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id="toc-Education_and_naval_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-V." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#V."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 V. </div> </a> <ul id="toc-V.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Crying_of_Lot_49" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Crying_of_Lot_49"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 The Crying of Lot 49 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Crying_of_Lot_49-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravity's_Rainbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravity's_Rainbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Gravity's Rainbow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravity's_Rainbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Later career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vineland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vineland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Vineland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vineland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mason_&_Dixon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mason_&_Dixon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Mason & Dixon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mason_&_Dixon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Against_the_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against_the_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Against the Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against_the_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inherent_Vice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inherent_Vice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Inherent Vice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inherent_Vice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bleeding_Edge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleeding_Edge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Bleeding Edge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleeding_Edge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Themes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Precursors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_scrutiny_of_private_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_scrutiny_of_private_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Media scrutiny of private life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_scrutiny_of_private_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media scrutiny of private life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media_scrutiny_of_private_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970s_and_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_and_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 1970s and 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_and_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thomas Pynchon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس بينشون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس بينشون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="থমাস পিনচন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থমাস পিনচন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Томас Пинчън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Пинчън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τόμας Πίντσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Πίντσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86%D9%86" title="توماس پینچن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس پینچن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%95%80%EC%B2%9C" title="토머스 핀천 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 핀천" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B8%D5%B6-%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թոմաս Ռագգլզ Պինչոն-կրտսեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Ռագգլզ Պինչոն-կրտսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस पिन्चन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थॉमस पिन्चन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%9F" title="תומאס פינצ'ון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס פינצ'ון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="თომას პინჩონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თომას პინჩონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_Pin%C4%8Dons" title="Tomass Pinčons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Pinčons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Пинчон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Томас Пинчон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس بينشون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس بينشون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Пинчон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Томас Пинчон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस पिन्चोन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थोमस पिन्चोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="トマス・ピンチョン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・ピンチョン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Пинчон, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пинчон, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Пинчон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Пинчон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ทอมัส พินชอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอมัส พินชอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Пінчон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Пінчон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%86%D9%86" title="تھامس پنچن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھامس پنچن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thomas Pynchon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B9%B3%E7%93%8A" title="湯瑪斯·平瓊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯瑪斯·平瓊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%81%E9%92%A6" title="托马斯·品钦 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pynchon_(Part_1).ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American novelist (born 1937)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Thomas Pynchon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pynchon,_high_school_yearbook_editor,_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pynchon in 1953 yearbook image"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of a kneeling youth with short hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_yearbook_editor%2C_1953.jpg/220px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_yearbook_editor%2C_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_yearbook_editor%2C_1953.jpg/330px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_yearbook_editor%2C_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_yearbook_editor%2C_1953.jpg/440px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_yearbook_editor%2C_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1795" data-file-height="2597" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Pynchon in 1953 yearbook image</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr. (1937-05-08) May 8, 1937 (age 87) <a href="/wiki/Glen_Cove,_New_York" title="Glen Cove, New York">Glen Cove, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1959–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/V." title="V.">V.</a> (1963)</li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49" title="The Crying of Lot 49">The Crying of Lot 49</a> (1966)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> (1973)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a> (1997)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice" title="Inherent Vice">Inherent Vice</a> (2009)</li><li>See <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon_bibliography" title="Thomas Pynchon bibliography">bibliography</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Melanie Jackson</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1990)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pynchon_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thomas_Pynchon_signature.svg/150px-Thomas_Pynchon_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thomas_Pynchon_signature.svg/225px-Thomas_Pynchon_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thomas_Pynchon_signature.svg/300px-Thomas_Pynchon_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="209" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr. (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɪntʃɒn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PIN-chon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> commonly <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɪntʃən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PIN-chən</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> born May 8, 1937) is an American novelist noted for his dense and complex novels. His <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> and non-fiction writings encompass a vast array of subject matter, <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">genres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">themes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a>, Pynchon won the 1973 U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="National Book Award for Fiction">National Book Award for Fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nba1974-4">[4]</a> He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American novelists. Hailing from <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, Pynchon served two years in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and earned an English degree from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. After publishing several short stories in the late 1950s and early 1960s, he began composing the novels for which he is best known: <a href="/wiki/V." title="V.">V.</a> (1963), <a href="/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49" title="The Crying of Lot 49">The Crying of Lot 49</a> (1966), and <a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> (1973). Rumors of a historical novel about <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mason" title="Charles Mason">Charles Mason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Dixon" title="Jeremiah Dixon">Jeremiah Dixon</a> had circulated as early as the 1980s; the novel, <a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a>, was published in 1997 to critical acclaim. His 2009 novel <a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice" title="Inherent Vice">Inherent Vice</a> was adapted into a <a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice_(film)" title="Inherent Vice (film)">feature film</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Anderson" title="Paul Thomas Anderson">Paul Thomas Anderson</a> in 2014. Pynchon is notoriously <a href="/wiki/Reclusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclusive">reclusive</a> from the media; few photographs of him have been published, and rumors about his location and identity have circulated since the 1960s. Pynchon's most recent novel, <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Edge_(novel)" title="Bleeding Edge (novel)">Bleeding Edge</a>, was published in 2013. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pynchon,_high_school_senior_portrait,_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white yearbook portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_senior_portrait%2C_1953.jpg/150px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_senior_portrait%2C_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_senior_portrait%2C_1953.jpg/225px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_senior_portrait%2C_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_senior_portrait%2C_1953.jpg/300px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_high_school_senior_portrait%2C_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption>Pynchon, age 16, in his high school senior portrait</figcaption></figure> Thomas Pynchon was born on May 8, 1937, in <a href="/wiki/Glen_Cove,_New_York" title="Glen Cove, New York">Glen Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, New York,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> one of three children of engineer and politician Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Sr. (1907–1995) and Katherine Frances Bennett (1909–1996), a nurse. During his childhood, Pynchon alternately attended <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> services with his father and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> services with his mother.<a href="#cite_note-vulture.com-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_naval_career">Education and naval career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and naval career">edit</a>]</div> A "voracious reader and precocious writer", Pynchon is believed to have <a href="/wiki/Grade_skipping" title="Grade skipping">skipped</a> two grades before high school.<a href="#cite_note-vulture.com-6">[6]</a> Pynchon attended <a href="/wiki/Oyster_Bay_High_School" title="Oyster Bay High School">Oyster Bay High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oyster_Bay_(hamlet),_New_York" title="Oyster Bay (hamlet), New York">Oyster Bay</a>, where he was awarded "student of the year" and contributed short fictional pieces to his school newspaper. These juvenilia incorporated some of the literary motifs and recurring subject matter he would use throughout his career: oddball names, sophomoric humor, illicit drug use, and paranoia.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pynchonhamster-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pynchonboys-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pynchonknight-10">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Thomas Pynchon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pynchon,_Navy_Sailor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photo portrait of a man in a naval sailor's military uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg/150px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg/225px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg/300px-Thomas_Pynchon%2C_Navy_Sailor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="2679" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Pynchon <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1955</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="520" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service years</th><td class="infobox-data">1955–1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">Service number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4881936<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Pynchon graduated from high school in 1953 at the age of 16. That fall, he went to <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">engineering physics</a>. At the end of his sophomore year, he enlisted to serve in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">boot camp</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Training_Center_Bainbridge" title="United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge">United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge</a>, Maryland, then received training to be an <a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">electrician</a> at a base in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1956, he was aboard the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Hank" title="USS Hank">USS Hank</a> in the Mediterranean during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> According to recollections from his Navy friends, Pynchon said at the time that he did not intend to complete his college education.<a href="#cite_note-vulture.com-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Hank_(DD-702)_on_26_August_1944_(19-N-71818).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/USS_Hank_%28DD-702%29_on_26_August_1944_%2819-N-71818%29.jpg/260px-USS_Hank_%28DD-702%29_on_26_August_1944_%2819-N-71818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/USS_Hank_%28DD-702%29_on_26_August_1944_%2819-N-71818%29.jpg/390px-USS_Hank_%28DD-702%29_on_26_August_1944_%2819-N-71818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/USS_Hank_%28DD-702%29_on_26_August_1944_%2819-N-71818%29.jpg/520px-USS_Hank_%28DD-702%29_on_26_August_1944_%2819-N-71818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>During his time as a US Navy sailor, Pynchon is believed to have served aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Hank" title="USS Hank">USS Hank</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1957, Pynchon returned to Cornell to pursue a degree in English. His first published story, "The Small Rain", appeared in the Cornell Writer in March 1959, and narrates an actual experience of a friend who had served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a>; subsequently, however, episodes and characters throughout Pynchon's fiction draw freely upon his own experiences in the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-pynchon1984-14">[14]</a> His short story, "Mortality and Mercy in Vienna", was published in the Spring 1959 issue of <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(American_magazine)" title="Epoch (American magazine)">Epoch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> While at Cornell, Pynchon started his friendships with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fari%C3%B1a" title="Richard Fariña">Richard Fariña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Kirkpatrick Sale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Shetzline" title="David Shetzline">David Shetzline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Pynchon would go on to dedicate Gravity's Rainbow to Fariña, and to serve as his best man and his pallbearer. In his introduction to Fariña's novel <a href="/wiki/Been_Down_So_Long_It_Looks_Like_Up_to_Me" title="Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me">Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me</a>, Pynchon recalls that "we also succeeded in getting on the same literary wavelength. We showed up once at a party, not a masquerade party, in disguise—he as <a href="/wiki/Hemingway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemingway">Hemingway</a>, I as <a href="/wiki/Scott_Fitzgerald" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Fitzgerald">Scott Fitzgerald</a>, each of us aware that the other had been through a phase of enthusiasm for his respective author ... Also in '59 we simultaneously picked up on what I still think is among the finest American novels, <a href="/wiki/Oakley_Hall" title="Oakley Hall">Oakley Hall</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Warlock_(1958_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlock (1958 novel)">Warlock</a>. We set about getting others to read it too, and for a while we had a micro-cult going. Soon a number of us were talking in Warlock dialogue, a kind of thoughtful, stylized, Victorian-Wild West diction."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Pynchon reportedly attended lectures given by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>, who then taught literature at Cornell. Although Nabokov later said that he had no memory of Pynchon, Nabokov's wife <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9ra_Nabokov" title="Véra Nabokov">Véra</a>, who graded her husband's class papers, commented that she remembered his distinctive handwriting as a mixture of printed and <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> letters, "half printing, half script."<a href="#cite_note-sweeney2008-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1958, Pynchon and Sale wrote part or all of a science-fiction musical, Minstrel Island, which portrayed a dystopian future in which <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> rules the world.<a href="#cite_note-gibbs2004-20">[20]</a> Pynchon received his <a href="/wiki/B.A." class="mw-redirect" title="B.A.">B.A.</a> with distinction as a member of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> in June 1959. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="V.">V.</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: V.">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/V." title="V.">V.</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V._(1963_1st_ed_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Book cover illustration of the letter "V." on an abstract horizon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/V._%281963_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/150px-V._%281963_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/V._%281963_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/225px-V._%281963_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/V._%281963_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/300px-V._%281963_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2893" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V." title="V.">V.</a> (1963)</figcaption></figure> After leaving Cornell, Pynchon began to work on his first novel, <a href="/wiki/V." title="V.">V.</a> From February 1960 to September 1962, he was employed as a technical writer at <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, where he compiled safety articles for the Bomarc Service News, a support newsletter for the <a href="/wiki/Bomarc_Missile_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomarc Missile Program">BOMARC surface-to-air missile</a> deployed by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wisnicki2000-21">[21]</a> Pynchon's experiences at Boeing inspired his depictions of the "<a href="/wiki/Yoyodyne" title="Yoyodyne">Yoyodyne</a>" corporation in <a href="/wiki/V." title="V.">V.</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49" title="The Crying of Lot 49">The Crying of Lot 49</a>, and both his background in physics and the technical journalism he undertook at Boeing provided much raw material for <a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a>. V. won the <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner_Foundation_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="William Faulkner Foundation Award">William Faulkner Foundation Award For Notable First Novel</a> and was a finalist for the National Book Award.<a href="#cite_note-nba1964-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Plimpton" title="George Plimpton">George Plimpton</a> gave the book a positive review in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. He described it as a <a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">picaresque novel</a>, in which "The author can tell his favorite jokes, throw in a song, indulge in a fantasy, include his own verse, display an intimate knowledge of such disparate subjects as physics, astronomy, art, jazz, how a nose-job is done, the wildlife in the New York sewage system. These indeed are some of the topics which constitute a recent and remarkable example of the genre: a brilliant and turbulent first novel published this month by a young Cornell graduate, Thomas Pynchon." Plimpton called Pynchon "a writer of staggering promise."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> After resigning from Boeing, Pynchon spent some time in New York and Mexico before moving to California, where he was reportedly based for much of the 1960s and early 1970s, most notably in an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Beach,_California" title="Manhattan Beach, California">Manhattan Beach</a>,<a href="#cite_note-frost-24">[24]</a> as he was composing what would become Gravity's Rainbow. A negative aspect that Pynchon retrospectively found in the <a href="/wiki/Hippie_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippie movement">hippie cultural and literary movement</a>, both in the form of the Beats of the 1950s and the resurgence form of the 1960s, was that it "placed too much emphasis on youth, including the eternal variety."<a href="#cite_note-pynchon1984-14">[14]</a> In 1964, his application to study mathematics as a graduate student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> was turned down.<a href="#cite_note-royster2005-25">[25]</a> In 1966, Pynchon wrote a first-hand report on the aftermath and legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Watts_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Watts Riots">Watts Riots</a> in Los Angeles, titled "A Journey Into the Mind of Watts", and published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pynchon1966-26">[26]</a> From the mid-1960s Pynchon has also regularly provided <a href="/wiki/Blurbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Blurbs">blurbs</a> and introductions for a wide range of novels and non-fiction works. He contributed an appreciation of <a href="/wiki/Oakley_Hall" title="Oakley Hall">Oakley Hall</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Warlock_(Hall_novel)" title="Warlock (Hall novel)">Warlock</a> in a feature called "A Gift of Books" in the December 1965 issue of <a href="/wiki/Holiday_(magazine)" title="Holiday (magazine)">Holiday</a>. Pynchon wrote that Hall "has restored to the myth of <a href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Tombstone</a> its full, mortal, blooded humanity ... It is this deep sensitivity to abysses that makes Warlock, I think, one of our best American novels. For we are a nation that can, many of us, toss with all aplomb our candy wrapper into the Grand Canyon itself, snap a color shot and drive away; and we need voices like Oakley Hall’s to remind us how far that piece of paper, still fluttering brightly behind us, has to fall."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1968, Pynchon was one of 447 signatories to the "<a href="/wiki/Writers_and_Editors_War_Tax_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers and Editors War Tax Protest">Writers and Editors War Tax Protest</a>". Full-page advertisements in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a> listed the names of those who had pledged not to pay "the proposed 10% income tax surcharge or any war-designated tax increase", and stated their belief "that American involvement in Vietnam is morally wrong".<a href="#cite_note-wartax-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>'s review of V. concluded: "V. sails with majesty through caverns measureless to man. What does it mean? Who, finally, is V.? Few books haunt the waking or the sleeping mind, but this is one. Who, indeed?"<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Crying_of_Lot_49">The Crying of Lot 49</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Crying of Lot 49">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49" title="The Crying of Lot 49">The Crying of Lot 49</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MutedPosthorn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stylized line drawing of a post horn with a mute placed in the bell of the instrument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MutedPosthorn.png/150px-MutedPosthorn.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MutedPosthorn.png/225px-MutedPosthorn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MutedPosthorn.png/300px-MutedPosthorn.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>Pynchon created the "muted post horn" as a symbol for the secret "Trystero" society in <a href="/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49" title="The Crying of Lot 49">The Crying of Lot 49</a>.</figcaption></figure> In an April 1964 letter to his agent, Candida Donadio, Pynchon wrote that he was facing a creative crisis, with four novels in progress, announcing: "If they come out on paper anything like they are inside my head then it will be the literary event of the millennium."<a href="#cite_note-gussow1998-30">[30]</a> In the mid-1960s, Pynchon lived at 217 33rd St. in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Beach,_California" title="Manhattan Beach, California">Manhattan Beach, California</a>, in a small downstairs apartment.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In December 1965, Pynchon politely turned down an invitation from <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Edgar_Hyman" title="Stanley Edgar Hyman">Stanley Edgar Hyman</a> to teach literature at <a href="/wiki/Bennington_College" title="Bennington College">Bennington College</a>, writing that he had resolved, two or three years earlier, to write three novels at once. Pynchon described the decision as "a moment of temporary insanity", but noted that he was "too stubborn to let any of them go, let alone all of them."<a href="#cite_note-mclemee2006-32">[32]</a> Pynchon's second novel, The Crying of Lot 49, was published a few months later in 1966. Whether it was one of the three or four novels Pynchon had in progress is not known, but in a 1965 letter to Donadio, Pynchon had written that he was in the middle of writing a "<a href="/wiki/Potboiler" title="Potboiler">potboiler</a>". When the book grew to 155 pages, he called it, "a short story, but with gland trouble", and hoped that Donadio could "unload it on some poor sucker."<a href="#cite_note-gussow1998-30">[30]</a> The Crying of Lot 49 won the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award shortly after publication.<a href="#cite_note-kihss1974-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Although more concise and linear in its structure than Pynchon's other novels, its labyrinthine plot features an ancient, underground mail service known as "The Tristero" or "Trystero", a parody of a <a href="/wiki/Revenge_play" title="Revenge play">Jacobean revenge drama</a> called The Courier's Tragedy, and a corporate conspiracy involving the bones of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> American <a href="/wiki/GIs" class="mw-redirect" title="GIs">GIs</a> being used as charcoal <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_filter" title="Cigarette filter">cigarette filters</a>. It proposes a series of seemingly incredible interconnections between these events and other similarly bizarre revelations that confront the novel's protagonist, Oedipa Maas. Like V., the novel contains a wealth of references to science and technology and to obscure historical events. The Crying of Lot 49 also continues Pynchon's habits of writing satiric song lyrics and referencing <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>. An example of both can be seen in <a href="/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49#Vladimir_Nabokov" title="The Crying of Lot 49">allusion</a> to the narrator of Nabokov's <a href="/wiki/Lolita" title="Lolita">Lolita</a> in the lyric of a love lament sung by a member of "The Paranoids", an American teenage band who deliberately sing their songs with British accents (p. 17). Despite Pynchon's alleged dislike, Lot 49 received positive reviews; <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> named it one of Pynchon's "canonical works", along with <a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a>. It was included on <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>'s list of the 100 best English-language novels published since the magazine's founding in 1923. Richard Lacayao wrote, "With its slapstick paranoia and heartbreaking metaphysical soliloquies, Lot 49 takes place in the tragicomic universe that is instantly recognizable as Pynchon-land. Is it also a mystery novel? Absolutely, so long as you recognize the mystery here is the one at the heart of everything."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gravity's_Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gravity's Rainbow">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravity%27s_Rainbow_(1973_1st_ed_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Book cover illustration of a London cityscape below a glowing yellow spiral in a red sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/150px-Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/225px-Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/300px-Gravity%27s_Rainbow_%281973_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="2890" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> (1973)</figcaption></figure> Pynchon's most famous novel is his third, <a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a>, published in 1973. An intricate and allusive fiction that combines and elaborates on many of the themes of his earlier work, including <a href="/wiki/Preterition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterition">preterition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">synchronicity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-platerbook-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-chambersbook-37">[37]</a> there is a wealth of commentary and critical material, including reader's guides,<a href="#cite_note-fowlerbook-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-weisenburgerbook-39">[39]</a> books and scholarly articles, online concordances and discussions, and art works. Its artistic value is often compared to that of <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ruch2001-40">[40]</a> Some scholars have hailed it as the greatest American post-WW2 novel,<a href="#cite_note-almansibook-41">[41]</a> and it has similarly been described as "literally an anthology of postmodernist themes and devices".<a href="#cite_note-mchalebook-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Locke_(critic)" title="Richard Locke (critic)">Richard Locke</a>, reviewing it in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, wrote that "Gravity's Rainbow is longer, darker and more difficult than his first two books; in fact it is the longest, most difficult and most ambitious novel to appear in these pages since <a href="/wiki/Nabokov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabokov">Nabokov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ada_or_Ardor:_A_Family_Chronicle" title="Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle">Ada</a> four years ago; its technical and verbal resources bring to mind <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Melville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faulkner" class="mw-redirect" title="Faulkner">Faulkner</a>."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The major portion of Gravity's Rainbow takes place in Europe in the final months of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the weeks immediately following <a href="/wiki/VE_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="VE Day">VE Day</a>, and is narrated for the most part from within the historical moment in which it is set. In this way, Pynchon's text enacts a type of <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">dramatic irony</a> whereby neither the characters nor the various <a href="/wiki/Narrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrator">narrative voices</a> are aware of specific historical circumstances, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and, except as hints, premonitions and mythography, the complicity between Western corporate interests and the Nazi war machine, which figure prominently in readers' apprehensions of the novel's historical context. For example, at war's end the narrator observes: "There are rumors of a War Crimes Tribunal under way in Nürnberg. No one Slothrop has listened to is clear who's trying whom for what ..." (p. 681). Such an approach generates dynamic tension and moments of acute self-consciousness, as both reader and author seem drawn ever deeper into the "<a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a>", in various senses of that term: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Pynchon presents us with a Disney-meets-Bosch panorama of European politics, American entropy, industrial history, and libidinal panic which leaves a chaotic whirl of fractal patterns in the reader's mind.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:200px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> If they can get you asking the wrong questions, they don't have to worry about answers. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">–Gravity's Rainbow</cite> </div> The novel invokes anti-authority sentiments, often through violations of narrative conventions and integrity. For example, as the protagonist, Tyrone Slothrop, considers the fact that his own family "made its money killing trees", he apostrophizes his apology and plea for advice to the <a href="/wiki/Coppice" class="mw-redirect" title="Coppice">coppice</a> within which he has momentarily taken refuge. In an overt incitement to <a href="/wiki/Eco-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-anarchism">eco-activism</a>, Pynchon's narrative agency then has it that "a medium-sized pine nearby nods its top and suggests, 'Next time you come across a logging operation out here, find one of their tractors that isn't being guarded, and take its oil filter with you. That's what you can do.'" (p. 553) Encyclopedic in scope and often self-conscious in style, the novel displays erudition in its treatment of an array of material drawn from the fields of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, human sexuality, and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>. Pynchon wrote the first draft of Gravity's Rainbow in "neat, tiny script on engineer's <a href="/wiki/Graph_paper#Formats" title="Graph paper">quadrille paper</a>".<a href="#cite_note-weisenburgerbook-39">[39]</a> Pynchon worked on the novel throughout the 1960s and early 1970s while he was living in California and Mexico City. Gravity's Rainbow shared the 1974 <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> with <a href="/wiki/A_Crown_of_Feathers_and_Other_Stories" title="A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories">A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories</a> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a> (split award).<a href="#cite_note-nba1974-4">[4]</a> That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize For Fiction</a> panel unanimously recommended Gravity's Rainbow for the award, but the Pulitzer board vetoed the jury's recommendation, describing the novel as "unreadable", "turgid", "overwritten", and in parts "obscene".<a href="#cite_note-kihss1974-33">[33]</a> (No Pulitzer Prize For Fiction was awarded that year and finalists were not recognized before 1980.)<a href="#cite_note-pulitzer-45">[45]</a> In 1975, Pynchon declined the <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells_Medal" title="William Dean Howells Medal">William Dean Howells Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-postindustrial-46">[46]</a> Along with Lot 49, Gravity's Rainbow was included on Time's list of the 100 greatest English-language novels published since the magazine's founding, with <a href="/wiki/Lev_Grossman" title="Lev Grossman">Lev Grossman</a> and Richard Lacayao commenting on its "fantastic multitude of meditations upon the human need to build systems of intellectual order even as we use the same powers of intellect to hasten our destruction. (Did we mention that this is also a comedy, more or less?) Among American writers of the second half of the 20th century, Pynchon is the indisputed candidate for lasting literary greatness. This book is why."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> His earliest American ancestor, <a href="/wiki/William_Pynchon" title="William Pynchon">William Pynchon</a>, emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Fleet" title="Winthrop Fleet">Winthrop Fleet</a> in 1630, then became the founder of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>, in 1636, and thereafter a long line of Pynchon descendants found wealth and repute on American soil. Aspects of Pynchon's ancestry and family background have partially inspired his fiction writing, particularly in the Slothrop family histories related in the short story "<a href="/wiki/Slow_Learner" title="Slow Learner">The Secret Integration</a>" (1964) and <a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> (1973).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_career">Later career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slow_Learner_(1984_1st_ed_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Book cover illustration of a massive white fountain pen seated on a bicycle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Slow_Learner_%281984_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/150px-Slow_Learner_%281984_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Slow_Learner_%281984_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/225px-Slow_Learner_%281984_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Slow_Learner_%281984_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg/300px-Slow_Learner_%281984_1st_ed_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slow_Learner" title="Slow Learner">Slow Learner</a> (1984)</figcaption></figure> A collection of Pynchon's early short stories, <a href="/wiki/Slow_Learner" title="Slow Learner">Slow Learner</a>, was published in 1984, with a lengthy <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical">autobiographical</a> introduction. In October of the same year, an article titled "Is It O.K. to Be a Luddite?" was published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In April 1988, Pynchon reviewed <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholera" title="Love in the Time of Cholera">Love in the Time of Cholera</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, calling it "a shining and heartbreaking book."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Another article, titled "Nearer, My Couch, to Thee", was published in June 1993 in The New York Times Book Review, as one in a series of articles in which various writers reflected on each of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Deadly_Sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Deadly Sins">Seven Deadly Sins</a>. Pynchon's subject was "<a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Sloth</a>".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1989, Pynchon was one of many authors who signed a letter of solidarity with <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> after Rushdie was sentenced to death by the <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah</a> for his novel <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a>. Pynchon wrote: "I pray that tolerance and respect for life prevail. I keep thinking of you."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vineland">Vineland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vineland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vineland" title="Vineland">Vineland</a></div> Pynchon's fourth novel, <a href="/wiki/Vineland" title="Vineland">Vineland</a>, was published in 1990 and disappointed some fans and critics. It did, however, receive a positive review from Salman Rushdie, who called it "free-flowing and light and funny and maybe the most readily accessible piece of writing the old Invisible Man ever came up with ... the entropy's still flowing, but there is something new to report, some faint possibility of redemption, some fleeting hints of happiness and grace. Thomas Pynchon, like <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a>'s girl in New York City, who calls herself the Human Trampoline, is bouncing into Graceland."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The novel is set in California in the 1980s and 1960s and describes the relationship between an <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a> agent and a female radical filmmaker. Its strong socio-political undercurrents detail the constant battle between <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">communalism</a>, and the nexus between <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance</a> and complicity, but with a typically Pynchonian sense of humor.<a href="#cite_note-berressembook-53">[53]</a> In 1988, he received a <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a> and, since the early 1990s at least, he has been frequently cited as a contender for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gray1993-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-duvallbook-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-rising2008-56">[56]</a> Pynchon provided a blurb for <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Mao_II" title="Mao II">Mao II</a>, about a reclusive novelist and partly inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="Satanic Verses controversy">fatwa</a> on Salman Rushdie: "This novel's a beauty. DeLillo takes us on a breathtaking journey, beyond all the official versions of our daily history, behind all the easy assumptions about who we're supposed to be, with a vision as bold and a voice as eloquent and morally focused as any in American writing."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mason_&_Dixon">Mason & Dixon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mason & Dixon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mason_%26_Dixon_(1997_1st_ed_jacket_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Book cover illustration zoomed in on the ampersand between the words "Mason & Dixon" written in ink on parchment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mason_%26_Dixon_%281997_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg/124px-Mason_%26_Dixon_%281997_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mason_%26_Dixon_%281997_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg/186px-Mason_%26_Dixon_%281997_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mason_%26_Dixon_%281997_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg/248px-Mason_%26_Dixon_%281997_1st_ed_jacket_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1424" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mason_and_Dixon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stippled illustration of two men on a hill overseeing the American wilderness" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mason_and_Dixon.png/180px-Mason_and_Dixon.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mason_and_Dixon.png/270px-Mason_and_Dixon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mason_and_Dixon.png/360px-Mason_and_Dixon.png 2x" data-file-width="1898" data-file-height="1898" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a> (1997) is a fictionalized account of the lives of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mason" title="Charles Mason">Charles Mason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Dixon" title="Jeremiah Dixon">Jeremiah Dixon</a>, the historical surveyors of the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a>.</div></div></div></div> The meticulously researched novel is a sprawling <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">postmodernist</a> saga recounting the lives and careers of the English astronomer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mason" title="Charles Mason">Charles Mason</a> and his partner, the surveyor <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Dixon" title="Jeremiah Dixon">Jeremiah Dixon</a>, the drawers of the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a>, during the birth of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Republic</a>. The dust jacket notes that it features appearances from <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> and a talking dog. Some commentators acknowledged it as a welcome return to form; <a href="/wiki/T._C._Boyle" title="T. C. Boyle">T. C. Boyle</a> called it "the old Pynchon, the true Pynchon, the best Pynchon of all" and "a book of heart and fire and genius."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michiko_Kakutani" title="Michiko Kakutani">Michiko Kakutani</a> called Mason and Dixon Pynchon's most human characters, writing that they "become fully fleshed-out people, their feelings, hopes and yearnings made as palpably real as their outrageously comic high jinks."<a href="#cite_note-Kakutani-59">[59]</a> The American critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> hailed the novel as Pynchon's "masterpiece to date".<a href="#cite_note-bloom2003-60">[60]</a> Bloom named Pynchon as one of the four major American novelists of his time, along with <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> For <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> feature Book Of A Lifetime, <a href="/wiki/Marek_Kohn" title="Marek Kohn">Marek Kohn</a> chose Mason & Dixon "precisely because my own teens were long gone by the time it came out: it showed me that being exhilarated by prose is not just an effect of youthful overexcitement."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Against_the_Day">Against the Day</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Against the Day">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Against_the_Day" title="Against the Day">Against the Day</a></div> A variety of rumors pertaining to the subject matter of <a href="/wiki/Against_the_Day" title="Against the Day">Against the Day</a> circulated for a number of years. Most specific of these were comments made by the former German minister of culture <a href="/wiki/Michael_Naumann" title="Michael Naumann">Michael Naumann</a>, who stated that he assisted Pynchon in his research about "a Russian mathematician [who] studied for <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>", and that the new novel would trace the life and loves of <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Kovalevskaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia Kovalevskaya">Sofia Kovalevskaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In July 2006, a new, untitled novel by Pynchon was announced along with a description written by Pynchon himself: "Spanning the period between the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_World%27s_Fair_of_1893" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago World's Fair of 1893">Chicago World's Fair of 1893</a> and the years just after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, this novel moves from the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Labor_Wars" title="Colorado Labor Wars">labor troubles in Colorado</a> to turn-of-the-century New York, to London and Gottingen, Venice and Vienna, the Balkans, Central Asia, Siberia at the times of the mysterious <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunguska Event">Tunguska Event</a>, Mexico during the Revolution, postwar Paris, silent-era Hollywood, and one or two places not strictly speaking on the map at all. With a worldwide disaster looming just a few years ahead, it is a time of unrestrained corporate greed, false religiosity, moronic fecklessness, and evil intent in high places. No reference to the present day is intended or should be inferred." He promised cameos by <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marx</a>, as well as "stupid songs" and "strange sexual practices". Subsequently, the title of the new book was reported to be Against the Day and a Penguin spokesperson confirmed that the synopsis was Pynchon's.<a href="#cite_note-patterson2006-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-italie2006-66">[66]</a> Against the Day was released on November 21, 2006, and is 1,085 pages long in the first edition hardcover. The book was given almost no promotion by Penguin and professional book reviewers were given little time in advance to review the book. An edited version of Pynchon's synopsis was used as the jacket-flap copy and Kovalevskaya does appear, although as only one of over a hundred characters. Composed in part of a series of interwoven pastiches of popular fiction genres from the era in which it is set, the novel inspired mixed reactions from critics and reviewers. One reviewer remarked, "It is brilliant, but it is exhaustingly brilliant."<a href="#cite_note-leith2006-67">[67]</a> Other reviewers described Against the Day as "lengthy and rambling"<a href="#cite_note-wood2007-68">[68]</a> and "a baggy monster of a book",<a href="#cite_note-sante2007-69">[69]</a> while negative appraisals condemned the novel for its "silliness"<a href="#cite_note-kirsch2006-70">[70]</a> or characterized its action as "fairly pointless" and remained unimpressed by its "grab bag of themes".<a href="#cite_note-miller2006-71">[71]</a> In 2006, Pynchon wrote a letter defending <a href="/wiki/Ian_McEwan" title="Ian McEwan">Ian McEwan</a> against charges of plagiarism in his novel <a href="/wiki/Atonement_(novel)" title="Atonement (novel)">Atonement</a>: "Oddly enough, those of us who write historical fiction do feel some obligation to accuracy. It is that Ruskin business about 'a capacity of responsiveness to the claims of fact, but unoppressed by them.' Unless we were actually there, we must turn to people who were, or to letters, contemporary reporting, the encyclopedia, the Internet, until, with luck, at some point, we can begin to make a few things of our own up. To discover in the course of research some engaging detail we know can be put into a story where it will do some good can hardly be classed as a felonious act-- it is simply what we do."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inherent_Vice">Inherent Vice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inherent Vice">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice" title="Inherent Vice">Inherent Vice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice_(film)" title="Inherent Vice (film)">Inherent Vice (film)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice" title="Inherent Vice">Inherent Vice</a> was published in August 2009. A synopsis and brief extract from the novel, along with the novel's title, Inherent Vice, and dust jacket image, were printed in Penguin Press' Summer 2009 catalogue. The book was advertised by the publisher as "part-<a href="/wiki/Hardboiled" title="Hardboiled">noir</a>, part-<a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelic</a> romp, all Thomas Pynchon—<a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">private eye</a> Doc Sportello comes, occasionally, out of a <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> haze to watch the end of an era as <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a> slips away and <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a> creeps in with the L.A. fog." A promotional video for the novel was released by Penguin Books on August 4, 2009, with the character voiceover narrated by Pynchon himself.<a href="#cite_note-kurutz2009-73">[73]</a> A 2014 film adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice_(film)" title="Inherent Vice (film)">same name</a> was directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Anderson" title="Paul Thomas Anderson">Paul Thomas Anderson</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bleeding_Edge">Bleeding Edge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bleeding Edge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Edge_(novel)" title="Bleeding Edge (novel)">Bleeding Edge (novel)</a></div> Bleeding Edge takes place in Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Alley" title="Silicon Alley">Silicon Alley</a> during "the lull between the collapse of the dot-com boom and the terrible events of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11</a>." The novel was published on September 17, 2013,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> to positive reviews. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Style">edit</a>]</div> Poet <a href="/wiki/L._E._Sissman" title="L. E. Sissman">L. E. Sissman</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>: "He is almost a mathematician of prose, who calculates the least and the greatest stress each word and line, each pun and ambiguity, can bear, and applies his knowledge accordingly and virtually without lapses, though he takes many scary, bracing linguistic risks. Thus his remarkably supple diction can first treat of a painful and delicate love scene and then roar, without pause, into the sounds and echoes of a drugged and drunken orgy."<a href="#cite_note-sissman1973-75">[75]</a> Pynchon often engages in <a href="/wiki/Parodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Parodies">parodies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiches</a> of other styles; <a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a> is written in the style of the eighteenth-century, when it takes place. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lane" title="Anthony Lane">Anthony Lane</a>, reviewing the novel in The New Yorker, writes that "It sounds and, more important, looks like a period novel; it comes bedecked with archaic spellings, complex punctuation, words like 'Nebulosity,' 'Fescue,' 'pinguid,' and 'G-d.' ... This is hard to fault as pastiche, and yet it moves beyond pastiche, with none of the cramped self-amusement that usually attends the genre. What is more, it bears the signature—wholly unmistakable but written, as it were, in invisible ink—of Pynchon himself." Pynchon includes deliberate <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronisms</a>: Lane notes that "the shipboard scenes include an honorary mention of a sailor named <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Pat O'Brian</a>, 'the best Yarn-Spinner in all the fleets,' and the current president might allow himself a small smile at the advice on Indian hemp which is offered to Cherrycoke as he prepares to set sail: 'If you must use the latter, do not inhale. Keep your memory working, young man!' Whether Thomas Pynchon himself would heed this counsel is hard to decide. His memory seems, as ever, not only to have gorged itself on facts and figures but to have kept the whole lot down ... On the other hand, this book could have been conceived in the fumes of inhalation: it has a dreamed quality, an eagerness to be haunted ... Pynchon is furiously clever, but more important and, I suspect, more enduring, is his anatomy of melancholy, his conjuring of a doleful burlesque ... Good luck, and G-dspeed."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Pynchon's prose, with its wide range of styles and subjects, is commonly classified as <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Pynchon makes frequent <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusions</a> to other authors; in the introduction to <a href="/wiki/Slow_Learner" title="Slow Learner">Slow Learner</a>, a collection of his early short stories, he acknowledges his debts to the <a href="/wiki/Modernists" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernists">modernists</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beats</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>'s <a href="/wiki/On_the_Road" title="On the Road">On the Road</a>. He also writes of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, and satiric song lyrics and mock <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical numbers</a> are a trademark of his fiction. In his essay "Smoking Dope With Thomas Pynchon: A Sixties Memoir", Andrew Gordon writes: "Kerouac's heroes were filled with romantic angst and an unfulfilled yearning to burn like roman candles, whereas Pynchon's were clowns, schlemiels and human yo-yos, bouncing between farce and paranoia. Kerouac was of the cool fifties; he wrote jazz fiction. But Pynchon was of the apocalyptic sixties; he wrote rock and roll."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Themes">edit</a>]</div> In her review of <a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michiko_Kakutani" title="Michiko Kakutani">Michiko Kakutani</a> writes: "The Great Big Theme in all of Thomas Pynchon's novels, from V. (1963) through Gravity's Rainbow (1973) and Vineland (1990) has been: Is the world dominated by conspiracy or chaos? Are there patterns, secret codes, hidden agendas -- in short, a hidden design -- to the bubble and turmoil of human existence, or is it all a product of chance? Are the paranoiacs onto something, or do the nihilists have the key to it all?"<a href="#cite_note-Kakutani-59">[59]</a> Pynchon's work explores philosophical, theological, and sociological ideas exhaustively, though in quirky and approachable ways. His writings demonstrate a strong affinity with the practitioners and artifacts of <a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">low culture</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">cartoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp fiction</a>, popular films, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television programs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cookery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cookery">cookery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban myth">urban myths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a>. This blurring of the conventional boundary between "high" and "low" culture has been seen as one of the defining characteristics of his writing.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_1987-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cowart_1990-82">[82]</a> Pynchon makes frequent musical allusions. McClintic Sphere in <a href="/wiki/V." title="V.">V.</a> is a composite of jazz musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a>. In <a href="/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49" title="The Crying of Lot 49">The Crying of Lot 49</a>, the lead singer of The Paranoids sports "a <a href="/wiki/Beatle" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatle">Beatle</a> haircut" and sings with an English accent. In the closing pages of <a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a>, there is an apocryphal report that Tyrone Slothrop, the novel's protagonist, played <a href="/wiki/Kazoo" title="Kazoo">kazoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a> as a guest musician on a record released by <a href="/wiki/The_Fool_(design_collective)" title="The Fool (design collective)">The Fool</a> in the 1960s (having <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">magically</a> recovered the latter instrument, his "<a href="/wiki/Blues_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues harp">harp</a>", in a German stream in 1945, after losing it down the toilet in 1939 at the Roseland Ballroom in <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxbury, Massachusetts">Roxbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, to the strains of the jazz standard "<a href="/wiki/Cherokee_(Ray_Noble_song)" title="Cherokee (Ray Noble song)">Cherokee</a>", upon which tune Charlie Parker was simultaneously inventing <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> in New York, as Pynchon describes). In Vineland, both Zoyd Wheeler and Isaiah Two Four are also musicians: Zoyd played keyboards in a '60s <a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">surf</a> band called The Corvairs, while Isaiah played in a <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> band called Billy Barf and the Vomitones. In <a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a>, one of the characters plays on the Clavier the varsity drinking song that will later become "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>"; while in another episode a character remarks tangentially <a href="/wiki/Stand_by_your_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand by your man">"Sometimes, it's hard to be a woman."</a> He also alludes to classical music; in V., a character sings an aria from <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a>. In Lot 49 Oedipa listens to "the Fort Wayne Settecento Ensemble's variorum recording of the <a href="/wiki/Vivaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a> Kazoo Concerto, Boyd Beaver, soloist." In his introduction to <a href="/wiki/Slow_Learner" title="Slow Learner">Slow Learner</a>, Pynchon acknowledges a debt to the anarchic bandleader <a href="/wiki/Spike_Jones" title="Spike Jones">Spike Jones</a>, and in 1994, he penned a 3,000-word set of <a href="/wiki/Liner_notes" title="Liner notes">liner notes</a> for the album Spiked!, a collection of Jones's recordings released on the short-lived BMG Catalyst label.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Pynchon also wrote the liner notes for <a href="/wiki/Nobody%27s_Cool" title="Nobody's Cool">Nobody's Cool</a>, the second album of <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Lotion_(band)" title="Lotion (band)">Lotion</a>, in which he states that "rock and roll remains one of the last honorable callings, and a working band is a miracle of everyday life. Which is basically what these guys do." He is known to be a fan of <a href="/wiki/Roky_Erickson" title="Roky Erickson">Roky Erickson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meet_Your_Neighbor,_Thomas_Pynchon-84">[84]</a> Investigations and digressions into <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> recur throughout Pynchon's works. One of his earliest short stories, "Low-lands" (1960), features a meditation on <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg's</a> <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">uncertainty principle</a> as a metaphor for telling stories about one's own experiences. His next published work, "Entropy" (1960), introduced <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">the concept</a> which was to become synonymous with Pynchon's name (though Pynchon later admitted the "shallowness of [his] understanding" of the subject, and noted that choosing an abstract concept first and trying to construct a narrative based on it was "a lousy way to go about writing a story"). Another early story, "Under the Rose" (1961), includes among its cast of characters a <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborg</a> set anachronistically in <a href="/wiki/Victorian-era" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian-era">Victorian-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (a precursor of what is now called <a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">steampunk</a>). This story, significantly reworked by Pynchon, appears as Chapter 3 of V. "The Secret Integration" (1964), Pynchon's last published short story, is a sensitively handled <a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming-of-age">coming-of-age</a> tale in which a group of young boys face the consequences of the American policy of <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a>. At one point in the story, the boys attempt to understand the new policy by way of the <a href="/wiki/Antiderivative" title="Antiderivative">mathematical operation</a>, the only sense of the word with which they are familiar. The Crying of Lot 49 also alludes to entropy and <a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">communication theory</a>, and contains scenes and descriptions which parody or appropriate <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes" title="Zeno's paradoxes">Zeno's paradoxes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_demon" title="Maxwell's demon">Maxwell's demon</a>. At the same time, the novel also investigates <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> and both medically sanctioned and illicit <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic drug</a> use. Gravity's Rainbow describes many varieties of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">sexual fetishism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Sado-masochism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sado-masochism">sado-masochism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coprophilia" title="Coprophilia">coprophilia</a> and a borderline case of <a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">tentacle erotica</a>), and features numerous episodes of drug use, most notably <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogens</a>, and the mushroom <a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a>. Gravity's Rainbow also derives much from Pynchon's background in mathematics: at one point, the geometry of garter belts is compared with that of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> spires, both described as <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_singularities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical singularities">mathematical singularities</a>. Mason & Dixon explores the scientific, theological, and socio-cultural foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Reason">Age of Reason</a> while also depicting the relationships between actual historical figures and fictional characters in intricate detail and, like Gravity's Rainbow, is an archetypal example of the genre of <a href="/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction" title="Historiographic metafiction">historiographic metafiction</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Precursors">edit</a>]</div> Pynchon's novels refer overtly to writers as disparate as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> (in V., p. 62), <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> (in Gravity’s Rainbow, p. 264), <a href="/wiki/Deleuze_and_Guattari" title="Deleuze and Guattari">Deleuze and Guattari</a> (in Vineland, p. 97),<a href="#cite_note-Gazi_2016-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a> (in Gravity’s Rainbow, pp. 27–8), <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> (in Mason & Dixon, p. 559),<a href="#cite_note-Logan_1998-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> (in Vineland, p. 369), "<a href="/wiki/Gerard_Manley_Hopkins" title="Gerard Manley Hopkins">Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">di Chirico’s</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Hebdomeros" title="Hebdomeros">Hebdomeros</a>" (in V., p. 307), <a href="/wiki/William_March" title="William March">William March</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> (in The Crying of Lot 49, p. 120), <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a> (in Mason & Dixon, p. 54), <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Reed" title="Ishmael Reed">Ishmael Reed</a> (in Gravity’s Rainbow, p. 558), <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a> (in Gravity’s Rainbow, p. 97 f) and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> (in V., p. 278 f), and to a heady mixture of iconic religious and philosophical sources.<a href="#cite_note-Fahey_1977-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Safer_1983-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-McClure_2007-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2014-90">[90]</a> Critics have made comparisons of Pynchon's writing with works by <a href="/wiki/Rabelais" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabelais">Rabelais</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mendelson_1976-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donoghue_2014-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cervantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervantes">Cervantes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mendelson_1976-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holdsworth_1988-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Battestin_1997-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stonehill_1988-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lenz_1991-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hashhozheva_2008-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Min_2003-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Madsen_2008-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mendelson_1976-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palmeri_2012-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Poirier_1975-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan_2009-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Green_1982-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooley_1993-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1990-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spiridon_2013-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hume_2000-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper_1983-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cooper_1983-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Witzling_2008-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hospitalbook-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burdett_2001-111">[111]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McClure_2007-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schell_2014-112">[112]</a> Pynchon's work also has similarities with <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> writers who wrote long novels dealing with large <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical">metaphysical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> issues, such as <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Passage_to_India" title="A Passage to India">A Passage to India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis">Wyndham Lewis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Apes_of_God" title="The Apes of God">The Apes of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Without_Qualities" title="The Man Without Qualities">The Man Without Qualities</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Dos Passos</a>'s <a href="/wiki/U.S.A._(trilogy)" title="U.S.A. (trilogy)">U.S.A. trilogy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chambersbook-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-peirce1982-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-porush1994-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-tannerbook-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-brook1983-116">[116]</a> He also outlines the influence on his own early fiction of literary works by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gold" title="Herbert Gold">Herbert Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">John Buchan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>, and non-fiction works by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Waddell" title="Helen Waddell">Helen Waddell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pynchon1984-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Pynchon's work has been cited as an influence and inspiration by many writers, among them <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a> (who translated <a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> into German), <a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_T._Vollmann" title="William T. Vollmann">William T. Vollmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Erickson" title="Steve Erickson">Steve Erickson</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Mitchell_(author)" title="David Mitchell (author)">David Mitchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Eggers" title="Dave Eggers">Dave Eggers</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._C._Boyle" title="T. C. Boyle">T. C. Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Pincio" title="Tommaso Pincio">Tommaso Pincio</a> (whose pseudonym is an Italian rendering of Pynchon's name).<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Thanks to his influence on Gibson and Stephenson in particular, Pynchon became one of the progenitors of <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> fiction; a 1987 essay in <a href="/wiki/Spin_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin magazine">Spin</a> magazine by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a> explicitly named Gravity's Rainbow as the "Old Testament" of cyberpunk, with Gibson's <a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a> and its sequels as the "New Testament". Though the term "cyberpunk" did not become prevalent until the early 1980s, since Leary's article many readers have retroactively included Gravity's Rainbow in the genre, along with other works—<a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dhalgren" title="Dhalgren">Dhalgren</a> and many works of <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>—which seem, in hindsight, to anticipate cyberpunk styles and themes. The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedic">encyclopedic</a> nature of Pynchon's novels also led to some attempts to link his work with the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_fiction" title="Hypertext fiction">hypertext fiction</a> movement of the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-page2002-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Rankin" title="Ian Rankin">Ian Rankin</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Inspector_Rebus" title="Inspector Rebus">Inspector Rebus</a> mystery novels, called encountering Pynchon in college "a revelation": "Pynchon seemed to fit the model I was learning of literature as an extended code or grail quest. Moreover, he was like a drug: as you worked out one layer of meaning, you quickly wanted to move to the next. He wrote action novels about spies and soldiers which also happened to be detective stories and bawdy romps. His books were picaresquely post-modern and his humour was Marxian (tendance: Groucho). On page six of <a href="/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49" title="The Crying of Lot 49">The Crying of Lot 49</a>, the name Quackenbush appears, and you know you are in safely comedic hands."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The main-belt asteroid 152319 is named after Pynchon.<a href="#cite_note-Guido_2013-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_scrutiny_of_private_life">Media scrutiny of private life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Media scrutiny of private life">edit</a>]</div> Relatively little is known about Pynchon's private life; he has carefully avoided contact with reporters for more than fifty years. Only a few photos of him are known to exist, nearly all from his high school and college days, and his whereabouts have often remained undisclosed. A 1963 review of V. in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a> described Pynchon as "a recluse" living in Mexico, thereby introducing the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> label with which journalists have characterized him throughout his career.<a href="#cite_note-plimpton1963-121">[121]</a> Nonetheless, Pynchon's personal absence from <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> is one of the notable features of his life, and it has generated many rumors and apocryphal anecdotes. Around 1984, Pynchon wrote an introduction for his short story collection <a href="/wiki/Slow_Learner" title="Slow Learner">Slow Learner</a>. His comments on the stories after reading them again for the first time in many years, and his recollection of the events surrounding their creation, amount to the author's only autobiographical comments to his readers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_and_1980s">1970s and 1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1970s and 1980s">edit</a>]</div> After the publication and success of Gravity's Rainbow, interest mounted in finding out more about the identity of the author. At the 1974 National Book Awards ceremony, the president of <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Guinzburg" title="Thomas Guinzburg">Tom Guinzberg</a>, arranged for double-talking comedian <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Corey" title="Irwin Corey">"Professor" Irwin Corey</a> to accept the prize on Pynchon's behalf.<a href="#cite_note-royster2005-25">[25]</a> Many of the assembled guests had no idea who Corey was and had never seen the author, so they assumed it was Pynchon himself on the stage delivering Corey's trademark torrent of rambling, pseudo-scholarly verbiage.<a href="#cite_note-corey1974-122">[122]</a> Toward the end of Corey's address a <a href="/wiki/Streaking" title="Streaking">streaker</a> ran through the hall, adding further to the confusion. An article by <a href="/wiki/John_Batchelor" title="John Batchelor">John Batchelor</a> published in the <a href="/wiki/SoHo_Weekly_News" title="SoHo Weekly News">SoHo Weekly News</a> in 1977 claimed that Pynchon was in fact <a href="/wiki/J._D._Salinger" title="J. D. Salinger">J. D. Salinger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-batchelor1976-123">[123]</a> Pynchon's written response to this theory said that “some of it was true, but none of the interesting parts. Not bad. Keep trying.”<a href="#cite_note-tannerbook-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Thereafter, the first piece to provide substantial information about Pynchon's personal life was a biographical account written by a former Cornell University friend, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Siegel" title="Jules Siegel">Jules Siegel</a>, and published in <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a> magazine. In his article, Siegel reveals that Pynchon had a <a href="/wiki/Complex_(psychology)" title="Complex (psychology)">complex</a> about his teeth and underwent extensive and painful reconstructive surgery, was nicknamed "Tom" at Cornell and attended <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> diligently, acted as <a href="/wiki/Best_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Best man">best man</a> at Siegel's wedding, and that he later also had an affair with Siegel's wife. Siegel recalls Pynchon saying he did attend some of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>'s lectures at Cornell but that he could hardly make out what Nabokov was saying because of his thick Russian accent. Siegel also records Pynchon's commenting: "Every weirdo in the world is on my wavelength", an observation borne out by the <a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">crankiness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zealot" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot">zealotry</a> that has attached itself to his name and work in subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-siegel1977-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> Pynchon does not like to talk with reporters, and refuses the spectacle of <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrity</a> and public appearances. Some readers and critics have suggested that there were and are perhaps aesthetic (and ideological) motivations behind his choice to remain aloof from public life. For example, the protagonist in <a href="/wiki/Janette_Turner_Hospital" title="Janette Turner Hospital">Janette Turner Hospital</a>'s short story "For Mr. Voss or Occupant" (published in 1991), explains to her daughter that she is writing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">a study of authors who become reclusive. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._D._Salinger" title="J. D. Salinger">J. D. Salinger</a>, Thomas Pynchon. The way they create solitary characters and <a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">personae</a> and then disappear into their fictions.<a href="#cite_note-hospitalbook-110">[110]</a></blockquote> More recently, book critic Arthur Salm has written that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">the man simply chooses not to be a public figure, an attitude that resonates on a frequency so out of phase with that of the prevailing culture that if Pynchon and <a href="/wiki/Paris_Hilton" title="Paris Hilton">Paris Hilton</a> were ever to meet—the circumstances, I admit, are beyond imagining—the resulting matter/<a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a> explosion would vaporize everything from here to <a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a> IV.<a href="#cite_note-salm2004-126">[126]</a></blockquote> Pynchon has published a number of articles and reviews in the mainstream American media, including words of support for Salman Rushdie and his then-wife, <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Wiggins" title="Marianne Wiggins">Marianne Wiggins</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> was pronounced <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">against Rushdie</a> by the Iranian leader, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ruhollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pynchon1989-127">[127]</a> In the following year, Rushdie's enthusiastic review of Pynchon's Vineland prompted Pynchon to send him another message hinting that if Rushdie were ever in New York, the two should arrange a meeting. Eventually, the two did have dinner together. Rushdie later commented: "He was extremely Pynchon-esque. He was the Pynchon I wanted him to be".<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In 1990, Pynchon married his literary agent, Melanie Jackson—a great-granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a>, U.S. Supreme Court Justice and Nuremberg trials prosecutor—and fathered a son, Jackson, in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The disclosure of Pynchon's 1990s location in New York City, after many years in which he was believed to be dividing his time between Mexico and northern California, led some journalists and photographers to try to track him down. Shortly before the publication of Mason & Dixon in 1997, a <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> camera crew filmed him in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. Angered by this invasion of his privacy, he called CNN asking that he not be identified in the footage of the street scenes near his home. When asked by CNN, Pynchon rejected their characterization of him as a recluse, remarking "My belief is that 'recluse' is a code word generated by journalists ... meaning, 'doesn't like to talk to reporters'." CNN also quoted him as saying, "Let me be unambiguous. I prefer not to be photographed."<a href="#cite_note-cnn1997-130">[130]</a> The next year, a reporter for the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_(South_Africa)" title="Sunday Times (South Africa)">Sunday Times</a> managed to snap a photo of him as he was walking with his son.<a href="#cite_note-bone1998-131">[131]</a> After several references to Pynchon's work and reputation were made on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_John_Larroquette_Show" title="The John Larroquette Show">The John Larroquette Show</a>, Pynchon (through his agent) reportedly contacted the series' producers to offer suggestions and corrections. When a local Pynchon sighting became a major plot point in a 1994 episode of the series, Pynchon was sent the script for his approval; as well as providing the title of a fictitious work to be used in one episode ("Pandemonium of the Sun"), the novelist apparently vetoed a final scene that called for an extra playing him to be filmed from behind, walking away from the shot.<a href="#cite_note-cnn1997-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-glenn2003-132">[132]</a> Pynchon also insisted that it should be specifically mentioned in the episode that Pynchon was seen wearing a <a href="/wiki/Roky_Erickson" title="Roky Erickson">Roky Erickson</a> T-shirt.<a href="#cite_note-Grantland2013-133">[133]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, this spurred an increase in sales of Erickson's albums.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes1994-134">[134]</a> Also during the 1990s, Pynchon befriended members of the band <a href="/wiki/Lotion_(band)" title="Lotion (band)">Lotion</a> and contributed liner notes for the band's 1995 album Nobody's Cool. Although the band initially claimed that he had seen them in concert and become a groupie, in 2009 they revealed to <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> that they met him through his accountant, who was drummer Rob Youngberg's mother; she gave him an advance copy of the album and he agreed to write the liner notes, only later seeing them in concert.<a href="#cite_note-newyorker2009-135">[135]</a> The novelist then conducted an interview with the band ("Lunch with Lotion") for Esquire in June 1996 in the lead-up to the publication of Mason & Dixon. More recently, Pynchon provided <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">faxed</a> answers to questions submitted by author <a href="/wiki/David_Hajdu" title="David Hajdu">David Hajdu</a> and permitted excerpts from his personal correspondence to be quoted in Hajdu's 2001 book, Positively 4th Street: The Lives and Times of <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimi_Baez_Fari%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimi Baez Fariña">Mimi Baez Fariña</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fari%C3%B1a" title="Richard Fariña">Richard Fariña</a>.<a href="#cite_note-warner2001-136">[136]</a> Pynchon's insistence on maintaining his personal <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> and on having his work speak for itself has resulted in a number of outlandish rumors and hoaxes over the years. Indeed, claims that Pynchon was the <a href="/wiki/Unabomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Unabomber">Unabomber</a> or a sympathizer with the Waco <a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a> after the 1993 siege were upstaged in the mid-1990s by the invention of an elaborate rumor insinuating that Pynchon and one "<a href="/wiki/Wanda_Tinasky" title="Wanda Tinasky">Wanda Tinasky</a>" were the same person.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> A collection of the Tinasky letters was eventually published as a paperback book in 1996; however, Pynchon himself denied having written the letters, and no direct attribution of the letters to Pynchon was ever made. "Literary detective" <a href="/wiki/Donald_Foster_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Foster (professor)">Donald Foster</a> subsequently showed that the Letters were in fact written by an obscure <a href="/wiki/Beat_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat generation">Beat</a> writer, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hawkins_(writer)" title="Tom Hawkins (writer)">Tom Hawkins</a>, who had murdered his wife and then committed suicide in 1988. Foster's evidence was conclusive, including finding the typewriter on which the "Tinasky" letters had been written.<a href="#cite_note-fosterbook-138">[138]</a> In 1998, over 120 letters that Pynchon had written to his longtime agent, Candida Donadio, were donated by the family of a private collector, Carter Burden, to the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City. The letters ranged from 1963 to 1982, thus covering some of the author's most creative and prolific years. Although the Morgan Library originally intended to allow scholars to view the letters, at Pynchon's request the Burden family and Morgan Library agreed to seal these letters until after Pynchon's death.<a href="#cite_note-gussow1998-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pynchon-Simpsons-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon frame showing a man with a paper bag over his head talking into a mobile phone. The bag has a large question mark printed on it and the man stands in front of a large illuminated sign in block letters which says 'THOMAS PYNCHON'S HOUSE – COME ON IN'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/13/Pynchon-Simpsons-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="132" /></a><figcaption>Pynchon depicted in <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Diatribe_of_a_Mad_Housewife" title="Diatribe of a Mad Housewife">Diatribe of a Mad Housewife</a>". His Simpsons appearances are some of the few occasions that Pynchon's voice has been broadcast in the media.</figcaption></figure> Responding to the image which has been manufactured in the media over the years, Pynchon made two cameo animated appearances on the television series <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> in 2004, a show which he is a fan of. The first occurs in the episode "<a href="/wiki/Diatribe_of_a_Mad_Housewife" title="Diatribe of a Mad Housewife">Diatribe of a Mad Housewife</a>", in which <a href="/wiki/Marge_Simpson" title="Marge Simpson">Marge Simpson</a> becomes a novelist. He plays himself, with a paper bag over his head, and provides a blurb for the back cover of Marge's book, speaking in a broad Long Island accent: "Here's your quote: Thomas Pynchon loved this book, almost as much as he loves cameras!" He then starts yelling at passing cars: "Hey, over here, have your picture taken with a reclusive author! Today only, we'll throw in a free autograph! But, wait! There's more!"<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In his second appearance, in "<a href="/wiki/All%27s_Fair_in_Oven_War" title="All's Fair in Oven War">All's Fair in Oven War</a>", Pynchon's dialogue consists entirely of <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">puns</a> on his novel titles ("These wings are V-licious! I'll put this recipe in The Gravity's Rainbow Cookbook, right next to 'The Frying of <a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a> 49'."). The cartoon representation of Pynchon reappears in a third, non-speaking cameo, as a guest at the fictional WordLoaf convention depicted in the 18th season episode "<a href="/wiki/Moe%27N%27a_Lisa" title="Moe'N'a Lisa">Moe'N'a Lisa</a>". The episode first aired on November 19, 2006, the Sunday before Pynchon's sixth novel, Against the Day, was released. According to <a href="/wiki/Al_Jean" title="Al Jean">Al Jean</a> on the 15th season DVD episode commentary, Pynchon wanted to do the series because his son was a big fan. During pre-production of "All's Fair in Oven War", Pynchon faxed one page from the script to producer <a href="/wiki/Matt_Selman" title="Matt Selman">Matt Selman</a> with several handwritten edits to his lines. Of particular emphasis was Pynchon's outright refusal to utter the line "No wonder <a href="/wiki/Homer_Simpson" title="Homer Simpson">Homer</a> is such a fat-ass." Pynchon's objection apparently had nothing to do with the salty language as he explained in a footnote to the edit, "... Homer is my role model and I can't speak ill of him."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In celebration of the centenary of <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s birth, Pynchon wrote a new foreword to Orwell's <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>. The introduction presents a brief biography of Orwell as well as a reflection on some of the critical responses to Nineteen Eighty-Four. Pynchon also offers his own reflection in the introduction that "what is perhaps [most] important, indeed necessary, to a working prophet, is to be able to see deeper than most of us into the human soul."<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In July 2006, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> created a page showing an upcoming 992-page, untitled, Thomas Pynchon novel. A description of the soon-to-be published novel appeared on Amazon purporting to be written by Pynchon himself. The description was taken down, prompting speculation over its authenticity, but the blurb was soon back up along with the title of Pynchon's new novel Against the Day. Shortly before Against the Day was published, Pynchon's prose appeared in the program for "<a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a>: Ten Fu@#ing Years (The Concert)", a retrospective on <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a>'s comedy-news broadcast The Daily Show.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> On December 6, 2006, Pynchon joined a campaign by many other major authors to clear <a href="/wiki/Ian_McEwan" title="Ian McEwan">Ian McEwan</a> of plagiarism charges by sending a <a href="/wiki/Typewritten" class="mw-redirect" title="Typewritten">typewritten</a> letter to his British publisher, which was published in the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a> newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-reynolds2006-145">[145]</a> Pynchon's 2009 <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> promotional teaser for the novel Inherent Vice<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> is the second time a recording of his voice has been released to mainstream outlets (the first being his appearances on The Simpsons).<a href="#cite_note-kurutz2009-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, Pynchon's novels were released in e-book format, ending a long holdout by the author. Publisher Penguin Press reported that the novels' length and complex page layouts made it a challenge to convert them to a digital format. Though they had produced a promotional video for the June release, Penguin had no expectation Pynchon's public profile would change in any fashion.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In 2013, his son, Jackson Pynchon, graduated from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, where he was affiliated with <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony_Hall" title="St. Anthony Hall">St. Anthony Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In September 2014, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Brolin" title="Josh Brolin">Josh Brolin</a> told The New York Times that Pynchon had made a cameo in the <a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice_(film)" title="Inherent Vice (film)">Inherent Vice film adaptation</a>. This led to a sizable online hunt for the author's appearance, eventually targeting actor Charley Morgan, whose small role as a doctor led many to believe he was Pynchon. Morgan, son of <a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)" title="M*A*S*H (TV series)">M*A*S*H</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harry_Morgan" title="Harry Morgan">Harry Morgan</a>, claimed that <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Anderson" title="Paul Thomas Anderson">Paul Thomas Anderson</a>, whom he described as a friend, had told him that such a cameo did not exist. Despite this, nothing has been directly confirmed by Anderson or <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures" title="Warner Bros. Pictures">Warner Bros. Pictures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> On November 6, 2018, Pynchon was photographed near his apartment in New York's <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a> district when he went to vote with his son. The photo was published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Enquirer" title="National Enquirer">National Enquirer</a> and was said to be the first photo of him "in decades".<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2020s">edit</a>]</div> In December 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library" title="Huntington Library">Huntington Library</a> announced that it had acquired the literary archive, including typescripts and drafts of each of Pynchon's novels, handwritten notes, correspondence with publishers, and research.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon_bibliography" title="Thomas Pynchon bibliography">Thomas Pynchon bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V." title="V.">V.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49" title="The Crying of Lot 49">The Crying of Lot 49</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Learner" title="Slow Learner">Slow Learner</a> (1984), collection of previously published short stories</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineland" title="Vineland">Vineland</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Day" title="Against the Day">Against the Day</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice" title="Inherent Vice">Inherent Vice</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Edge_(novel)" title="Bleeding Edge (novel)">Bleeding Edge</a> (2013)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_realism" title="Hysterical realism">Hysterical realism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> As pronounced by Pynchon himself: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Diatribe of a Mad Housewife". <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>. Season 15. Episode 10. <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>. Thomas Pynchon (voiced by the real Thomas Pynchon): Here's your quote: 'Thomas Pynchon loved this book almost as much as he loves cameras.'.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Simpsons&rft.series=Season+15.+Episode+10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachka2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Kachka, Boris (August 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vulture.com/2013/08/thomas-pynchon-bleeding-edge.html">"On the Thomas Pynchon Trail: From the Long Island of His Boyhood to the 'Yupper West Side' of His New Novel"</a>. New York Magazine. Retrieved December 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+Thomas+Pynchon+Trail%3A+From+the+Long+Island+of+His+Boyhood+to+the+%27Yupper+West+Side%27+of+His+New+Novel&rft.date=2013-08-25&rft.aulast=Kachka&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2013%2F08%2Fthomas-pynchon-bleeding-edge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120192705/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pynchon">"Pynchon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pynchon">the original</a> on January 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Pynchon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fpynchon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nba1974-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nba1974_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nba1974_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1974/">"1974 National Book Award winners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Foundation" title="National Book Foundation">National Book Foundation</a>. March 29, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324043852/https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1974/">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Book+Foundation&rft.atitle=1974+National+Book+Award+winners&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalbook.org%2Fawards-prizes%2Fnational-book-awards-1974%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> (With essays by Casey Hicks and Chad Post from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog. The mock acceptance speech by Irwin Corey is not reprinted by NBF.) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrafft2012" class="citation book cs1">Krafft, John M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lshMpwOA4wC&pg=PA10">"Biographical note"</a>. In Dalsgaard, Inger H.; Herman, Luc; McHale, Brian (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Pynchon. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76974-7"><bdi>978-0-521-76974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biographical+note&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Thomas+Pynchon&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76974-7&rft.aulast=Krafft&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1lshMpwOA4wC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vulture.com-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vulture.com_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vulture.com_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vulture.com_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachka2013" class="citation web cs1">Kachka, Boris (August 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2013/08/thomas-pynchon-bleeding-edge.html">"On the Thomas Pynchon Trail: From the Long Island of His Boyhood to the 'Yupper West Side' of His New Novel"</a>. Vulture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218170249/https://www.vulture.com/2013/08/thomas-pynchon-bleeding-edge.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vulture&rft.atitle=On+the+Thomas+Pynchon+Trail%3A+From+the+Long+Island+of+His+Boyhood+to+the+%27Yupper+West+Side%27+of+His+New+Novel&rft.date=2013-08-25&rft.aulast=Kachka&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2013%2F08%2Fthomas-pynchon-bleeding-edge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> His contributions to the Oyster High Purple & Gold were first reprinted on pp. 156–67 of Clifford Mead's Thomas Pynchon: A Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Materials (Dalkey Archive Press, 1989). </li> <li id="cite_note-pynchonhamster-8"><a href="#cite_ref-pynchonhamster_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPynchon" class="citation web cs1">Pynchon, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315194714/http://themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_hamster.html">"Voice of the Hamster"</a>. The Modern Word. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_hamster.html">the original</a> on March 15, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Word&rft.atitle=Voice+of+the+Hamster&rft.aulast=Pynchon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemodernword.com%2Fpynchon%2Fpynchon_hamster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pynchonboys-9"><a href="#cite_ref-pynchonboys_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPynchon" class="citation web cs1">Pynchon, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315194955/http://themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_boys.html">"The Boys"</a>. The Modern Word. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_boys.html">the original</a> on March 15, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Word&rft.atitle=The+Boys&rft.aulast=Pynchon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemodernword.com%2Fpynchon%2Fpynchon_boys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pynchonknight-10"><a href="#cite_ref-pynchonknight_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPynchon" class="citation web cs1">Pynchon, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119074615/http://themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_knight.html">"Ye Legend of Sir Stupid and the Purple Knight"</a>. The Modern Word. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_knight.html">the original</a> on January 19, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Word&rft.atitle=Ye+Legend+of+Sir+Stupid+and+the+Purple+Knight&rft.aulast=Pynchon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemodernword.com%2Fpynchon%2Fpynchon_knight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governmentattic.org/2docs/NPRC_VIP_List_2009.pdf">"National Archives National Personnel Records Center (NPRC) VIP list, 2009"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Personnel_Records_Center" title="National Personnel Records Center">National Personnel Records Center</a>. March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127181249/https://www.governmentattic.org/2docs/NPRC_VIP_List_2009.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021 – via GovernmentAttic.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Archives+National+Personnel+Records+Center+%28NPRC%29+VIP+list%2C+2009&rft.pub=National+Personnel+Records+Center&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governmentattic.org%2F2docs%2FNPRC_VIP_List_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowart2011" class="citation book cs1">Cowart, David (2011). Thomas Pynchon and the Dark Passages of History. <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens, Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3709-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3709-8"><bdi>978-0-8203-3709-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Pynchon+and+the+Dark+Passages+of+History&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3709-8&rft.aulast=Cowart&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrafft2012" class="citation book cs1">Krafft, John M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lshMpwOA4wC&pg=PR10">"Chronology of Pynchon's Life and Works"</a>. In Dalsgaard, Inger H.; Herman, Luc; McHale, Brian (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Pynchon. Cambridge University Press. pp. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76974-7"><bdi>978-0-521-76974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Pynchon%27s+Life+and+Works&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Thomas+Pynchon&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76974-7&rft.aulast=Krafft&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1lshMpwOA4wC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pynchon1984-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pynchon1984_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pynchon1984_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pynchon1984_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPynchon1984" class="citation book cs1">Pynchon, Thomas (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slowlearnerearly00pync/page/8">Slow Learner</a>. Little, Brown and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slowlearnerearly00pync/page/8">8–32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-72442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-72442-5"><bdi>978-0-316-72442-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slow+Learner&rft.pages=8-32&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-316-72442-5&rft.aulast=Pynchon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslowlearnerearly00pync%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/McHale,_Brian" class="mw-redirect" title="McHale, Brian">McHale, Brian</a> (1981), Thomas Pychon: A Portrait of the Artist as a Missing Person, in <a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a> No. 5, Summer 1981, pp. 2 - 7, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrafft2012" class="citation book cs1">Krafft, John M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lshMpwOA4wC&pg=PA13">"Biographical note"</a>. In Dalsgaard, Inger H.; Herman, Luc; McHale, Brian (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Pynchon. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76974-7"><bdi>978-0-521-76974-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207200832/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lshMpwOA4wC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2023. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731120909/http://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/08/archives/pulitzer-jurors-his-third-novel.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pulitzer+Jurors+Dismayed+on+Pynchon&rft.date=1974-05-08&rft.aulast=Kihss&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F05%2F08%2Farchives%2Fpulitzer-jurors-his-third-novel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandletters.org/awards/?awdpage=literature">"Awards: Literature"</a>. American Academy of Arts and Letters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114180031/https://artsandletters.org/awards/?awdpage=literature">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Letters&rft.atitle=Awards%3A+Literature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandletters.org%2Fawards%2F%3Fawdpage%3Dliterature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/all/">"All-TIME 100 Novels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Retrieved April 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=All-TIME+100+Novels&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.time.com%2F2005%2F10%2F16%2Fall-time-100-novels%2Fslide%2Fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-platerbook-36"><a href="#cite_ref-platerbook_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlater1978" class="citation book cs1">Plater, William M. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grimphoenixrecon0000plat">Grim Phoenix: Reconstructing Thomas Pynchon</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32670-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32670-6"><bdi>978-0-253-32670-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grim+Phoenix%3A+Reconstructing+Thomas+Pynchon&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-253-32670-6&rft.aulast=Plater&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrimphoenixrecon0000plat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chambersbook-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chambersbook_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chambersbook_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1992" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Judith (1992). Thomas Pynchon. Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-3960-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-3960-2"><bdi>978-0-8057-3960-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Pynchon&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-3960-2&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowlerbook-38"><a href="#cite_ref-fowlerbook_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1980" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Douglas (1980). A Reader's Guide to Gravity's Rainbow. Ardis Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88233-405-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88233-405-9"><bdi>978-0-88233-405-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reader%27s+Guide+to+Gravity%27s+Rainbow&rft.pub=Ardis+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-88233-405-9&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weisenburgerbook-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weisenburgerbook_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weisenburgerbook_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisenburger1988" class="citation book cs1">Weisenburger, Steven C. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gravitysrainbowc0000weis">A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel</a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1026-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1026-8"><bdi>978-0-8203-1026-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gravity%27s+Rainbow+Companion%3A+Sources+and+Contexts+for+Pynchon%27s+Novel&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1026-8&rft.aulast=Weisenburger&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgravitysrainbowc0000weis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruch2001-40"><a href="#cite_ref-ruch2001_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuch" class="citation web cs1">Ruch, Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100915171907/http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_grintro.html">"Introduction to GR"</a>. The Modern Word. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_grintro.html">the original</a> on September 15, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Word&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+GR&rft.aulast=Ruch&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themodernword.com%2Fpynchon%2Fpynchon_grintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-almansibook-41"><a href="#cite_ref-almansibook_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmansi1994" class="citation book cs1">Almansi, Guido (1994). L'estetica dell'osceno. Piccola Biblioteca Einaudi. p. 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27estetica+dell%27osceno&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Piccola+Biblioteca+Einaudi&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Almansi&rft.aufirst=Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mchalebook-42"><a href="#cite_ref-mchalebook_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHale1987" class="citation book cs1">McHale, Brian (1987). Postmodernist Fiction. New York: Methuen. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04513-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04513-1"><bdi>978-0-415-04513-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodernist+Fiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04513-1&rft.aulast=McHale&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke1973" class="citation news cs1">Locke, Richard (March 11, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-rainbow.html?module=inline">"One of the Longest, Most Difficult, Most Ambitious Novels in Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416234030/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-rainbow.html?module=inline">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=One+of+the+Longest%2C+Most+Difficult%2C+Most+Ambitious+Novels+in+Years&rft.date=1973-03-11&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F05%2F18%2Freviews%2Fpynchon-rainbow.html%3Fmodule%3Dinline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettman2002" class="citation book cs1">Pettman, Dominic (2002). "Thomas Pynchon". In Bertens, Hans; Natoli, Joseph (eds.). Postmodernism: The Key Figures. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 261–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21796-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21796-1"><bdi>978-0-631-21796-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Pynchon&rft.btitle=Postmodernism%3A+The+Key+Figures&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.pages=261-266&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21796-1&rft.aulast=Pettman&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pulitzer-45"><a href="#cite_ref-pulitzer_45-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Fiction">"Fiction"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103055018/http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Fiction">Archived</a> January 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Past winners & finalists by category. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved March 29, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-postindustrial-46"><a href="#cite_ref-postindustrial_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlade1982" class="citation journal cs1">Slade, Joseph W. (January 1982). "Thomas Pynchon, Postindustrial Humanist". Technology and Culture. 23 (1): 53–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3104443">10.2307/3104443</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3104443">3104443</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146989742">146989742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Thomas+Pynchon%2C+Postindustrial+Humanist&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-72&rft.date=1982-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146989742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3104443%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3104443&rft.aulast=Slade&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/all/">"All-TIME 100 Best Novels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Retrieved April 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=All-TIME+100+Best+Novels&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.time.com%2F2005%2F10%2F16%2Fall-time-100-novels%2Fslide%2Fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPynchon1984" class="citation web cs1">Pynchon, Thomas (October 28, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-luddite.html">"Is It O.K. To Be A Luddite?"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206141725/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-luddite.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+It+O.K.+To+Be+A+Luddite%3F&rft.date=1984-10-28&rft.aulast=Pynchon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F05%2F18%2Freviews%2Fpynchon-luddite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPynchon1988" class="citation web cs1">Pynchon, Thomas (April 10, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/10/books/the-heart-s-eternal-vow.html?pagewanted=all">"The Heart's Eternal Vow"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424025629/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/10/books/the-heart-s-eternal-vow.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Heart%27s+Eternal+Vow&rft.date=1988-04-10&rft.aulast=Pynchon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F04%2F10%2Fbooks%2Fthe-heart-s-eternal-vow.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPynchon1993" class="citation web cs1">Pynchon, Thomas (June 6, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-sloth.html">"The Deadly Sins/Sloth; Nearer, My Couch, to Thee"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201052724/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-sloth.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Deadly+Sins%2FSloth%3B+Nearer%2C+My+Couch%2C+to+Thee&rft.date=1993-06-06&rft.aulast=Pynchon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F05%2F18%2Freviews%2Fpynchon-sloth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-words.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">"Words for Salman Rushdie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. March 12, 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404010037/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-words.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Words+for+Salman+Rushdie&rft.date=1989-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F99%2F04%2F18%2Fspecials%2Frushdie-words.html%3F_r%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> {{Cite news author=last=<a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> |date=January 14, 1990 |title=Still Crazy After All These Years |work=<a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> |url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-vineland.html">https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-vineland.html</a> |access-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101125235/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-vineland.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20221101125235/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-vineland.html</a> |url-status=live }} </li> <li id="cite_note-berressembook-53"><a href="#cite_ref-berressembook_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerressem1992" class="citation book cs1">Berressem, Hanjo (1992). Pynchon's Poetics: Interfacing Theory and Text. 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USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180649/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2008-10-09-83478680_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Nobel+literature%3A+Will+an+American+win+after+all%3F&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft.aulast=Rising&rft.aufirst=Malin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Ftopstories%2F2008-10-09-83478680_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pynchon.pomona.edu/uncollected/blurbs.html">"Blurbs From Thomas Pynchon"</a>. www.pynchon.pomona.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419194218/http://www.pynchon.pomona.edu/uncollected/blurbs.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2023. 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(May 18, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/970518.18boylet.html">"The Great Divide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105195700/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/970518.18boylet.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Great+Divide&rft.date=1997-05-18&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F05%2F18%2Freviews%2F970518.18boylet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kakutani-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kakutani_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kakutani_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakutani1997" class="citation news cs1">Kakutani, Michiko (April 29, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/27/daily/pynchon-book-review.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">"Pynchon Hits the Road With Mason and Dixon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320231744/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/27/daily/pynchon-book-review.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pynchon+Hits+the+Road+With+Mason+and+Dixon&rft.date=1997-04-29&rft.aulast=Kakutani&rft.aufirst=Michiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F04%2F27%2Fdaily%2Fpynchon-book-review.html%3F_r%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloom2003-60"><a href="#cite_ref-bloom2003_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2003" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold (2003). Thomas Pynchon. Chelsea House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-7030-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-7030-7"><bdi>978-0-7910-7030-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Pynchon&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-7030-7&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce2009" class="citation news cs1">Pierce, Leonard (June 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105103802/http://www.avclub.com/articles/harold-bloom-on-blood-meridian,29214/">"Harold Bloom on Blood Meridian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avclub.com/articles/harold-bloom-on-blood-meridian,29214/">the original</a> on November 5, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=Harold+Bloom+on+Blood+Meridian&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Farticles%2Fharold-bloom-on-blood-meridian%2C29214%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2003" class="citation web cs1">Bloom, Harold (September 24, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2003/09/24/dumbing_down_american_readers">"Dumbing down American readers"</a>. The Boston Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320210202/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2003/09/24/dumbing_down_american_readers/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Dumbing+down+American+readers&rft.date=2003-09-24&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Feditorial_opinion%2Foped%2Farticles%2F2003%2F09%2F24%2Fdumbing_down_american_readers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2010" class="citation news cs1">Kohn, Marek (June 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/book-of-a-lifetime-mason-dixon-by-thomas-pynchon-1990622.html">"Book Of A Lifetime: Mason & Dixon, By Thomas Pynchon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425221347/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/book-of-a-lifetime-mason-dixon-by-thomas-pynchon-1990622.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Book+Of+A+Lifetime%3A+Mason+%26+Dixon%2C+By+Thomas+Pynchon&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2Fbook-of-a-lifetime-mason-dixon-by-thomas-pynchon-1990622.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakowsky2020" class="citation journal cs1">Makowsky, Johann A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fnoti2170">"Modernism, Fiction and Mathematics"</a>. Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 67 (10): 1593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fnoti2170">10.1090/noti2170</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196470810">196470810</a>. <q>the latter contains a lot of mathematical material pertaining to Sofia Kovalevskaya and to Hilbert's school in Göttingen. Pynchon seemingly researched this material with the help of Michael Naumann,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Modernism%2C+Fiction+and+Mathematics&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1593&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fnoti2170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A196470810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Makowsky&rft.aufirst=Johann+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1090%252Fnoti2170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-patterson2006-65"><a href="#cite_ref-patterson2006_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2006" class="citation web cs1">Patterson, Troy (July 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2006/07/the_pynchon_post.html">"The Pynchon Post"</a>. 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Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Thomas+Pynchon+Novel+is+on+the+way&rft.date=2006-07-20&rft.aulast=Italie&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leith2006-67"><a href="#cite_ref-leith2006_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeith2006" class="citation news cs1">Leith, Sam (December 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/dec/02/thomaspynchon">"Pinning down Pynchon"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140928203715/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/dec/02/thomaspynchon">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2014. 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Orbit: A Journal of American Literature. 4 (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614012043/https://orbit.openlibhums.org/article/id/442/">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021. 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Southwest Review. 83 (4): 424–37. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43471943">43471943</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613000632/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43471943">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwest+Review&rft.atitle=Pynchon+in+the+Poetic&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=424-37&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43471943%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43471943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fahey_1977-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Fahey_1977_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahey1977" class="citation journal cs1">Fahey, Joseph (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00111619.1977.10690141?journalCode=vcrt20">"Thomas Pynchon's V. and Mythology"</a>. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 18 (3): 5–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00111619.1977.10690141">10.1080/00111619.1977.10690141</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404015236/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00111619.1977.10690141?journalCode=vcrt20">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique%3A+Studies+in+Contemporary+Fiction&rft.atitle=Thomas+Pynchon%27s+V.+and+Mythology&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5-18&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00111619.1977.10690141&rft.aulast=Fahey&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00111619.1977.10690141%3FjournalCode%3Dvcrt20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Safer_1983-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Safer_1983_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafer1983" class="citation journal cs1">Safer, Elaine M. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/e1a35856c5b90af26dec7108f9f1bec0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817743">"John O. Stark, Pynchon's Fictions: Thomas Pynchon and the Literature of Information (Book Review)"</a>. The Yearbook of English Studies. 13: 356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3508174">10.2307/3508174</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3508174">3508174</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614012044/https://www.proquest.com/openview/e1a35856c5b90af26dec7108f9f1bec0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817743">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021. 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n5bh">Partial Faiths: Postsecular Fiction in the Age of Pynchon and Morrison</a>. University of Georgia Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3660-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3660-2"><bdi>978-0-8203-3660-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n5bh">j.ctt46n5bh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614012040/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n5bh">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partial+Faiths%3A+Postsecular+Fiction+in+the+Age+of+Pynchon+and+Morrison&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46n5bh%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3660-2&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46n5bh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2014-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2014_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Jared (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbit.openlibhums.org/article/id/471/">"All Maps Were Useless – Resisting Genre and Recovering Spirituality in Pynchon's Against the Day"</a>. Orbit: A Journal of American Literature. 2 (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614012043/https://orbit.openlibhums.org/article/id/471/">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021. 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MLN Comparative Literature. 91 (6): 1267–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2907136">10.2307/2907136</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2907136">2907136</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624222425/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2907136">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MLN+Comparative+Literature&rft.atitle=Encyclopedic+Narrative%3A+From+Dante+to+Pynchon&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1267-75&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2907136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2907136%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mendelson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2907136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donoghue_2014-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Donoghue_2014_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonoghue2014" class="citation book cs1">Donoghue, William (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204050659/https://utorontopress.com/us/mannerist-fiction-3">Mannerist Fiction: Pathologies of Space from Rabelais to Pynchon</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4801-2"><bdi>978-1-4426-4801-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utorontopress.com/us/mannerist-fiction-3">the original</a> on December 4, 2020. 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Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America. 8 (1): 47–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcervantes.8.1.047">10.3138/cervantes.8.1.047</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190326661">190326661</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621045154/https://www.h-net.org/~cervantes/csa/artics88/holdswor.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cervantes%3A+Bulletin+of+the+Cervantes+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Cervantine+Echoes+in+Early+Pynchon&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-53&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcervantes.8.1.047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190326661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holdsworth&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2F~cervantes%2Fcsa%2Fartics88%2Fholdswor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battestin_1997-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Battestin_1997_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattestin1997" class="citation journal cs1">Battestin, M.C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27548359">"Review: Pynchon, North and South"</a>. Sewanee Review. 105 (3): lxxvi–lxxviii. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27548359">27548359</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625051415/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27548359">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sewanee+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Pynchon%2C+North+and+South&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=lxxvi-lxxviii&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27548359%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Battestin&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27548359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stonehill_1988-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Stonehill_1988_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStonehill1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stonehill" title="Brian Stonehill">Stonehill, Brian</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv4rfsgd">The Self-Conscious Novel: Artifice in Fiction from Joyce to Pynchon</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-0732-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-0732-5"><bdi>978-1-5128-0732-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv4rfsgd">j.ctv4rfsgd</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625031921/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv4rfsgd">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Self-Conscious+Novel%3A+Artifice+in+Fiction+from+Joyce+to+Pynchon&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv4rfsgd%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-5128-0732-5&rft.aulast=Stonehill&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv4rfsgd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenz_1991-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Lenz_1991_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenz1991" class="citation journal cs1">Lenz, William E. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44377065">"Poe's Arthur Gordon Pym and the Narrative Techniques of Antarctic Gothic"</a>. CEA Critic. 53 (3): 30–8. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44377065">44377065</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625000427/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44377065">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CEA+Critic&rft.atitle=Poe%27s+Arthur+Gordon+Pym+and+the+Narrative+Techniques+of+Antarctic+Gothic&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=30-8&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44377065%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lenz&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44377065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hashhozheva_2008-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Hashhozheva_2008_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashhozheva2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hashhozheva, Galena (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pynchonnotes.openlibhums.org/issue/259/info/">"The Mittelwerke: Site–Para-site–Non-site"</a>. Pynchon Notes (54–5): 137–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201311/https://pynchonnotes.openlibhums.org/issue/259/info/">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pynchon+Notes&rft.atitle=The+Mittelwerke%3A+Site%E2%80%93Para-site%E2%80%93Non-site&rft.issue=54%E2%80%935&rft.pages=137-53&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hashhozheva&rft.aufirst=Galena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpynchonnotes.openlibhums.org%2Fissue%2F259%2Finfo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Min_2003-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Min_2003_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Min, Hye Sook (2003). "The Pyncheons of The House of the Seven Gables: Questing after Thomas Pynchon". Journal of English and American Studies. 2: 121–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+English+and+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Pyncheons+of+The+House+of+the+Seven+Gables%3A+Questing+after+Thomas+Pynchon&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=121-33&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=Hye+Sook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madsen_2008-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Madsen_2008_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsen2008" class="citation book cs1">Madsen, Deborah Lea (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:92020">"Pynchon and the Tradition of American Romance"</a>. In Schaub, T.H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mla.org/Publications/Bookstore/Approaches-to-Teaching-World-Literature/Approaches-to-Teaching-Pynchon-s-The-Crying-of-Lot-49-and-Other-Works">Approaches to Teaching Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49 and Other Works</a>. Modern Language Association, New York. pp. 25–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201743/https://www.mla.org/Publications/Bookstore/Approaches-to-Teaching-World-Literature/Approaches-to-Teaching-Pynchon-s-The-Crying-of-Lot-49-and-Other-Works">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pynchon+and+the+Tradition+of+American+Romance&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Teaching+Thomas+Pynchon%27s+The+Crying+of+Lot+49+and+Other+Works&rft.pages=25-30&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association%2C+New+York&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Madsen&rft.aufirst=Deborah+Lea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive-ouverte.unige.ch%2Funige%3A92020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmeri_2012-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Palmeri_2012_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmeri2012" class="citation book cs1">Palmeri, Frank (2012). Satire in Narrative: Petronius, Swift, Gibbon, Melville, & Pynchon. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292741508" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292741508"><bdi>978-0292741508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satire+in+Narrative%3A+Petronius%2C+Swift%2C+Gibbon%2C+Melville%2C+%26+Pynchon&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0292741508&rft.aulast=Palmeri&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poirier_1975-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Poirier_1975_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoirier1975" class="citation journal cs1">Poirier, Richard (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/440705">"The Importance of Thomas Pynchon"</a>. Twentieth Century Literature. 21 (2): 151–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F440705">10.2307/440705</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/440705">440705</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625025301/https://www.jstor.org/stable/440705">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Thomas+Pynchon&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-62&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F440705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F440705%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Poirier&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F440705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan_2009-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2009_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Logan, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/loga14732-022/html">"Pynchon in the Poetic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cup.columbia.edu/book/our-savage-art/9780231147323">Our Savage Art: Poetry and the Civil Tongue</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 221–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Floga14732-022">10.7312/loga14732-022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231147323" title="Special:BookSources/9780231147323"><bdi>9780231147323</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202152/http://cup.columbia.edu/book/our-savage-art/9780231147323">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pynchon+in+the+Poetic&rft.btitle=Our+Savage+Art%3A+Poetry+and+the+Civil+Tongue&rft.pages=221-33&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Floga14732-022&rft.isbn=9780231147323&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.7312%2Floga14732-022%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green_1982-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Green_1982_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1982" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Martin (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pynchonnotes.openlibhums.org/article/id/2504/">"The Crying of Lot 49: Pynchon's Heart of Darkness"</a>. Pynchon Notes (8): 30–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16995%2Fpn.458">10.16995/pn.458</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202101/https://pynchonnotes.openlibhums.org/article/id/2504/">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pynchon+Notes&rft.atitle=The+Crying+of+Lot+49%3A+Pynchon%27s+Heart+of+Darkness&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=30-8&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.16995%2Fpn.458&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpynchonnotes.openlibhums.org%2Farticle%2Fid%2F2504%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooley_1993-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooley_1993_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cooley, Ronald W. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26284217">"The Hothouse or the Street: Imperialism and Narrative in Pynchon's V."</a>. Modern Fiction Studies. 39 (2): 307–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmfs.0.0354">10.1353/mfs.0.0354</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26284217">26284217</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162401378">162401378</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625030317/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26284217">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Hothouse+or+the+Street%3A+Imperialism+and+Narrative+in+Pynchon%27s+V.&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=307-25&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162401378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26284217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmfs.0.0354&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Ronald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26284217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1990-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1990_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1990" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Evans Lansing (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27868683">"The Arthurian Underworld of Modernism: Thomas Mann, Thomas Pynchon, Robertson Davies"</a>. Arthurian Interpretations. 4 (2): 50–64. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27868683">27868683</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625030233/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27868683">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthurian+Interpretations&rft.atitle=The+Arthurian+Underworld+of+Modernism%3A+Thomas+Mann%2C+Thomas+Pynchon%2C+Robertson+Davies&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50-64&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27868683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Evans+Lansing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27868683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiridon_2013-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Spiridon_2013_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiridon2013" class="citation journal cs1">Spiridon, Monica (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11059-013-0174-0">"Holy Sinners: Narrative Betrayal and Thematic Machination in Thomas Mann's and Thomas Pynchon's novels"</a>. Neohelicon. 40: 199–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11059-013-0174-0">10.1007/s11059-013-0174-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161974352">161974352</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630040941/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11059-013-0174-0">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neohelicon&rft.atitle=Holy+Sinners%3A+Narrative+Betrayal+and+Thematic+Machination+in+Thomas+Mann%27s+and+Thomas+Pynchon%27s+novels&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=199-208&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11059-013-0174-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161974352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spiridon&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%252Fs11059-013-0174-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hume_2000-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Hume_2000_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hume, Kathryn (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/492868">"Books of the Dead: Postmortem Politics in Novels by Mailer, Burroughs, Acker, and Pynchon"</a>. Modern Philology. 97 (3): 417–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F492868">10.1086/492868</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153989943">153989943</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202900/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/492868">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Philology&rft.atitle=Books+of+the+Dead%3A+Postmortem+Politics+in+Novels+by+Mailer%2C+Burroughs%2C+Acker%2C+and+Pynchon&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=417-44&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F492868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153989943%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F492868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper_1983-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_1983_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_1983_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1983" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Peter L. (1983). Signs and Symptoms: Thomas Pynchon and the Contemporary World. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520045378" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520045378"><bdi>978-0520045378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+and+Symptoms%3A+Thomas+Pynchon+and+the+Contemporary+World&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0520045378&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witzling_2008-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Witzling_2008_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzling2008" class="citation book cs1">Witzling, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203479681/everybody-america-david-witzling">Everybody's America: Thomas Pynchon, Race, and the Cultures of Postmodernism</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203479681">10.4324/9780203479681</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203479681" title="Special:BookSources/9780203479681"><bdi>9780203479681</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200619/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203479681/everybody-america-david-witzling">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everybody%27s+America%3A+Thomas+Pynchon%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Cultures+of+Postmodernism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203479681&rft.isbn=9780203479681&rft.aulast=Witzling&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9780203479681%2Feverybody-america-david-witzling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hospitalbook-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hospitalbook_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hospitalbook_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHospital1995" class="citation book cs1">Hospital, Janette Turner (1995). 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Special conference issue: Australian Literature in a Global World edited by Wenche Ommundsen and Tony Simoes da Silva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200717/https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/JASAL/article/view/10153">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. 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College Literature. 41 (3): 69–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flit.2014.0029">10.1353/lit.2014.0029</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24544601">24544601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143028097">143028097</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214842/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24544601">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+Literature&rft.atitle=Engaging+Foundational+Narratives+in+Morrison%27s+Paradise+and+Pynchon%27s+Mason+%26+Dixon&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=69-94&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143028097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24544601%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flit.2014.0029&rft.aulast=Schell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24544601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peirce1982-113"><a href="#cite_ref-peirce1982_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirce1982" class="citation journal cs1">Peirce, Carol Marshall (1982). 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October 8, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227234959/https://thinkinthemorning.com/the-wanda-tinasky-affair/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_film_tv.html">the original</a> on November 30, 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pynchon+References+on+TV&rft.pub=themodernword.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemodernword.com%2Fpynchon%2Fpynchon_film_tv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetzan" class="citation web cs1">Ketzan, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110311101734/http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/ketzan_simpsons.htm">"Literary Titan Thomas Pynchon Breaks 40-Year Silence – on The Simpsons!"</a>. themodernword.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themodernword.com/pynchon/ketzan_simpsons.htm">the original</a> on March 11, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literary+Titan+Thomas+Pynchon+Breaks+40-Year+Silence+%E2%80%93+on+The+Simpsons%21&rft.pub=themodernword.com&rft.aulast=Ketzan&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemodernword.com%2Fpynchon%2Fketzan_simpsons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrumboltz2014" class="citation web cs1">Krumboltz, Mike (September 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tv.yahoo.com/blogs/tv-news/thomas-pynchon-simpsons-175632030.html">"Thomas Pynchon Draws the Line at Making Fun of Homer Simpson's Big Butt"</a>. Yahoo TV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905123522/https://tv.yahoo.com/blogs/tv-news/thomas-pynchon-simpsons-175632030.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Pynchon+Draws+the+Line+at+Making+Fun+of+Homer+Simpson%27s+Big+Butt&rft.pub=Yahoo+TV&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft.aulast=Krumboltz&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftv.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Ftv-news%2Fthomas-pynchon-simpsons-175632030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelman" class="citation web cs1">Selman, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/mattselman/status/505082780561051649">"Matt Selman"</a>. Matt Selman's Twitter Account. Twitter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140902224550/https://twitter.com/mattselman/status/505082780561051649">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2014. <q>The fax sent to us by Thomas Pynchon with his jokes written on the script page</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matt+Selman%27s+Twitter+Account&rft.atitle=Matt+Selman&rft.aulast=Selman&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fmattselman%2Fstatus%2F505082780561051649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2003" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineteeneightyfo00orwe_1">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>. 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The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1536152/Recluse-speaks-out-to-defend-McEwan.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Recluse+speaks+out+to+defend+McEwan&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1536152%2FRecluse-speaks-out-to-defend-McEwan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjWKPdDk0_U">"Inherent Vice, Thomas Pynchon"</a>. YouTube. Penguin Books USA. August 4, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231214633/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjWKPdDk0_U">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2022. 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The New York Times, Media Decoder blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617081454/http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/after-long-resistance-pynchon-allows-novels-to-be-sold-as-e-books/">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times%2C+Media+Decoder+blog&rft.atitle=After+Long+Resistance%2C+Pynchon+Allows+Novels+to+Be+Sold+as+E-Books&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft.aulast=Bosman&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F12%2Fafter-long-resistance-pynchon-allows-novels-to-be-sold-as-e-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2013" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Kaitlin (February 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columbiaspectator.com/eye/2013/02/28/not-so-secret-society/">"The Not-So-Secret Society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Daily_Spectator" title="Columbia Daily Spectator">Columbia Daily Spectator</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126142045/https://www.columbiaspectator.com/eye/2013/02/28/not-so-secret-society/">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Daily+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Not-So-Secret+Society&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Kaitlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolumbiaspectator.com%2Feye%2F2013%2F02%2F28%2Fnot-so-secret-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotter2013" class="citation web cs1">Trotter, J. K. (June 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2013/06/thomas-pynchon-back-new-york/313257/">"Thomas Pynchon Returns to New York, Where He's Always Been"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183618/https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2013/06/thomas-pynchon-back-new-york/313257/">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Thomas+Pynchon+Returns+to+New+York%2C+Where+He%27s+Always+Been&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft.aulast=Trotter&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fculture%2Farchive%2F2013%2F06%2Fthomas-pynchon-back-new-york%2F313257%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson2015" class="citation web cs1">Hendrickson, John (January 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a31769/pynchon-inherent-vice-cameo/">"We're Still Trying to Find the Thomas Pynchon Inherent Vice Cameo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063009/http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/books/a31769/pynchon-inherent-vice-cameo/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft.atitle=We%27re+Still+Trying+to+Find+the+Thomas+Pynchon+Inherent+Vice+Cameo&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquire.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Fa31769%2Fpynchon-inherent-vice-cameo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2015" class="citation web cs1">Daly, Kyle (June 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avclub.com/article/maybe-thomas-pynchon-wasnt-inherent-vice-after-all-220352">"Maybe Thomas Pynchon wasn't in Inherent Vice after all"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116230053/http://www.avclub.com/article/maybe-thomas-pynchon-wasnt-inherent-vice-after-all-220352">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=Maybe+Thomas+Pynchon+wasn%27t+in+Inherent+Vice+after+all&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Farticle%2Fmaybe-thomas-pynchon-wasnt-inherent-vice-after-all-220352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernández, Laura (January 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/cultura/2019/01/17/actualidad/1547740942_812934.html">"Cazar a Pynchon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804075934/https://elpais.com/cultura/2019/01/17/actualidad/1547740942_812934.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Cazar+a+Pynchon&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fcultura%2F2019%2F01%2F17%2Factualidad%2F1547740942_812934.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huntington.org/news/news-release-huntington-acquires-thomas-pynchon-archive">"The Huntington Acquires Thomas Pynchon Archive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library" title="Huntington Library">Huntington Library</a>. December 14, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214194550/https://huntington.org/news/news-release-huntington-acquires-thomas-pynchon-archive">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huntington+Library&rft.atitle=The+Huntington+Acquires+Thomas+Pynchon+Archive&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuntington.org%2Fnews%2Fnews-release-huntington-acquires-thomas-pynchon-archive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pynchon" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Kharpertian, Theodore D. Thomas Pynchon and Postmodern American Satire pp. 20–2, in Kharpertian A Hand to Turn the Time: The Menippean Satires of Thomas Pynchon.</li> <li>McHale, Brian (1981), Thomas Pychon: A Portrait of the Artist as a Missing Person. <a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a> No. 5 (Summer 1981), pp. 2 – 7, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a></li> <li>Stevenson, Randall (1983). Review of The Small Rain. Cencrastus, No. 11 (New Year 1983), pp. 40 & 41, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="q:Special:Search/Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dd>The following links were last verified on May 31, 2017.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inherent-vice.com/">Inherent Vice Diagrammed</a> A reader's guide to Pynchon's novel <a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice" title="Inherent Vice">Inherent Vice</a>, with diagrams showing all the character relationships, a character-relationship index, and chapter and plot summaries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pynchon%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Pynchon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pynchon%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Pynchon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pynchon%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Pynchon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pynchon%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Pynchon%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Thomas Pynchon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?94">Thomas Pynchon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35155#P1233" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomaspynchon.com/">Thomas Pynchon – ThomasPynchon.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pynchonwiki.com/">The Thomas Pynchon Wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pynchonnotes.openlibhums.org">Pynchon Notes</a>, a journal operated from 1979 and 2009 by the <a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Ohio" title="Oxford, Ohio">Oxford, Ohio</a>, archived by the <a href="/wiki/Open_Library_of_Humanities" title="Open Library of Humanities">Open Library of Humanities</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pynchoninpublicpodcast.com">Pynchon in Public Podcast</a>, a podcast going through each of Pynchon's novels, one episode at a time.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shipwrecklibrary.com/the-modern-word/pynchon/spermatikos-logos/">Spermatikos Logos - Thomas Pynchon on The Modern Word</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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bibliography">Works</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Pynchon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V." title="V.">V.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49" title="The Crying of Lot 49">The Crying of Lot 49</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineland" title="Vineland">Vineland</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Day" title="Against the Day">Against the Day</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice" title="Inherent Vice">Inherent Vice</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Edge_(novel)" title="Bleeding Edge (novel)">Bleeding Edge</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-story collection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Learner" title="Slow Learner">Slow Learner</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice_(film)" title="Inherent Vice (film)">Inherent Vice</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Template:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Template talk:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="National Book Award for Fiction">National Book Award for Fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Arm_(novel)" title="The Man with the Golden Arm (novel)">The Man with the Golden Arm</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Algren" title="Nelson Algren">Nelson Algren</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collected_Stories_of_William_Faulkner" title="Collected Stories of William Faulkner">Collected Stories of William Faulkner</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity_(novel)" title="From Here to Eternity (novel)">From Here to Eternity</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Jones_(author)" title="James Jones (author)">James Jones</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Man" title="Invisible Man">Invisible Man</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March" title="The Adventures of Augie March">The Adventures of Augie March</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fable" title="A Fable">A Fable</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_North_Frederick" title="Ten North Frederick">Ten North Frederick</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Hara" title="John O'Hara">John O'Hara</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Field_of_Vision" title="The Field of Vision">The Field of Vision</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wright_Morris" title="Wright Morris">Wright Morris</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wapshot_Chronicle" title="The Wapshot Chronicle">The Wapshot Chronicle</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Barrel" title="The Magic Barrel">The Magic Barrel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Columbus" title="Goodbye, Columbus">Goodbye, Columbus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Waters_of_Kronos" title="The Waters of Kronos">The Waters of Kronos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Richter" title="Conrad Richter">Conrad Richter</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moviegoer" title="The Moviegoer">The Moviegoer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walker_Percy" title="Walker Percy">Walker Percy</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morte_d%27Urban" title="Morte d'Urban">Morte d'Urban</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._F._Powers" title="J. F. Powers">J. F. Powers</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Centaur" title="The Centaur">The Centaur</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzog_(novel)" title="Herzog (novel)">Herzog</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter">The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Katherine Anne Porter</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_(novel)" title="The Fixer (novel)">The Fixer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_Day_(Wilder_novel)" title="The Eighth Day (Wilder novel)">The Eighth Day</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steps_(book)" title="Steps (book)">Steps</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kosi%C5%84ski" title="Jerzy Kosiński">Jerzy Kosiński</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Them_(novel)" title="Them (novel)">them</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Joyce Carol Oates</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Sammler%27s_Planet" title="Mr. Sammler's Planet">Mr. Sammler's Planet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Stories_(O%27Connor)" title="The Complete Stories (O'Connor)">The Complete Stories</a> by <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(Barth_novel)" title="Chimera (Barth novel)">Chimera</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(Williams_novel)" title="Augustus (Williams novel)">Augustus</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Williams" title="John Edward Williams">John Williams</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Pynchon</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Crown_of_Feathers_and_Other_Stories" title="A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories">A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories</a> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Soldiers_(novel)" title="Dog Soldiers (novel)">Dog Soldiers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stone_(novelist)" title="Robert Stone (novelist)">Robert Stone</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hair_of_Harold_Roux" title="The Hair of Harold Roux">The Hair of Harold Roux</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Williams_(writer)" title="Thomas Williams (writer)">Thomas Williams</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J_R" title="J R">J R</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis">William Gaddis</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_Bird" title="The Spectator Bird">The Spectator Bird</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Tie_(Settle_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Tie (Settle novel)">Blood Tie</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lee_Settle" title="Mary Lee Settle">Mary Lee Settle</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Going_After_Cacciato" title="Going After Cacciato">Going After Cacciato</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_O%27Brien_(author)" title="Tim O'Brien (author)">Tim O'Brien</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(novel)" title="Sophie's Choice (novel)">Sophie's Choice</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp" title="The World According to Garp">The World According to Garp</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Irving" title="John Irving">John Irving</a> (1980)</li> <li>Plains Song: For Female Voices by <a href="/wiki/Wright_Morris" title="Wright Morris">Wright Morris</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_John_Cheever" title="The Stories of John Cheever">The Stories of John Cheever</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Is_Rich" title="Rabbit Is Rich">Rabbit Is Rich</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Long,_See_You_Tomorrow_(novel)" title="So Long, See You Tomorrow (novel)">So Long, See You Tomorrow</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Keepers_Maxwell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Keepers Maxwell, Jr.">William Maxwell</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple" title="The Color Purple">The Color Purple</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Eudora_Welty" title="The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty">The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> (1983)</li> <li>Victory Over Japan by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gilchrist" title="Ellen Gilchrist">Ellen Gilchrist</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Noise_(novel)" title="White Noise (novel)">White Noise</a> by <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair_(novel)" title="World's Fair (novel)">World's Fair</a> by <a href="/wiki/E._L._Doctorow" title="E. L. Doctorow">E. L. Doctorow</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paco%27s_Story" title="Paco's Story">Paco's Story</a> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Heinemann" title="Larry Heinemann">Larry Heinemann</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Trout_(novel)" title="Paris Trout (novel)">Paris Trout</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pete_Dexter" title="Pete Dexter">Pete Dexter</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartina_(novel)" title="Spartina (novel)">Spartina</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Casey_(novelist)" title="John Casey (novelist)">John Casey</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Johnson" title="Charles R. Johnson">Charles Johnson</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_(novel)" title="Mating (novel)">Mating</a> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rush" title="Norman Rush">Norman Rush</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Pretty_Horses_(novel)" title="All the Pretty Horses (novel)">All the Pretty Horses</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shipping_News" title="The Shipping News">The Shipping News</a> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Proulx" title="Annie Proulx">E. Annie Proulx</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Frolic_of_His_Own" title="A Frolic of His Own">A Frolic of His Own</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis">William Gaddis</a> (1994) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath%27s_Theater" title="Sabbath's Theater">Sabbath's Theater</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1995)</li> <li>Ship Fever and Other Stories by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Barrett" title="Andrea Barrett">Andrea Barrett</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Mountain_(novel)" title="Cold Mountain (novel)">Cold Mountain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frazier" title="Charles Frazier">Charles Frazier</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Billy" title="Charming Billy">Charming Billy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_McDermott" title="Alice McDermott">Alice McDermott</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_(novel)" title="Waiting (novel)">Waiting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ha_Jin" title="Ha Jin">Ha Jin</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_America_(novel)" title="In America (novel)">In America</a> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Corrections" title="The Corrections">The Corrections</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Junes" title="Three Junes">Three Junes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Glass" title="Julia Glass">Julia Glass</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Fire_(Hazzard_novel)" title="The Great Fire (Hazzard novel)">The Great Fire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hazzard" title="Shirley Hazzard">Shirley Hazzard</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_News_from_Paraguay" title="The News from Paraguay">The News from Paraguay</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tuck" title="Lily Tuck">Lily Tuck</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Central" title="Europe Central">Europe Central</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_T._Vollmann" title="William T. Vollmann">William T. Vollmann</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Echo_Maker" title="The Echo Maker">The Echo Maker</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Smoke" title="Tree of Smoke">Tree of Smoke</a> by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Johnson" title="Denis Johnson">Denis Johnson</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Country" title="Shadow Country">Shadow Country</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthiessen" title="Peter Matthiessen">Peter Matthiessen</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_the_Great_World_Spin" title="Let the Great World Spin">Let the Great World Spin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Colum_McCann" title="Colum McCann">Colum McCann</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule_(novel)" title="Lord of Misrule (novel)">Lord of Misrule</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jaimy_Gordon" title="Jaimy Gordon">Jaimy Gordon</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_the_Bones" title="Salvage the Bones">Salvage the Bones</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward" title="Jesmyn Ward">Jesmyn Ward</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Round_House_(novel)" title="The Round House (novel)">The Round House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird" title="The Good Lord Bird">The Good Lord Bird</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_McBride_(writer)" title="James McBride (writer)">James McBride</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeployment_(short_story_collection)" title="Redeployment (short story collection)">Redeployment</a> by <a href="/wiki/Phil_Klay" title="Phil Klay">Phil Klay</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_Smiles" title="Fortune Smiles">Fortune Smiles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnson_(writer)" title="Adam Johnson (writer)">Adam Johnson</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)"> The Underground Railroad</a> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing,_Unburied,_Sing" title="Sing, Unburied, Sing">Sing, Unburied, Sing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward" title="Jesmyn Ward">Jesmyn Ward</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Friend_(novel)" title="The Friend (novel)">The Friend</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Nunez" title="Sigrid Nunez">Sigrid Nunez</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Exercise" title="Trust Exercise">Trust Exercise</a> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Choi" title="Susan Choi">Susan Choi</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Chinatown" title="Interior Chinatown">Interior Chinatown</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Yu" title="Charles Yu">Charles Yu</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_of_a_Book" title="Hell of a Book">Hell of a Book</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Mott" title="Jason Mott">Jason Mott</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rabbit_Hutch" title="The Rabbit Hutch">The Rabbit Hutch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tess_Gunty" title="Tess Gunty">Tess Gunty</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackouts_(novel)" title="Blackouts (novel)">Blackouts</a> by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Torres" title="Justin Torres">Justin Torres</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35155#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35155#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35155#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118597221">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79099184">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119208145">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119208145">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00453490">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV078322">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010601130&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1101581">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/41542">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068787286">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90780612">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000008556&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=75240">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199622289">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnn24s32hbk86">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810626703805606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/103761">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266725305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511967706706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14311563">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0952910b-7e97-4aec-8186-2f9f76a4dd14">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1098411">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118597221.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118597221">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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