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style="display:none">"Preamble" to communications message data after a header</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>, a <b>syncword</b>, <b>sync character</b>, <b>sync sequence</b> or <b>preamble</b> is used to synchronize a <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a> by indicating the end of <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a> information and the start of data.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="the "Ethernet Packet" article and the Bloessl article seem to say the preamble is the first thing transmitted, before the header, not after it. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The syncword is a known <a href="/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence">sequence</a> of data used to identify the start of a frame, and is also called <i>reference signal</i> or <i>midamble</i> in <a href="/wiki/Wireless_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communications">wireless communications</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">Prefix codes</a> allow unambiguous identification of synchronization sequences and may serve as <a href="/wiki/Self-synchronizing_code" title="Self-synchronizing code">self-synchronizing code</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncword&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an <a href="/wiki/Audio_receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio receiver">audio receiver</a> receiving a <a href="/wiki/Bit_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit stream">bit stream</a> of data, an example of a syncword is 0x0B77 for an <a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby AC-3">AC-3</a> encoded stream. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet packet">Ethernet packet</a> with the Ethernet preamble, 56 bits of alternating 1 and 0 bits, allowing the receiver to synchronize its clock to the transmitter, followed by a one-octet start frame delimiter byte and then the header. </p><p>All <a href="/wiki/USB_(Communications)" class="mw-redirect" title="USB (Communications)">USB</a> packets begin with a sync field (8 bits long at low speed, 32 bits long at high speed) used to synchronize the receiver's clock to the transmitter's clock.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A receiver uses a physical layer preamble, also called a physical layer training sequence, to synchronize on the signal by estimating frequency and clock offsets. Some documentation uses "preamble" to refer to a signal used to announce a transmission, to wake-up receivers in a low-power mode. While some systems use exactly the same signal for both physical-layer training and wake-up functions, others use 2 different signals at 2 different times for these 2 functions, or have only one or the other of these signals.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Binary_Synchronous_Communications" title="Binary Synchronous Communications">Bisync</a> protocol of the 1960s used a minimum of two ASCII "<a href="/wiki/Synchronous_idle" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous idle">SYN</a>" characters (0x16…0x16) to achieve character synchronization in an undifferentiated bit stream, then other special characters to <a href="/wiki/Frame_synchronization" title="Frame synchronization">synchronize to the beginning of a frame</a> of characters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The syncwords can be seen as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimiter</a>. Various techniques are used to avoid <a href="/wiki/Delimiter_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimiter collision">delimiter collision</a>, or‍—‌in other words‍—‌to "disguise" bytes of data at the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> that might otherwise be incorrectly recognized as the syncword. For example, <a href="/wiki/HDLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HDLC">HDLC</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Bit_stuffing" title="Bit stuffing">bit stuffing</a> or "octet stuffing", while other systems use <a href="/wiki/ASCII_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCII armor">ASCII armor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consistent_Overhead_Byte_Stuffing" title="Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing">Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing</a> (COBS). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncword&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some communication systems, a receiver can achieve character synchronization from an undifferentiated bit stream, or start-of-header synchronization from a byte stream, without the overhead of an explicit syncword. For example, the <a href="/wiki/FSK441" class="mw-redirect" title="FSK441">FSK441</a> protocol achieves character synchronization by synchronizing on any "<a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a>" characters in the message‍—‌in effect, every "space" character in the message does double duty as a syncword. For example, <a href="/wiki/CRC-based_framing" title="CRC-based framing">CRC-based framing</a> achieves character and start-of-header synchronization. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Self-synchronizing_code" title="Self-synchronizing code">self-synchronizing code</a>, every character is, in effect, a syncword, and can be used to achieve character synchronization in an undifferentiated bit stream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preamble">Preamble</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncword&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preamble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Digital_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital communication">digital communication</a>, preamble is a sequence of known bits sent in each frame. It is used for <a href="/wiki/Frame_synchronization" title="Frame synchronization">frame synchronization</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_frame" title="Ethernet frame">Ethernet frames</a>, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Channel_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel estimation">channel estimation</a>. </p><p>In Ethernet and other protocols, the preamble can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Automatic_baud_rate_detection" title="Automatic baud rate detection">automatic baud rate detection</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncword&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection#Early_ages" title="Copy protection">Copy protection § Early ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)" title="Magic number (programming)">Magic number (programming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-band_data" title="Out-of-band data">Out-of-band data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start_Frame_Delimiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Start Frame Delimiter">Start Frame Delimiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_idle" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous idle">Synchronous idle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_signal" title="Pilot signal">Pilot signal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncword&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Craig Peacock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beyondlogic.org/usbnutshell/usb3.shtml">"USB Protocols"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Bastian Bloessl; Falko Dressler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccs-labs.org/bib/bloessl2018msync/bloessl2018msync.pdf">"mSync: Physical Layer Frame Synchronization Without Preamble Symbols"</a>. 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ckp.made-it.com/bisync.html">"BiSync, BSC"</a>. <i>Connectivity Knowledge Platform</i>. Made IT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Connectivity+Knowledge+Platform&rft.atitle=BiSync%2C+BSC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fckp.made-it.com%2Fbisync.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Freer1996" class="citation book cs1">John R. Freer (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ye4DwILZhq0C&pg=PA12"><i>Computer communications and networks</i></a> (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-379-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-379-2"><bdi>978-1-85728-379-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+communications+and+networks&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-379-2&rft.au=John+R.+Freer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dye4DwILZhq0C%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syncword&oldid=1243786364">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syncword&oldid=1243786364</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synchronization" title="Category:Synchronization">Synchronization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Data_transmission" title="Category:Data transmission">Data transmission</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Packets_(information_technology)" title="Category:Packets (information technology)">Packets (information technology)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_March_2019" title="Category:Use American English from March 2019">Use American English from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2019">Use mdy dates from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 September 2024, at 12:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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