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show-ad-label" data-ad-mapping=rail data-ad-slot=BO_tutorial_pages data-ad-targetingpos=rail></div></div><div class=wrapper><div class=container><div class=row><div class="col-md-8 col-sm-12 content-single-article"><div class=pb-2> <span property=itemListElement typeof=ListItem><a property=item typeof=WebPage title="Go to Biology Tutorials." href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials class="tutorials-root post post-tutorials" data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow><span property=name>Biology Tutorials</span></a><meta property="position" content="1"></span> > <span property=itemListElement typeof=ListItem><a property=item typeof=WebPage title="Go to the Ecology & Biodiversity: New Zealand Flora & Fauna Tutorial Category archives." href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/ecology-biodiversity-new-zealand-flora-fauna class="taxonomy tutorial_cat" data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow><span property=name>Ecology & Biodiversity: New Zealand Flora & Fauna</span></a><meta property="position" content="2"></span> > <span class="post post-tutorials current-item">New Zealand’s Biodiversity</span></div><div class="d-inline-block col-md-11 p-0"><h1 class="entry-title">New Zealand’s Biodiversity</h1></div><div class="float-md-right position-sm-absolute pt-md-4"><g:sharetoclassroom size=32 url="https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/new-zealands-biodiversity"></g:sharetoclassroom></div><div class=st-container> <img width=640 height=360 src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-Biodiversity-fauna-768x432.jpg class="st-img wp-post-image lazy" alt="New Zealand - Biodiversity fauna" decoding=async data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-Biodiversity-fauna-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-Biodiversity-fauna-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-Biodiversity-fauna-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-Biodiversity-fauna-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-Biodiversity-fauna-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-Biodiversity-fauna-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-Biodiversity-fauna.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><p>Endemic species of New Zealand</p></div><div id=ez-toc-container class="ez-toc-v2_0_72 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction"><p class=ez-toc-title style=cursor:inherit>Table of Contents</p> <label for=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-67c0d00eb7a4a class=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label><span class><span class=eztoc-hide style=display:none;>Toggle</span><span class=ez-toc-icon-toggle-span><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg class=list-377408 width=20px height=20px viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill=none><path d="M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z" fill=currentColor></path></svg><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" class=arrow-unsorted-368013 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg width=10px height=10px viewBox="0 0 24 24" version=1.2 baseProfile=tiny><path d="M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z"/></svg></span></span></label><input type=checkbox id=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-67c0d00eb7a4a checked aria-label=Toggle><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1" href=#Endemism_Defined title="Endemism Defined">Endemism Defined</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2" href=#High_Endemism_in_New_Zealand title="High Endemism in New Zealand">High Endemism in New Zealand</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3" href=#Native_and_Introduced_Species title="Native and Introduced Species">Native and Introduced Species</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4" href=#Diverse_Fauna_and_Flora_and_Unique_Ecosystems title="Diverse Fauna and Flora and Unique Ecosystems">Diverse Fauna and Flora and Unique Ecosystems</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5" href=#Importance_of_High_Biodiversity title="Importance of High Biodiversity">Importance of High Biodiversity</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6" href=#References title=References:>References:</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7" href=#Quiz title=Quiz>Quiz</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8" href=#Send_Your_Results_Optional title="Send Your Results (Optional)">Send Your Results (Optional)</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><hr><p><strong>Written by:</strong> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/about-us/bio data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Maria Victoria Gonzaga</a></p><div class='code-block code-block-8 code-block-block-8' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <script language=javascript src="https://live.primis.tech/live/liveView.php?s=106005&cbuster=%%CACHEBUSTER%%"></script> </div><p><strong>Peer-reviewed by:</strong> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/about-us/bio#cathy data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Cathy Buntting, Ph.D.</a> and <a href=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/ data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Andrea Soanes</a></p><hr><p><em>Why is New Zealand’s biota unique?</em> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/new-zealands-unique-geographical-history data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow><strong>Previously</strong></a>, we learned that the long geographic isolation of New Zealand from the other major landmasses led to its distinctively high species endemism. The historical events that transpired millions of years ago led to the formation of the country’s unique ecosystems. Now, let’s explore some of the various species that are endemic to New Zealand.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Endemism_Defined></span>Endemism Defined<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Let us first learn about the word <em>endemism</em>. Endemism is defined as an ecological state of a species or a group of species being endemic. When you say a species is <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/endemic data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>endemic</a> to a particular geographical area, it means the species is a natural inhabitant of that location and not found naturally anywhere else. If the species is found in a wide range of habitats and geographic locations, then, the ecological state would be referred to as <em>cosmopolitan distribution</em>, not endemism.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-65558728' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-65558728 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2NCcgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=High_Endemism_in_New_Zealand></span>High Endemism in New Zealand<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Geographical restrictions and environmental conditions are some of the major factors that influence endemism. For example, an island surrounded by a vast body of water is a geographical restriction. The seas surrounding the landmass tend to restrict the migration of terrestrial species (species that live on land). Thus, the kinds of species will depend on them getting to the island, and then being able to survive, reproduce, and thrive on the island.</p><p>New Zealand, in essence, has been isolated from the major landmasses. When the last land bridge to Gondwana was lost about 65 million years ago, some of Gondwana’s flora, fauna, and fungi species got separated from their relatives. Consequently, they evolved in isolation.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Native_and_Introduced_Species></span>Native and Introduced Species<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Apart from the endemic species, other native species of New Zealand reached the islands through sea and wind currents. (Ref.1) These species that arrived and established themselves became native indigenous species of the country. Conversely, species that have been brought by humans — whether on purpose or by chance — are referred to as <em>introduced</em>. (Ref.2)</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-61257870' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-61257870 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2NScgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Diverse_Fauna_and_Flora_and_Unique_Ecosystems></span>Diverse Fauna and Flora and Unique Ecosystems<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>New Zealand is home to many extraordinary species and ecosystems. They have adapted to a life on the islands and over time they have evolved unique features. For instance, it is the only place where you can find kākāpō (<em>Strigops habroptilus</em>), a flightless parrot, and kiwi (<em>Apteryx</em> spp.), the bird with nostrils at the end of its beak. (Ref. 3)</p><figure id=attachment_123963 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123963 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img fetchpriority=high fetchpriority=high decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-123963 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kakapo-kiwi-bird-1024x576.jpg alt="kakapo kiwi bird" width=640 height=360 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kakapo-kiwi-bird-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kakapo-kiwi-bird-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kakapo-kiwi-bird-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kakapo-kiwi-bird-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kakapo-kiwi-bird-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kakapo-kiwi-bird-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kakapo-kiwi-bird.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123963 class=wp-caption-text><em><strong>Left:</strong> Kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus), a flightless parrot. Right: kiwi (Apteryx), Credit: <a href=https://www.flickr.com/photos/30705804@N05/4725940989/ data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Elusive Kiwi</a>, <a href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">CC-BY-2.0</a></em></figcaption></figure><p>Other remarkable birds that are endemic to New Zealand are bellbird (<em>Anthornis melanura</em>), hihi (<em>Notiomystis cincta</em>), kererū (<em>Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae</em>), takahē (<em>Porphyrio mantelli</em>), tūī (<em>Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae</em>), and whio (<em>Hymenolanimus malacorhynchos</em>). (Ref. 2)</p><figure id=attachment_124140 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-124140 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-124140 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-endemic-bird-species-1024x576.jpg alt="New Zealand's endemic bird species" width=640 height=360 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-endemic-bird-species-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-endemic-bird-species-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-endemic-bird-species-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-endemic-bird-species-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-endemic-bird-species-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-endemic-bird-species-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/New-Zealand-endemic-bird-species.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-124140 class=wp-caption-text><em>Endemic birds of New Zealand</em></figcaption></figure><p>The country is home to many fascinating insects, too. The Landcare Research in Auckland has a huge collection of insects, with millions of specimens. (Ref. 3) For example, <em>wētā</em> are the large flightless insects that you will find only in New Zealand.</p><figure id=attachment_123823 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123823 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-123823 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tusked-weta-1024x576.jpg alt="tusked weta" width=640 height=360 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tusked-weta-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tusked-weta-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tusked-weta-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tusked-weta-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tusked-weta-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tusked-weta-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tusked-weta.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123823 class=wp-caption-text><em>Mercury Island tusked weta, adult male Motuweta isolata</em></figcaption></figure><p>Other remarkable insects are the scale insects found inside the barks of some trees. These insects produce sweet, sticky droplets called honeydew from the excess sugar they take from the tree via its <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/phloem data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>phloem</a> (one of the tree’s main vascular tissues). The honeydew serves as a rich food source for fungi, insects, and birds. The honeydew covers the tree bark or falls on the ground. This makes a suitable site for the black sooty mold fungi to grow. These fungi, in turn, serve as an important food source for insects, such as beetles and moths. The small insects, then, serve as food for birds. Also, when nectar is scarce, honeydew is what nectar-eating birds feed on. (Ref. 4)</p><p>Bats are the only endemic land mammals. The country’s fauna is dominated by birds and insects. (Ref.1) Because there were no ground-dwelling predators, some birds lost the ability to fly and became ground dwellers. They dominate many ecosystems, such as bushes and forests, where they disperse seeds, pollinate plants, and keep insect and other invertebrate populations stable.</p><p>Although New Zealand has few land mammals, its marine waters are home to many endemic marine mammals. In fact, they account for almost half of the world’s cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises). For example, Hector’s dolphin is a rare beaked whale that can only be found in New Zealand marine ecosystems. (Ref. 5)</p><figure id=attachment_123824 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123824 style="width: 625px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class=" wp-image-123824 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20625%20418'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Hectors-Dolphin.png alt="Hector's Dolphin" width=625 height=418 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Hectors-Dolphin.png 275w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Hectors-Dolphin-251x168.png 251w" data-sizes="(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123824 class=wp-caption-text><em>Hector’s Dolphin. Credit: Gregory “Slobirdr” Smith, <a href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 2.0</a></em></figcaption></figure><p>As for its river ecosystems, the plants commonly found are mosses, duckweed, and water hyacinth. (Ref. 6) These plants provide an important food source to many invertebrates and fish. Some of the common invertebrates in the river systems are insects, crayfish, snails, clams, mussels, and limpets. Fish and water invertebrates, in turn, are an important food source for water birds.</p><p>Another interesting animal is the frog, <em>Leiopelma</em> spp. While many frogs need an aqueous habitat for breeding, most Leiopelma spp. live and breed on drylands. Those in drylands lay eggs that skip the larval stage. (Ref. 7) Tadpoles develop inside the egg and then the egg hatches into froglets.</p><figure id=attachment_123825 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123825 style="width: 627px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class=" wp-image-123825 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20627%20421'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Leiopelma.png alt=Leiopelma width=627 height=421 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Leiopelma.png 480w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Leiopelma-250x168.png 250w" data-sizes="(max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123825 class=wp-caption-text><em>Leiopelma. Image credit: Dr. Paddy Ryan</em></figcaption></figure><p>As for native reptiles, they are represented by tuatara, skinks, and geckos.</p><figure id=attachment_123826 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123826 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-123826 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20426'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tuatara-865x576.png alt width=640 height=426 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tuatara-865x576.png 865w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tuatara-252x168.png 252w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tuatara-768x511.png 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tuatara.png 880w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123826 class=wp-caption-text><em>Tuatara</em></figcaption></figure><p>Many plants in New Zealand are also unique. About 82% of New Zealand plants are endemic. (Ref. 8) The oldest primeval forests in the world, the largest type of moss, and some of the largest tree ferns are found here.</p><p>Many of the flowering plants produce small and white flowers. Showy flowers seem unnecessary because most of the pollinators, such as moths, native bees, crawling insects, and lizards, are generally attracted to the floral scent rather than color. (Ref. 8)</p><p>Most trees do not shed their leaves in winter and therefore are evergreen. And many are dioecious, meaning male and female flowers are not borne on the same tree.</p><p>Many plants have different forms. This is because some plants of different species within a family cross-pollinate. The result is new varieties of plants within the genus. As an example, genus<em>Veronica</em> consists of various species, such as <em>koromiko</em> and <em>Bentham’s hebe</em>.</p><figure id=attachment_123827 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123827 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-123827 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/plant-genus-Veronica-1024x576.jpg alt="plant genus Veronica" width=640 height=360 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/plant-genus-Veronica-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/plant-genus-Veronica-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/plant-genus-Veronica-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/plant-genus-Veronica-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/plant-genus-Veronica-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/plant-genus-Veronica-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/plant-genus-Veronica.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123827 class=wp-caption-text><em><strong>Left:</strong> koromiko (Veronica salicifolia). <strong>Right:</strong> Bentham’s hebe (Veronica benthamii). Credit: <a href=https://static.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/images/000/003/597/embed/TREES_ART_01_The_uniqueness_of_New_Zealand_plants_VeronicasComparison.jpeg?1530585882 data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>ScienceLearn.org.nz</a></em></figcaption></figure><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Importance_of_High_Biodiversity></span>Importance of High Biodiversity<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Rich biodiversity is essential to a healthy ecosystem. Each species occupies a specific <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/ecological-niche data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>niche</a> — an ecological role to fulfill. The extinction of one could lead to the death of another. The arrival of human settlers, for instance, led to the introduction of rats, ferrets, and other mammals on the islands. As aggressive bird predators, these mammals caused the extinction of many small animal species. Human activities, too, have been a crucial factor in the extinction of some endemic species on the islands. For example, overhunting is regarded as an added pressure to the already declining population of the large flightless birds, moas. (Ref. 9) When these birds became extinct, the <em>Haast’s eagle</em>, a native predator of moa, became extinct, too.</p><p>In the <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/new-zealands-unique-fauna data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow><strong>next lesson</strong></a>, let us take a closer look at some of the fascinating endemic animals in New Zealand.</p><div style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px;border: 1px solid #e2e2e2"><iframe src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/m_6oFDy95ZQ width=560 height=315 frameborder=0 allowfullscreen=allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div style="vertical-align: top;padding: 10px;border: 1px solid #e2e2e2"><em>Credit: Farming & Nature Conservation</em></div><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-11109573' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-11109573 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2NicgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h2></h2><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=References></span>References:<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>1. New Zealand’s unique ecology. (2020). Science Learning Hub. <a href=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1440-new-zealand-s-unique-ecology data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1440-new-zealand-s-unique-ecology</a><br> 2. Endemic, native or introduced birds. (2010). Science Learning Hub. <a href=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1166-endemic-native-or-introduced-birds data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1166-endemic-native-or-introduced-birds</a><br> 3. New Zealand’s unique ecosystems – introduction. (2020). Science Learning Hub. <a href=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1762-new-zealand-s-unique-ecosystems-introduction data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1762-new-zealand-s-unique-ecosystems-introduction</a><br> 4. Honeydew ecosystem. (2020). Science Learning Hub. <a href=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1436-honeydew-ecosystem data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1436-honeydew-ecosystem</a><br> 5. Marine mammals. (2020). Govt.Nz. https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/marine-mammals/<br> 6. River ecosystems. (2014). Science Learning Hub. <a href=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/439-river-ecosystems data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/439-river-ecosystems</a><br> 7. The Economics of Regulation in Agriculture. (2010). Google Books. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YYsZLJjE2aoC&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false<br> 8. The uniqueness of New Zealand plants. (2018). Science Learning Hub; Science Learning Hub. <a href=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2635-the-uniqueness-of-new-zealand-plants data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2635-the-uniqueness-of-new-zealand-plants</a><br> 9. Why Did New Zealand’s Moas Go Extinct? (2014, March 17). Science | AAAS. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/03/why-did-new-zealands-moas-go-extinct</p><p> </p> <script>if(window.qmn_quiz_data===undefined){window.qmn_quiz_data=new Object();}</script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data["138"]={"quiz_id":"138","quiz_name":"New Zealand\u2019s Biodiversity - Quiz","disable_answer":"0","ajax_show_correct":"0","progress_bar":"1","contact_info_location":"1","qpages":{"2":{"id":"2","quizID":"138","pagekey":"Jg0sbJBD","hide_prevbtn":"0"}},"skip_validation_time_expire":"1","timer_limit_val":0,"disable_scroll_next_previous_click":"0","disable_first_page":0,"enable_result_after_timer_end":"0","enable_quick_result_mc":"0","end_quiz_if_wrong":0,"form_disable_autofill":0,"disable_mathjax":0,"enable_quick_correct_answer_info":0,"quick_result_correct_answer_text":"Correct! You have selected correct answer.","quick_result_wrong_answer_text":"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.","quiz_processing_message":"","quiz_limit_choice":"Limit of choice is reached.","not_allow_after_expired_time":0,"scheduled_time_end":false,"error_messages":{"email_error_text":"Not a valid e-mail address!","number_error_text":"This field must be a number!","incorrect_error_text":"The entered text is not correct!","empty_error_text":"Please complete all required fields!","url_error_text":"The entered URL is not valid!","minlength_error_text":"Required atleast %minlength% characters.","maxlength_error_text":"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.","recaptcha_error_text":"ReCaptcha is missing"},"first_page":false}</script><style id=qmn_quiz_template-css>.qsm-pagination{border:none !important}</style><div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-138 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz quiz_theme_default '><form name=quizForm138 id=quizForm138 action=/tutorials/new-zealands-biodiversity method=POST class="qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form" novalidate enctype=multipart/form-data> <input type=hidden name=qsm_hidden_questions id=qsm_hidden_questions value> <input type=hidden name=qsm_nonce id=qsm_nonce_138 value=6d7cb46e49> <input type=hidden name=qsm_unique_key id=qsm_unique_key_138 value=67c0d00e622c7><div id=mlw_error_message class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <span id=mlw_top_of_quiz></span><section class="qsm-page "><div class="quiz_section quiz_begin"><div class='qsm-before-message mlw_qmn_message_before'><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Quiz></span>Quiz<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p><strong>Choose the best answer. </strong></p></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-695 " data-qid=695><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>1. Which of the following is NOT correct about endemism?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question695-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question695 id=question695_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question695_1> Endemism is an ecological state of a species being endemic. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question695-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question695 id=question695_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question695_2> An endemic species is found in a particular geographical area and not distributed worldwide. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question695-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question695 id=question695_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question695_3> Endemic species is a natural inhabitant of a geographic area. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question695-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question695 id=question695_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question695_4> Introduced species are endemic species. </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question695_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question695 id=question695_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-696 " data-qid=696><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>2. What caused high endemism in New Zealand?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question696-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question696 id=question696_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question696_1> Geographical restriction </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question696-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question696 id=question696_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question696_2> Environmental conditions </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question696-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question696 id=question696_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question696_3> Evolution in isolation </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question696-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question696 id=question696_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question696_4> All of the above </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question696_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question696 id=question696_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-697 " data-qid=697><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>3. Which of the following is not endemic to New Zealand?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question697-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question697 id=question697_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question697_1> Kiwi bird </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question697-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question697 id=question697_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question697_2> Tuatara </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question697-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question697 id=question697_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question697_3> Weta insect </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question697-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question697 id=question697_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question697_4> None of the above </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question697_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question697 id=question697_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-698 " data-qid=698><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>4. Which of the following is true about the endemic flora of New Zealand?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question698-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question698 id=question698_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question698_1> Many of the flowering plants bear small and white flowers. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question698-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question698 id=question698_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question698_2> Most trees are evergreen. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question698-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question698 id=question698_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question698_3> Many are dioecious. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question698-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question698 id=question698_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question698_4> All of the above </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question698_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question698 id=question698_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-699 " data-qid=699><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>5. Why is high biodiversity important?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question699-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question699 id=question699_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question699_1> Many species could fill an ecological niche and therefore leads to a more stable ecosystem. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question699-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question699 id=question699_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question699_2> With higher biodiversity, the possibility of a species extinction will also be high. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question699-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question699 id=question699_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question699_3> High biodivesity leads to intense competition. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question699-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question699 id=question699_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question699_4> High biodiversity diminishes community diversity. </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question699_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question699 id=question699_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class=quiz_section><div class='qsm-after-message mlw_qmn_message_end'><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Send_Your_Results_Optional></span>Send Your Results (Optional)<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-text"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'><label for=contact_field_0>Your Name</label></span> <input type=text class name=contact_field_0 id=contact_field_0 value placeholder='Your Name'></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-email"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'><label for=contact_field_1>To Email</label></span> <input type=email class='mlwEmail ' name=contact_field_1 id=contact_field_1 value placeholder='To Email'></div></div></section> <input type=hidden name=qmn_question_list value=695Q696Q697Q698Q699Q><div id=mlw_error_message_bottom class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <input type=hidden name=qmn_all_questions_count id=qmn_all_questions_count value=5> <input type=hidden name=total_questions id=total_questions value=5> <input type=hidden name=timer id=timer value=0> <input type=hidden name=timer_ms id=timer_ms value=0> <input type=hidden class=qmn_quiz_id name=qmn_quiz_id id=qmn_quiz_id value=138> <input type=hidden name=complete_quiz value=confirmation></form></div><div style="display: none;" class="qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide" id=modal-4 aria-hidden=false><div class=qsm-popup__overlay tabindex=-1 data-micromodal-close><div class="qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container" role=dialog aria-modal=true><div class=qsm-popup__content><img class=lazy decoding=async src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/plugins/quiz-master-next/assets/clock.png alt=clock.png><p class=qsm-time-up-text> Time's up</p></div><footer class=qsm-popup__footer><button class="qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn" data-micromodal-close aria-label="Close this dialog window" onclick=location.reload();>Cancel</button></footer></div></div></div><div class='heateor_sss_sharing_container heateor_sss_vertical_sharing' style='width:44px;right: -10px;top: 200px;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;' data-heateor-sss-href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/new-zealands-biodiversity><div class=heateor_sss_sharing_ul><a aria-label=Facebook class=heateor_sss_facebook href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologyonline.com%2Ftutorials%2Fnew-zealands-biodiversity" title=Facebook rel="nofollow noopener" target=_blank style=font-size:32px!important;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle data-wpel-link=internal><span class=heateor_sss_svg style="background-color:#0765FE;width:40px;height:40px;margin:0;display:inline-block;opacity:1;float:left;font-size:32px;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:0 4px;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:repeat;overflow:hidden;padding:0;cursor:pointer;box-sizing:content-box"><svg style=display:block; 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]?(C800|C900|E400|E610|E900|E-900|F160|F180K|F180L|F180S|730|855|L160|LS740|LS840|LS970|LU6200|MS690|MS695|MS770|MS840|MS870|MS910|P500|P700|P705|VM696|AS680|AS695|AX840|C729|E970|GS505|272|C395|E739BK|E960|L55C|L75C|LS696|LS860|P769BK|P350|P500|P509|P870|UN272|US730|VS840|VS950|LN272|LN510|LS670|LS855|LW690|MN270|MN510|P509|P769|P930|UN200|UN270|UN510|UN610|US670|US740|US760|UX265|UX840|VN271|VN530|VS660|VS700|VS740|VS750|VS910|VS920|VS930|VX9200|VX11000|AX840A|LW770|P506|P925|P999|E612|D955|D802|MS323|M257)|LM-G710",Sony:"SonyST|SonyLT|SonyEricsson|SonyEricssonLT15iv|LT18i|E10i|LT28h|LT26w|SonyEricssonMT27i|C5303|C6902|C6903|C6906|C6943|D2533|SOV34|601SO|F8332",Asus:"Asus.*Galaxy|PadFone.*Mobile",Xiaomi:"^(?!.*\\bx11\\b).*xiaomi.*$|POCOPHONE F1|MI 8|Redmi Note 9S|Redmi Note 5A Prime|N2G47H|M2001J2G|M2001J2I|M1805E10A|M2004J11G|M1902F1G|M2002J9G|M2004J19G|M2003J6A1G",NokiaLumia:"Lumia [0-9]{3,4}",Micromax:"Micromax.*\\b(A210|A92|A88|A72|A111|A110Q|A115|A116|A110|A90S|A26|A51|A35|A54|A25|A27|A89|A68|A65|A57|A90)\\b",Palm:"PalmSource|Palm",Vertu:"Vertu|Vertu.*Ltd|Vertu.*Ascent|Vertu.*Ayxta|Vertu.*Constellation(F|Quest)?|Vertu.*Monika|Vertu.*Signature",Pantech:"PANTECH|IM-A850S|IM-A840S|IM-A830L|IM-A830K|IM-A830S|IM-A820L|IM-A810K|IM-A810S|IM-A800S|IM-T100K|IM-A725L|IM-A780L|IM-A775C|IM-A770K|IM-A760S|IM-A750K|IM-A740S|IM-A730S|IM-A720L|IM-A710K|IM-A690L|IM-A690S|IM-A650S|IM-A630K|IM-A600S|VEGA PTL21|PT003|P8010|ADR910L|P6030|P6020|P9070|P4100|P9060|P5000|CDM8992|TXT8045|ADR8995|IS11PT|P2030|P6010|P8000|PT002|IS06|CDM8999|P9050|PT001|TXT8040|P2020|P9020|P2000|P7040|P7000|C790",Fly:"IQ230|IQ444|IQ450|IQ440|IQ442|IQ441|IQ245|IQ256|IQ236|IQ255|IQ235|IQ245|IQ275|IQ240|IQ285|IQ280|IQ270|IQ260|IQ250",Wiko:"KITE 4G|HIGHWAY|GETAWAY|STAIRWAY|DARKSIDE|DARKFULL|DARKNIGHT|DARKMOON|SLIDE|WAX 4G|RAINBOW|BLOOM|SUNSET|GOA(?!nna)|LENNY|BARRY|IGGY|OZZY|CINK FIVE|CINK PEAX|CINK PEAX 2|CINK SLIM|CINK SLIM 2|CINK +|CINK KING|CINK PEAX|CINK SLIM|SUBLIM",iMobile:"i-mobile (IQ|i-STYLE|idea|ZAA|Hitz)",SimValley:"\\b(SP-80|XT-930|SX-340|XT-930|SX-310|SP-360|SP60|SPT-800|SP-120|SPT-800|SP-140|SPX-5|SPX-8|SP-100|SPX-8|SPX-12)\\b",Wolfgang:"AT-B24D|AT-AS50HD|AT-AS40W|AT-AS55HD|AT-AS45q2|AT-B26D|AT-AS50Q",Alcatel:"Alcatel",Nintendo:"Nintendo (3DS|Switch)",Amoi:"Amoi",INQ:"INQ",OnePlus:"ONEPLUS",GenericPhone:"Tapatalk|PDA;|SAGEM|\\bmmp\\b|pocket|\\bpsp\\b|symbian|Smartphone|smartfon|treo|up.browser|up.link|vodafone|\\bwap\\b|nokia|Series40|Series60|S60|SonyEricsson|N900|MAUI.*WAP.*Browser"},tablets:{iPad:"iPad|iPad.*Mobile",NexusTablet:"Android.*Nexus[\\s]+(7|9|10)",GoogleTablet:"Android.*Pixel C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( A1|A10| K1|)|ThinkPad([ ]+)?Tablet|YT3-850M|YT3-X90L|YT3-X90F|YT3-X90X|Lenovo.*(S2109|S2110|S5000|S6000|K3011|A3000|A3500|A1000|A2107|A2109|A1107|A5500|A7600|B6000|B8000|B8080)(-|)(FL|F|HV|H|)|TB-X103F|TB-X304X|TB-X304F|TB-X304L|TB-X505F|TB-X505L|TB-X505X|TB-X605F|TB-X605L|TB-8703F|TB-8703X|TB-8703N|TB-8704N|TB-8704F|TB-8704X|TB-8704V|TB-7304F|TB-7304I|TB-7304X|Tab2A7-10F|Tab2A7-20F|TB2-X30L|YT3-X50L|YT3-X50F|YT3-X50M|YT-X705F|YT-X703F|YT-X703L|YT-X705L|YT-X705X|TB2-X30F|TB2-X30L|TB2-X30M|A2107A-F|A2107A-H|TB3-730F|TB3-730M|TB3-730X|TB-7504F|TB-7504X|TB-X704F|TB-X104F|TB3-X70F|TB-X705F|TB-8504F|TB3-X70L|TB3-710F|TB-X704L",DellTablet:"Venue 11|Venue 8|Venue 7|Dell Streak 10|Dell Streak 7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE 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([E|M]10|M8))\\b|Maxwell.*Lite|Maxwell.*Plus",HuaweiTablet:"MediaPad|MediaPad 7 Youth|IDEOS S7|S7-201c|S7-202u|S7-101|S7-103|S7-104|S7-105|S7-106|S7-201|S7-Slim|M2-A01L|BAH-L09|BAH-W09|AGS-L09|CMR-AL19",NecTablet:"\\bN-06D|\\bN-08D",PantechTablet:"Pantech.*P4100",BronchoTablet:"Broncho.*(N701|N708|N802|a710)",VersusTablet:"TOUCHPAD.*[78910]|\\bTOUCHTAB\\b",ZyncTablet:"z1000|Z99 2G|z930|z990|z909|Z919|z900",PositivoTablet:"TB07STA|TB10STA|TB07FTA|TB10FTA",NabiTablet:"Android.*\\bNabi",KoboTablet:"Kobo Touch|\\bK080\\b|\\bVox\\b Build|\\bArc\\b 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\\b(E3A|T3X|T5C|T5B|T3E|T3C|T3B|T1J|T1F|T2A|T1H|T1i|E1C|T1-E|T5-A|T4|E1-B|T2Ci|T1-B|T1-D|O1-A|E1-A|T1-A|T3A|T4i)\\b ",DanyTechTablet:"Genius Tab G3|Genius Tab S2|Genius Tab Q3|Genius Tab G4|Genius Tab Q4|Genius Tab G-II|Genius TAB GII|Genius TAB GIII|Genius Tab S1",GalapadTablet:"Android [0-9.]+; [a-z-]+; \\bG1\\b",MicromaxTablet:"Funbook|Micromax.*\\b(P250|P560|P360|P362|P600|P300|P350|P500|P275)\\b",KarbonnTablet:"Android.*\\b(A39|A37|A34|ST8|ST10|ST7|Smart Tab3|Smart Tab2)\\b",AllFineTablet:"Fine7 Genius|Fine7 Shine|Fine7 Air|Fine8 Style|Fine9 More|Fine10 Joy|Fine11 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7004|FreeTAB 7800|FreeTAB 2096|FreeTAB 7.5|FreeTAB 1014|FreeTAB 1001 |FreeTAB 8001|FreeTAB 9706|FreeTAB 9702|FreeTAB 7003|FreeTAB 7002|FreeTAB 1002|FreeTAB 7801|FreeTAB 1331|FreeTAB 1004|FreeTAB 8002|FreeTAB 8014|FreeTAB 9704|FreeTAB 1003",VoninoTablet:"\\b(Argus[ _]?S|Diamond[ _]?79HD|Emerald[ _]?78E|Luna[ _]?70C|Onyx[ _]?S|Onyx[ _]?Z|Orin[ _]?HD|Orin[ _]?S|Otis[ _]?S|SpeedStar[ _]?S|Magnet[ _]?M9|Primus[ _]?94[ _]?3G|Primus[ _]?94HD|Primus[ _]?QS|Android.*\\bQ8\\b|Sirius[ _]?EVO[ _]?QS|Sirius[ _]?QS|Spirit[ _]?S)\\b",ECSTablet:"V07OT2|TM105A|S10OT1|TR10CS1",StorexTablet:"eZee[_']?(Tab|Go)[0-9]+|TabLC7|Looney Tunes Tab",VodafoneTablet:"SmartTab([ ]+)?[0-9]+|SmartTabII10|SmartTabII7|VF-1497|VFD 1400",EssentielBTablet:"Smart[ ']?TAB[ ]+?[0-9]+|Family[ ']?TAB2",RossMoorTablet:"RM-790|RM-997|RMD-878G|RMD-974R|RMT-705A|RMT-701|RME-601|RMT-501|RMT-711",iMobileTablet:"i-mobile i-note",TolinoTablet:"tolino tab [0-9.]+|tolino shine",AudioSonicTablet:"\\bC-22Q|T7-QC|T-17B|T-17P\\b",AMPETablet:"Android.* A78 ",SkkTablet:"Android.* (SKYPAD|PHOENIX|CYCLOPS)",TecnoTablet:"TECNO P9|TECNO DP8D",JXDTablet:"Android.* \\b(F3000|A3300|JXD5000|JXD3000|JXD2000|JXD300B|JXD300|S5800|S7800|S602b|S5110b|S7300|S5300|S602|S603|S5100|S5110|S601|S7100a|P3000F|P3000s|P101|P200s|P1000m|P200m|P9100|P1000s|S6600b|S908|P1000|P300|S18|S6600|S9100)\\b",iJoyTablet:"Tablet (Spirit 7|Essentia|Galatea|Fusion|Onix 7|Landa|Titan|Scooby|Deox|Stella|Themis|Argon|Unique 7|Sygnus|Hexen|Finity 7|Cream|Cream X2|Jade|Neon 7|Neron 7|Kandy|Scape|Saphyr 7|Rebel|Biox|Rebel|Rebel 8GB|Myst|Draco 7|Myst|Tab7-004|Myst|Tadeo Jones|Tablet Boing|Arrow|Draco Dual Cam|Aurix|Mint|Amity|Revolution|Finity 9|Neon 9|T9w|Amity 4GB Dual Cam|Stone 4GB|Stone 8GB|Andromeda|Silken|X2|Andromeda II|Halley|Flame|Saphyr 9,7|Touch 8|Planet|Triton|Unique 10|Hexen 10|Memphis 4GB|Memphis 8GB|Onix 10)",FX2Tablet:"FX2 PAD7|FX2 PAD10",XoroTablet:"KidsPAD 701|PAD[ ]?712|PAD[ ]?714|PAD[ ]?716|PAD[ ]?717|PAD[ ]?718|PAD[ ]?720|PAD[ ]?721|PAD[ ]?722|PAD[ ]?790|PAD[ ]?792|PAD[ ]?900|PAD[ ]?9715D|PAD[ ]?9716DR|PAD[ ]?9718DR|PAD[ ]?9719QR|PAD[ ]?9720QR|TelePAD1030|Telepad1032|TelePAD730|TelePAD731|TelePAD732|TelePAD735Q|TelePAD830|TelePAD9730|TelePAD795|MegaPAD 1331|MegaPAD 1851|MegaPAD 2151",ViewsonicTablet:"ViewPad 10pi|ViewPad 10e|ViewPad 10s|ViewPad E72|ViewPad7|ViewPad E100|ViewPad 7e|ViewSonic VB733|VB100a",VerizonTablet:"QTAQZ3|QTAIR7|QTAQTZ3|QTASUN1|QTASUN2|QTAXIA1",OdysTablet:"LOOX|XENO10|ODYS[ -](Space|EVO|Xpress|NOON)|\\bXELIO\\b|Xelio10Pro|XELIO7PHONETAB|XELIO10EXTREME|XELIOPT2|NEO_QUAD10",CaptivaTablet:"CAPTIVA PAD",IconbitTablet:"NetTAB|NT-3702|NT-3702S|NT-3702S|NT-3603P|NT-3603P|NT-0704S|NT-0704S|NT-3805C|NT-3805C|NT-0806C|NT-0806C|NT-0909T|NT-0909T|NT-0907S|NT-0907S|NT-0902S|NT-0902S",TeclastTablet:"T98 4G|\\bP80\\b|\\bX90HD\\b|X98 Air|X98 Air 3G|\\bX89\\b|P80 3G|\\bX80h\\b|P98 Air|\\bX89HD\\b|P98 3G|\\bP90HD\\b|P89 3G|X98 3G|\\bP70h\\b|P79HD 3G|G18d 3G|\\bP79HD\\b|\\bP89s\\b|\\bA88\\b|\\bP10HD\\b|\\bP19HD\\b|G18 3G|\\bP78HD\\b|\\bA78\\b|\\bP75\\b|G17s 3G|G17h 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\\b4G\\b",JaytechTablet:"TPC-PA762",BlaupunktTablet:"Endeavour 800NG|Endeavour 1010",DigmaTablet:"\\b(iDx10|iDx9|iDx8|iDx7|iDxD7|iDxD8|iDsQ8|iDsQ7|iDsQ8|iDsD10|iDnD7|3TS804H|iDsQ11|iDj7|iDs10)\\b",EvolioTablet:"ARIA_Mini_wifi|Aria[ _]Mini|Evolio X10|Evolio X7|Evolio X8|\\bEvotab\\b|\\bNeura\\b",LavaTablet:"QPAD E704|\\bIvoryS\\b|E-TAB IVORY|\\bE-TAB\\b",AocTablet:"MW0811|MW0812|MW0922|MTK8382|MW1031|MW0831|MW0821|MW0931|MW0712",MpmanTablet:"MP11 OCTA|MP10 OCTA|MPQC1114|MPQC1004|MPQC994|MPQC974|MPQC973|MPQC804|MPQC784|MPQC780|\\bMPG7\\b|MPDCG75|MPDCG71|MPDC1006|MP101DC|MPDC9000|MPDC905|MPDC706HD|MPDC706|MPDC705|MPDC110|MPDC100|MPDC99|MPDC97|MPDC88|MPDC8|MPDC77|MP709|MID701|MID711|MID170|MPDC703|MPQC1010",CelkonTablet:"CT695|CT888|CT[\\s]?910|CT7 Tab|CT9 Tab|CT3 Tab|CT2 Tab|CT1 Tab|C820|C720|\\bCT-1\\b",WolderTablet:"miTab \\b(DIAMOND|SPACE|BROOKLYN|NEO|FLY|MANHATTAN|FUNK|EVOLUTION|SKY|GOCAR|IRON|GENIUS|POP|MINT|EPSILON|BROADWAY|JUMP|HOP|LEGEND|NEW 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Edge",IE:"IEMobile|MSIEMobile",Firefox:"fennec|firefox.*maemo|(Mobile|Tablet).*Firefox|Firefox.*Mobile|FxiOS",Bolt:"bolt",TeaShark:"teashark",Blazer:"Blazer",Safari:"Version((?!\\bEdgiOS\\b).)*Mobile.*Safari|Safari.*Mobile|MobileSafari",WeChat:"\\bMicroMessenger\\b",UCBrowser:"UC.*Browser|UCWEB",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser",DiigoBrowser:"DiigoBrowser",Mercury:"\\bMercury\\b",ObigoBrowser:"Obigo",NetFront:"NF-Browser",GenericBrowser:"NokiaBrowser|OviBrowser|OneBrowser|TwonkyBeamBrowser|SEMC.*Browser|FlyFlow|Minimo|NetFront|Novarra-Vision|MQQBrowser|MicroMessenger",PaleMoon:"Android.*PaleMoon|Mobile.*PaleMoon"},props:{Mobile:"Mobile/[VER]",Build:"Build/[VER]",Version:"Version/[VER]",VendorID:"VendorID/[VER]",iPad:"iPad.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPhone:"iPhone.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPod:"iPod.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",Kindle:"Kindle/[VER]",Chrome:["Chrome/[VER]","CriOS/[VER]","CrMo/[VER]"],Coast:["Coast/[VER]"],Dolfin:"Dolfin/[VER]",Firefox:["Firefox/[VER]","FxiOS/[VER]"],Fennec:"Fennec/[VER]",Edge:"Edge/[VER]",IE:["IEMobile/[VER];","IEMobile [VER]","MSIE [VER];","Trident/[0-9.]+;.*rv:[VER]"],NetFront:"NetFront/[VER]",NokiaBrowser:"NokiaBrowser/[VER]",Opera:[" OPR/[VER]","Opera Mini/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],"Opera Mini":"Opera Mini/[VER]","Opera Mobi":"Version/[VER]",UCBrowser:["UCWEB[VER]","UC.*Browser/[VER]"],MQQBrowser:"MQQBrowser/[VER]",MicroMessenger:"MicroMessenger/[VER]",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp/[VER]",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser/[VER]",SamsungBrowser:"SamsungBrowser/[VER]",Iron:"Iron/[VER]",Safari:["Version/[VER]","Safari/[VER]"],Skyfire:"Skyfire/[VER]",Tizen:"Tizen/[VER]",Webkit:"webkit[ /][VER]",PaleMoon:"PaleMoon/[VER]",SailfishBrowser:"SailfishBrowser/[VER]",Gecko:"Gecko/[VER]",Trident:"Trident/[VER]",Presto:"Presto/[VER]",Goanna:"Goanna/[VER]",iOS:" \\bi?OS\\b [VER][ ;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo Switch|PLAYSTATION|Xbox)\\b",Watch:"SM-V700"}},g.detectMobileBrowsers={fullPattern:/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i,shortPattern:/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g 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