties of Quechua. In Huanuco Quechua, the evidentials may follow any number of topics, marked by the topic marker <i>–qa</i>, and the element with the evidential must precede the main verb or be the main verb. </p><p>However, there are exceptions to that rule, and the more topics there are in a sentence, the more likely the sentence is to deviate from the usual pattern. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Chawrana-qa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">so:already-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">puntataruu-qu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">at:the:peak-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">trayaruptin-qa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">arriving-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wamrata-qa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mayna-<b>shi</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">already-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indicative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IND</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Diosninchi-qa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">our:God-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heqarkaykachisha</p><p style="margin: 0px;">had:taken:her:up</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">syelutana-shi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to:heaven:already-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indicative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IND</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Chawrana-qa puntataruu-qu trayaruptin-qa wamrata-qa mayna-<b>shi</b> Diosninchi-qa heqarkaykachisha syelutana-shi</p><p style="display: none;">so:already-TOP at:the:peak-TOP arriving-TOP child-TOP already-IND our:God-TOP had:taken:her:up to:heaven:already-IND</p><p style="clear: left;">When she (the witch) reached the peak, God had already taken the child up into heaven.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_in_meaning_and_other_uses">Changes in meaning and other uses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Changes in meaning and other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidentials can be used to relay different meanings depending on the context and perform other functions. The following examples are restricted to Wanka Quechua. </p><p><i><b>The direct evidential, -mi</b></i> </p><p>The direct evidential appears in wh-questions and yes/no questions. By considering the direct evidential in terms of prototypical semantics, it seems somewhat counterintuitive to have a direct evidential, basically an evidential that confirms the speaker's certainty about a topic, in a question. However, if one focuses less on the structure and more on the situation, some sense can be made. The speaker is asking the addressee for information so the speaker assumes the speaker knows the answer. That assumption is where the direct evidential comes into play. The speaker holds a certain amount of certainty that the addressee will know the answer. The speaker interprets the addressee as being in "direct relation" to the proposed content; the situation is the same as when, in regular sentences, the speaker assumes direct relation to the proposed information.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">imay-<b>mi</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">when-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct evidence" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wankayuu-pu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Huancayo-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ablative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuti-mu-la</p><p style="margin: 0px;">return-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="AFAR: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">AFAR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">imay-<b>mi</b> wankayuu-pu kuti-mu-la</p><p style="display: none;">when-DIR Huancayo-ABL return-AFAR-PAST</p><p style="clear: left;">When did he come back from Huancayo? <br />(Floyd 1999, p. 85)<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The direct evidential affix is also seen in yes/no questions, similar to the situation with wh-questions. Floyd describes yes/no questions as being "characterized as instructions to the addressee to assert one of the propositions of a disjunction."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once again, the burden of direct evidence is being placed on the addressee, not on the speaker. The question marker in Wanka Quechua, <i>-chun</i>, is derived from the negative –chu marker and the direct evidential (realized as –n in some dialects). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tarma-kta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Tarma-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li-n-<b>chun</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="YN: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">YN</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">tarma-kta li-n-<b>chun</b></p><p style="display: none;">Tarma-ACC go-3-YN</p><p style="clear: left;">Is he going to Tarma? <br />(Floyd 1999, p. 89)<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inferential_evidential,_-chr(a)"><span id="Inferential_evidential.2C_-chr.28a.29"></span>Inferential evidential, -chr(a)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Inferential evidential, -chr(a)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <i>–chr(a)</i> is usually used in an inferential context, it has some non-prototypical uses. </p><p><i>Mild Exhortation</i> In these constructions the evidential works to reaffirm and encourage the addressee's actions or thoughts. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mas</p><p style="margin: 0px;">more</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kalu-kuna-kta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">far-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">li-la-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni-nki-<b>chra</b>-ri</p><p style="margin: 0px;">say-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="conjecture" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONJ</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMPH</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">mas kalu-kuna-kta li-la-a ni-nki-<b>chra</b>-ri</p><p style="display: none;">more far-PL-ACC go-PST-1 say-2-CONJ-EMPH</p><p style="clear: left;">Yes, tell them, "I've gone farther." <br />(Floyd 1999, p. 107)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>This example comes from a conversation between husband and wife, discussing the reactions of their family and friends after they have been gone for a while. The husband says he plans to stretch the truth and tell them about distant places to which he has gone, and his wife (in the example above) echoes and encourages his thoughts. </p><p><i>Acquiescence</i> With these, the evidential is used to highlight the speaker's assessment of inevitability of an event and acceptance of it. There is a sense of resistance, diminished enthusiasm, and disinclination in these constructions. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">paaga-lla-shrayki-<b>chra</b>-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pay-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="polite register" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>›<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="2FUT: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">2FUT</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="conjecture" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONJ</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMPH</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">paaga-lla-shrayki-<b>chra</b>-a</p><p style="display: none;">pay-POL-1›2FUT-CONJ-EMPH</p><p style="clear: left;">I suppose I'll pay you then. <br />(Floyd 1999, p. 109)<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>This example comes from a discourse where a woman demands compensation from the man (the speaker in the example) whose pigs ruined her potatoes. He denies the pigs as being his but finally realizes he may be responsible and produces the above example. </p><p><i>Interrogative</i> Somewhat similar to the <i>–mi</i> evidential, the inferential evidential can be found in content questions. However, the salient difference between the uses of the evidentials in questions is that in the <i>–m(i)</i> marked questions, an answer is expected. That is not the case with <i>–chr(a)</i> marked questions. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ima-lla-kta-<b>chr</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">what-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="LIM: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">LIM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="conjecture" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">u-you-shrun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">give-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ASP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="12FUT: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">12FUT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">llapa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">all</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ayllu-kuna-kta-si</p><p style="margin: 0px;">family-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="EVEN: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">EVEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chra-alu-l</p><p style="margin: 0px;">arrive-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ASP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="same subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ima-lla-kta-<b>chr</b> u-you-shrun llapa ayllu-kuna-kta-si chra-alu-l</p><p style="display: none;">what-LIM-ACC-CONJ give-ASP-12FUT all family-PL-ACC-EVEN arrive-ASP-SS</p><p style="clear: left;">I wonder what we will give our families when we arrive. <br />(Floyd 1999, p. 111)<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><i>Irony</i> Irony in language can be a somewhat complicated topic in how it functions differently in languages, and by its semantic nature, it is already somewhat vague. For these purposes, it is suffice to say that when irony takes place in Wanka Quechua, the <i>–chr(a)</i> marker is used. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chay-nuu-pa-<b>chr</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">that-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="SIM: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">SIM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="conjecture" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yachra-nki</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">chay-nuu-pa-<b>chr</b> yachra-nki</p><p style="display: none;">that-SIM-GEN-CONJ know-2</p><p style="clear: left;">(I suppose) That's how you learn [that is the way in which you will learn]. <br />(Floyd 199, p. 115)<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>This example comes from discourse between a father and daughter about her refusal to attend school. It can be interpreted as a genuine statement (perhaps one can learn by resisting school) or as an ironic statement (that is an absurd idea). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hearsay_evidential,_-sh(i)"><span id="Hearsay_evidential.2C_-sh.28i.29"></span>Hearsay evidential, -sh(i)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Hearsay evidential, -sh(i)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from being used to express hearsay and revelation, this affix also has other uses. </p><p><i>Folktales, myths, and legends</i> </p><p>Because folktales, myths, and legends are, in essence, reported speech, it follows that the hearsay marker would be used with them. Many of these types of stories are passed down through generations, furthering this aspect of reported speech. A difference between simple hearsay and folktales can be seen in the frequency of the <i>–sh(i)</i> marker. In normal conversation using reported speech, the marker is used less, to avoid redundancy. </p><p><i>Riddles</i> </p><p>Riddles are somewhat similar to myths and folktales in that their nature is to be passed by word of mouth. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ima-lla-<b>shi</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">what-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="LIM: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">LIM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="hearsay" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HSY</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ayka-lla-<b>sh</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">how^much-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="LIM: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">LIM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="hearsay" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HSY</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">juk</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">machray-chru</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cave-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">puñu-ya-n</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sleep-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="IMPF: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">IMPF</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">puka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">red</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">waaka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cow</p></div><p style="display: none;">ima-lla-<b>shi</b> ayka-lla-<b>sh</b> juk machray-chru puñu-ya-n puka waaka</p><p style="display: none;">what-LIM-HSY how^much-LIM-HSY one cave-LOC sleep-IMPF-3 red cow</p><p style="clear: left;">(Floyd 1999, p. 142)<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Omission_and_overuse_of_evidential_affixes">Omission and overuse of evidential affixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Omission and overuse of evidential affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In certain grammatical structures, the evidential marker does not appear at all. In all Quechuan languages the evidential will not appear in a dependent clause. No example was given to depict this omission.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omissions occur in Quechua. The sentence is understood to have the same evidentiality as the other sentences in the context. Quechuan speakers vary as to how much they omit evidentials, but they occur only in connected speech.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An interesting contrast to omission of evidentials is overuse of evidentials. If a speaker uses evidentials too much with no reason, competence is brought into question. For example, the overuse of –m(i) could lead others to believe that the speaker is not a native speaker or, in some extreme cases, that one is mentally ill.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikhenvald_2004,_p._377_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikhenvald_2004,_p._377-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_aspect">Cultural aspect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cultural aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By using evidentials, the Quechua culture has certain assumptions about the information being relayed. Those who do not abide by the cultural customs should not be trusted. A passage from Weber (1986) summarizes them nicely below: </p> <ol><li>(Only) one's experience is reliable.</li> <li>Avoid unnecessary risk by assuming responsibility for information of which one is not absolutely certain.</li> <li>Do not be gullible. There are many folktales in which the villain is foiled by his gullibility.</li> <li>Assume responsibility only if it is safe to do so. Successful assumption of responsibility builds stature in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Evidentials also show that being precise and stating the source of one's information is extremely important in the language and the culture. Failure to use them correctly can lead to diminished standing in the community. Speakers are aware of the evidentials and even use proverbs to teach children the importance of being precise and truthful. Precision and information source are of the utmost importance. They are a powerful and resourceful method of human communication.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acta_Independencia_argentina_quechua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Acta_Independencia_argentina_quechua.jpg/220px-Acta_Independencia_argentina_quechua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Acta_Independencia_argentina_quechua.jpg/330px-Acta_Independencia_argentina_quechua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Acta_Independencia_argentina_quechua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Act of Argentine Independence, written in Spanish and Quechua (1816)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in the case of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">pre-Columbian Mesoamerica</a>, there are a number of Andean texts in the local language which were written down in Latin characters after the European conquest, but which express, to a great extent, the culture of pre-Conquest times. For example, Quechua poems thought to date from Inca times are preserved as quotations within some Spanish-language chronicles dealing with the pre-Conquest period. However, the most important specimen of Quechua literature of this type is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Huarochir%C3%AD_Manuscript" title="Huarochirí Manuscript">Huarochirí Manuscript</a> (1598), which describes the mythology and religion of the valley of <a href="/wiki/Huarochir%C3%AD_Province" title="Huarochirí Province">Huarochirí</a> and has been compared to "an Andean Bible" and to the Mayan <a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a>. From the post-conquest period (starting from the middle of the 17th century), there are a number of anonymous or signed Quechua dramas, some of which deal with the Inca era, while most are on religious topics and of European inspiration. The most famous dramas are <i><a href="/wiki/Ollantay" title="Ollantay">Ollantay</a></i> and the plays describing the death of <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Espinosa_Medrano" title="Juan de Espinosa Medrano">Juan de Espinosa Medrano</a> wrote several dramas in the language. Poems in Quechua were also composed during the colonial period. A notable example are the works of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Wallparrimachi" title="Juan Wallparrimachi">Juan Wallparrimachi</a>, a participant in the <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">Bolivian War of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adelaar254_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelaar254-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for Christian literature, as early as 1583, the Third Provincial Church Council of Lima, which took place in 1583, published a number of texts dealing with Christian doctrine and rituals, including a trilingual <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a> in Spanish, Quechua and Aymara<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a number of other similar texts in the years from 1584 to 1585. More texts of this type were published until the middle of the 17th century, mostly adhering to a <a href="/wiki/Classical_Quechua#Standard_Colonial_Quechua" title="Classical Quechua">Quechua literary standard</a> that had been codified by the Third Council for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is at least one Quechuan version of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CollynsCollantes_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CollynsCollantes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dramas and poems continued to be written in the 19th and especially in 20th centuries as well; in addition, in the 20th century and more recently, more prose has been published. However, few literary forms were made present in the 19th century as European influences limited literary criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some of that literature consists of original compositions (poems and dramas), the bulk of 20th century Quechua literature consists of traditional folk stories and oral narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-adelaar254_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelaar254-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Payne" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnny Payne">Johnny Payne</a> has translated two sets of Quechua oral short stories, one into Spanish and the other into English. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Demetrio_T%C3%BApac_Yupanqui" title="Demetrio Túpac Yupanqui">Demetrio Túpac Yupanqui</a> wrote a Quechuan version of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-CollynsCollantes_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CollynsCollantes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the title <i>Yachay sapa wiraqucha dun Qvixote Manchamantan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A news broadcast in Quechua, "Ñuqanchik" (all of us), began in Peru in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Andean musicians write and sing in their native languages, including Quechua and Aymara. Notable musical groups are <a href="/wiki/Los_Kjarkas" title="Los Kjarkas">Los Kjarkas</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Marka" class="extiw" title="es:Kala Marka">Kala Marka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%27acha_Mallku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J'acha Mallku (page does not exist)">J'acha Mallku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savia_Andina" title="Savia Andina">Savia Andina</a>, Wayna Picchu, Wara, Alborada, <a href="/wiki/Uchpa" title="Uchpa">Uchpa</a>, and many others. </p><p>There are several Quechua and Quechua-Spanish bloggers, as well as a Quechua language podcast.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1961 Peruvian film <i><a href="/wiki/Kukuli" title="Kukuli">Kukuli</a></i> was the first film to be spoken in the Quechua language.<sup id="cite_ref-latinosinlondon_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latinosinlondon-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1977 science fiction film <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a>, the alien character <a href="/wiki/Greedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Greedo">Greedo</a> speaks a simplified form of Quechua.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/Overwatch_2" title="Overwatch 2">Overwatch 2</a></i> features a Peruvian character, Illari, with some voice lines being in Quechua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg/32px-Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg/48px-Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg/64px-Ausangate-hillside-MT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Andes" title="Portal:Andes">Andes portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Quechua_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English words of Quechua origin">List of English words of Quechuan origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_and_Aymaran_spelling_shift" title="Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift">Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bolivian_Quechua" title="South Bolivian Quechua">South Bolivian Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumak_Kawsay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumak Kawsay">Sumak Kawsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_bilingual_education" title="Intercultural bilingual education">Intercultural bilingual education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_from_Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="List of English words from Indigenous languages of the Americas">List of English words from Indigenous languages of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/que">Quechuan</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/quechua">"Longman Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526070610/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/quechua">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longman+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldoceonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fquechua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002144232/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Quechua">Oxford Living Dictionaries</a>, British and World English</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerrón-Palomino2003" class="citation book cs1">Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2003). <i>Lingüística quechua</i>. Monumenta lingüística andina (2. ed.). Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolomé de Las Casas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-691-59-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-691-59-1"><bdi>978-9972-691-59-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+quechua&rft.place=Cuzco&rft.series=Monumenta+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+andina&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudios+Regionales+Andinos+Bartolom%C3%A9+de+Las+Casas&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9972-691-59-1&rft.aulast=Cerr%C3%B3n-Palomino&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaarMuysken2004" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). <i>The languages of the Andes</i>. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge (G.B.): Cambridge University press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36275-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36275-7"><bdi>978-0-521-36275-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+the+Andes&rft.place=Cambridge+%28G.B.%29&rft.series=Cambridge+language+surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36275-7&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=Willem+F.+H.&rft.au=Muysken%2C+Pieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorero2002" class="citation book cs1">Torero, Alfredo (2002). <i>Idiomas de los Andes: linguistica e historia</i>. Travaux de l'Institut Français d'études andines. Lima: Instituto Francés de estudios andinos Editorial horizonte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-699-27-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-699-27-6"><bdi>978-9972-699-27-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idiomas+de+los+Andes%3A+linguistica+e+historia&rft.place=Lima&rft.series=Travaux+de+l%27Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%A9tudes+andines&rft.pub=Instituto+Franc%C3%A9s+de+estudios+andinos+Editorial+horizonte&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9972-699-27-6&rft.aulast=Torero&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggartyBeresford-Jones2012" class="citation book cs1">Heggarty, Paul; Beresford-Jones, David, eds. (2012-05-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/british-academy-scholarship-online/book/28526"><i>Archaeology and Language in the Andes</i></a> (1 ed.). British Academy. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5871%2Fbacad%2F9780197265031.001.0001">10.5871/bacad/9780197265031.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726503-1"><bdi>978-0-19-726503-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language+in+the+Andes&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=British+Academy&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5871%2Fbacad%2F9780197265031.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726503-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbritish-academy-scholarship-online%2Fbook%2F28526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adelaar167-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adelaar167_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adelaar167_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adelaar 2004, pp. 167–168, 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2011" class="citation cs2">Howard, Rosaleen (2011), Heggarty, Paul; Pearce, Adrian J. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230370579_9">"The Quechua Language in the Andes Today: Between Statistics, the State, and Daily Life"</a>, <i>History and Language in the Andes</i>, Studies of the Americas, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 189–213, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230370579_9">10.1057/9780230370579_9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37057-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37057-9"><bdi>978-0-230-37057-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526070611/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230370579_9">archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Language+in+the+Andes&rft.atitle=The+Quechua+Language+in+the+Andes+Today%3A+Between+Statistics%2C+the+State%2C+and+Daily+Life&rft.pages=189-213&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230370579_9&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37057-9&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Rosaleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2F9780230370579_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406184615/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1544/">"Perú Resultados Definitivos de los Censos Nacionales"</a>. <i>Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática</i>. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1544/">the original</a> on Apr 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA+Resultados+Definitivos+de+los+Censos+Nacionales&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2FMenuRecursivo%2Fpublicaciones_digitales%2FEst%2FLib1544%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggarty2007" class="citation journal cs1">Heggarty, Paul (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S095977430700039X/type/journal_article">"Linguistics for Archaeologists: Principles, Methods and the Case of the Incas"</a>. <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 311–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095977430700039X">10.1017/S095977430700039X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-7743">0959-7743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59132956">59132956</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526070615/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/abs/linguistics-for-archaeologists-principles-methods-and-the-case-of-the-incas/3D972445C4049C2F304F9BCD23F585EB">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Linguistics+for+Archaeologists%3A+Principles%2C+Methods+and+the+Case+of+the+Incas&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-340&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59132956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-7743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS095977430700039X&rft.aulast=Heggarty&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS095977430700039X%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adelaar, Willem F. H.. Chapter Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-typological Perspective. Germany, De Gruyter, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher,_JohnCahill,_David_Patrick2008" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, John; Cahill, David Patrick, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IFH0Z5_HKVEC&q=%22lenguas+generales%22+peru+Virreinato&pg=PA295"><i>De la etnohistoria a la historia en los Andes : 51o Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Santiago de Chile, 2003</i></a>. Congreso Internacional de Americanistas. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789978227398" title="Special:BookSources/9789978227398"><bdi>9789978227398</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526070611/https://books.google.com/books?id=IFH0Z5_HKVEC&q=%22lenguas+generales%22+peru+Virreinato&pg=PA295#v=snippet&q=%22lenguas%20generales%22%20peru%20Virreinato&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+etnohistoria+a+la+historia+en+los+Andes+%3A+51o+Congreso+Internacional+de+Americanistas%2C+Santiago+de+Chile%2C+2003&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Congreso+Internacional+de+Americanistas&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789978227398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIFH0Z5_HKVEC%26q%3D%2522lenguas%2Bgenerales%2522%2Bperu%2BVirreinato%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorero1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Torero" title="Alfredo Torero">Torero, Alfredo</a> (1983). "La familia lingûística quechua". <i>América Latina en sus lenguas indígenas</i>. Caracas: Monte Ávila. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-301926-8" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-301926-8"><bdi>92-3-301926-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+familia+ling%C3%BB%C3%ADstica+quechua&rft.btitle=Am%C3%A9rica+Latina+en+sus+lenguas+ind%C3%ADgenas&rft.place=Caracas&rft.pub=Monte+%C3%81vila&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=92-3-301926-8&rft.aulast=Torero&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorero1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Torero" title="Alfredo Torero">Torero, Alfredo</a> (1974). <i>El quechua y la historia social andina</i>. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Dirección Universitaria de Investigación. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-603-45-0210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-603-45-0210-9"><bdi>978-603-45-0210-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+quechua+y+la+historia+social+andina&rft.place=Lima&rft.pub=Universidad+Ricardo+Palma%2C+Direcci%C3%B3n+Universitaria+de+Investigaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-603-45-0210-9&rft.aulast=Torero&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aybar cited by Hart, Stephen M. <i>A Companion to Latin American Literature,</i> p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hernadez-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hernadez_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hernadez_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hernadez_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández1981" class="citation journal cs1">Hernández, Arturo (1 January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistadll.cl/index.php/revistadll/article/view/73">"Influencia del mapuche en el castellano"</a>. <i>Revista Documentos Lingüísticos y Literarios UACh</i> (7). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526070637/https://revistadll.cl/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Documentos+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticos+y+Literarios+UACh&rft.atitle=Influencia+del+mapuche+en+el+castellano&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1981-01-01&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistadll.cl%2Findex.php%2Frevistadll%2Farticle%2Fview%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telles43-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telles43_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTéllez2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Téllez, Eduardo (2008). <i>Los Diaguitas: Estudios</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile: Ediciones Akhilleus. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-8762-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-8762-00-1"><bdi>978-956-8762-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Diaguitas%3A+Estudios&rft.place=Santiago%2C+Chile&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Ediciones+Akhilleus&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-956-8762-00-1&rft.aulast=T%C3%A9llez&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamírez_Sánchez1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramírez Sánchez, Carlos (1995). <i>Onomástica indígena de Chile: Toponimia de Osorno, Llanquihue y Chiloé</i> (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Austral_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Austral de Chile">Universidad Austral de Chile</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onom%C3%A1stica+ind%C3%ADgena+de+Chile%3A+Toponimia+de+Osorno%2C+Llanquihue+y+Chilo%C3%A9&rft.place=Valdivia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Universidad+Austral+de+Chile&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%ADrez+S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indag2021-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indag2021_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayàs_PuigarnauVillena_Araya2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Payàs Puigarnau, Getrudis; Villena Araya, Belén (2021-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-10432021000100309&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en">"Indagaciones en torno al significado del oro en la cultura mapuche. Una exploración de fuentes y algo más"</a> [Inquiries on the Meaning of Gold in Mapuche Culture. A review of sources and something more]. <i><a href="/wiki/Estudios_Atacame%C3%B1os" title="Estudios Atacameños">Estudios Atacameños</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>67</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22199%2Fissn.0718-1043-2021-0028">10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244279716">244279716</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025834/https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-10432021000100309&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+Atacame%C3%B1os&rft.atitle=Indagaciones+en+torno+al+significado+del+oro+en+la+cultura+mapuche.+Una+exploraci%C3%B3n+de+fuentes+y+algo+m%C3%A1s&rft.volume=67&rft.date=2021-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22199%2Fissn.0718-1043-2021-0028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244279716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pay%C3%A0s+Puigarnau&rft.aufirst=Getrudis&rft.au=Villena+Araya%2C+Bel%C3%A9n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscielo.conicyt.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS0718-10432021000100309%26script%3Dsci_arttext%26tlng%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamírez_Sanchez1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramírez Sanchez, Carlos (1988). <i>Toponimia indígena de las provincias de Osorno, Llanquihue y Chiloé</i> (in Spanish). Valdivia: Marisa Cuneo Ediciones. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponimia+ind%C3%ADgena+de+las+provincias+de+Osorno%2C+Llanquihue+y+Chilo%C3%A9&rft.place=Valdivia&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Marisa+Cuneo+Ediciones&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%ADrez+Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondoño2016" class="citation web cs1">Londoño, Vanessa (October 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americasquarterly.org/fulltextarticle/why-a-quechua-novelist-doesnt-want-his-work-translated/">"Why a Quechua Novelist Doesn't Want His Work Translated"</a>. <i>Americas Quarterly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031183137/https://americasquarterly.org/fulltextarticle/why-a-quechua-novelist-doesnt-want-his-work-translated/">Archived</a> from the original on Oct 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Americas+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Why+a+Quechua+Novelist+Doesn%27t+Want+His+Work+Translated&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Londo%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericasquarterly.org%2Ffulltextarticle%2Fwhy-a-quechua-novelist-doesnt-want-his-work-translated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CollynsCollantes-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CollynsCollantes_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CollynsCollantes_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CollynsCollantes_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollyns,_Dan2019" class="citation web cs1">Collyns, Dan (2019-10-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/peru-student-roxana-quispe-collantes-thesis-inca-language-quechua">"Student in Peru makes history by writing thesis in the Incas' language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526070611/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/peru-student-roxana-quispe-collantes-thesis-inca-language-quechua">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Student+in+Peru+makes+history+by+writing+thesis+in+the+Incas%27+language&rft.date=2019-10-27&rft.au=Collyns%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Foct%2F27%2Fperu-student-roxana-quispe-collantes-thesis-inca-language-quechua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redaccion.lamula.pe/2018/02/20/el-problema-es-que-no-puedas-acceder-a-tus-derechos-solo-por-ser-hablante-de-una-lengua-originaria/albertoniquen/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"El problema es que no puedas acceder a tus derechos solo por ser hablante de una lengua originaria"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22El+problema+es+que+no+puedas+acceder+a+tus+derechos+solo+por+ser+hablante+de+una+lengua+originaria%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fredaccion.lamula.pe%2F2018%2F02%2F20%2Fel-problema-es-que-no-puedas-acceder-a-tus-derechos-solo-por-ser-hablante-de-una-lengua-originaria%2Falbertoniquen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1975-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1975_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandell1975" class="citation news cs1">Kandell, Jonathan Gay (May 22, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/05/23/issue.html">"Peru officially adopting Indian tongue"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327030201/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/05/23/issue.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Peru+officially+adopting+Indian+tongue&rft.date=1975-05-22&rft.aulast=Kandell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Gay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1975%2F05%2F23%2Fissue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andes-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andes_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorsdorf2015" class="citation book cs1">Borsdorf, Axel (12 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgEyBwAAQBAJ&q=ecuador+constitution+quechua&pg=PA142"><i>The Andes: A Geographical Portrait</i></a>. Springer. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319035307" title="Special:BookSources/9783319035307"><bdi>9783319035307</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526070611/https://books.google.com/books?id=lgEyBwAAQBAJ&q=ecuador+constitution+quechua&pg=PA142#v=snippet&q=ecuador%20constitution%20quechua&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Andes%3A+A+Geographical+Portrait&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft.isbn=9783319035307&rft.aulast=Borsdorf&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlgEyBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Decuador%2Bconstitution%2Bquechua%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adelaar 2004, pp. 258–259: "The Quechua speakers' wish for social mobility for their children is often heard as an argument for not transmitting the language to the next generation.... As observed quite adequately by <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Cerr%C3%B3n_Palomino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino">Cerrón Palomino</a>, "Quechua (and <a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymara</a>) speakers seem to have taken the project of assimilation begun by the dominating classes and made it their own."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moulianetal2015-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moulianetal2015_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moulianetal2015_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulianCatrileoLandeo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Moulian, Rodrigo; Catrileo, María; Landeo, Pablo (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-48832015000200004">"Afines Quechua en el Vocabulario Mapuche de Luis de Valdivia"</a>. <i>RLA. Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 73–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-48832015000200004">10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RLA.+Revista+de+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+te%C3%B3rica+y+aplicada&rft.atitle=Afines+Quechua+en+el+Vocabulario+Mapuche+de+Luis+de+Valdivia&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-96&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0718-48832015000200004&rft.aulast=Moulian&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rft.au=Catrileo%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Landeo%2C+Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4067%252FS0718-48832015000200004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.fi/DICCIONARIO.htm">"Alain Fabre, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pubelos indígenas sudamericanos"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925212732/http://www.ling.fi/DICCIONARIO.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alain+Fabre%2C+Diccionario+etnoling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico+y+gu%C3%ADa+bibliogr%C3%A1fica+de+los+pubelos+ind%C3%ADgenas+sudamericanos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.fi%2FDICCIONARIO.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913021542/http://censos2017.inei.gob.pe/redatam/">"Inei – Redatam Censos 2017"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censos2017.inei.gob.pe/redatam/">the original</a> on 2018-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inei+%E2%80%93+Redatam+Censos+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensos2017.inei.gob.pe%2Fredatam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudio_Torrens2011" class="citation news cs1">Claudio Torrens (2011-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-some-ny-immigrants-cite-lack-of-spanish-as-barrier-2011may28-story.html">"Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier"</a>. <i>San Diego Union-Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201040607/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/may/28/some-ny-immigrants-cite-lack-of-spanish-as-barrier/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Some+NY+immigrants+cite+lack+of+Spanish+as+barrier&rft.date=2011-05-28&rft.au=Claudio+Torrens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-some-ny-immigrants-cite-lack-of-spanish-as-barrier-2011may28-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=que">"Ethnologue report for Quechua (macrolanguage) (SIL)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+Quechua+%28macrolanguage%29+%28SIL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adelaar 2004.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Landerman, 1991. <i>Quechua dialects and their classification.</i> PhD dissertation, UCLA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyle Campbell, <i>American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America</i>, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolkesky2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica"><i>Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas</i></a> (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418142223/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Estudo+arqueo-ecolingu%C3%ADstico+das+terras+tropicais+sul-americanas&rft.inst=University+of+Bras%C3%ADlia&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Jolkesky&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+Pinho+de+Valhery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etnolinguistica.org%2Ftese%3Ajolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuysken2012" class="citation journal cs1">Muysken, Pieter (March 2012). "Root/affix asymmetries in contact and transfer: case studies from the Andes". <i>International Journal of Bilingualism</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 22–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1367006911403211">10.1177/1367006911403211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143633302">143633302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Bilingualism&rft.atitle=Root%2Faffix+asymmetries+in+contact+and+transfer%3A+case+studies+from+the+Andes&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-36&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1367006911403211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143633302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Muysken&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward A. Roberts, <i>A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language...</i>, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelaar179-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar179_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar179_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar179_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar179_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar179_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adelaar 2004, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To listen to recordings of these and many other words as pronounced in many different Quechua-speaking regions, see the external website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Sounds">The Sounds of the Andean Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109094302/http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Sounds/">Archived</a> 2007-01-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. It also has an entire section on the new <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Sounds/Home/HomeSpelling.htm">Quechua and Aymara Spelling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111174055/http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Sounds/Home/HomeSpelling.htm">Archived</a> 2013-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decree-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decree_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/">"Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decreto+Supremo+que+aprueba+el+Reglamento+de+la+Ley+N%C2%B0+29735%2C+Ley+que+regula+el+uso%2C+preservaci%C3%B3n%2C+desarrollo%2C+recuperaci%C3%B3n%2C+fomento+y+difusi%C3%B3n+de+las+lenguas+originarias+del+Per%C3%BA%2C+Decreto+Supremo+N%C2%B0+004-2016-MC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusquedas.elperuano.com.pe%2Fnormaslegales%2Fdecreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlderetes1997" class="citation web cs1">Alderetes, Jorge R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125336/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Cap3-1.htm">"Morfología nominal del quechua santiagueño"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Cap3-1.htm">the original</a> on 2017-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morfolog%C3%ADa+nominal+del+quechua+santiague%C3%B1o&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Alderetes&rft.aufirst=Jorge+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusuarios.arnet.com.ar%2Fyanasu%2FCap3-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This occurs in English, where "before" means "in the past", and Shakespeare's Macbeth says "The greatest is behind", meaning in the future.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wunderlich, Dieter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zas-berlin.de/fileadmin/mitarbeiter/wunderlich/Quechua_Leipzig.pdf">Variation der Person-Numerus-Flexion in Quechua</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526071115/http://www.zas-berlin.de/fileadmin/mitarbeiter/wunderlich/Quechua_Leipzig.pdf">Archived</a> 2024-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Flexionsworkshop Leipzig, 14. Juli 2005]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lakämper, Renate, Dieter Wunderlich. 1998. Person marking in Quechua: a constraint-based minimalist analysis. Lingua 105: pp. 113–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929210539/http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/sfb282/C9/lak/">"Lakämper, Renate. 2000. Plural- und Objektmarkierung in Quechua. Doctoral Dissertation. Philosophische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/sfb282/C9/lak/">the original</a> on 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lak%C3%A4mper%2C+Renate.+2000.+Plural-+und+Objektmarkierung+in+Quechua.+Doctoral+Dissertation.+Philosophische+Fakult%C3%A4t+der+Heinrich-Heine-Universit%C3%A4t+D%C3%BCsseldorf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Fsfb282%2FC9%2Flak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adelaar 2007: 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikhenvald 2004, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aikhenvald_2004,_p._377-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aikhenvald_2004,_p._377_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aikhenvald_2004,_p._377_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikhenvald 2004, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikhenvald 2004, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Floyd 1999, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Floyd 1999, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Floyd 1999, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Floyd 1999, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Floyd 1999, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Floyd 1999, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Floyd 1999, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hintz 1999, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lefebvre & Muysken 1998, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikhenvald 2004, p. 68-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber 1986, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Floyd 1999, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Floyd 1999, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikhenvald 2004, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikhenvald 2004, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikhenvald 2004, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aikhenvald 2004, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adelaar254-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adelaar254_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adelaar254_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adelaar 2004, pp. 254–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515235927/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/robert_beer/history.htm">"History"</a>. Homepage.ntlworld.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/robert_beer/history.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Homepage.ntlworld.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.ntlworld.com%2Frobert_beer%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Lamerain2011" class="citation journal cs1">López Lamerain, Constanza (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intushistoria.uai.cl/index.php/intushistoria/article/view/90">"El iii concilio de lima y la conformación de una normativa evangelizadora para la provincia eclesiástica del perãš"</a>. <i>Intus-Legere Historia</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 51–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15691%2F07198949.90">10.15691/07198949.90</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0719-8949">0719-8949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intus-Legere+Historia&rft.atitle=El+iii+concilio+de+lima+y+la+conformaci%C3%B3n+de+una+normativa+evangelizadora+para+la+provincia+eclesi%C3%A1stica+del+per%C3%A3%C5%A1&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51-58&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15691%2F07198949.90&rft.issn=0719-8949&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Lamerain&rft.aufirst=Constanza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintushistoria.uai.cl%2Findex.php%2Fintushistoria%2Farticle%2Fview%2F90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saenz, S. Dedenbach-Salazar. 1990. Quechua Sprachmaterialen. In: Meyers, A., M. Volland. Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte des westlichen Südamerika. Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. P. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carnival Theater: Uruguay's Popular Performers and National Culture</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/05/04/mundo_global/1525424117_877511.html">"Demetrio Túpac Yupanqui, el traductor al quechua de 'El Quijote', muere a los 94 años"</a>. <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i></span></i>. 2018-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Spanish-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22es%22%3EEl+Pa%C3%ADs%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Spanish-language+text&rft.atitle=Demetrio+T%C3%BApac+Yupanqui%2C+el+traductor+al+quechua+de+%27El+Quijote%27%2C+muere+a+los+94+a%C3%B1os&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Finternacional%2F2018%2F05%2F04%2Fmundo_global%2F1525424117_877511.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollyns,_Dan2016" class="citation web cs1">Collyns, Dan (2016-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/14/peru-nuqanchik-quechua-broadcast-inca-empire">"Peru airs news in Quechua, indigenous language of Inca empire, for first time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526070717/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/14/peru-nuqanchik-quechua-broadcast-inca-empire">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Peru+airs+news+in+Quechua%2C+indigenous+language+of+Inca+empire%2C+for+first+time&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft.au=Collyns%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fdec%2F14%2Fperu-nuqanchik-quechua-broadcast-inca-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalvoices.org/2011/09/09/peru-the-state-of-quechua-on-the-internet/">"Peru: The State of Quechua on the Internet · Global Voices"</a>. <i>Global Voices</i>. 2011-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Voices&rft.atitle=Peru%3A+The+State+of+Quechua+on+the+Internet+%C2%B7+Global+Voices&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoices.org%2F2011%2F09%2F09%2Fperu-the-state-of-quechua-on-the-internet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latinosinlondon-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latinosinlondon_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latinosinlondon.wordpress.com/2011/11/18/kukuli/">"Film Kukuli (Cuzco-Peru)"</a>. <i>Latinos in London</i>. 18 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latinos+in+London&rft.atitle=Film+Kukuli+%28Cuzco-Peru%29&rft.date=2011-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatinosinlondon.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F11%2F18%2Fkukuli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2015" class="citation web cs1">Hutchinson, Sean (8 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inverse.com/article/8880-star-wars-languages-owe-to-tibetan-finnish-haya-quechua-and-penguins">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Star Wars' Languages Owe to Tibetan, Finnish, Haya, Quechua, and Penguins"</a>. <i>Inverse</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115164149/https://www.inverse.com/article/8880-star-wars-languages-owe-to-tibetan-finnish-haya-quechua-and-penguins">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inverse&rft.atitle=%27Star+Wars%27+Languages+Owe+to+Tibetan%2C+Finnish%2C+Haya%2C+Quechua%2C+and+Penguins&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inverse.com%2Farticle%2F8880-star-wars-languages-owe-to-tibetan-finnish-haya-quechua-and-penguins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Rolph, Karen Sue. <i>Ecologically Meaningful Toponyms: Linking a lexical domain to production ecology in the Peruvian Andes</i>. Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University, 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Adelaar" title="Willem Adelaar">Adelaar, Willem F. H</a> (2004-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C&pg=PA179"><i>The Languages of the Andes</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139451123" title="Special:BookSources/9781139451123"><bdi>9781139451123</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526071114/https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+the+Andes&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-06-10&rft.isbn=9781139451123&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=Willem+F.+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUiwaUY6KsY8C%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Adelaar" title="Willem Adelaar">Adelaar, Willem</a>. <i>The Languages of the Andes</i>. With the collaboration of P.C. Muysken. Cambridge language survey. Cambridge University Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36831-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36831-5">978-0-521-36831-5</a></li> <li>Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. <i>Lingüística Quechua</i>, Centro de Estudios Rurales Andinos 'Bartolomé de las Casas', 2nd ed. 2003</li> <li>Cole, Peter. "Imbabura Quechua", North-Holland (Lingua Descriptive Studies 5), Amsterdam 1982.</li> <li>Cusihuamán, Antonio, <i>Diccionario Quechua Cuzco-Collao</i>, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas", 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972-691-36-5" title="Special:BookSources/9972-691-36-5">9972-691-36-5</a></li> <li>Cusihuamán, Antonio, <i>Gramática Quechua Cuzco-Collao</i>, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas", 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972-691-37-3" title="Special:BookSources/9972-691-37-3">9972-691-37-3</a></li> <li>Mannheim, Bruce, <i>The Language of the Inka since the European Invasion</i>, University of Texas Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-74663-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-74663-6">0-292-74663-6</a></li> <li>Rodríguez Champi, Albino. (2006). Quechua de Cusco. <i>Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias</i>, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International y Universidad Ricardo Palma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lengamer.org/publicaciones/trabajos/quechua_cusco_afi.pdf">Lengamer.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221063223/http://lengamer.org/publicaciones/trabajos/quechua_cusco_afi.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Aikhenvald, Alexandra. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004. Print.</li> <li>Floyd, Rick. The Structure of Evidential Categories in Wanka Quechua. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1999. Print.</li> <li>Hintz, Diane. "The evidential system in Sihuas Quechua: personal vs. shared knowledge" The Nature of Evidentiality Conference, The Netherlands, 14–16 June 2012. SIL International. Internet. 13 April 2014.</li> <li>Lefebvre, Claire, and Pieter Muysken. Mixed Categories: Nominalizations in Quechua. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic, 1988. Print.</li> <li>Weber, David. "Information Perspective, Profile, and Patterns in Quechua." Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Ed. Wallace L. Chafe and Johanna Nichols. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub, 1986. 137–55. Print.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Adelaar" title="Willem Adelaar">Adelaar, Willem F. H.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521172146/http://es.scribd.com/doc/91245441/Towards-a-reconstruction-of-the-history-of-Quechuan%E2%80%93Aymaran-interaction">Modeling convergence: Towards a reconstruction of the history of Quechuan–Aymaran interaction</a> About the origin of Quechua, and its relation with Aymara, 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Adelaar" title="Willem Adelaar">Adelaar, Willem F. H.</a> <i>Tarma Quechua: Grammar, Texts, Dictionary</i>. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press, 1977.</li> <li>Bills, Garland D., Bernardo Vallejo C., and Rudolph C. Troike. <i>An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua</i>. Special publication of the Institute of Latin American Studies, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>. Austin: Published for the Institute of Latin American Studies by the University of Texas Press, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70019-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70019-9">0-292-70019-9</a></li> <li>Coronel-Molina, Serafín M.<i> Quechua Phrasebook</i>. 2002 Lonely Planet <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86450-381-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86450-381-5">1-86450-381-5</a></li> <li>Curl, John, <i>Ancient American Poets</i>. Tempe AZ: Bilingual Press, 2005.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931010-21-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-931010-21-8">1-931010-21-8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://red-coral.net/Pach.html">Red-coral.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112005003/http://red-coral.net/Pach.html">Archived</a> 2020-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gifford, Douglas. <i>Time Metaphors in Aymara and Quechua</i>. St. Andrews: <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St. Andrews">University of St. Andrews</a>, 1986.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggarty_and_David_Beresford-Jones2012" class="citation cs2">Heggarty and David Beresford-Jones, Paul (2012), <i>Archaeology and Language in the Andes</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language+in+the+Andes&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Heggarty+and+David+Beresford-Jones&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuechuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harrison, Regina. <i>Signs, Songs, and Memory in the Andes: Translating Quechua Language and Culture</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77627-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-77627-6">0-292-77627-6</a></li> <li>Jake, Janice L. <i>Grammatical Relations in Imbabura Quechua</i>. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Garland Pub, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-5475-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-5475-X">0-8240-5475-X</a></li> <li>King, Kendall A. <i>Language Revitalization Processes and Prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes</i>. Bilingual education and bilingualism, 24. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters LTD, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-495-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-495-4">1-85359-495-4</a></li> <li>King, Kendall A., and Nancy H. Hornberger. <i>Quechua Sociolinguistics</i>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Mouton_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouton de Gruyter">Mouton de Gruyter</a>, 2004.</li> <li>Lara, Jesús, Maria A. Proser, and James Scully. <i>Quechua Peoples Poetry</i>. Willimantic, Conn: Curbstone Press, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915306-09-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-915306-09-3">0-915306-09-3</a></li> <li>Lefebvre, Claire, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Muysken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter Muysken (page does not exist)">Pieter Muysken</a>. <i>Mixed Categories: Nominalizations in Quechua</i>. Studies in natural language and linguistic theory, [v. 11]. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55608-050-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55608-050-6">1-55608-050-6</a></li> <li>Lefebvre, Claire, and Pieter Muysken. <i>Relative Clauses in Cuzco Quechua: Interactions between Core and Periphery</i>. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1982.</li> <li>Muysken, Pieter. <i>Syntactic Developments in the Verb Phrase of Ecuadorian Quechua</i>. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-316-0151-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-316-0151-9">90-316-0151-9</a></li> <li>Nuckolls, Janis B. <i>Sounds Like Life: Sound-Symbolic Grammar, Performance, and Cognition in Pastaza Quechua</i>. Oxford studies in anthropological linguistics, 2. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1996. ISBN</li> <li>Parker, Gary John. <i>Ayacucho Quechua Grammar and Dictionary</i>. Janua linguarum. Series practica, 82. The Hague: Mouton, 1969.</li> <li>Plaza Martínez, Pedro. Quechua. In: Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.) <i>Lenguas de Bolivia</i>, vol. I, 215–284. La Paz: Plural editores, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99954-1-236-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-99954-1-236-4">978-99954-1-236-4</a>. (in Spanish)</li> <li>Sánchez, Liliana. Quechua-Spanish Bilingualism: Interference and Convergence in Functional Categories. Language acquisition & language disorders, v. 35. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58811-471-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58811-471-6">1-58811-471-6</a></li> <li>Weber, David. <i>A Grammar of Huallaga (Huánuco) Quechua</i>. University of California publications in linguistics, v. 112. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09732-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09732-7">0-520-09732-7</a></li> <li>Quechua bibliographies online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Main/i_BIBL.HTM">quechua.org.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925212828/http://www.quechua.org.uk/Eng/Main/i_BIBL.HTM">Archived</a> 2020-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Dictionaries and lexicons</dt></dl> <ul><li>Parker, G. J. (1969). Ayacucho Quechua grammar and dictionary. (Janua linguarum: Series practica, 82). The Hague: Mouton.</li> <li>Cachique Amasifuén, S. F. (2007). Diccionario Kichwa-Castellano / Castellano- Kichwa. Tarapoto, San Martín: Aquinos.</li> <li>Cerrón-Palomino, R. (1994). Quechua sureño, diccionario unificado quechua- castellano, castellano-quechua. Lima: Biblioteca Nacional del Perú.</li> <li>Cusihuamán G., A. (1976). Diccionario quechua: Cuzco-Collao. Lima: Ministerio de Educación.</li> <li>Shimelman, A. (2012–2014). Southern Yauyos Quechua Lexicon. Lima: PUCP.</li> <li>Stark, L. R.; Muysken, P. C. (1977). Diccionario español-quichua, quichua español. (Publicaciones de los Museos del Banco Central del Ecuador, 1). Quito: Guayaquil.</li> <li>Tödter, Ch.; Zahn, Ch.; Waters, W.; Wise, M. R. (2002). Shimikunata asirtachik killka inka-kastellanu (Diccionario inga-castellano) (Serie lingüística Peruana, 52). Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</li> <li>Weber, D. J.; Ballena D., M.; Cayco Z., F.; Cayco V., T. (1998). Quechua de Huánuco: Diccionario del quechua del Huallaga con índices castellano e ingles (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 48). Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</li> <li>Weber, N. L.; Park, M.; Cenepo S., V. (1976). Diccionario quechua: San Martín. Lima: Ministerio de Educación.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="qu:"> Southern Quechua edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/qug" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/qug">Northern Kichwa test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/qvc" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/qvc">Northern Peruvian Quechua test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/qwh" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/qwh">Ancash Quechua test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/qub" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/qub">Yaru-Huánuco Quechua test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/qvw" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/qvw">Wanka Quechua test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/qux" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/qux">Yauyos Quechua test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Quechua" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Quechua">Quechua</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Quechua_phrasebook#Q5218" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Quechua phrasebook">Quechua phrasebook</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Quechua_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Quechua Swadesh list">Appendix:Quechua Swadesh list</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andes.org/q_index.html">Quechua lessons</a> at www.andes.org <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish and English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704121911/http://quechuas.net/Q/">Detailed map of the varieties of Quechua according to SIL (fedepi.org)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla%3A124417">Quechua Collection</a> of Patricia Dreidemie at the <a href="/wiki/Archive_of_the_Indigenous_Languages_of_Latin_America" title="Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America">Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423114649/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=125">Huancavelica Quechua Fieldnotes of Willem de Ruese</a>, copies of handwritten notes on Quechua pedagogical and descriptive materials, from the <a href="/wiki/Archive_of_the_Indigenous_Languages_of_Latin_America" title="Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America">Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125334/http://www.clacs.illinois.edu/documents/quechua/QuechuaDicc.pdf">Diccionario Quechua: Español–Runasimi–English</a>—Dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_Quechua" title="Ayacucho Quechua">Ayacucho Quechua</a> from Clodoaldo Soto Ruiz.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runasimi.de/">information about Quechua in a variety of languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wez3soqHu0EC&q=Ernst+W.+Middendorf">Quechua dramatic and lyrical works (Dramatische und lyrische Dichtungen der Keshua-Sprache) by Ernst Middendorf</a> (bilingual Quechua – German edition, 1891)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DVxFAQAAIAAJ&q=Ernst+W.+Middendorf">Ollantay (Ollanta: ein drama der Keshuasprache), ed. by Ernst Middendorf</a> (bilingual Quechua – German edition, 1890)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quechuan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quechuan_languages" title="Template:Quechuan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quechuan_languages" title="Template talk:Quechuan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quechuan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quechuan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quechuan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quechuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quechua_I" title="Quechua I">Quechua I</a><br />(Waywash)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Quechua</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancash_Quechua" title="Ancash Quechua">Ancash</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Huaylas_Quechua" title="Huaylas Quechua">Huaylay</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_Pativilca%E2%80%93Alto_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n%E2%80%93Alto_Huallaga_Quechua" title="Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga Quechua">Huánuco</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Huallaga_Quechua" title="Huallaga Quechua">Huallaga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanka_Quechua" title="Wanka Quechua">Wanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yauyos%E2%80%93Chincha_Quechua" title="Yauyos–Chincha Quechua">Yauyos–Chincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaru_Quechua" title="Yaru Quechua">Yaru</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pacaraos_Quechua" title="Pacaraos Quechua">Pacaraos</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Quechua I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacaraos_Quechua" title="Pacaraos Quechua">Pacaraos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quechua II<br />(Wampuy)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Peruvian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca%E2%80%93Ca%C3%B1aris_Quechua" title="Cajamarca–Cañaris Quechua">Cajamarca–Cañaris</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca_Quechua" title="Cajamarca Quechua">Cajamarca</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lambayeque_Quechua" title="Lambayeque Quechua">Lambayeque</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Quechua</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoyas_Quechua" title="Chachapoyas Quechua">Chachapoyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Inga_Kichwa" title="Inga Kichwa">Inga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamas_Quechua" title="Lamas Quechua">Lamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern Quechua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_Quechua" title="Ayacucho Quechua">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Quechua">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bolivian_Quechua" title="North Bolivian Quechua">North Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puno_Quechua" title="Puno Quechua">Puno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiague%C3%B1o_Quechua" title="Santiagueño Quechua">Santiagueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bolivian_Quechua" title="South Bolivian Quechua">South Bolivian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_American_languages" title="Template:South American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_American_languages" title="Template talk:South American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">South America</a> <br /><small>(based on <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Campbell_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Campbell 2012</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macro-Jê" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabutian_languages" title="Yabutian languages">Jabutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></i></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purían</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamela_language" title="Gamela language">Gamela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baenan_language" title="Baenan language">Baenan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BA_language" title="Natú language">Natú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarairi%C3%BA_language" title="Tarairiú language">Tarairiú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tux%C3%A1_language" title="Tuxá language">Tuxá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huamo%C3%A9_language" title="Huamoé language">Wamoé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xoc%C3%B3_language" title="Xocó language">Xokó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukurú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Yaté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas#Orinoco–Amazon" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Orinoco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Máku</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="?_Duho" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">? <a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1liban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáliban languages">Sáliban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andaqui_language" title="Andaqui language">Andaquí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_River" title="Vaupés River">Vaupés</a> area)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></b></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and Ecuador)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurumangu%C3%AD_language" title="Yurumanguí language">Yurumanguí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (west-central Brazil)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a></li></ul></li> <li>? Mura–Matanawí <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Muran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawí</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Mure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Mosetenan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwazá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Mato Grosso Arára language">Arara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>, Bolivia, and Chile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a>–Pampas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far South (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Chile</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Qawasqaran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yaghan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Andean_languages" title="Macro-Andean languages">Macro-Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Arawakan_languages" title="Macro-Arawakan languages">Macro-Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Macro-Otomákoan languages">Macro-Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Warpean_languages" title="Macro-Warpean languages">Macro-Warpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya%E2%80%93Yunga%E2%80%93Chipayan_languages" title="Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages">Maya–Yunga–Chipayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten–Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ecuador" title="Languages of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Paraguay" title="Languages of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana" title="Languages of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="List of indigenous languages of South America">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_South_America" title="List of extinct languages of South America">Extinct languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_languages_of_the_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River_basin" title="Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin">Marañón River basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_South_America" title="List of unclassified languages of South America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5218#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133214-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85109790">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949781m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949781m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575996">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kečujština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph172901&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553300505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&oldid=1258426069">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&oldid=1258426069</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quechuan_languages" title="Category:Quechuan languages">Quechuan languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agglutinative_languages" title="Category:Agglutinative languages">Agglutinative languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_the_Andes" title="Category:Indigenous languages of the Andes">Indigenous languages of the Andes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_families" title="Category:Language families">Language families</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_languages" title="Category:Subject–object–verb languages">Subject–object–verb languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_25" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 25">Language articles citing Ethnologue 25</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2013">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_speaker_number_undated" title="Category:Language articles with speaker number undated">Language articles with speaker number undated</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Spanish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Spanish IPA">Pages with Spanish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Quechua-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Quechua-language text">Articles containing Quechua-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Quechua_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Quechua IPA">Pages with Quechua IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_February_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2023">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections_from_March_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from March 2023">Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections" title="Category:All articles that may have off-topic sections">All articles that may have off-topic sections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_examples" title="Category:All articles needing examples">All articles needing examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_examples_from_December_2018" title="Category:Articles needing examples from December 2018">Articles needing examples from December 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_errors_in_interlinear_text" title="Category:Pages with errors in interlinear text">Pages with errors in interlinear text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)">Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 17:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quechuan_languages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-68775984f6-mbzvp","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.501","walltime":"1.829","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18194,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":405565,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12934,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":284576,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1468.359 1 -total"," 22.92% 336.592 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.33% 166.301 9 Template:Clade"," 10.39% 152.537 68 Template:IPA"," 9.71% 142.624 16 Template:Cite_web"," 7.65% 112.266 13 Template:Interlinear"," 7.32% 107.509 7 Template:Navbox"," 6.13% 90.013 1 Template:Quechuan_languages"," 5.87% 86.177 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"," 5.71% 83.861 2 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.818","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19205655,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-2rpnw","timestamp":"20241125143403","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Quechuan languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quechuan_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5218","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5218","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-23T18:06:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T17:36:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/06\/Quechuan_distribution_%28w_Inca_Empire%29.svg","headline":"language family spoken primarily in the Andes region of South America"}</script> </body> </html>