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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&params=32_42_08_N_35_07_45_E_region:IL_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°42′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°07′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.70222°N 35.12917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.70222; 35.12917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman-era ruin in Lower Galilee</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27arim_(moshav)" title="Beit She'arim (moshav)">Beit She'arim (moshav)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the necropolis, see <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27arim_necropolis" title="Beit She'arim necropolis">Beit She'arim necropolis</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Beit She'arim</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Beit She'arayim</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Beit_Shearim_in_Lower_Galilee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beit_Shearim_in_Lower_Galilee.jpg/220px-Beit_Shearim_in_Lower_Galilee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beit_Shearim_in_Lower_Galilee.jpg/330px-Beit_Shearim_in_Lower_Galilee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beit_Shearim_in_Lower_Galilee.jpg/440px-Beit_Shearim_in_Lower_Galilee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ancient ruin of Beit Shearim in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee" title="Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:150px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:150px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:150px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village) is located in Israel"><img alt="Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village) is located in Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/150px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/225px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/300px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.995%;left:54.968%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village)"><img alt="Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Israel</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Sheikh Abreiḳ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&params=32_42_08_N_35_07_45_E_region:IL_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°42′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°07′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.70222°N 35.12917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.70222; 35.12917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">Hellenistic period</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">20th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data">Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Early Arab</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data">Jewish, Graeco-Roman, Byzantine</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1953, 1954, 1955</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Benjamin Mazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Nahman Avigad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Beit She'arim</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בית שערים</span>; <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">בית שריי</span> / Bet Sharei),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also <b>Besara</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Βήσαρα</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> village located in the southwestern hills of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee" title="Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> period, from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE. At one point, it served as the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>, the Jewish judicial and religious council. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> mentions Beit She'arim in the late <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> as a royal estate belonging to <a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a>, near the border of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-2nd century CE, it flourished as a town under the leadership of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a>, the compiler of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, when it became a center of rabbinic scholarship and literary activity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi's death around 220 CE, he was laid to rest in the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27arim_necropolis" title="Beit She'arim necropolis">necropolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This necropolis, a vast network of underground tombs, transformed Beit She'arim into a central burial ground for Jews from both the Land of Israel and diaspora communities across the Middle East. </p><p>Beth She'arim underwent a crisis in the 4th century and a continued decline by the 5th century, transforming from an urban center back into a rural village. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>-period remains from the 6th and 7th centuries indicate a very limited presence at the site. Later this was the site of <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Bureik" title="Sheikh Bureik">Sheikh Bureik</a>, a village depopulated in the early 1920s due to the <a href="/wiki/Sursock_Purchase" class="mw-redirect" title="Sursock Purchase">Sursock Purchase</a>. </p><p>It is today part of the <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27arim_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit She'arim National Park">Beit She'arim National Park</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site is situated on the spur of a hill about half a kilometer long and 200 meters wide, and lies in the southern extremity of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee" title="Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a> mountains, facing the western end of the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, east of <a href="/wiki/Daliat_el-Carmel" class="mw-redirect" title="Daliat el-Carmel">Daliat el-Carmel</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Tivon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiryat Tivon">Kiryat Tivon</a>, and west of <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Yishai" title="Ramat Yishai">Ramat Yishai</a>. It rises 138 metres (453 ft) above sea level at its highest point. It is first mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> as Besara where grain from the King's land was stored.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Bureik,_Lajjun_in_the_Survey_of_Palestine,_16-23-Nahalal-1942_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sheikh_Bureik%2C_Lajjun_in_the_Survey_of_Palestine%2C_16-23-Nahalal-1942_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Bureik%2C_Lajjun_in_the_Survey_of_Palestine%2C_16-23-Nahalal-1942_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sheikh_Bureik%2C_Lajjun_in_the_Survey_of_Palestine%2C_16-23-Nahalal-1942_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sheikh_Bureik%2C_Lajjun_in_the_Survey_of_Palestine%2C_16-23-Nahalal-1942_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sheikh_Bureik%2C_Lajjun_in_the_Survey_of_Palestine%2C_16-23-Nahalal-1942_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sheikh_Bureik%2C_Lajjun_in_the_Survey_of_Palestine%2C_16-23-Nahalal-1942_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>Sheikh Bureik, Lajjun in the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Palestine" title="Survey of Palestine">Survey of Palestine</a> in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>For many years the ancient site of <i>Beit Shearim</i> remained obscure and nearly slipped into oblivion. Some <a href="/wiki/Historical_geographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical geographer">historical geographers</a> thought that <i>Sheikh Abreiḳ</i> was to be identified with <i>Gaba Hippeum</i> (Geba), the site mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> as being in the confines of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical geographer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Klein_(scholar)" title="Samuel Klein (scholar)">Samuel Klein</a> argued in 1913 that Beth-Shearim and Besara were to be recognised as one and the same place, an opinion agreed to earlier by <a href="/wiki/C._R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Conder">C.R. Conder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he was unable to pin-point its location. In 1936 <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Za%C3%AFd" title="Alexander Zaïd">Alexander Zaïd</a> discovered what he thought was a "new" catacomb among the already known burial caves in the hill directly below <i>Sheikh Abreiḳ</i>, and brought the <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> to the attention of archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Benjamin Mazar</a> and his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi" title="Yitzhak Ben-Zvi">Yitzhak Ben-Zvi</a>; Ben-Zvi proposed that this was the burial grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal family">Jewish Patriarchal family</a> of the 2nd-century CE. On this basis Klein proposed that Sheikh Abreik was the ancient site of Beit Shearim,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was corroborated by the discovery of a broken marble slab, from a mausoleum above Catacomb no. 11, containing a Greek inscription, in which the funerary epigram (written during the deceased person's lifetime) bears the words: "I, Justus, the son of [S]appho, of the family Leontius, have died and have been laid to rest...alas... <i>...esar...</i>...", where "...esar..." was interpreted to have been <i>Besara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arguably the most definitive pieces of evidence that helped scholars identify Sheikh Bureik with Beit Shearim is the Talmudic reference that the body of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Judah_the_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah the Prince">Judah the Prince</a>, after he had died in <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>, was carried for burial at Beit Shearim,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which funeral procession they made eighteen stops at different stations along the route to eulogize him. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, when speaking about Besara in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Flavius_Josephus" title="The Life of Flavius Josephus">Vita</a></i> § 24 (the Jewish-Galilean Aramaic dialect for Beit Shearim), places the village at "60 stadia (more than 11 km.) from <a href="/wiki/Simonias" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonias">Simonias</a>," a distance corresponding with the site at Sheikh Bureik, where is situated the largest Jewish necropolis found in the Land of Israel, and only "20 stadia (3.7 km.) from Geba of the Horsemen," thought by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Mazar</a> to be <i><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaAmakim" title="Sha'ar HaAmakim">Ḫirbet el-Ḥârithîye</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted historian <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi" title="Yitzhak Ben-Zvi">Ben-Zvi</a> to suggest that the necropolis at Sheikh Bureik (<i>Shêkh 'Abrêq</i>) and the tombs found there were none other than that of the Patriarchal Dynasty belonging to Judah the Prince.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Justus_the_Leontide_inscription_at_Sheikh_Abreiq_which_includes_the_letters_%22E......CAP%22_interpreted_to_refer_to_Beit_Shearim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Justus_the_Leontide_inscription_at_Sheikh_Abreiq_which_includes_the_letters_%22E......CAP%22_interpreted_to_refer_to_Beit_Shearim.jpg/250px-Justus_the_Leontide_inscription_at_Sheikh_Abreiq_which_includes_the_letters_%22E......CAP%22_interpreted_to_refer_to_Beit_Shearim.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Justus_the_Leontide_inscription_at_Sheikh_Abreiq_which_includes_the_letters_%22E......CAP%22_interpreted_to_refer_to_Beit_Shearim.jpg/375px-Justus_the_Leontide_inscription_at_Sheikh_Abreiq_which_includes_the_letters_%22E......CAP%22_interpreted_to_refer_to_Beit_Shearim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Justus_the_Leontide_inscription_at_Sheikh_Abreiq_which_includes_the_letters_%22E......CAP%22_interpreted_to_refer_to_Beit_Shearim.jpg/500px-Justus_the_Leontide_inscription_at_Sheikh_Abreiq_which_includes_the_letters_%22E......CAP%22_interpreted_to_refer_to_Beit_Shearim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </td> <td><div lang="grc" class="poem"> <p>]ΚΕΙΜΑΙΛΕΟΝΤΕΙΔΗϹΝΕΚΥϹΑΦ[...]ϹΤΟϹ[<br /> ]ΟϹΠ[...]ΗϹϹΟΦΙΗϹ[...]ΡΕΨΑΜΕΝΟϹ[...]Ν[<br /> ]ΛΕΙΨ.ΦΑΟϹΔΕΙ[...]ΝΕΑϹΑΚΑ[...]ΥϹΑΙΕ[<br /> ]ΑΥΤΟΚΑϹΙΓΝΗΤΟΥϹΕΟΙΜΟΙΕ[...]ΕϹΑΡ[<br /> ]ΚΑΙΓΕΛΘ[...]ΕΙϹΑΔΗΝΙΟΥϹΤΟ[...]ΤΟΘΙΚΕΙΜ[<br /> ]ϹΥΝΠΟΛΛΟΙϹΙΝΕΟΙϹΕΠΙΗΘΕΛΕΜΟΙΡΑΚΡΑΤΑΙΗ[<br /> ]ΘΑΡϹΕΙΙΟΥϹΤΕΟΥΔΕΙϹΑΘΑΝΑΤΟϹ[ </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Justus the Leontide inscription at Sheikh Abreiq which includes the Greek letters "...ECAP..." (...esar...) interpreted to refer to Besara.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>These facts prompted seven seasons of systematic excavations at <i>Sheikh Abreiḳ</i> and its necropolis between the years 1936–1940, and 1956, on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestine_Exploration_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Palestine Exploration Society">Jewish Palestine Exploration Society</a>, and again in the years 1953–1958 under <a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Nahman Avigad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional excavations were conducted at the site in 2006–2007 by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Yotam_Tepper" title="Yotam Tepper">Yotam Tepper</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>, during which season coins from the Roman and Byzantine periods were retrieved.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menorah_and_Sargophagus_in_Catacomb_no._20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Menorah_and_Sargophagus_in_Catacomb_no._20.jpg/220px-Menorah_and_Sargophagus_in_Catacomb_no._20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Menorah_and_Sargophagus_in_Catacomb_no._20.jpg/330px-Menorah_and_Sargophagus_in_Catacomb_no._20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Menorah_and_Sargophagus_in_Catacomb_no._20.jpg/440px-Menorah_and_Sargophagus_in_Catacomb_no._20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Menorah and Sargophagus found at the Beit Shearim necropolis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catacomb_no._14,_The_Cave_of_Rabbi_Yehuda_HaNasi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Catacomb_no._14%2C_The_Cave_of_Rabbi_Yehuda_HaNasi.jpg/220px-Catacomb_no._14%2C_The_Cave_of_Rabbi_Yehuda_HaNasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Catacomb_no._14%2C_The_Cave_of_Rabbi_Yehuda_HaNasi.jpg/330px-Catacomb_no._14%2C_The_Cave_of_Rabbi_Yehuda_HaNasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Catacomb_no._14%2C_The_Cave_of_Rabbi_Yehuda_HaNasi.jpg/440px-Catacomb_no._14%2C_The_Cave_of_Rabbi_Yehuda_HaNasi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Façade of burial cave at Beit Shearim necropolis (reconstructed)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site_description">Site description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Site description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27arim_necropolis" title="Beit She'arim necropolis">Beit She'arim necropolis</a></div> <p>The village site retains the stone foundation of what appears to be a large synagogue (35 × 15 m) and other public buildings in the northeastern quarter of the ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hall directly in front of the synagogue entrance was aligned with <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">two rows of columns</a>, each row containing eight pillars. One large structure (40 × 15 m) on the southwestern part of the hill is thought to have been a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> which, under the Jewish custom of the time, buildings of such size were used primarily for kings holding court, or for baths, or for royal treasuries.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was constructed of large, smooth-bossed <a href="/wiki/Ashlars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashlars">ashlars</a> that were coated with thick plaster. The basilica contained two rows of seven square pillars. Archaeologists have also identified a late Roman "stepped pool" in Beit Shearim, and three 3rd to 4th-century ritual baths (<a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a>) on the ancient site.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient stone-pavements, cisterns, and walls of hewn-stone can still be seen on the site. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine period">Byzantine</a> mosaics have also been found at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remains of a gate and an <a href="/wiki/Olive_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive press">oil press</a> from the Byzantine period were discovered at the northern edge of the summit, but are thought to have been built in an earlier time.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Necropolis">Necropolis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Necropolis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 3rd and 4th centuries CE, the Beit Shearim necropolis became a popular place for <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a> Jews to send their dead for burial.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freedman_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the necropolis was recognised as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cemetery forms the largest known Jewish necropolis in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the inscriptions found at the necropolis, Jews were being brought for <a href="/wiki/Interment" class="mw-redirect" title="Interment">interment</a> at Beit Shearim from all throughout the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Diaspora">Jewish Diaspora</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>, Messene in Babylonia and <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burial caves date from the beginning of the 3rd-century CE. </p><p>In wake of the excavations conducted under <a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Nahman Avigad</a>, Avigad remarked: "The fact that in one catacomb nearly one hundred and thirty <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a> were discovered, and that there had previously been many more, makes it one of the foremost catacombs of ancient times in so far as the use of sarcophagi is concerned."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation work in the catacombs at Beit Shearim has been carried out over the years, in order to check the decay and to preserve old structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_-_%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF019354.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_-_%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF019354.jpeg/220px-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_-_%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF019354.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_-_%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF019354.jpeg/330px-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_-_%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF019354.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_-_%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF019354.jpeg/440px-%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_-_%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF019354.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>1944 excavations of Sheikh Abreik (Beit Shearim)</figcaption></figure> <p>Pottery shards discovered at the site indicate that a first settlement there dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Negev2001_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Negev2001-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Roman rule, it lay within the royal estate of the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a>, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a> stored grain, and marked the border with <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Phoenicia" title="Ptolemais in Phoenicia">Ptolemais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site Beit Shearim is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Yavne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usha_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usha (city)">Usha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shefar%27am" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefar'am">Shefar'am</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>, as one of ten migratory journeys taken by the Sanhedrin when it uprooted from Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beit She'arim was also the home and final resting place of <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Rabbi Judah the Prince</a> (Judah Ha-Nasi), compiler of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and Head of the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>. An anecdote about communal life in Beit Shearim has come down in his name and alludes to the practice of its people being observant in the laws of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification#Judaism" title="Ritual purification">Jewish ritual purity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishnaic</a> sage, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Johanan_ben_Nuri" title="Johanan ben Nuri">Johanan ben Nuri</a> (1st–2nd century), also made his home in Beit Shearim.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its Jewish settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, the inhabitants of Beit Shearim are believed to have been occupied in husbandry, but when the village land later became a popular burial ground for <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora Jews">Diaspora Jews</a>, from nearby <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to far away <a href="/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar">Himyar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hymiar_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hymiar-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of the villagers are thought to have worked in funeral preparations (obsequies) and in stone-masonry.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Benjamin Mazar</a> described the village as a prosperous <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> town that was eventually destroyed in the first half of the 4th century (ca. 351/2 CE),<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Gallus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish revolt against Gallus">Jewish revolt against Gallus</a>, during which time many towns and villages in Galilee and Judea were assigned to the flames, including Sepphoris.<sup id="cite_ref-Avigad_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avigad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freedman_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some time it was renewed as a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> city.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent research shows that the Gallus revolt had a much lesser impact on the town.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_363" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee earthquake of 363">Galilee earthquake of 363</a> is said to have damaged Beit Shearim, although its damages thought to have been limited.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of buildings and mosaics dated to the 6th century seem to indicate that there was a renewal of the settlement to some extent during this time, though it did not return to its former prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> era, the necropolis fell into disuse, notwithstanding signs of human occupancy during the Byzantine period, all throughout the 6th-century, and into the early Arab period, although dwindling in importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Avigad_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avigad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 16th-century, the village appeared in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> records under the name <i><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Bureik" title="Sheikh Bureik">Sheikh Bureik</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شيخ ابريق</span>), although it is uncertain when it was first given this name.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village was depopulated in the 1920s after the <a href="/wiki/Sursuk_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Sursuk family">Sursuk family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> – who had bought the land from the Ottoman government in 1875 – sold the village to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_synagogues_in_Palestine" title="Ancient synagogues in Palestine">Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_synagogues_in_Israel" title="Ancient synagogues in Israel">Ancient synagogues in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usha_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usha (city)">Usha (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigna_Randanini" title="Vigna Randanini">Vigna Randanini</a> – Jewish catacombs in Rome, 2nd–5th century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaisler1952–1953" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Maisler" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Maisler">Maisler, B.</a> (1952–1953). "Beth She'arim, Gaba, and <a href="/wiki/Harosheth_of_the_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Harosheth of the Peoples">Harosheth of the Peoples</a>". <i>Hebrew Union College Annual</i>. <b>24</b>. <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Union College Press">Hebrew Union College Press</a>: 75–84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23506482">23506482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Union+College+Annual&rft.atitle=Beth+She%27arim%2C+Gaba%2C+and+Harosheth+of+the+Peoples&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=75-84&rft.date=1952%2F1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23506482%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Maisler&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Mazar, Benjamin</a> (1973). <i>Beth She'arim</i>: ha-Ḥevrah la-ḥaḳirat Erets Yiśraʼel ṿe-ʻatiḳoteha, Massada Press on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Society" title="Israel Exploration Society">Israel Exploration Society</a> and the Institute of Archaeology, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a>, Jerusalem</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name of site is occasionally rendered as <i>Bet She'arāyim</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בּית שערַיִם</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'House of Two Gates').</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (<i>Kila'im</i> 9:3; <i>Ketubbot</i> 12:3 [65b]; <i>Eruvin</i> 1:1 [3a]), the town's name is written in an elided-consonant form, (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בית שריי</span>), which follows more closely the Greek transliteration in Josephus' <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Flavius Josephus">Vita</a></i> § 24, (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Βησάραν</span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021). <i>For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 534. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24813-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24813-5"><bdi>978-0-300-24813-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Freedom+of+Zion%3A+the+Great+Revolt+of+Jews+against+Romans%2C+66-74+CE&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24813-5&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Guy+MacLean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Neil Mason, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZWPcySG_mAC&pg=PA182"><i>Life of Josephus</i></a>, in Flavius Josephus, Translation and Commentary Brill <a href="/wiki/Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Publishers">BRILL</a> 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-11793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-11793-8">978-9-004-11793-8</a> p.182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Avigad, N.</a> & Schwabe, M. (1954), p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherira_Gaon1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sherira_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherira Gaon">Sherira Gaon</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/Iggeret_of_Rabbi_Sherira_Gaon" title="Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon"><i>The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon</i></a>. Translated by Nosson Dovid Rabinowich. Jerusalem: Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Press - Ahavath Torah Institute Moznaim. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/923562173">923562173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iggeres+of+Rav+Sherira+Gaon&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Rabbi+Jacob+Joseph+School+Press+-+Ahavath+Torah+Institute+Moznaim&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F923562173&rft.au=Sherira+Gaon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span>; cf. <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashana_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh Hashana (Talmud)">Rosh Hashana</a></i> 31b, <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> s.v. ומיבנא לאושא; Babylonian Talmud (<i><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a></i> 32b).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ketubot_(tractate)" title="Ketubot (tractate)">Ketubbot</a></i> 12:3 [65b]); <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ketubot_(tractate)" title="Ketubot (tractate)">Ketubbot</a></i> 103b–104a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An opinion held by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Victor Guérin">Victor Guérin</a>; see: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Victor Guérin">Guérin, V.</a> (1880), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog/page/n408/mode/1up">395–397</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Conder">Conder</a> & <a href="/wiki/HH_Kitchener" class="mw-redirect" title="HH Kitchener">Kitchener</a> (1881), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/351/mode/1up">351</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Conder">Conder, C.R.</a> (1879), p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Mazar, B. (Maisler)</a> (1957), p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Mazar, B. (Maisler)</a> (1957), p. vii; Schwabe, Moshe (1940), pp. 5–7; Summary (reprinted from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23723987"><i>Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society</i>, vi–vii, 1939</a>). The Greek epigram is, today, at the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Museum">Rockefeller Museum</a> in Jerusalem.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaharoni (1978), pp. 38, 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kettubot" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettubot">Kettubot</a></i> 103a-b; <i><a href="/wiki/Bava_Metzia" title="Bava Metzia">Bava Metzia</a></i> 85a; <i><a href="/wiki/Pesachim" title="Pesachim">Pesachim</a></i> 49b; <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, <i>Kelaim</i> 9:3, 32a-b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaharoni (1978), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazar (1957), p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Benjamin Mazar</a> (Maisler), <i>Report on the excavations during 1936–1940</i>, vol. I: Catacombs 1–4, pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwabe1939" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" class="extiw" title="he:משה שוובה">Schwabe, Moshe</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Hebrew]</span> (1939). "A Graeco-Jewish Inscription from Beth Shearim / אפיגרמה יוונית-יהודית מבית שערים". <i>Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society</i> (in Hebrew). <b>ו'</b> (ג'). <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Society" title="Israel Exploration Society">Israel Exploration Society</a>: 105–114. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23723987">23723987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Jewish+Palestine+Exploration+Society&rft.atitle=A+Graeco-Jewish+Inscription+from+Beth+Shearim+%2F+%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.volume=%D7%95%27&rft.issue=%D7%92%27&rft.pages=105-114&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23723987%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schwabe&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Avigad, N.</a> (n.d.), p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> (<a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26601250">26601250</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Mazar, B. (Maisler)</a>, (1957), p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Avodah_Zarah_(tractate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avodah Zarah (tractate)">Avodah Zarah</a></i> 16b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Stuart S. (2015), pp. 23, 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vitto, Fanny (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinsaltz1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Steinsaltz, A.</a>, ed. (1997). <i>Babylonian Talmud (Talmud Bavli)</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 28 (part II). Jerusalem: The Israel Institute for Talmudic Publications. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741218941">741218941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babylonian+Talmud+%28Talmud+Bavli%29&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=The+Israel+Institute+for+Talmudic+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741218941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span>, s.v. <i>Baba Bathra</i> 67b (photo and illustration)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilan, Zvi (1991), p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freedman-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freedman_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freedman_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">Freedman, D.N.</a> (1992), p. 793</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mo%27ed_Katan" title="Mo'ed Katan">Mo'ed Katan</a></i> 3:5 [14b]). There, when speaking about the rules of mourning, the question was asked: When does mourning actually begin for those who carry their deceased from place to place, such as those who are brought for burial at Beit Shearim?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShpigelFeinberg_Vamosh2015" class="citation news cs1">Shpigel, Noa; Feinberg Vamosh, Miriam (6 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-beit-she-arim-catacombs-join-unesco-heritage-list-1.5375397">"Second Temple-era Catacomb Beit She'arim Declared UNESCO World Heritage Site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Second+Temple-era+Catacomb+Beit+She%27arim+Declared+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Site&rft.date=2015-07-06&rft.aulast=Shpigel&rft.aufirst=Noa&rft.au=Feinberg+Vamosh%2C+Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F.premium-beit-she-arim-catacombs-join-unesco-heritage-list-1.5375397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen L. Stern, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6SPNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA271"><i>Working Women? Professions of Jewish Women in the Late Ancient Levant,</i></a> in Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Nathaniel DesRosiers, Shira L. Lander, Jacqueline Z. Pastis, Daniel Ullucci, <i>A Most Reliable Witness: Essays in Honor of Ross Shepard Kraemer,</i> SBL Press, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930-67596-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930-67596-4">978-1-930-67596-4</a> pp.263-273 p.271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen B. Stern, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0bcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85"><i>Writing on the Wall: Graffiti and the Forgotten Jews of Antiquity,</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2020 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21070-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21070-4">978-0-691-21070-4</a> pp.85ff., p.88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Avigad, N.</a> (1958), p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Negev2001-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Negev2001_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Negev and Gibson, 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC&pg=PA86">pp. 86–87</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(tractate)" title="Rosh Hashanah (tractate)">Rosh Hashanah</a></i> 31a–b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, people descended from <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>'s lineage and living in Beit Shearim partook of the priestly bread (<i><a href="/wiki/Terumah" class="mw-redirect" title="Terumah">Terumah</a></i>) in a state of ritual purity (meaning, they made use of the ashes of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Heifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Heifer">Red Heifer</a> and immersed in a <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">ritual bath</a>, as required for ritual purity before consuming of the <i>Terumah</i>). See: <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Niddah_(Talmud)" title="Niddah (Talmud)">Niddah</a></i> 32a, Rashi s.v. <b>קודם לאמה</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a>, <i>Sukkah</i> 2:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Negev, Avraham, and Shimon Gibson, eds. <i>Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land</i>. Revised and updated edition. New York: Continuum, 2001. Pp. 86-87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hymiar-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hymiar_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.Z. Hirschberg, <i>Yisrā’ēl ba-'Arāb</i>, Tel Aviv 1946, pp. 53–57, 148, 283–284 (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaharoni (1978), p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avigad-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avigad_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avigad_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Avigad, N.</a> (n.d.), p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Mazar, B.</a> (1957), p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Mazar</a> (1957), p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Negev and Gibson (2001), pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leibner, Uzi (2009), p. 384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHütterothAbdulfattah1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-Dieter_H%C3%BCtteroth" class="extiw" title="de:Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth">Hütteroth, W.-D.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). <i>Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century</i>. Erlangen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-920405-41-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-920405-41-2"><bdi>3-920405-41-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Geography+of+Palestine%2C+Transjordan+and+Southern+Syria+in+the+Late+16th+Century&rft.place=Erlangen&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=3-920405-41-2&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCtteroth&rft.aufirst=W.-D.&rft.au=Abdulfattah%2C+Kamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A population list from about 1887 showed that <i>Sheikh Abreik</i> had about 395 inhabitants; all Muslims. See: <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Schumacher" title="Gottlieb Schumacher">Schumacher</a> (1888), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n200/mode/1up">175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Simpson" title="John Hope Simpson">Sir John Hope Simpson</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/E3ED8720F8707C9385256D19004F057C">PALESTINE Report on Immigration, Land Settlement and Development,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616134105/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/E3ED8720F8707C9385256D19004F057C">Archived</a> 2021-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" title="Office of Public Sector Information">His Majesty's Stationery Office</a> I October 1930:'of 688 Arab families which cultivated in the villages in the Vale of Esdraelon which were purchased and occupied by the Jews, only 379 are now cultivating the land. Three hundred and nine of these families have joined the landless classes. In the cases described as " died " it is not the family that is extinguished, but the head of the family who has died. Presumably, the descendants are still alive and earning their bread in some other walk of life than agriculture. It is also to be recorded that the number, 688, does not by any means include all the families who were displaced. According to the records of the Area Officers at Nazareth and Haifa, the number of " farmers " displaced from those villages was 1,270, nearly double the number accounted for in the Memorandum,...The Jewish authorities have nothing with which to reproach themselves in the matter of the Sursock lands. They paid high prices for the land, and in addition they paid to certain of the occupants of those lands a considerable amount of money which they were not legally bound to pay. It was not their business, but the business of the Government to see to it that the position of the Arabs was not adversely affected by the transaction. In Article 6 of the Mandate it is the duty of the Administration of Palestine to ensure that the rights and position of the Arabs are not prejudiced by Jewish immigration. It is doubtful whether, in the matter of the Sursock lands, this Article of the Mandate received sufficient consideration.'</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beit_Shearim_(ruin)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Beit Shearim (ruin)">Beit Shearim (ruin)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvigadn.d." class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Avigad, N.</a> (n.d.). <i>Beit-Shearim</i> (in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv: Sirtonei-Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beit-Shearim&rft.place=Tel-Aviv&rft.pub=Sirtonei-Israel&rft.aulast=Avigad&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span> (published between 1961 and 1969)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvigadSchwabe1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Avigad, N.</a>; Schwabe, M. (1954). <i>Excavations at Beit She'arim, 1953 - Preliminary Report</i>. Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Society" title="Israel Exploration Society">Israel Exploration Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excavations+at+Beit+She%27arim%2C+1953+-+Preliminary+Report&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Avigad&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Schwabe%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvigad1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Avigad, N.</a> (1958). <i>Excavations at Beit She'arim, 1955 - Preliminary Report</i>. Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Society" title="Israel Exploration Society">Israel Exploration Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excavations+at+Beit+She%27arim%2C+1955+-+Preliminary+Report&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Avigad&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConder1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Conder, C.R.</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Tent Work in Palestine - A Record of Discovery and Adventure</i></a>. Vol. 2. London: Richard Bentley & Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tent+Work+in+Palestine+-+A+Record+of+Discovery+and+Adventure&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley+%26+Son&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Conder&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftentworkinpalest02conduoft%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConderKitchener1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Conder, C.R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Kitchener, H.H.</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft"><i>The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survey+of+Western+Palestine%3A+Memoirs+of+the+Topography%2C+Orography%2C+Hydrography%2C+and+Archaeology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Conder&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft.au=Kitchener%2C+H.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurveyofwesternp01conduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman1992" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">Freedman, D.N.</a>, ed. (1992), <i>The Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>, vol. 1 (A–C), New York: Doubleday, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-19351-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-19351-3"><bdi>0-385-19351-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anchor+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-385-19351-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuérin1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Victor Guérin">Guérin, V.</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog"><i>Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine</i></a> (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+G%C3%A9ographique+Historique+et+Arch%C3%A9ologique+de+la+Palestine&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Imprimerie+Nationale&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9rin&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescriptiongogr01unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlan1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9F" class="extiw" title="he:צבי אילן">Ilan, Zvi</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Hebrew]</span> (1991). <i>Ancient Synagogues in Israel</i> (in Hebrew). Ministry of Defence Israel. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180611930">180611930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Synagogues+in+Israel&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence+Israel&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F180611930&rft.aulast=Ilan&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span> -- <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9650505229" title="Special:BookSources/9650505229">9650505229</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibner2009" class="citation book cs1">Leibner, Uzi (2009). <i>Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee - An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee</i>. Tübingen: <a href="/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck" title="Mohr Siebeck">Mohr Siebeck</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149871-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149871-8"><bdi>978-3-16-149871-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settlement+and+History+in+Hellenistic%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Galilee+-+An+Archaeological+Survey+of+the+Eastern+Galilee&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149871-8&rft.aulast=Leibner&rft.aufirst=Uzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaisler1937" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Maisler, B.</a> (1937). "The Second Campaign of Excavations at Beth Sheʿarim (Sheikh Abreiq), 1937". <i>Yediot - Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society</i> (in Hebrew). <b>5</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5792956368">5792956368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yediot+-+Bulletin+of+the+Jewish+Palestine+Exploration+Society&rft.atitle=The+Second+Campaign+of+Excavations+at+Beth+She%CA%BFarim+%28Sheikh+Abreiq%29%2C+1937&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5792956368&rft.aulast=Maisler&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span> - (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50332017">50332017</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar_(Maisler)1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Mazar (Maisler), B.</a> (1957). <i>Beth She'arim - Report on the Excavations during 1936–40</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 1 (The Catacombs I–IV). Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Society" title="Israel Exploration Society">Israel Exploration Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/492594574">492594574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beth+She%27arim+-+Report+on+the+Excavations+during+1936%E2%80%9340&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F492594574&rft.aulast=Mazar+%28Maisler%29&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span> (reprinted from 1944 edition)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2015" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Stuart S. (2015). <i>At the Intersection of Texts and Material Finds (Stepped Pools, Stone Vessels, and Ritual Purity among the Jews of Roman Galilee)</i>. Bristol, CT: <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55069-4"><bdi>978-3-525-55069-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Intersection+of+Texts+and+Material+Finds+%28Stepped+Pools%2C+Stone+Vessels%2C+and+Ritual+Purity+among+the+Jews+of+Roman+Galilee%29&rft.place=Bristol%2C+CT&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-525-55069-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stuart+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegevGibson2001" class="citation cs2">Negev, Avraham; <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Gibson" title="Shimon Gibson">Gibson, S.</a>, eds. (2001), <i>Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land</i>, New York: Continuum, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826413161" title="Special:BookSources/0826413161"><bdi>0826413161</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Encyclopedia+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0826413161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegevGibson2005" class="citation book cs1">Negev, Avraham; <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Gibson" title="Shimon Gibson">Gibson, S.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC&pg=PA86"><i>Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land</i></a> (4th, revised, illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826485717" title="Special:BookSources/9780826485717"><bdi>9780826485717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+encyclopedia+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.edition=4th%2C+revised%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780826485717&rft.aulast=Negev&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft.au=Gibson%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27nq65cZUIgC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1888" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Schumacher" title="Gottlieb Schumacher">Schumacher, G.</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale">"Population list of the Liwa of Akka"</a>. <i>Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund</i>. <b>20</b>: 169–191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Statement+-+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.atitle=Population+list+of+the+Liwa+of+Akka&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=169-191&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarterlystateme19pale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwabeLifshitz1956" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" class="extiw" title="he:משה שוובה">Schwabe, Moshe</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Hebrew]</span>; <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Lifshitz" title="Baruch Lifshitz">Lifshitz, Baruch</a> (1956). "A Graeco-Jewish Epigram from Beth She'arim". <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal" title="Israel Exploration Journal">Israel Exploration Journal</a></i>. <b>5</b> (2): 78–88. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27924651">27924651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Graeco-Jewish+Epigram+from+Beth+She%27arim&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=78-88&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27924651%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schwabe&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft.au=Lifshitz%2C+Baruch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitto1996" class="citation journal cs1">Vitto, Fanny (1996). "Byzantine Mosaics at Bet She'arim: New Evidence for the History of the Site". <i><span></span>'Atiqot</i>. <b>28</b>: 115–146. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23458348">23458348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%27Atiqot&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Mosaics+at+Bet+She%27arim%3A+New+Evidence+for+the+History+of+the+Site&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=115-146&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23458348%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vitto&rft.aufirst=Fanny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaharoni1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%9D_%D7%96%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" class="extiw" title="he:מנחם זהרוני">Zaharoni, M.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Hebrew]</span> (1978). <i>Israel Guide - Lower Galilee and Kinneret Region (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country)</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 3. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. pp. 36–45. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745203905">745203905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+Guide+-+Lower+Galilee+and+Kinneret+Region+%28A+useful+encyclopedia+for+the+knowledge+of+the+country%29&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=36-45&rft.pub=Keter+Publishing+House%2C+in+affiliation+with+the+Israel+Ministry+of+Defence&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F745203905&rft.aulast=Zaharoni&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeit+She%27arim+%28Roman-era+Jewish+village%29" class="Z3988"></span>, s.v. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בית שערים</span>‎</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1471.pdf">The Necropolis of Beit She'arim - A Landmark of Jewish Renewal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parks.org.il/en/reserve-park/bet-shearim-national-park/">Bet Shearim National Park</a> - <a href="/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority" title="Israel Nature and Parks Authority">Israel Nature and Parks Authority</a></li> <li>Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8368">IAA</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.05.jpg">Wikimedia commons</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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