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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Concept and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Introduction of sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premiere_and_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premiere_and_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Premiere and reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premiere_and_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_impact_and_industrial_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_impact_and_industrial_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Commercial impact and industrial influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_impact_and_industrial_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Critical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_nominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_nominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Awards and nominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_nominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Jazz Singer</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="مغني الجاز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مغني الجاز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جاز موغننیسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاز موغننیسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="দ্য জ্যাজ সিঙ্গার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্য জ্যাজ সিঙ্গার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="The Jazz Singer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzov%C3%BD_zp%C4%9Bv%C3%A1k" title="Jazzový zpěvák – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jazzový zpěvák" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(ffilm_1927)" title="The Jazz Singer (ffilm 1927) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="The Jazz Singer (ffilm 1927)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzsangeren" title="Jazzsangeren – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jazzsangeren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Jazzs%C3%A4nger_(1927)" title="Der Jazzsänger (1927) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der Jazzsänger (1927)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%B6" title="Ο Τραγουδιστής της Τζαζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ο Τραγουδιστής της Τζαζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(pel%C3%ADcula_de_1927)" title="The Jazz Singer (película de 1927) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="The Jazz Singer (película de 1927)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="The Jazz Singer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="The Jazz Singer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="خواننده جاز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خواننده جاز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Chanteur_de_jazz" title="Le Chanteur de jazz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Chanteur de jazz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="The Jazz Singer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="The Jazz Singer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EC%A6%88_%EC%8B%B1%EC%96%B4" title="재즈 싱어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재즈 싱어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(1927.)" title="The Jazz Singer (1927.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="The Jazz Singer (1927.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="The Jazz Singer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_cantante_di_jazz_(film_1927)" title="Il cantante di jazz (film 1927) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il cantante di jazz (film 1927)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%96" title="זמר הג'אז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זמר הג'אז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeza_dzied%C4%81t%C4%81js" title="Džeza dziedātājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeza dziedātājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_dzsessz%C3%A9nekes" title="A dzsesszénekes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A dzsesszénekes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Џез пејачот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џез пејачот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BC" title="ദി ജാസ് സിംഗർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദി ജാസ് സിംഗർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="The Jazz Singer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="The Jazz Singer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC" title="ジャズ・シンガー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャズ・シンガー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz-sangeren" title="Jazz-sangeren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jazz-sangeren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Apiewak_jazzbandu" title="Śpiewak jazzbandu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śpiewak jazzbandu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="The Jazz Singer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Певец джаза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Певец джаза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(1927_movie)" title="The Jazz Singer (1927 movie) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Jazz Singer (1927 movie)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85)" title="گۆرانیبێژی جاز (فیلم) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆرانیبێژی جاز (فیلم)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC)" title="Џез певач (филм) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џез певач (филм)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="The Jazz Singer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li 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సింగర్ (1927 సినిమా)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เดอะแจ๊ซซิงเงอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดอะแจ๊ซซิงเงอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caz_Muganisi" title="Caz Muganisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Caz Muganisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1927 film by Alan Crosland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1927 film. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Jazz Singer (disambiguation)">The Jazz Singer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">The Jazz Singer</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Jazz_Singer_1927_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Jazz_Singer_1927_Poster.jpg/220px-The_Jazz_Singer_1927_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Jazz_Singer_1927_Poster.jpg/330px-The_Jazz_Singer_1927_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Jazz_Singer_1927_Poster.jpg/440px-The_Jazz_Singer_1927_Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1326" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical release poster</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Crosland" title="Alan Crosland">Alan Crosland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Screenplay by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Cohn" title="Alfred A. Cohn">Alfred A. Cohn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(play)" title="The Jazz Singer (play)">The Jazz Singer</a></i><br />by <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphaelson" title="Samson Raphaelson">Samson Raphaelson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/May_McAvoy" title="May McAvoy">May McAvoy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Warner_Oland" title="Warner Oland">Warner Oland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yossele_Rosenblatt" title="Yossele Rosenblatt">Yossele Rosenblatt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Mohr" title="Hal Mohr">Hal Mohr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Edited by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_McCord" title="Harold McCord">Harold McCord</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Music by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Silvers" title="Louis Silvers">Louis Silvers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production<br />companies</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="vertical-align: middle;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures" title="Warner Bros. Pictures">Warner Bros. Pictures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Vitaphone_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vitaphone Corporation">The Vitaphone Corporation</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Distributed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Warner Bros. Pictures</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>October 6, 1927<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1927-10-06</span>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">89 minutes<br />96 minutes (with overture and exit music)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$422,000<sup id="cite_ref-warners_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warners-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Box office</th><td class="infobox-data">$2.6 million <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Gross_rental" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross rental">gross rental</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-warners_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warners-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Jazz Singer</b></i> is a 1927 American <a href="/wiki/Part-talkie" title="Part-talkie">part-talkie</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Crosland" title="Alan Crosland">Alan Crosland</a> and produced by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the first <a href="/wiki/Feature-length" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature-length">feature-length</a> motion picture with both <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronized</a> recorded music and lip-synchronous singing and speech (in several isolated sequences). Its release heralded the commercial ascendance of <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound films</a> and effectively marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> era with the <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-disc" title="Sound-on-disc">sound-on-disc</a> system, featuring six songs performed by <a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a>. Based on the <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(play)" title="The Jazz Singer (play)">1925 play of the same title</a> by <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphaelson" title="Samson Raphaelson">Samson Raphaelson</a>, the plot was adapted from his short story "The Day of Atonement". </p><p>The film depicts the fictional story of Jakie Rabinowitz, a young man who defies the traditions of his devout <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish</a> family. After singing popular tunes in a <a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">beer garden</a>, he is punished by his father, a <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">hazzan</a> (cantor), prompting Jakie to run away from home. Some years later, now calling himself Jack Robin, he has become a talented <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> singer, performing in <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a>. He attempts to build a career as an entertainer, but his professional ambitions ultimately come into conflict with the demands of his home and heritage. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a> won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Academy Honorary Award</a> for producing the film; Alfred A. Cohn was nominated for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay">Best Writing (Adaptation)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1st_Academy_Awards" title="1st Academy Awards">1st Academy Awards</a>. In 1996, <i>The Jazz Singer</i> was selected for preservation in the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant". In 1998, the film was chosen in voting conducted by the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> as one of the best American films of all time, ranking at number ninety. The film's copyright expired on January 1, 2023, when all works published in the U.S. in 1927 entered the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm/300px-seek%3D16-The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="226" data-durationhint="5342" data-mwtitle="The_Jazz_Singer_(1927).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Jazz_Singer_(1927).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="636" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="954" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1432" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1432" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="318" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i>The Jazz Singer</i> (1927)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Cantor</a> Rabinowitz wants his 13-year-old son, Jacob "Jakie" Rabinowitz, to carry on the generations-old family tradition and become a cantor at the synagogue in the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a> of Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>. Jakie has instead taken a liking to singing <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> at the local <a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">beer garden</a>. Moisha Yudelson spots the boy and tells Jakie's father, who drags him home. Jakie clings to his mother, Sara, as his father declares, "I'll teach him better than to debase the voice God gave him!" Jakie threatens: "If you whip me again, I'll run away—and <i>never come back!</i>" After the whipping, Jakie kisses his mother goodbye and, true to his word, runs away. At the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> service, Rabinowitz mournfully tells a fellow celebrant, "My son was to stand at my side and sing tonight—but now I have no son." As the sacred <a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a> is sung, Jakie sneaks back home to retrieve a picture of his loving mother. </p><p>About ten years later, Jakie has <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">anglicized</a> his name to Jack Robin. Jack is called up from his table at a cabaret to perform on stage ("<a href="/wiki/Dirty_Hands,_Dirty_Face" title="Dirty Hands, Dirty Face">Dirty Hands, Dirty Face</a>"). </p><p>Jack wows the crowd with his energized rendition of "<a href="/wiki/Toot,_Toot,_Tootsie" class="mw-redirect" title="Toot, Toot, Tootsie">Toot, Toot, Tootsie</a>." Afterward, he is introduced to the beautiful Mary Dale, a musical theater dancer. "There are lots of jazz singers, but <i>you</i> have a tear in your voice," she says, offering to help with his budding career. With her help, Jack eventually gets his big break: a leading part in the new musical <i>April Follies</i>. </p><p>Back at the family home Jack left long ago, the elder Rabinowitz instructs a young student in the traditional cantorial art. Jack appears and tries to explain his point of view, and his love of modern music, but the appalled cantor banishes him: "I never want to see you again—you <i>jazz singer!</i>" As he leaves, Jack makes a prediction: "I came home with a heart full of love, but you don't want to understand. Some day you'll understand, the same as Mama does." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JazzSingerJackMother.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JazzSingerJackMother.jpg/220px-JazzSingerJackMother.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JazzSingerJackMother.jpg/330px-JazzSingerJackMother.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JazzSingerJackMother.jpg/440px-JazzSingerJackMother.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2719" data-file-height="2045" /></a><figcaption>Jack and his mother (<a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Besserer" title="Eugenie Besserer">Eugenie Besserer</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Two weeks after Jack's expulsion from the family home and 24 hours before the opening night of <i>April Follies</i> on Broadway, Jack's father falls gravely ill. Jack is asked to choose between the show and duty to his family and faith: in order to sing the Kol Nidre for Yom Kippur in his father's place, he will have to miss the big premiere. </p><p>That evening, the eve of Yom Kippur, Yudelson tells the Jewish elders, "For the first time, we have no Cantor on the Day of Atonement." Lying in his bed, weak and gaunt, Cantor Rabinowitz tells Sara that he cannot perform on the most sacred of holy days: "My son came to me in my dreams—he sang Kol Nidre so beautifully. If he would only sing like that tonight—surely he would be forgiven." </p><p>As Jack prepares for a dress rehearsal by applying <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> makeup, he and Mary discuss his career aspirations and the family pressures they agree he must resist. Sara and Yudelson come to Jack's dressing room to plead for him to come to his father and sing in his stead. Jack is torn. He delivers his blackface performance ("Mother of Mine, I Still Have You"), and Sara sees her son on stage for the first time. She has a tearful revelation: "Here he belongs. If God wanted him in His house, He would have kept him there. He's not <i>my</i> boy anymore—he belongs to the whole world now." </p><p>Afterward, Jack returns to the Rabinowitz home. He kneels at his father's bedside and the two converse fondly: "My son—I love you." Sara suggests that it may help heal his father if Jack takes his place at the Yom Kippur service. Mary arrives with the producer, who warns Jack that he'll never work on Broadway again if he fails to appear on opening night. Jack can not decide. Mary challenges him: "Were you lying when you said your career came before <i>everything?</i>" Jack is unsure if he even can replace his father: "I haven't sung Kol Nidre since I was a little boy." His mother tells him, "Do what is in your heart, Jakie—if you sing and God is not in your voice—your father will know." The producer cajoles Jack: "You're a <i>jazz singer</i> at heart!" </p><p>At the theater, the opening night audience is told that there will be no performance. Jack sings the Kol Nidre in his father's place. His father listens from his deathbed to the nearby ceremony and speaks his last, forgiving words: "Mama, we have our son again." The spirit of Jack's father is shown at his side in the synagogue. Mary has come to listen. She sees how Jack has reconciled the division in his soul: "a jazz singer—singing to his God." </p><p>"The season passes—and time heals—the show goes on." Jack, as "The Jazz Singer," is now appearing at the Winter Garden theater, apparently as the featured performer opening for a show called <i>Back Room</i>. In the front row of the packed theater, his mother sits alongside Yudelson. Jack, in blackface, performs the song "<a href="/wiki/My_Mammy" title="My Mammy">My Mammy</a>" for her and the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a> as Jacob “Jakie” Rabinowitz (Jack Robin) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_(director)" title="Robert Gordon (director)">Bobby Gordon</a> as Jakie Rabinowitz (age 13)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Oland" title="Warner Oland">Warner Oland</a> as Cantor Rabinowitz, Jakie Rabinowitz’s (Jack Robin’s) father</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Besserer" title="Eugenie Besserer">Eugenie Besserer</a> as Sara Rabinowitz, Jakie Rabinowitz’s (Jack Robin’s) mother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_McAvoy" title="May McAvoy">May McAvoy</a> as Mary Dale</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lederer" title="Otto Lederer">Otto Lederer</a> as Moisha Yudelson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Tucker_(actor)" title="Richard Tucker (actor)">Richard Tucker</a> as Harry Lee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yossele_Rosenblatt" title="Yossele Rosenblatt">Yossele Rosenblatt</a> as himself</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Jolson_Jazz_Singer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Al_Jolson_Jazz_Singer.JPG/250px-Al_Jolson_Jazz_Singer.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Al_Jolson_Jazz_Singer.JPG/375px-Al_Jolson_Jazz_Singer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Al_Jolson_Jazz_Singer.JPG/500px-Al_Jolson_Jazz_Singer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Jack Robin on stage, in a publicity shot representing the film's final scene</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Songs">Songs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"My Gal Sal" (music and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dresser" title="Paul Dresser">Paul Dresser</a>; dubbed by unknown singer with Bobby Gordon onscreen)<sup id="cite_ref-B7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_the_Robert_E._Lee" title="Waiting for the Robert E. Lee">Waiting for the Robert E. Lee</a>" (music by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Muir" title="Lewis F. Muir">Lewis F. Muir</a> and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/L._Wolfe_Gilbert" title="L. Wolfe Gilbert">L. Wolfe Gilbert</a>; dubbed by unknown singer with Bobby Gordon onscreen)<sup id="cite_ref-B7_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Yussel, Yussel" (music by Samuel Steinberg and lyrics by Nellie Casman, 1923); heard as background music as Jolson walks through his ghetto neighborhood.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a>" (traditional; dubbed by Joseph Diskay with Warner Oland onscreen;<sup id="cite_ref-B7_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sung also by Al Jolson)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dirty_Hands,_Dirty_Face" title="Dirty Hands, Dirty Face">Dirty Hands, Dirty Face</a>" (music by <a href="/wiki/James_V._Monaco" title="James V. Monaco">James V. Monaco</a> and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Leslie" title="Edgar Leslie">Edgar Leslie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grant_Clarke" title="Grant Clarke">Grant Clarke</a>; sung by Al Jolson)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toot,_Toot,_Tootsie_(Goo%27_Bye!)" title="Toot, Toot, Tootsie (Goo' Bye!)">Toot, Toot, Tootsie (Goo' Bye)</a>" (music and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Gus_Kahn" title="Gus Kahn">Gus Kahn</a>, Ernie Erdman, and Dan Russo [title orthography and songwriting credits per original sheet music cover;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some other sources do not mention Russo and some also name either or both <a href="/wiki/Ted_Fio_Rito" title="Ted Fio Rito">Ted Fio Rito</a> and Robert A. King]; sung by Al Jolson)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a>" (traditional; sung by Cantor <a href="/wiki/Yossele_Rosenblatt" title="Yossele Rosenblatt">Yossele Rosenblatt</a>)</li> <li>"Yahrzeit Licht"; sung by Cantor Yossele Rosenblatt</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blue_Skies_(1926_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Skies (1926 song)">Blue Skies</a>" (music and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a>; sung by Al Jolson)</li> <li>"Mother of Mine, I Still Have You" (music by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Silvers" title="Louis Silvers">Louis Silvers</a> and lyrics by Grant Clarke [Jolson also credited by some sources]; sung by Al Jolson)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Mammy" title="My Mammy">My Mammy</a>" (music by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Donaldson_(songwriter)" title="Walter Donaldson (songwriter)">Walter Donaldson</a> and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Sam_M._Lewis" title="Sam M. Lewis">Sam M. Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Young_(lyricist)" title="Joe Young (lyricist)">Joe Young</a>; sung by Al Jolson)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_and_development">Concept and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concept and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 25, 1917, <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphaelson" title="Samson Raphaelson">Samson Raphaelson</a>, a native of New York City's <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a> and a University of Illinois undergraduate, attended a performance of the musical <i>Robinson Crusoe, Jr.</i> in <a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">Champaign, Illinois</a>. The star of the show was a thirty-year-old singer, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a>, a Lithuanian-born Jew who performed in blackface.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1927 interview, Raphaelson described the experience: "I shall never forget the first five minutes of Jolson—his velocity, the amazing fluidity with which he shifted from a tremendous absorption in his audience to a tremendous absorption in his song." He explained that he had seen emotional intensity like Jolson's only among synagogue cantors.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A few years later, pursuing a professional literary career, Raphaelson wrote "The Day of Atonement", a short story about a young Jew named Jakie Rabinowitz, based on Jolson's real life. The story was published in January 1922 in <i><a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Magazine" title="Everybody's Magazine">Everybody's Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raphaelson later adapted the story into a stage play, <i>The Jazz Singer</i>. A straight drama, all the singing in Raphaelson's version takes place offstage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/George_Jessel_(actor)" title="George Jessel (actor)">George Jessel</a> in the lead role, the show premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Mark_Strand_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Strand Theatre">Warner Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a> in September 1925 and became a hit.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> acquired the movie rights to the play on June 4, 1926, and signed Jessel to a contract.<sup id="cite_ref-B6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moving_Picture_World" title="The Moving Picture World">The Moving Picture World</a></i> published a story in February 1927 announcing that production on the film would begin with Jessel on May 1.<sup id="cite_ref-C16_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C16-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jolson-RobinsonCrusoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jolson-RobinsonCrusoe.jpg/250px-Jolson-RobinsonCrusoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jolson-RobinsonCrusoe.jpg/375px-Jolson-RobinsonCrusoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Jolson-RobinsonCrusoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>A blackfaced <a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a> starring in <i>Robinson Crusoe, Jr.</i>—the performance that inspired the story that led to the play that became the film <i>The Jazz Singer</i></figcaption></figure> <p>But the plans to make the film with Jessel would fall through, for multiple reasons. Jessel's contract with Warner Bros. had not anticipated that the movie they had particularly signed him for would be made with sound (he'd made a modestly budgeted, silent comedy in the interim). When Warner had hits with two <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a>, though dialogue-less, features in late 1926, <i>The Jazz Singer</i> production had been reconceived.<sup id="cite_ref-B6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jessel asked for a bonus or a new contract, but was rebuffed. According to Jessel's description in his autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Warner" title="Harry Warner">Harry Warner</a> "was having a tough time with the financing of the company.... He talked about taking care of me if the picture was a success. I did not feel that was enough."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, around the beginning of 1927, Harry Warner—the eldest of the brothers who ran the eponymous studio—had sold $4 million of his personal stock to keep the studio solvent.<sup id="cite_ref-B6_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then came another major issue. According to Jessel, a first read of screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Cohn" title="Alfred A. Cohn">Alfred A. Cohn</a>'s adaptation "threw me into a fit. Instead of the boy's leaving the theatre and following the traditions of his father by singing in the synagogue, as in the play, the picture scenario had him return to the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Theatre" title="Winter Garden Theatre">Winter Garden</a> as a blackface comedian, with his mother wildly applauding in the box. I raised hell. Money or no money, I would not do this."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to performer <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a>, as negotiations between Warner Bros. and Jessel floundered, <a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Warner" title="Jack L. Warner">Jack L. Warner</a> and the studio's production chief, <a href="/wiki/Darryl_Zanuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Darryl Zanuck">Darryl Zanuck</a>, called to see if he was interested in the part. Cantor, a friend of Jessel's, responded that he was sure any differences with the actor could be worked out and offered his assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cantor was not invited to participate in the Jessel talks; instead, the role was then offered to Jolson, who had inspired it in the first place. Describing Jolson as the production's best choice for its star, film historian Donald Crafton wrote, "The entertainer, who sang jazzed-up minstrel numbers in blackface, was at the height of his phenomenal popularity. Anticipating the later stardom of crooners and rock stars, Jolson electrified audiences with the vitality and sex appeal of his songs and gestures, which owed much to black american sources."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As described by film historian Robert L. Carringer, "Jessel was a <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> comedian and master of ceremonies with one successful play and one modestly successful film to his credit. Jolson was a superstar."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jolson took the part, signing a $75,000 contract on May 26, 1927, for eight weeks of services beginning in July.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been several claims but no proof that Jolson invested some of his own money in the film.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jessel and Jolson, also friends, did not speak for some time after—on the one hand, Jessel had been confiding his problems with the Warners to Jolson; on the other, Jolson had signed with them without telling Jessel of his plans. In his autobiography, Jessel wrote that, in the end, Jolson "must not be blamed, as the Warners had definitely decided that I was out."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_sound">Introduction of sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Introduction of sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While many earlier sound films had dialogue, all were short subjects. <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a>'s feature <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_Street_(film)" title="Dream Street (film)">Dream Street</a></i> (1921) was shown in New York with a single singing sequence and crowd noises, using the <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-disc" title="Sound-on-disc">sound-on-disc</a> system <a href="/wiki/Photokinema" title="Photokinema">Photokinema</a>. The film was preceded by a program of sound shorts, including a sequence with Griffith speaking directly to the audience, but the feature itself had no talking scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 15, 1923, <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">sound-on-film</a> system <a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a>, which had synchronized sound and dialogue, but the sound quality was poor, and the films produced in this process were short films only.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Warner Bros. Vitaphone features, <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(1926_film)" title="Don Juan (1926 film)">Don Juan</a></i> (premiered August 1926) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Better_%27Ole_(1926_film)" title="The Better 'Ole (1926 film)">The Better 'Ole</a></i> (premiered October 1926), like three more that followed in early 1927 (<i><a href="/wiki/When_a_Man_Loves" title="When a Man Loves">When a Man Loves</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Old_San_Francisco" title="Old San Francisco">Old San Francisco</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Auto" title="The First Auto">The First Auto</a></i>), had only a synchronized instrumental score and sound effects. <i>The Jazz Singer</i> contains those, as well as numerous synchronized singing sequences and some synchronized speech: Two popular tunes are performed by the young Jakie Rabinowitz, the future Jazz Singer; his father, a cantor, performs the devotional <a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a>; the famous cantor <a href="/wiki/Yossele_Rosenblatt" title="Yossele Rosenblatt">Yossele Rosenblatt</a>, appearing as himself, sings an excerpt of another religious melody, <a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a>, and the song "Yahrzeit Licht". As the adult Jack Robin, Jolson performs six songs: five popular "jazz" tunes and the Kol Nidre. The sound for the film was recorded by British-born <a href="/wiki/George_Groves_(sound_engineer)" title="George Groves (sound engineer)">George Groves</a>, who had also worked on <i>Don Juan</i>. To direct, the studio chose <a href="/wiki/Alan_Crosland" title="Alan Crosland">Alan Crosland</a>, who already had two Vitaphone films to his credit: <i>Don Juan</i> and <i>Old San Francisco</i>, which opened while <i>The Jazz Singer</i> was in production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Jolson-WaitAMinute.ogg" title="File:Jolson-WaitAMinute.ogg">"Wait a minute, wait a minute..."</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="Jolson-WaitAMinute.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Jolson-WaitAMinute.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Jolson-WaitAMinute.ogg/Jolson-WaitAMinute.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The spoken words that made movie history (over considerable crowd noise) and "<a href="/wiki/Toot,_Toot,_Tootsie_(Goo%27_Bye!)" title="Toot, Toot, Tootsie (Goo' Bye!)">Toot, Toot, Tootsie (Goo' Bye)</a>"</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Jolson's first vocal performance, about fifteen minutes into the picture, is of "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_Hands,_Dirty_Face" title="Dirty Hands, Dirty Face">Dirty Hands, Dirty Face</a>", with music by <a href="/wiki/James_V._Monaco" title="James V. Monaco">James V. Monaco</a> and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Leslie" title="Edgar Leslie">Edgar Leslie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grant_Clarke" title="Grant Clarke">Grant Clarke</a>. The first synchronized speech, uttered by Jack to a cabaret crowd and to the piano player in the band that accompanies him, occurs directly after that performance, beginning at the 17:25 mark of the film. Jack's first spoken words—"Wait a minute, wait a minute, you ain't heard nothin' yet"—were well-established stage patter of Jolson's. He had even spoken very similar lines in an earlier short, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Plantation_Act" title="A Plantation Act">A Plantation Act</a></i> (1926).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line had become virtually an in-joke. In November 1918, during a gala concert celebrating the end of World War I, Jolson ran onstage amid the applause for the preceding performer, the great operatic tenor <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a>, and exclaimed, "Folks, you ain't heard nothin' yet."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, he recorded the song "You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a later scene, Jack talks with his mother, played by <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Besserer" title="Eugenie Besserer">Eugenie Besserer</a>, in the family parlor; his father enters and pronounces one very conclusive word, "Stop!", the final line of dialogue in the film. </p><p>In total, the movie contains barely two minutes' worth of synchronized talking, much or all of it improvised. The rest of the dialogue is presented through the caption cards, or <a href="/wiki/Intertitles" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertitles">intertitles</a>, standard in silent movies of the era; as was common, those titles were composed not by the film's scenarist, Alfred Cohn, but by another writer – in this case, Jack Jarmuth.<sup id="cite_ref-block-wilson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-block-wilson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Jolson was touring with a stage show during June 1927, production on <i>The Jazz Singer</i> began with the shooting of exterior scenes by the <a href="/wiki/Second_unit" title="Second unit">second unit</a>. In late June, Alan Crosland headed to New York City to shoot the Lower East Side and Winter Garden exteriors on location. Jolson joined the production in mid-July (his contract specified July 11). Filming with Jolson began with his silent scenes; the more complex Vitaphone sequences were primarily done in late August.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Jolson and Zanuck would later take credit for thinking up the ad-libbed dialogue sequence between Jack and his mother; another story had it that <a href="/wiki/Sam_Warner" title="Sam Warner">Sam Warner</a> was impressed by Jolson's brief ad-libbing in the cabaret scene and had Cohn come up with some lines on the spot.<sup id="cite_ref-C110_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C110-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 23, <i>Motion Picture News</i> reported that production on the film had been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production cost for <i>The Jazz Singer</i> was $422,000<sup id="cite_ref-Crafton111_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crafton111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (approximately US$5.96 million in 2023 dollars),<sup id="cite_ref-block-wilson_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-block-wilson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a large sum, especially for Warner Bros., which rarely spent more than $250,000. It was by no means a record for the studio, however; two features starring <a href="/wiki/John_Barrymore" title="John Barrymore">John Barrymore</a> had been costlier: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Beast_(1926_film)" title="The Sea Beast (1926 film)">The Sea Beast</a></i> (1926), a loose and entirely silent adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i>, at $503,000 and <i>Don Juan</i> at $546,000.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the outlay constituted a major gamble in light of the studio's financial straits: while <i>The Jazz Singer</i> was in production, Harry Warner stopped taking a salary, pawned jewelry belonging to his wife, and moved his family into a smaller apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premiere_and_reception">Premiere and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Premiere and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29_-_Trailer.webm/220px-seek%3D108-The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29_-_Trailer.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="167" data-durationhint="427" data-mwtitle="The_Jazz_Singer_(1927)_-_Trailer.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Jazz_Singer_(1927)_-_Trailer.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29_-_Trailer.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="582" data-height="441" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29_-_Trailer.webm/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29_-_Trailer.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="316" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29_-_Trailer.webm/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29_-_Trailer.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="476" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29_-_Trailer.webm/The_Jazz_Singer_%281927%29_-_Trailer.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="476" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Original <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)" title="Trailer (promotion)">trailer</a> of <i>The Jazz Singer</i></figcaption></figure><p> The premiere occurred on October 6, 1927, at Warner Bros.' flagship theater in New York City. In keeping with the film's theme of a conflict within a Jewish family, the film premiered after sunset on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buildup to the premiere was tense. Besides Warner Bros.' precarious financial position, the physical presentation of the film itself was remarkably complex:</p><blockquote><p>Each of Jolson's musical numbers was mounted on a separate reel with a separate accompanying sound disc. Even though the film was only eighty-nine minutes long...there were fifteen reels and fifteen discs to manage, and the projectionist had to be able to thread the film and cue up the Vitaphone records very quickly. The least stumble, hesitation, or human error would result in public and financial humiliation for the company.<sup id="cite_ref-E140_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E140-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> None of the four Warner brothers<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were able to attend: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Warner" title="Sam Warner">Sam Warner</a>—among them, the strongest advocate for Vitaphone—had died the previous day of pneumonia, and the surviving brothers had returned to California for his funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-C110_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C110-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Doris Warner, who was in attendance, about halfway through the film she began to feel that something exceptional was taking place. Suddenly, Jolson's face appeared in big close-up, and said "Wait a minute, wait a minute, you ain't heard nothing yet!" Jolson's "Wait a minute" line prompted a loud, positive response from the audience, who were dumbfounded by seeing and hearing someone speak on a film for the first time, so much so that the double-entendre was missed at first. Applause followed each of his songs. Excitement built, and when Jolson and Eugenie Besserer began their dialogue scene, "the audience became hysterical."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the show, the audience turned into a "milling, battling, mob", in one journalist's description, chanting "Jolson, Jolson, Jolson!"<sup id="cite_ref-E140_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E140-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those who reviewed the film, the critic who foresaw most clearly what it presaged for the future of cinema was <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine's <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a>. He described the spoken dialogue scene between Jolson and Besserer as "fraught with tremendous significance.... I for one suddenly realized that the end of the silent drama is in sight".<sup id="cite_ref-E141_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E141-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jazz_Singer_lobby_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jazz_Singer_lobby_card.jpg/220px-Jazz_Singer_lobby_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jazz_Singer_lobby_card.jpg/330px-Jazz_Singer_lobby_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jazz_Singer_lobby_card.jpg/440px-Jazz_Singer_lobby_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>Lobby card</figcaption></figure> <p>Critical reaction was generally, though far from universally, positive. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> critic <a href="/wiki/Mordaunt_Hall" title="Mordaunt Hall">Mordaunt Hall</a>, reviewing the film's premiere, declared that </p> <blockquote><p>not since the first presentation of Vitaphone features, more than a year ago (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(1926_film)" title="Don Juan (1926 film)"><i>Don Juan</i></a>), has anything like the ovation been heard in a motion-picture theatre.... The Vitaphoned songs and some dialogue have been introduced most adroitly. This in itself is an ambitious move, for in the expression of song the Vitaphone vitalizes the production enormously. The dialogue is not so effective, for it does not always catch the nuances of speech or inflections of the voice so that one is not aware of the mechanical features.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_1927_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_1927-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i> called it "[u]ndoubtedly the best thing Vitaphone has ever put on the screen...[with] abundant power and appeal."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Watts_Jr." title="Richard Watts Jr.">Richard Watts Jr.</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a></i> called it a "pleasantly sentimental orgy dealing with a struggle between religion and art.... [T]his is not essentially a motion picture, but rather a chance to capture for comparative immortality the sight and sound of a great performer."<sup id="cite_ref-E140_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E140-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Exhibitors Herald</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s take was virtually identical: "scarcely a motion picture. It should be more properly labeled an enlarged Vitaphone record of Al Jolson in half a dozen songs."<sup id="cite_ref-C110_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C110-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film received favorable reviews in both the Jewish press and in African American newspapers such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American" title="Baltimore Afro-American">Baltimore Afro-American</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Courier" title="Pittsburgh Courier">Pittsburgh Courier</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The headline of the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> review told a somewhat different story: "'Jazz Singer' Scores a Hit—Vitaphone and Al Jolson Responsible, Picture Itself Second Rate."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Photoplay" title="Photoplay">Photoplay</a></i> dismissed Jolson as "no movie actor. Without his <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> reputation he wouldn't rate as a minor player."<sup id="cite_ref-E141_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E141-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_impact_and_industrial_influence">Commercial impact and industrial influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commercial impact and industrial influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Jolson_in_The_Jazz_Singer_-_NYPL_ps_the_cd26_386.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Al_Jolson_in_The_Jazz_Singer_-_NYPL_ps_the_cd26_386.jpg/210px-Al_Jolson_in_The_Jazz_Singer_-_NYPL_ps_the_cd26_386.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Al_Jolson_in_The_Jazz_Singer_-_NYPL_ps_the_cd26_386.jpg/315px-Al_Jolson_in_The_Jazz_Singer_-_NYPL_ps_the_cd26_386.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Al_Jolson_in_The_Jazz_Singer_-_NYPL_ps_the_cd26_386.jpg/420px-Al_Jolson_in_The_Jazz_Singer_-_NYPL_ps_the_cd26_386.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2570" data-file-height="3465" /></a><figcaption>One of many alternative posters—this one designed for theaters charging 25 cents; the image of Jack in a suggestive nightrobe, carrying Mary, does appear in the film, shortly after he sees her perform for the first time.</figcaption></figure> <p>The film developed into a major hit, demonstrating the profit potential of feature-length "<a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talkies</a>", but Donald Crafton has shown that the reputation the film later acquired for being one of Hollywood's most enormous successes to date was inflated. The movie did well, but not astonishingly so, in the major cities where it was first released, garnering much of its impressive profits with long, steady runs in population centers large and small all around the country. As conversion of movie theaters to sound was still in its early stages, the film actually arrived at many of those secondary venues in a silent version. On the other hand, Crafton's statement that <i>The Jazz Singer</i> "was in a distinct second or third tier of attractions compared to the most popular films of the day and even other Vitaphone talkies" is also incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the film was easily the biggest earner in Warner Bros. history, and would remain so until it was surpassed a year later by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Singing_Fool" title="The Singing Fool">The Singing Fool</a></i>, another Jolson feature. In the larger scope of Hollywood, among films originally released in 1927, available evidence suggests that <i>The Jazz Singer</i> was among the three biggest box office hits, trailing only <i><a href="/wiki/Wings_(1927_film)" title="Wings (1927 film)">Wings</a></i> and, perhaps, <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Kings_(1927_film)" title="The King of Kings (1927 film)">The King of Kings</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Warner Bros records the film earned revenues of $1,974,000 in the United States and Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and $651,000 elsewhere,<sup id="cite_ref-warners_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warners-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a worldwide theatrical <a href="/wiki/Gross_rental" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross rental">gross rental</a> of approximately $2.6 million (the studio's share of the box office gross) and a profit of $1,196,750.<sup id="cite_ref-block-wilson_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-block-wilson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the keys to the film's success was an innovative marketing scheme conceived by Sam Morris, Warner Bros.' sales manager. In Crafton's description: </p> <blockquote><p>[A] special clause in Warners' Vitaphone exhibition contract virtually guaranteed long runs. Theaters had to book <i>The Jazz Singer</i> for full rather than split weeks. Instead of the traditional flat rental fee, Warners took a percentage of the gate. A sliding scale meant that the exhibitor's take increased the longer the film was held over. The signing of this contract by the greater New York <a href="/wiki/Fox_Theatres" title="Fox Theatres">Fox Theatres</a> circuit was regarded as a headline-making precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-Crafton111_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crafton111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Similar arrangements, based on a percentage of the gross rather than flat rental fees, would soon become standard for the U.S. film industry's high-end or "A" product. </p><p>Though in retrospect it is understood that the success of <i>The Jazz Singer</i> signaled the end of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent motion-picture</a> era, this was not immediately apparent. Mordaunt Hall, for example, praised Warner Bros. for "astutely realiz[ing] that a film conception of <i>The Jazz Singer</i> was one of the few subjects that would lend itself to the use of the Vitaphone."<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_1927_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_1927-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In historian Richard Koszarski's words, "Silent films did not disappear overnight, nor did talking films immediately flood the theaters.... Nevertheless, 1927 remains the year that Warner Bros. moved to close the book on the history of silent pictures, even if their original goal had been somewhat more modest."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The film had other effects that were more immediate. George Jessel, who was in his third season touring with the stage production of <i>The Jazz Singer</i>, later described what happened to his show—perhaps anticipating how sound would soon cement Hollywood's dominance of the American entertainment industry: "A week or two after the Washington engagement the sound-and-picture version of <i>The Jazz Singer</i> with Al Jolson was sweeping the country, and I was swept out of business. I couldn't compete with a picture theatre across the street showing the first great sound picture in the world...for fifty cents, while the price at my theatre was $3.00."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the truly pivotal event, Crafton points to the national release of the film's sound version in early 1928—he dates it to January,<sup id="cite_ref-Crafton111_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crafton111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Block and Wilson to February 4.<sup id="cite_ref-block-wilson_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-block-wilson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March, Warners announced that <i>The Jazz Singer</i> was playing at a record 235 theaters (though many could still show it only silently).<sup id="cite_ref-Crafton111_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crafton111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, a consortium including the leading Hollywood studios signed up with <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>'s licensing division, ERPI, for sound conversion. In July, Warner Bros. released the first all-talking feature, <i><a href="/wiki/Lights_of_New_York_(1928_film)" title="Lights of New York (1928 film)">Lights of New York</a></i>, a musical crime melodrama. </p><p>On September 27, <i>The Jazz Singer</i> became the first feature-length talking picture to be shown in Europe when it premiered at London's <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Theatre" title="Piccadilly Theatre">Piccadilly Theatre</a>. The movie "created a sensation", according to British film historian <a href="/wiki/Rachael_Low" title="Rachael Low">Rachael Low</a>. "<i>The Jazz Singer</i> was a turning point [for the introduction of sound]. <i>The Bioscope</i> greeted it with, 'We are inclined to wonder why we ever called them Living Pictures.'"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paris sound premiere followed in January 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/1st_Academy_Awards" title="1st Academy Awards">1st Academy Awards</a> ceremony was held in May 1929, honoring films released between August 1927 and July 1928, <i>The Jazz Singer</i> was ruled ineligible for the two top prizes—<a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">the Outstanding Picture, Production and the Unique and Artistic Production</a>—on the basis that it would have been unfair competition for the silent pictures under consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-block-wilson_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-block-wilson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-1929, Hollywood was producing almost exclusively sound films; by the end of the following year, the same was true in much of Western Europe. Jolson went on to make a series of movies for Warners, including <i>The Singing Fool</i>, a part-talkie, and the all-talking features <i><a href="/wiki/Say_It_with_Songs" title="Say It with Songs">Say It with Songs</a></i> (1929), <i><a href="/wiki/Mammy_(1930_film)" title="Mammy (1930 film)">Mammy</a></i> (1930), and <i>Big Boy</i> (1930). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_analysis">Critical analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Critical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McAvoyJolsonJazzSinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/McAvoyJolsonJazzSinger.jpg/283px-McAvoyJolsonJazzSinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/McAvoyJolsonJazzSinger.jpg/425px-McAvoyJolsonJazzSinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/McAvoyJolsonJazzSinger.jpg/566px-McAvoyJolsonJazzSinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>Mary (<a href="/wiki/May_McAvoy" title="May McAvoy">May McAvoy</a>) and Jack, preparing for dress rehearsal: the first blackface scene</figcaption></figure> <p>Jack Robin's use of <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> in his Broadway stage act—a common practice at the time, which is now widely condemned as racist<sup id="cite_ref-Kenrick_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenrick-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—is the primary focus of many <i>Jazz Singer</i> studies. Its crucial and unusual role is described by scholar Corin Willis: </p> <blockquote><p>In contrast to the racial jokes and innuendo brought out in its subsequent persistence in early sound film, blackface imagery in <i>The Jazz Singer</i> is at the core of the film's central theme, an expressive and artistic exploration of the notion of duplicity and ethnic hybridity within American identity. Of the more than seventy examples of blackface in early sound film 1927–53 that I have viewed (including the nine blackface appearances Jolson subsequently made), <i>The Jazz Singer</i> is unique in that it is the only film where blackface is central to the narrative development and thematic expression.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The function and meaning of blackface in the film is intimately involved with Jack's own Jewish heritage and his desire to make his mark in mass American culture—much as the ethnically Jewish Jolson and the Warner brothers were doing themselves. Jack Robin "compounds both tradition and stardom. The Warner Brothers thesis is that, really to succeed, a man must first acknowledge his ethnic self," argues W. T. Lhamon. "[T]he whole film builds toward the blacking-up scene at the dress rehearsal. Jack Robin needs the blackface mask as the agency of his compounded identity. Blackface will hold all the identities together without freezing them in a singular relationship or replacing their parts."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seymour Stark's view is less sanguine. In describing Jolson's extensive experience performing in blackface in stage musicals, he asserts, "The immigrant Jew as Broadway star...works within a blackface minstrel tradition that obscures his Jewish pedigree, but proclaims his white identity. Jolson's slight Yiddish accent was hidden by a Southern veneer."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguing that <i>The Jazz Singer</i> actually avoids honestly dealing with the tension between American assimilation and Jewish identity, he claims that its "covert message...is that the symbol of blackface provides the Jewish immigrant with the same rights and privileges accorded to earlier generations of European immigrants initiated into the rituals of the minstrel show."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lisa Silberman Brenner contradicts this view. She returns to the intentions expressed by Samson Raphaelson, on whose play the film's script was closely based: "For Raphaelson, jazz is prayer, American style, and the blackface minstrel the new Jewish cantor. Based on the author's own words, the play is about blackface as a means for Jews to express a new kind of Jewishness, that of the modern American Jew."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She observes that during the same period, the Jewish press was noting with pride that Jewish performers were adopting aspects of African American music. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Scott_Eyman" title="Scott Eyman">Scott Eyman</a>, the film "marks one of the few times Hollywood Jews allowed themselves to contemplate their own central cultural myth, and the conundrums that go with it. <i>The Jazz Singer</i> implicitly celebrates the ambition and drive needed to escape the <i><a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">shtetls</a></i> of Europe and the ghettos of New York City, and the attendant hunger for recognition. Jack, Sam, and Harry [Warner] let Jack Robin have it all: the satisfaction of taking his father's place <i>and</i> of conquering the Winter Garden. They were, perhaps unwittingly, dramatizing some of their own ambivalence about the debt first-generation Americans owed their parents."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three subsequent screen versions of <i>The Jazz Singer</i> have been produced: a <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(1952_film)" title="The Jazz Singer (1952 film)">1952 remake</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Danny_Thomas" title="Danny Thomas">Danny Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Lee" title="Peggy Lee">Peggy Lee</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(Ford_Startime)" title="The Jazz Singer (Ford Startime)">1959 television remake</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(1980_film)" title="The Jazz Singer (1980 film)">1980 remake</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucie_Arnaz" title="Lucie Arnaz">Lucie Arnaz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Jazz Singer</i> was adapted as a one-hour radio play on two broadcasts of <a href="/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre" title="Lux Radio Theatre">Lux Radio Theatre</a>, both starring Al Jolson, reprising his screen role. The first aired August 10, 1936; the second, also starring <a href="/wiki/Gail_Patrick" title="Gail Patrick">Gail Patrick</a>, on June 2, 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disney made reference to the film, and its follow-up <i><a href="/wiki/The_Singing_Fool" title="The Singing Fool">The Singing Fool</a></i>, in the title of the 1929 Mickey Mouse short, <i>The Jazz Fool</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-movies_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-movies-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Jazz Singer</i> was parodied in the 1936 Warner Bros. cartoon <i><a href="/wiki/I_Love_to_Singa" title="I Love to Singa">I Love to Singa</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Tex Avery</a>. Its hero is "Owl Jolson", a young owl who croons popular ditties, such as the title song, against the wishes of his father, a classical music teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the many references to <i>The Jazz Singer</i> in popular culture, perhaps the most significant is that of the <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a> musical <i><a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain" title="Singin' in the Rain">Singin' in the Rain</a></i> (1952). The story, set in 1927, revolves around efforts to change a silent film production, <i>The Dueling Cavalier</i>, into a talking picture in response to <i>The Jazz Singer</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s success. At one point Donald O'Connor's character suggests a new name for the now-musical, "I've got it! 'The Dueling Mammy'." The plot of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Like_Father,_Like_Clown" title="Like Father, Like Clown">Like Father, Like Clown</a>" (1991) parallels the tale of Jakie Rabinowitz/Jack Robin.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krusty_the_Clown" title="Krusty the Clown">Krusty the Clown</a>'s rabbi father disapproves of his son's choice to be a comedian, telling him, "You have brought shame on our family! Oh, if you were a musician or a jazz singer, this I could forgive."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to film historian Krin Gabbard, <i>The Jazz Singer</i> "provides the basic narrative for the lives of jazz and popular musicians in the movies. If this argument means that sometime after 1959 the narrative must belong to pop rockers, it only proves the power of the original 1927 film to determine how Hollywood tells the stories of popular musicians."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More broadly, he also suggests that this "seemingly unique film" has "become a paradigm for American success stories."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, he examines a cycle of <a href="/wiki/Biopics" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopics">biopics</a> of white jazz musicians stretching from <i><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_the_Blues" title="Birth of the Blues">Birth of the Blues</a></i> (1941) to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Pennies" title="The Five Pennies">The Five Pennies</a></i> (1959) that trace their roots to <i>The Jazz Singer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, <i>The Jazz Singer</i> was selected for preservation in the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> of "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" motion pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, the film was chosen in voting conducted by the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> as one of the best American films of all time, ranking at number ninety.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, a three-disc deluxe <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD</a> edition of the film was released. The supplemental material includes Jolson's Vitaphone short, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Plantation_Act" title="A Plantation Act">A Plantation Act</a></i> (1926). </p><p>The phrase said by Al Jolson, "Wait a minute, wait a minute. You ain't heard nothin' yet!" was voted as the 71st best quote by the <a href="/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Movie_Quotes" title="AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes">American Film Institute</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_nominations">Awards and nominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards and nominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Accolades for <i>The Jazz Singer</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Award </th> <th scope="col">Category </th> <th scope="col">Nominee(s) </th> <th scope="col">Result </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1st_Academy_Awards" title="1st Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oscars1929_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oscars1929-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay">Best Writing (Adaptation)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Cohn" title="Alfred A. Cohn">Alfred A. Cohn</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Academy Honorary Award</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Preservation_Board" title="National Film Preservation Board">National Film Preservation Board</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Inducted </td></tr> <tr> <td>Online Film & Television Association Awards<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2">Hall of Fame – Motion Picture </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/32px-Trumpet01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/48px-Trumpet01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/64px-Trumpet01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="170" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1920s" title="Portal:1920s">1920s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_sound_feature_films_(1926%E2%80%931929)" title="List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)">List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Warner_Bros._sound_and_talking_features" title="List of early Warner Bros. sound and talking features">List of early Warner Bros. sound and talking features</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the following earnings of <i>Don Juan</i>, <i>The Jazz Singer</i>, and other early Vitaphone features, see Glancy (1995) [pp. 4–5 online] (and, for the domestic earnings of <i>The Jazz Singer</i>, Crafton [1999], p. 528). Unlike the total box office revenue figures estimated in the main text, the following figures refer to the studio's share: <ul><li><i>Don Juan</i> (non-talking)/premiered August 6, 1926: $1.695 million total (domestic & foreign) [new Warner Bros. record] <dl><dd><dl><dd>Thomas Schatz (1998) claims that <i>Don Juan</i> "was much less successful than the previous Barrymore vehicle, <i>The Sea Beast</i>" (p. 63). This claim is belied by Glancy's figures, which show total earnings of $938,000 for <i>The Sea Beast</i> [p. 2 online].</dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><i>The Better 'Ole</i> (non-talking)/premiered October 7, 1926: just over $1 million total (dom. & for.)</li> <li><i>When a Man Loves</i> (non-talking)/premiered February 3, 1927: just over $1 million total (dom. & for.)</li> <li><i>Old San Francisco</i> (non-talking)/premiered June 21, 1927: $638,000 total (dom. & for.)</li> <li><i>The Jazz Singer</i> (part-talkie)/premiered October 6, 1927: $2.625 million total (dom. & for.) [new Warner Bros. record]/$1.97 million domestic <dl><dd><dl><dd>These figures apparently include earnings from the film's 1931 re-release. While no authoritative source has broken out those numbers from those of the initial release, even if they constitute as much as 25 percent of the total (a generous assumption), <i>The Jazz Singer</i> still set a Warner Bros. record in its initial release and was one of the top films of the 1927–28 exhibition season.</dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><i>Tenderloin</i> (part-talkie)/premiered March 14, 1928: just under $1 million total (dom. & for.)</li> <li><i>Glorious Betsy</i> (part-talkie)/premiered April 26, 1928: just under $1 million total (dom. & for.)</li> <li><i>The Lion and the Mouse</i> (part-talkie)/premiered May 21, 1928: just under $1 million total (dom. & for.)</li> <li><i>Lights of New York</i> (all-talking)/premiered July 6, 1928: $1.252 million total (dom. & for.)</li> <li><i>The Singing Fool</i> (part-talkie)/premiered September 19, 1928: $5.916 million total (dom. & for.) [new Warner Bros. record]</li></ul> Scholar James Mark Purcell ranks the attendance of 1927's top three films in the following order: <i>Wings</i>, <i>The Jazz Singer</i>, <i>The King of Kings</i> (see Koszarski [1994], p. 33). For the earnings of <i>The King of Kings</i>, see also <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Pierce1991" class="citation web cs1">David Pierce (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402044451/http://www.cinemaweb.com/silentfilm/bookshelf/10_dwp_3.htm">"Costs and Grosses for the Early Films of Cecil B. DeMille"</a>. <i>The Silent Film Bookshelf</i>. Cinemaweb. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinemaweb.com/silentfilm/bookshelf/10_dwp_3.htm">the original</a> on April 2, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Silent+Film+Bookshelf&rft.atitle=Costs+and+Grosses+for+the+Early+Films+of+Cecil+B.+DeMille&rft.date=1991&rft.au=David+Pierce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemaweb.com%2Fsilentfilm%2Fbookshelf%2F10_dwp_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span> Pierce states that it "seems likely that the gross numbers" he conveys are actually "income after deduction of distribution costs"; he says, as well, that it is unclear if the $2.64 million figure he reports for <i>The King of Kings</i> is total or only domestic. Note that his article correctly dates the film as 1927 in its main text and incorrectly as 1926 in the relevant table. Reported figures for <i>Wings</i> differ widely, but a survey of anecdotal accounts and a triangulation of box office claims combine to suggest—in accord with Purcell—that it was a slightly bigger smash than <i>The Jazz Singer</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To Warner Bros. production chief <a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a>, for producing <i>The Jazz Singer</i>, the pioneer outstanding talking picture, which has revolutionized the industry.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-warners-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warners_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warners_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warners_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner Bros financial information in The William Schaefer Ledger. See Appendix 1, <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</i>, (1995) 15:sup1, 1–31, p. 6 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01439689508604551">10.1080/01439689508604551</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B7-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B7_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B7_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B7_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley (2004), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parlorsongs.com/issues/2002-12/thismonth/featureb.php">"The Music of Al Jolson, Page 2"</a>. Parlor Songs Association. December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Al+Jolson%2C+Page+2&rft.pub=Parlor+Songs+Association&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparlorsongs.com%2Fissues%2F2002-12%2Fthismonth%2Ffeatureb.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carringer (1979), p. 11; Eyman (1997), p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carringer (1979), pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carringer (1979), pp. 22, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloom (2004), p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B6_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B6_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B6_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley (2004), p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C16-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C16_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carringer (1979), p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jessel (2006), p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jessel (2006), p. 88. See also Bradley (2004), p. 6; Carringer (1979), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cantor (1957), p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crafton (1999), pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carringer (1979), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carringer (1979), p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carringer (1979), pp. 18–19; Bradley (2004), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jessel (2006), p. 88. See also Bradley (2004), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley (2004), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crafton (1999), p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehr,_Dave2007" class="citation web cs1">Kehr, Dave (October 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626224257/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/movies/homevideo/16dvd.html?_r=1&">"New DVDs: <i>The Jazz Singer</i>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/movies/homevideo/16dvd.html?_r=1&">the original</a> on June 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+DVDs%3A+The+Jazz+Singer&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft.au=Kehr%2C+Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F16%2Fmovies%2Fhomevideo%2F16dvd.html%3F_r%3D1%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloom (2004), p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees (1999), p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-block-wilson-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-block-wilson_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-block-wilson_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-block-wilson_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-block-wilson_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-block-wilson_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Block and Wilson (2010), pp. 110–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carringer (1979), pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C110-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C110_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C110_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C110_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crafton (1999), p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carringer (1979), p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crafton111-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crafton111_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crafton111_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crafton111_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crafton111_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crafton (1999), p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glancy (1995) [pp. 2, 4 online]. Both Schatz (1998), p. 63, and Gomery (2005), p. 44 (possibly relying on Schatz), claim <i>The Jazz Singer</i> cost $500,000 and was the most expensive picture in Warners history. Glancy's and Crafton's well-sourced figures belie those claims.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyman (1997), p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crafton (1999), p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E140-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E140_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E140_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E140_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyman (1997), p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Warner Sperling, Cass (Director) (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217043304/http://www.warnersisters.com/ourstore.html"><i>The Brothers Warner</i></a> (DVD film documentary). Warner Sisters, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warnersisters.com/ourstore.html">the original</a> on February 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brothers+Warner&rft.pub=Warner+Sisters%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warnersisters.com%2Fourstore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyman (1997), p. 139. See also Kroll (1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E141-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E141_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E141_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyman (1997), p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_1927-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_1927_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_1927_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall (1927).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Variety</i> staff (1927).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenner (2003) [pp. 2, 4 online].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lusk (1927).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crafton (1999), p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crafton (1999), p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koszarski (1994), p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jessel (2006), p. 91. See Finler (1988), p. 34, for growth in film industry's share of U.S. recreation spending.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Low (1997), p. 203. It premiered the same month in Berlin, but as a silent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crisp (1997), p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenrick-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kenrick_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn" class="citation web cs1">John, Kenrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicals101.com/blackface.htm">"Blackface and Old Wounds"</a>. <i>Musicals 101</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musicals+101&rft.atitle=Blackface+and+Old+Wounds&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Kenrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicals101.com%2Fblackface.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis (2005), p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lhamon (1998), pp. 109, 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stark (2000), p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stark (2000), p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenner (2003) [p. 1 online].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyman (1997), p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Gabbard (1996), pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Gabbard (1996), pp. 46–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegel & Siegel (2007), p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-movies-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-movies_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrob2018" class="citation book cs1">Grob, Gijs (2018). 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Theme Park Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1683901235" title="Special:BookSources/978-1683901235"><bdi>978-1683901235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jazz+Fool&rft.btitle=Mickey%27s+Movies%3A+The+Theatrical+Films+of+Mickey+Mouse&rft.pub=Theme+Park+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1683901235&rft.aulast=Grob&rft.aufirst=Gijs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabbard (1996), pp. 49–50; Rogin (1998), pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabbard (1996), p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stratton (2000), p. 282, n. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabbard (1996), p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabbard (1996), p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabbard (1996), p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/">"Complete National Film Registry Listing"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFI%27s+100+Years...100+Movies&rft.pub=American+Film+Institute&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2Ftvevents%2F100years%2Fmovies.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oscars1929-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oscars1929_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1929">"The 1st Academy Awards (1929) Nominees and Winners"</a>. <i>oscars.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oscars.org&rft.atitle=The+1st+Academy+Awards+%281929%29+Nominees+and+Winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oftaawards.com/film-hall-of-fame/film-hall-of-fame-productions/">"Film Hall of Fame Productions"</a>. <i>Online Film & Television Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Film+%26+Television+Association&rft.atitle=Film+Hall+of+Fame+Productions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oftaawards.com%2Ffilm-hall-of-fame%2Ffilm-hall-of-fame-productions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockWilson2010" class="citation book cs1">Block, Alex Ben; Wilson, Lucy Autrey (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgelucassbloc00alex"><i>George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-by-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success</i></a>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-177889-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-177889-6"><bdi>978-0-06-177889-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Lucas%27s+Blockbusting%3A+A+Decade-by-Decade+Survey+of+Timeless+Movies+Including+Untold+Secrets+of+Their+Financial+and+Cultural+Success&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-177889-6&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Alex+Ben&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Lucy+Autrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgelucassbloc00alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2004" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Ken (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/broadway00unkngoog"><i>Broadway: Its History, People, and Places—An Encyclopedia</i></a>. London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93704-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93704-3"><bdi>0-415-93704-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadway%3A+Its+History%2C+People%2C+and+Places%E2%80%94An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge%2FTaylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-93704-3&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbroadway00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2004" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Edwin M (2004). <i>The First Hollywood Musicals: A Critical Filmography of 171 Features, 1927 Through 1932</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2029-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2029-4"><bdi>0-7864-2029-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Hollywood+Musicals%3A+A+Critical+Filmography+of+171+Features%2C+1927+Through+1932&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7864-2029-4&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, Lisa Silberman (2003). "Blackface as Religious Expression". <i>Cross Currents</i>. <b>Fall</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cross+Currents&rft.atitle=Blackface+as+Religious+Expression&rft.volume=Fall&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Silberman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarringer1979" class="citation book cs1">Carringer, Robert L. (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jazzsinger0000unse"><i>The Jazz Singer</i></a></span>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-07664-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-07664-4"><bdi>0-299-07664-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jazz+Singer&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-299-07664-4&rft.aulast=Carringer&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjazzsinger0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrafton1999" class="citation book cs1">Crafton, Donald (1999) [1997]. <i>The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926–1931</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22128-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22128-1"><bdi>0-520-22128-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Talkies%3A+American+Cinema%27s+Transition+to+Sound%2C+1926%E2%80%931931&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-22128-1&rft.aulast=Crafton&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrisp1997" class="citation book cs1">Crisp, Colin G (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicfrenchcin0000cris"><i>The Classic French Cinema, 1930–1960</i></a></span>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21115-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21115-8"><bdi>0-253-21115-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classic+French+Cinema%2C+1930%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-253-21115-8&rft.aulast=Crisp&rft.aufirst=Colin+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassicfrenchcin0000cris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyman1997" class="citation book cs1">Eyman, Scott (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speedofsoundholl00eyma"><i>The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution, 1926–1930</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81162-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-81162-6"><bdi>0-684-81162-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Speed+of+Sound%3A+Hollywood+and+the+Talkie+Revolution%2C+1926%E2%80%931930&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-684-81162-6&rft.aulast=Eyman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeedofsoundholl00eyma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinler1988" class="citation book cs1">Finler, Joel W (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hollywoodstory00finl"><i>The Hollywood Story</i></a>. New York: Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-56576-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-56576-5"><bdi>0-517-56576-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hollywood+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-517-56576-5&rft.aulast=Finler&rft.aufirst=Joel+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhollywoodstory00finl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabbard1996" class="citation book cs1">Gabbard, Krin (1996). <i>Jammin' at the Margins: Jazz and the American Cinema</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-27789-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-27789-5"><bdi>0-226-27789-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jammin%27+at+the+Margins%3A+Jazz+and+the+American+Cinema&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-226-27789-5&rft.aulast=Gabbard&rft.aufirst=Krin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlancy1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Glancy, H. Mark (1995). "Warner Bros. Film Grosses, 1921–51: The William Schaefer Ledger". <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</i>. March.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal+of+Film%2C+Radio+and+Television&rft.atitle=Warner+Bros.+Film+Grosses%2C+1921%E2%80%9351%3A+The+William+Schaefer+Ledger&rft.volume=March&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Glancy&rft.aufirst=H.+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomery2005" class="citation book cs1">Gomery, Douglas (2005). <i>The Coming of Sound: A History</i>. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96900-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96900-X"><bdi>0-415-96900-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+Sound%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge%2FTaylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-96900-X&rft.aulast=Gomery&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Green, Stanley (1999) Hollywood Musicals Year by Year (2nd ed.), pub. Hal Leonard Corporation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-634-00765-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-634-00765-3">0-634-00765-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1927" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Mordaunt (October 7, 1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/10/07/archives/the-screen-al-jolson-and-the-vitaphone.html">"Al Jolson and the Vitaphone [review of <i>The Jazz Singer</i>]"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Al+Jolson+and+the+Vitaphone+%5Breview+of+The+Jazz+Singer%5D&rft.date=1927-10-07&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Mordaunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F10%2F07%2Farchives%2Fthe-screen-al-jolson-and-the-vitaphone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison-Kahan2011" class="citation book cs1">Harrison-Kahan, Lori (2011). <i>The White Negress: Literature, Minstrelsy, and the Black-Jewish Imaginary</i>. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4782-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4782-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-4782-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Negress%3A+Literature%2C+Minstrelsy%2C+and+the+Black-Jewish+Imaginary&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4782-4&rft.aulast=Harrison-Kahan&rft.aufirst=Lori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessel2006" class="citation book cs1">Jessel, George (2006) [1943]. <i>So Help Me: The Autobiography of George Jessel</i>. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4286-5975-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4286-5975-7"><bdi>1-4286-5975-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Help+Me%3A+The+Autobiography+of+George+Jessel&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+MT&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4286-5975-7&rft.aulast=Jessel&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoszarski1994" class="citation book cs1">Koszarski, Richard (1994) [1990]. <i>An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915–1928</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08535-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08535-3"><bdi>0-520-08535-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Evening%27s+Entertainment%3A+The+Age+of+the+Silent+Feature+Picture%2C+1915%E2%80%931928&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-520-08535-3&rft.aulast=Koszarski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroll1997" class="citation news cs1">Kroll, Jack (December 2, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817001917/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/1997/12/01/the-movies.html">"The Movies: They Are The Art Form Of Our Era, A Spectacle That Attracts The Whole World"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/1997/12/01/the-movies.html">the original</a> on August 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+Movies%3A+They+Are+The+Art+Form+Of+Our+Era%2C+A+Spectacle+That+Attracts+The+Whole+World&rft.date=1997-12-02&rft.aulast=Kroll&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fnewsweek%2F1997%2F12%2F01%2Fthe-movies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLhamon1998" class="citation book cs1">Lhamon, W. T. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raisingcainblack0000lham"><i>Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-74711-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-74711-9"><bdi>0-674-74711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raising+Cain%3A+Blackface+Performance+from+Jim+Crow+to+Hip+Hop&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-674-74711-9&rft.aulast=Lhamon&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraisingcainblack0000lham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLow1997" class="citation book cs1">Low, Rachael (1997) [1971]. <i>The History of the British Film 1918–1929 (The History of British Film, Volume IV)</i>. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15649-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15649-1"><bdi>0-415-15649-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+British+Film+1918%E2%80%931929+%28The+History+of+British+Film%2C+Volume+IV%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge%2FTaylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-15649-1&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Rachael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLusk1927" class="citation news cs1">Lusk, Norbert (October 16, 1927). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Jazz Singer' Scores a Hit". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27Jazz+Singer%27+Scores+a+Hit&rft.date=1927-10-16&rft.aulast=Lusk&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1999" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Nigel (1999). <i>Brewer's Famous Quotations: 5000 Quotations and the Stories Behind Them</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36799-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36799-0"><bdi>0-304-36799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brewer%27s+Famous+Quotations%3A+5000+Quotations+and+the+Stories+Behind+Them&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-304-36799-0&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogin1998" class="citation book cs1">Rogin, Michael (1998) [1996]. <i>Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21380-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21380-7"><bdi>0-520-21380-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackface%2C+White+Noise%3A+Jewish+Immigrants+in+the+Hollywood+Melting+Pot&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-520-21380-7&rft.aulast=Rogin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchatz1998" class="citation book cs1">Schatz, Thomas (1998) [1989]. <i>The Genius of the System: Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-19596-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-19596-2"><bdi>0-571-19596-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genius+of+the+System%3A+Hollywood+Filmmaking+in+the+Studio+Era&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-571-19596-2&rft.aulast=Schatz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelSiegel2007" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, David; Siegel, Susan (2007). <i>Radio and the Jews: The Untold Story of How Radio Influenced America's Image of Jews</i>. Yorktown Heights, NY: Book Hunter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781891379086" title="Special:BookSources/9781891379086"><bdi>9781891379086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+and+the+Jews%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+How+Radio+Influenced+America%27s+Image+of+Jews&rft.place=Yorktown+Heights%2C+NY&rft.pub=Book+Hunter+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781891379086&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Siegel%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2000" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Seymour (2000). <i>Men in Blackface: True Stories of the Minstrel Show</i>. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7388-5735-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7388-5735-1"><bdi>0-7388-5735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+in+Blackface%3A+True+Stories+of+the+Minstrel+Show&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7388-5735-1&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratton2000" class="citation book cs1">Stratton, Jon (2000). <i>Coming Out Jewish: Constructing Ambivalent Identities</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22207-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22207-9"><bdi>0-415-22207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+Out+Jewish%3A+Constructing+Ambivalent+Identities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-22207-9&rft.aulast=Stratton&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVariety_staff1927" class="citation news cs1"><i>Variety</i> staff (1927). "The Jazz Singer". <i>Variety</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=The+Jazz+Singer&rft.date=1927&rft.au=%27%27Variety%27%27+staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2005" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Corin (2005). "Meaning and Value in <i>The Jazz Singer</i>". In Gibbs, John; Pye, Douglas (eds.). <i>Style And Meaning: Studies In The Detailed Analysis Of Film</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6524-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6524-0"><bdi>0-7190-6524-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meaning+and+Value+in+The+Jazz+Singer&rft.btitle=Style+And+Meaning%3A+Studies+In+The+Detailed+Analysis+Of+Film&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7190-6524-0&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Corin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Jazz+Singer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Jazz_Singer_(1927_film)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:The Jazz Singer (1927 film)">The Jazz Singer (1927 film)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(film)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Jazz Singer (film)">The Jazz Singer (film)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Jazz_Singer" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/1535"><i>The Jazz Singer</i></a> at the <em><a href="/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films" title="AFI Catalog of Feature Films">AFI Catalog of Feature Films</a></em></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0018037/"><i>The Jazz Singer</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1010978-jazz_singer"><i>The Jazz Singer</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/3140/enwp"><i>The Jazz Singer</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v25963"><i>The Jazz Singer</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pressbook-wb-the-jazz-singer/mode/2up">Warner Bros. Press Book</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YP00IQ60ZP0"><span class="plainlinks"><i>The Jazz Singer</i> promo</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> Vitaphone short</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jolson.org/">Al Jolson Society Official Website</a> includes clip from <i>The Jazz Singer</i> of Jolson's first onscreen speech and performance of "Toot, Toot, Tootsie" (follow links: His Work–Films–The Jazz Singer–Toot, Toot, Tootsie)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LetsGoToTheM"><i>Let's Go To The Movies</i> (1948)</a> film clip, with excerpt of "My Mammy" at 2:30; at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Lux01">Lux Radio Theater/<i>The Jazz Singer</i></a> radio version originally broadcast on August 10, 1936; at the Internet Archive</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Jazz_Singer" title="Template:The Jazz Singer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Jazz_Singer" title="Template talk:The Jazz Singer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Jazz_Singer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Jazz Singer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Samson_Raphaelson&#039;s_The_Jazz_Singer_(1925)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphaelson" title="Samson Raphaelson">Samson Raphaelson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(play)" title="The Jazz Singer (play)">The Jazz Singer</a></i> (1925)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Jazz Singer</a></i> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(1952_film)" title="The Jazz Singer (1952 film)"><i>The Jazz Singer</i></a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(1980_film)" title="The Jazz Singer (1980 film)"><i>The Jazz Singer</i></a> (1980)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(soundtrack)" title="The Jazz Singer (soundtrack)">Soundtrack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/America_(Neil_Diamond_song)" title="America (Neil Diamond song)">America</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Love_on_the_Rocks_(song)" title="Love on the Rocks (song)">Love on the Rocks</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Hello_Again_(Neil_Diamond_song)" title="Hello Again (Neil Diamond song)">Hello Again</a>"</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer_(Ford_Startime)" title="The Jazz Singer (Ford Startime)">"The Jazz Singer</a>" (1959 <i>Ford Startime</i> episode)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_Love_to_Singa" title="I Love to Singa">I Love to Singa</a></i> (1936 animated short)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Like_Father,_Like_Clown" title="Like Father, Like Clown">Like Father, Like Clown</a>" (<i>The Simpsons</i> episode)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Darryl_F._Zanuck" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Template:Darryl F. Zanuck"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Template talk:Darryl F. Zanuck"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Darryl F. Zanuck"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Darryl_F._Zanuck" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_San_Francisco" title="Old San Francisco">Old San Francisco</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Auto" title="The First Auto">The First Auto</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Jazz Singer</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenderloin_(film)" title="Tenderloin (film)">Tenderloin</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Show_of_Shows" title="The Show of Shows">The Show of Shows</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Faces_East_(1930_film)" title="Three Faces East (1930 film)">Three Faces East</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Doorway_to_Hell" title="The Doorway to Hell">The Doorway to Hell</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Caesar_(film)" title="Little Caesar (film)">Little Caesar</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illicit_(1931_film)" title="Illicit (1931 film)">Illicit</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Enemy" title="The Public Enemy">The Public Enemy</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Played_God_(1932_film)" title="The Man Who Played God (1932 film)">The Man Who Played God</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rich_Are_Always_with_Us" title="The Rich Are Always with Us">The Rich Are Always with Us</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_X_(film)" title="Doctor X (film)">Doctor X</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_Begins_(1932_film)" title="Life Begins (1932 film)">Life Begins</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabin_in_the_Cotton" title="The Cabin in the Cotton">The Cabin in the Cotton</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_on_a_Match" title="Three on a Match">Three on a Match</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/20,000_Years_in_Sing_Sing" title="20,000 Years in Sing Sing">20,000 Years in Sing Sing</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parachute_Jumper" title="Parachute Jumper">Parachute Jumper</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(film)" title="42nd Street (film)">42nd Street</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Working_Man" title="The Working Man">The Working Man</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex-Lady" title="Ex-Lady">Ex-Lady</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bowery_(film)" title="The Bowery (film)">The Bowery</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Money_(1933_film)" title="Blood Money (1933 film)">Blood Money</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge_(1934_film)" title="Moulin Rouge (1934 film)">Moulin Rouge</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Trouble_(1934_film)" title="Looking for Trouble (1934 film)">Looking for Trouble</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Born_to_Be_Bad_(1934_film)" title="Born to Be Bad (1934 film)">Born to Be Bad</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulldog_Drummond_Strikes_Back_(1934_film)" title="Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back (1934 film)">Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Barnum" title="The Mighty Barnum">The Mighty Barnum</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re_de_Paris" title="Folies Bergère de Paris">Folies Bergère de Paris</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1935_film)" title="Les Misérables (1935 film)">Les Misérables</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu_(film)" title="Cardinal Richelieu (film)">Cardinal Richelieu</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_the_Wild_(1935_film)" title="Call of the Wild (1935 film)">Call of the Wild</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_(1935_film)" title="Metropolitan (1935 film)">Metropolitan</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanks_a_Million" title="Thanks a Million">Thanks a Million</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Broke_the_Bank_at_Monte_Carlo_(film)" title="The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo (film)">The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Professional_Soldier" title="Professional Soldier">Professional Soldier</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Shark_Island" title="The Prisoner of Shark Island">The Prisoner of Shark Island</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Had_to_Happen" title="It Had to Happen">It Had to Happen</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Message_to_Garcia_(film)" title="A Message to Garcia (film)">A Message to Garcia</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Two_Flags_(1936_film)" title="Under Two Flags (1936 film)">Under Two Flags</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Glory_(1936_film)" title="The Road to Glory (1936 film)">The Road to Glory</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Little_Rich_Girl_(1936_film)" title="Poor Little Rich Girl (1936 film)">Poor Little Rich Girl</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sing,_Baby,_Sing" title="Sing, Baby, Sing">Sing, Baby, Sing</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pigskin_Parade" title="Pigskin Parade">Pigskin Parade</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Heaven_(1937_film)" title="Seventh Heaven (1937 film)">Seventh Heaven</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Ship_(1937_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Ship (1937 film)">Slave Ship</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wee_Willie_Winkie_(film)" title="Wee Willie Winkie (film)">Wee Willie Winkie</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wake_Up_and_Live" title="Wake Up and Live">Wake Up and Live</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thin_Ice_(1937_film)" title="Thin Ice (1937 film)">Thin Ice</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lancer_Spy" title="Lancer Spy">Lancer Spy</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Old_Chicago" title="In Old Chicago">In Old Chicago</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Landing_(1938_film)" title="Happy Landing (1938 film)">Happy Landing</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Settlement_(film)" title="International Settlement (film)">International Settlement</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Moonshine" title="Kentucky Moonshine">Kentucky Moonshine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Always_Goodbye_(1938_film)" title="Always Goodbye (1938 film)">Always Goodbye</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_of_Sunnybrook_Farm_(1938_film)" title="Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938 film)">Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Just_Around_the_Corner_(1938_film)" title="Just Around the Corner (1938 film)">Just Around the Corner</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Miss_Broadway" title="Little Miss Broadway">Little Miss Broadway</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Lucky_Star_(1938_film)" title="My Lucky Star (1938 film)">My Lucky Star</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Patrol" title="Submarine Patrol">Submarine Patrol</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James_(1939_film)" title="Jesse James (1939 film)">Jesse James</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tail_Spin" title="Tail Spin">Tail Spin</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wife,_Husband_and_Friend" title="Wife, Husband and Friend">Wife, Husband and Friend</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="The Story of Alexander Graham Bell">The Story of Alexander Graham Bell</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Washington_Square" title="Rose of Washington Square">Rose of Washington Square</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_and_Livingstone" title="Stanley and Livingstone">Stanley and Livingstone</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rains_Came" title="The Rains Came">The Rains Came</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Cavalcade" title="Hollywood Cavalcade">Hollywood Cavalcade</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swanee_River_(1939_film)" title="Swanee River (1939 film)">Swanee River</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Princess_(1939_film)" title="The Little Princess (1939 film)">The Little Princess</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath_(film)" title="The Grapes of Wrath (film)">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Old_New_York_(1940_film)" title="Little Old New York (1940 film)">Little Old New York</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_I_Married" title="The Man I Married">The Man I Married</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Frank_James" title="The Return of Frank James">The Return of Frank James</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Profile" title="The Great Profile">The Great Profile</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_(film)" title="Brigham Young (film)">Brigham Young</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Down_Argentine_Way" title="Down Argentine Way">Down Argentine Way</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mark_of_Zorro_(1940_film)" title="The Mark of Zorro (1940 film)">The Mark of Zorro</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(film)" title="Hudson's Bay (film)">Hudson's Bay</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Road_(film)" title="Tobacco Road (film)">Tobacco Road</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_American_Broadcast" title="The Great American Broadcast">The Great American Broadcast</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Sand_(1941_film)" title="Blood and Sand (1941 film)">Blood and Sand</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Yank_in_the_R.A.F." title="A Yank in the R.A.F.">A Yank in the R.A.F.</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_Green_Was_My_Valley_(film)" title="How Green Was My Valley (film)">How Green Was My Valley</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Fury:_The_Story_of_Benjamin_Blake" title="Son of Fury: The Story of Benjamin Blake">Son of Fury: The Story of Benjamin Blake</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_Hygiene" title="Sex Hygiene">Sex Hygiene</a></i> (Short) (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Shores_of_Tripoli" title="To the Shores of Tripoli">To the Shores of Tripoli</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Above_All_(film)" title="This Above All (film)">This Above All</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Birds_(1942_film)" title="Thunder Birds (1942 film)">Thunder Birds</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Heart" title="The Purple Heart">The Purple Heart</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_(1944_film)" title="Wilson (1944 film)">Wilson</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_(film)" title="Winged Victory (film)">Winged Victory</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Razor%27s_Edge_(1946_film)" title="The Razor's Edge (1946 film)">The Razor's Edge</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Agreement" title="Gentleman's Agreement">Gentleman's Agreement</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fury_at_Furnace_Creek" title="Fury at Furnace Creek">Fury at Furnace Creek</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Snake_Pit" title="The Snake Pit">The Snake Pit</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinky_(film)" title="Pinky (film)">Pinky</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_O%27Clock_High" title="Twelve O'Clock High">Twelve O'Clock High</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Way_Out_(1950_film)" title="No Way Out (1950 film)">No Way Out</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_About_Eve" title="All About Eve">All About Eve</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_and_Bathsheba_(film)" title="David and Bathsheba (film)">David and Bathsheba</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People_Will_Talk" title="People Will Talk">People Will Talk</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viva_Zapata!" title="Viva Zapata!">Viva Zapata!</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Snows_of_Kilimanjaro_(1952_film)" title="The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952 film)">The Snows of Kilimanjaro</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Egyptian_(film)" title="The Egyptian (film)">The Egyptian</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_View_from_Pompey%27s_Head" title="The View from Pompey's Head">The View from Pompey's Head</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Gray_Flannel_Suit" title="The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit">The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Island_in_the_Sun_(film)" title="Island in the Sun (film)">Island in the Sun</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises_(1957_film)" title="The Sun Also Rises (1957 film)">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roots_of_Heaven_(film)" title="The Roots of Heaven (film)">The Roots of Heaven</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crack_in_the_Mirror" title="Crack in the Mirror">Crack in the Mirror</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_(1961_film)" title="Sanctuary (1961 film)">Sanctuary</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Gamble_(1961_film)" title="The Big Gamble (1961 film)">The Big Gamble</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Day_(film)" title="The Longest Day (film)">The Longest Day</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chapman_Report" title="The Chapman Report">The Chapman Report</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visit_(1964_film)" title="The Visit (1964 film)">The Visit</a></i> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">as Mark Canfield</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Desired_Woman" title="The Desired Woman">The Desired Woman</a></i> (1927) (story)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maybe_It%27s_Love_(1930_film)" title="Maybe It's Love (1930 film)">Maybe It's Love</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baby_Face_(film)" title="Baby Face (film)">Baby Face</a></i> (1933) (story)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crack_in_the_Mirror" title="Crack in the Mirror">Crack in the Mirror</a></i> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">as Melville Crossman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenderloin_(film)" title="Tenderloin (film)">Tenderloin</a></i> (story) (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/State_Street_Sadie" title="State Street Sadie">State Street Sadie</a></i> (story) (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanks_a_Million" title="Thanks a Million">Thanks a Million</a></i> (story) (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Yank_in_the_R.A.F." title="A Yank in the R.A.F.">A Yank in the R.A.F.</a></i> (story) (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Birds_(1942_film)" title="Thunder Birds (1942 film)">Thunder Birds</a></i> (original story) (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Girl_(1942_film)" title="China Girl (1942 film)">China Girl</a></i> (story) (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Heart" title="The Purple Heart">The Purple Heart</a></i> (story) (1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">as Gregory Rogers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Find_Your_Man" title="Find Your Man">Find Your Man</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rin_Tin_Tin" title="Rin Tin Tin">Rin Tin Tin</a> story) (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lighthouse_by_the_Sea" title="The Lighthouse by the Sea">The Lighthouse by the Sea</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rin_Tin_Tin" title="Rin Tin Tin">Rin Tin Tin</a> story) (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Weeks_in_Paris" title="Three Weeks in Paris">Three Weeks in Paris</a></i> (story, screenplay as Darryl Zanuck) (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Midnight_Taxi" title="The Midnight Taxi">The Midnight Taxi</a></i> (story) (1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">as self</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Broadway_Butterfly" title="A Broadway Butterfly">A Broadway Butterfly</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Tires_(1925_film)" title="Red Hot Tires (1925 film)">Red Hot Tires</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hogan%27s_Alley_(film)" title="Hogan's Alley (film)">Hogan's Alley</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caveman_(1926_film)" title="The Caveman (1926 film)">The Caveman</a></i> (scenario) (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Irish_Girl" title="The Little Irish Girl">The Little Irish Girl</a></i> (adaptation) (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Highwayman" title="The Social Highwayman">The Social Highwayman</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Footloose_Widows" title="Footloose Widows">Footloose Widows</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Across_the_Pacific_(1926_film)" title="Across the Pacific (1926 film)">Across the Pacific</a></i> (adaptation) (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Better_%27Ole_(1926_film)" title="The Better 'Ole (1926 film)">The Better 'Ole</a></i> (screenplay) (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tracked_by_the_Police" title="Tracked by the Police">Tracked by the Police</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rin_Tin_Tin" title="Rin Tin Tin">Rin Tin Tin</a> story) (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_San_Francisco" title="Old San Francisco">Old San Francisco</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Auto" title="The First Auto">The First Auto</a></i> (story) (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Time_Charley" title="Good Time Charley">Good Time Charley</a></i> (story) (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(1928_film)" title="Noah's Ark (1928 film)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (story) (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Man_(1928_film)" title="My Man (1928 film)">My Man</a></i> (story) (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hardboiled_Rose" title="Hardboiled Rose">Hardboiled Rose</a></i> (story) (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Avenue_A" title="Madonna of Avenue A">Madonna of Avenue A</a></i> (story) (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Say_It_with_Songs" title="Say It with Songs">Say It with Songs</a></i> (story) (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_the_Party_(1930_film)" title="The Life of the Party (1930 film)">The Life of the Party</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Caesar_(film)" title="Little Caesar (film)">Little Caesar</a></i> (story – uncredited) (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Horse_(1932_film)" title="The Dark Horse (1932 film)">The Dark Horse</a></i> (story) (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Killer_(1933_film)" title="Lady Killer (1933 film)">Lady Killer</a></i> (story – uncredited) (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re_de_Paris" title="Folies Bergère de Paris">Folies Bergère de Paris</a></i> (contributing writer – uncredited) (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G_Men" title="G Men">G Men</a></i> (story) (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_My_Affair" title="This Is My Affair">This Is My Affair</a></i> (story – uncredited) (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Ragtime_Band_(film)" title="Alexander's Ragtime Band (film)">Alexander's Ragtime Band</a></i> (contributing writer – uncredited) (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Profile" title="The Great Profile">The Great Profile</a></i> (story – uncredited) (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Gentlemen_from_West_Point" title="Ten Gentlemen from West Point">Ten Gentlemen from West Point</a></i> (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Fox" title="Virginia Fox">Virginia Fox</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Zanuck" title="Richard D. Zanuck">Richard D. Zanuck</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Zanuck" title="Dean Zanuck">Dean Zanuck</a> (grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Films_directed_by_Alan_Crosland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alan_Crosland" title="Template:Alan Crosland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alan_Crosland" title="Template talk:Alan Crosland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alan_Crosland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alan Crosland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Films_directed_by_Alan_Crosland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films directed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Crosland" title="Alan Crosland">Alan Crosland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_(1917_film)" title="Kidnapped (1917 film)">Kidnapped</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_in_Darkness" title="The Light in Darkness">The Light in Darkness</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Chevalier" title="The Little Chevalier">The Little Chevalier</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apple_Tree_Girl" title="The Apple Tree Girl">The Apple Tree Girl</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chris_and_His_Wonderful_Lamp" title="Chris and His Wonderful Lamp">Chris and His Wonderful Lamp</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Whirlpool_(1918_film)" title="The Whirlpool (1918 film)">The Whirlpool</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unbeliever" title="The Unbeliever">The Unbeliever</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Cousin_(1919_film)" title="The Country Cousin (1919 film)">The Country Cousin</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flapper" title="The Flapper">The Flapper</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Point_of_View" title="The Point of View">The Point of View</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broadway_and_Home" title="Broadway and Home">Broadway and Home</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Youthful_Folly_(1920_film)" title="Youthful Folly (1920 film)">Youthful Folly</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Sweetheart_(1920_film)" title="Everybody's Sweetheart (1920 film)">Everybody's Sweetheart</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Room_and_Board_(film)" title="Room and Board (film)">Room and Board</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Worlds_Apart_(1921_film)" title="Worlds Apart (1921 film)">Worlds Apart</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Is_Life_Worth_Living%3F" title="Is Life Worth Living?">Is Life Worth Living?</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_the_Sea" title="Shadows of the Sea">Shadows of the Sea</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Snitching_Hour" title="The Snitching Hour">The Snitching Hour</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slim_Shoulders" title="Slim Shoulders">Slim Shoulders</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Announce_Your_Marriage%3F" title="Why Announce Your Marriage?">Why Announce Your Marriage?</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Face_in_the_Fog" title="The Face in the Fog">The Face in the Fog</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prophet%27s_Paradise_(film)" title="The Prophet's Paradise (film)">The Prophet's Paradise</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_Women" title="Enemies of Women">Enemies of Women</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Red_Robe_(1923_film)" title="Under the Red Robe (1923 film)">Under the Red Robe</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Weeks_(film)" title="Three Weeks (film)">Three Weeks</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami_(1924_film)" title="Miami (1924 film)">Miami</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unguarded_Women" title="Unguarded Women">Unguarded Women</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinners_in_Heaven" title="Sinners in Heaven">Sinners in Heaven</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contraband_(1925_film)" title="Contraband (1925 film)">Contraband</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbed_Hair_(1925_film)" title="Bobbed Hair (1925 film)">Bobbed Hair</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compromise_(film)" title="Compromise (film)">Compromise</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(1926_film)" title="Don Juan (1926 film)">Don Juan</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_a_Man_Loves" title="When a Man Loves">When a Man Loves</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beloved_Rogue" title="The Beloved Rogue">The Beloved Rogue</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_San_Francisco" title="Old San Francisco">Old San Francisco</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Jazz Singer</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Betsy" title="Glorious Betsy">Glorious Betsy</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Lady_(1928_film)" title="The Scarlet Lady (1928 film)">The Scarlet Lady</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_with_the_Show!_(1929_film)" title="On with the Show! (1929 film)">On with the Show!</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_Crack" title="General Crack">General Crack</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Furies_(1930_film)" title="The Furies (1930 film)">The Furies</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Flame_(film)" title="Song of the Flame (film)">Song of the flame</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viennese_Nights" title="Viennese Nights">Viennese Nights</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Thunder_(film)" title="Captain Thunder (film)">Captain Thunder</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Boy_(film)" title="Big Boy (film)">Big Boy</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Dreams" title="Children of Dreams">Children of Dreams</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Lining_(1932_film)" title="The Silver Lining (1932 film)">The Silver Lining</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Week_Ends_Only" title="Week Ends Only">Week Ends Only</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massacre_(1934_film)" title="Massacre (1934 film)">Massacre</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Personality_Kid" title="The Personality Kid">The Personality Kid</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Alibi" title="Midnight Alibi">Midnight Alibi</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Howling_Dog" title="The Case of the Howling Dog">The Case of the Howling Dog</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Happened_in_New_York" title="It Happened in New York">It Happened in New York</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mister_Dynamite" title="Mister Dynamite">Mister Dynamite</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Tubbs" title="Lady Tubbs">Lady Tubbs</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Solomon_of_Broadway" title="King Solomon of Broadway">King Solomon of Broadway</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Impersonation_(1935_film)" title="The Great Impersonation (1935 film)">The Great Impersonation</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Cockatoo" title="The White Cockatoo">The White Cockatoo</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Black_Cat" title="The Case of the Black Cat">The Case of the Black Cat</a></i> (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jazz" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: Pink"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jazz" title="Template:Jazz"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jazz" title="Template talk:Jazz"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jazz" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jazz"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jazz" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_jazz" title="Outline of jazz">Outline of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(word)" title="Jazz (word)">Jazz (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_band" title="Jazz band">Jazz band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_improvisation" title="Jazz improvisation">Jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_session" title="Jam session">Jam session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (jazz performance style)">Swing performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_drumming" title="Jazz drumming">Jazz drumming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_guitar" title="Jazz guitar">Jazz guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn_in_jazz" title="French horn in jazz">French horn in jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_piano" title="Jazz piano">Jazz piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_trombone" title="Jazz trombone">Jazz trombone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_jazz" title="Vocal jazz">Vocal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Women in jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_genres" title="List of jazz genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-bop" title="Neo-bop">Neo-bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-bop" title="Post-bop">Post-bop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_jazz" title="Chamber jazz">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool_jazz" title="Cool jazz">Cool jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_jazz" title="Folk jazz">Folk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">Gypsy jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">Jazz-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Base" title="M-Base">M-Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_jazz" title="Mainstream jazz">Mainstream jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">Modal jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">Nu jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_jazz" title="Orchestral jazz">Orchestral jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_trio" title="Organ trio">Organ trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">Ska jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_jazz" title="Spiritual jazz">Spiritual jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_jazz" title="Sacred jazz">Sacred jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stride_(music)" title="Stride (music)">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_revival" title="Swing revival">Swing revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trad_jazz" title="Trad jazz">Trad jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians" title="List of jazz musicians">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_bassists" title="List of jazz bassists">Bassists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_musicians#Clarinet" title="List of jazz musicians">Clarinetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_drummers" title="List of jazz drummers">Drummers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_guitarists" title="List of jazz guitarists">Guitarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_organists" title="List of jazz organists">Organists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_percussionists" title="List of jazz percussionists">Percussionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_pianists" title="List of jazz pianists">Pianists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_saxophonists" title="List of jazz saxophonists">Saxophonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trombonists" title="List of jazz trombonists">Trombonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters" title="List of jazz trumpeters">Trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphonists" title="List of vibraphonists">Vibraphonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_violinists" title="List of jazz violinists">Violinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_vocalists" title="List of jazz vocalists">Vocalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Musicians by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bebop_musicians" title="List of bebop musicians">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_jazz_musicians" title="List of chamber jazz musicians">Chamber jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cool_jazz_and_West_Coast_jazz_musicians" title="List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians">Cool jazz and West Coast jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hard_bop_musicians" title="List of hard bop musicians">Hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_fusion_musicians" title="List of jazz fusion musicians">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scat_singers" title="List of scat singers">Scat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smooth_jazz_musicians" title="List of smooth jazz musicians">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soul_jazz_musicians" title="List of soul jazz musicians">Soul jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swing_musicians" title="List of swing musicians">Swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1920s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1920s jazz standards">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1930s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1930s jazz standards">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1940s_jazz_standards" title="List of 1940s jazz standards">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-1950_jazz_standards" title="List of post-1950 jazz standards">post-1950</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Discographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Records" title="Bethlehem Records">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records_discography" title="Blue Note Records discography">Blue Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYG_Records" title="BYG Records">BYG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone_Records" title="Cobblestone Records">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Records" title="Contemporary Records">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTI_Records" title="CTI Records">CTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECM_Records" title="ECM Records">ECM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESP-Disk" title="ESP-Disk">ESP-Disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman_Records" title="Flying Dutchman Records">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Records" title="Freedom Records">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Merchant" title="Groove Merchant">Groove Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse!_Records_discography" title="Impulse! Records discography">Impulse!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Navigation" title="India Navigation">India Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMT_Records" title="JMT Records">JMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Records" title="Landmark Records">Landmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Records" title="Mainstream Records">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone_Records_discography" title="Milestone Records discography">Milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records" title="MPS Records">MPS Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Records_discography" title="MPS Records discography">MPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muse_Records" title="Muse Records">Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestige_Records_discography" title="Prestige Records discography">Prestige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Records_discography" title="Riverside Records discography">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata-East_Records" title="Strata-East Records">Strata-East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records_discography" title="Verve Records discography">Verve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_%26_Winter_Records" title="Winter & Winter Records">Winter & Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_festivals" title="List of jazz festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Beaches International Jazz Festival">Beaches (Toronto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Cape Town International Jazz Festival">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Jazz_Festival" title="Chicago Jazz Festival">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Jazz_Festival" title="Copenhagen Jazz Festival">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Java_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival" title="Monterey Jazz Festival">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_International_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreal International Jazz Festival">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Jazz_Festival" title="Montreux Jazz Festival">Montreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Jazz_Festival" title="North Sea Jazz Festival">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pori_Jazz" title="Pori Jazz">Pori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lucia Jazz Festival">Saint Lucia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">Contrafacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_institutions_and_organizations" title="List of jazz institutions and organizations">Institutions and organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_poetry" title="Jazz poetry">Jazz poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_royalty" title="Jazz royalty">Jazz royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_harmony" title="Jazz harmony">Jazz theory</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Jazz_theory" title="Template:Jazz theory">See Template: Jazz theory</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_line_(parades)" title="Second line (parades)">Second line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_venues" title="List of jazz venues">Venues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethio-jazz" title="Ethio-jazz">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi#Malawian_jazz" title="Music of Malawi">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_jazz" title="South African jazz">South African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_jazz" title="Zimbabwean jazz">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_jazz" title="Armenian jazz">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_jazz" title="Azerbaijani jazz">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_mugham" title="Jazz mugham">Jazz mugham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_India" title="Jazz in India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo_jazz" title="Indo jazz">Indo jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar_in_jazz" title="Sitar in jazz">Sitar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_jazz" title="Japanese jazz">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_jazz" title="Balkan jazz">Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_jazz" title="Bulgarian jazz">Bulgarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_jazz" title="Belgian jazz">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_jazz" title="British jazz">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Jazz in Czechoslovakia">Czech and Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_jazz" title="Danish jazz">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_jazz" title="Dutch jazz">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_free_jazz" title="European free jazz">European free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_jazz" title="French jazz">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_jazz" title="German jazz">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_jazz" title="Italian jazz">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_jazz" title="Polish jazz">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_jazz" title="Spanish jazz">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_jazz" title="Swedish jazz">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">North American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_jazz" title="Canadian jazz">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-jazz" title="Mini-jazz">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Cuban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="American" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Baltimore#Jazz" title="Music of Baltimore">Baltimore jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chicago#Jazz" title="Music of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_jazz" title="Kansas City jazz">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans#Jazz" title="Music of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Blues_and_jazz" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington,_D.C.#Jazz" title="Music of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_jazz" title="West Coast jazz">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Oceanian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_jazz" title="Australian jazz">Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">South American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jazz" title="Brazilian jazz">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethno_jazz" title="Ethno jazz">Ethno jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_jazz" title="Bibliography of jazz">Bibliography of jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_dance_band" title="British dance band">British dance band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_jazz" title="Continental jazz">Continental jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-ahead_jazz" title="Straight-ahead jazz">Straight-ahead jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-1920_jazz_standards" title="List of pre-1920 jazz standards">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s_in_jazz" title="1920s in jazz">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930s_in_jazz" title="1930s in jazz">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940s_in_jazz" title="1940s in jazz">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_jazz" title="1950s in jazz">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_jazz" title="1960s in jazz">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_jazz" title="1970s in jazz">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_jazz" title="1980s in jazz">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_jazz" title="1990s in jazz">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_jazz" title="2000s in jazz">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_jazz" title="2010s in jazz">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_jazz" title="2020 in jazz">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_jazz" title="2021 in jazz">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_jazz" title="2022 in jazz">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">Contradanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotica" title="Exotica">Exotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugg (music)">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">Quiet storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_piano" title="Novelty piano">Novelty ragtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West African music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: Pink;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_covers_of_Blue_Note_Records" title="Album covers of Blue Note Records">Album covers of Blue Note Records</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bird_(1988_film)" title="Bird (1988 film)">Bird</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(miniseries)" title="Jazz (miniseries)"><i>Jazz</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Jazz Singer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Round_Midnight_(film)" title="Round Midnight (film)">Round Midnight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk:_Straight,_No_Chaser" title="Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser">Straight, No Chaser</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: Pink"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxo_Boca1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/15px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/23px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/30px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="230" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jazz" title="Portal:Jazz">Jazz portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465087#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465087#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465087#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/293065406">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4644102-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79013267">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007289005605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/59f37259-6d55-48ee-91ac-e3d8ebbd1719">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&oldid=1259111214">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer&oldid=1259111214</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1927_films" title="Category:1927 films">1927 films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1927_romantic_drama_films" title="Category:1927 romantic drama films">1927 romantic drama films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_musical_drama_films" title="Category:1920s musical drama films">1920s musical drama films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_musical_drama_films" title="Category:American musical drama films">American musical drama films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_romantic_drama_films" title="Category:American romantic drama films">American romantic drama films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_romantic_musical_films" title="Category:American romantic musical films">American romantic musical films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_black-and-white_films" title="Category:American black-and-white films">American black-and-white films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blackface_minstrel_shows_and_films" title="Category:Blackface minstrel shows and films">Blackface minstrel shows 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