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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Functions and iconography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Functions_and_iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astral_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astral_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Astral associations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astral_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanaya_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanaya_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Nanaya in art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanaya_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations_with_other_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations_with_other_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Associations with other deities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associations_with_other_deities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Associations with other deities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Associations_with_other_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deities_from_the_circle_of_Inanna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deities_from_the_circle_of_Inanna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Deities from the circle of Inanna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deities_from_the_circle_of_Inanna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanisurra_and_Gazbaba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanisurra_and_Gazbaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Kanisurra and Gazbaba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanisurra_and_Gazbaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marital_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marital_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Marital status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marital_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parentage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parentage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Parentage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parentage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_attested_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_attested_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Other attested connections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_attested_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Worship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nanaya</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Наная – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наная" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaja" title="Nanaja – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nanaja" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nanaya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88)" title="نانایا (ایزدبانو) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نانایا (ایزدبانو)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nanaya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nanaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanea" title="Nanea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nanea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaja" title="Nanaja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nanaja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaia" title="Nanaia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nanaia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Нанайя – 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Mesopotamian goddess. For the Telugu author, see <a href="/wiki/Nannayya" title="Nannayya">Nannayya</a>. For the Tsukihime character, see <a href="/wiki/Tsukihime#Main_characters" title="Tsukihime">Tsukihime § Main characters</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #1A661A; color: #FFFFFF;">Nanaya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Goddess of love</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23.jpg/220px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23.jpg/330px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23.jpg/440px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1488" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Land_grant_to_%E1%B8%AAunnubat-Nanaya_kudurru" title="Land grant to Ḫunnubat-Nanaya kudurru">Land grant to Ḫunnubat-Nanaya kudurru</a>, a stele of King <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> (1186–1172 BCE). Nanaya, seated on a throne, is being presented the daughter of the king, Ḫunnubat-Nanaya. <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a> limestone stele, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cult center</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #1A661A; color: #FFFFFF;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urash_(god)" title="Urash (god)">Urash</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a> (father)</li> <li>sporadically <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> (mother)</li> <li>sporadically <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a> (father, due to syncretism with Ishtar)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data">sometimes <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muati" title="Muati">Muati</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">possibly <a href="/wiki/Kanisurra" title="Kanisurra">Kanisurra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gazbaba" title="Gazbaba">Gazbaba</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #1A661A; color: #FFFFFF;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amorite</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pidray" title="Pidray">Pidray</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Assyrian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tashmetum" title="Tashmetum">Tashmetum</a> (as Nabu's spouse)</td></tr></tbody></table> Nanaya (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> 𒀭𒈾𒈾𒀀, <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">D</a>NA.NA.A; also transcribed as "Nanāy", "Nanaja", "Nanāja", '"Nanāya", or "Nanai"; antiquated transcription: "Nanâ"; in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ναναια or Νανα; <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: נני,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199758-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܢܢܝ) was a <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian goddess">Mesopotamian goddess</a> of love closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>. While she is well attested in Mesopotamian textual sources from many periods, from the times of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a> and beyond, and was among the most commonly-worshipped goddesses through much of Mesopotamian history, both her origin and the meaning of her name are unknown. It has been proposed that she originated either as a minor <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> goddess or as a hypostasis of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> Inanna, but the evidence is inconclusive. Her primary role was that of a goddess of love, and she was associated with eroticism and sensuality, though she was also a patron of lovers, including rejected or betrayed ones. Especially in early scholarship, she was often assumed to be a goddess of the planet Venus like Inanna, but this view is no longer supported by most Assyriologists. In addition to Inanna, she could be associated with other deities connected either to love or to the city of Uruk, such as <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanisurra" title="Kanisurra">Kanisurra</a> or <a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3ur-am%C4%81ssu" title="Uṣur-amāssu">Uṣur-amāssu</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_origin">Name and origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and origin">edit</a>]</div> It is accepted in modern literature that "Nanaya" is more likely to be the correct form of the goddess' name than "Nana," sometimes used in past scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003182-2">[2]</a> The meaning of the name is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199757-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Goodnick_Westenholz" title="Joan Goodnick Westenholz">Joan Goodnick Westenholz</a> notes that based on the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> it is most likely <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> in origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199758-1">[1]</a> She also considers the only possible forerunner of Nanaya to be a goddess whose name was written Na-na, without a <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">divine determinative</a>, known from a few personal names from the earliest records from the <a href="/wiki/Gasur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasur">Gasur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diyala_River" title="Diyala River">Diyala</a> areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199760-4">[4]</a> The land later known as Namri might be located particularly close to the metaphorical birthplace of Nanaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199772–73-5">[5]</a> However, she notes the evidence is contradictory, as Nanaya herself is not common in later records from the same area, and her cult was centered in <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, rather than in the periphery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199760-4">[4]</a> Two theories which are now regarded as discredited but which gained some support in past scholarship include the view that Nanaya was in origin an <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean</a> deity, implausible in the light of Nanaya being attested before the Arameans and their language, and an attempt to explain her name as derived from <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>, which is unlikely due to her absence from oldest Elamite sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200821-6">[6]</a> Occasionally <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> etymologies are proposed too,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199758-1">[1]</a> but the notion that there was an <a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Indo-European substrate</a> in Mesopotamia is generally considered to be the product of faulty methodology and words to which such an origin had been attributed in past studies tend to have plausible Sumerian, <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio19996–8-7">[7]</a> Frans Wiggermann proposes that Nanaya was originally an <a href="/wiki/Epithets_of_Inanna" title="Epithets of Inanna">epithet of Inanna</a> connected to her role as a goddess of love, and that the original form of the name had the meaning "My Inanna!" but eventually developed into a separate, though similar, deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011417-8">[8]</a> Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz considers it a possibility that Nanaya was initially a hypostasis of "Inanna as quintessence of womanhood," similar to how <a href="/wiki/Annunitum" title="Annunitum">Annunitum</a> represented her as a warrior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008156-9">[9]</a> However, Joan Goodnick Westenholz argued that the view that Nanaya was a manifestation of Inanna in origin should be considered a misconception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199780-10">[10]</a> An artificial Sumerian etymology was created for the name in late Babylonian texts, deriving it from NA, "to call," with a feminine suffix, A.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003182-2">[2]</a> A possible translation of this ancient scholarly explanation is "the one who keeps calling" or "the calling one".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200816–17-11">[11]</a> Invented etymologies were a common topic of late <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> commentaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003182-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions_and_iconography">Functions and iconography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Functions and iconography">edit</a>]</div> Nanaya's primary function was that of a goddess of love, and she was referred to as bēlet ru'āmi, "lady of love".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200897-12">[12]</a> The physical aspect of love was particularly strongly associated with her, and texts dedicated to her could be explicit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199764–65-13">[13]</a> For example, a cultic song describes her in the following terms: "When you lean the side against the wall, your nakedness is sweet, when [you] bow down, the hips are sweet," and indicates that the goddess was believed to charge fees for sexual services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199765-14">[14]</a> She was also viewed as a guardian of lovers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008125-15">[15]</a> according to a text from Sippar (Si 57) titled "The Faithful Lover" and to some spells especially the disillusioned or rejected ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008120-16">[16]</a> Joan Goodnick Westenholz describes her character as seen through the Sumerian texts as that of a "sweet erotic lover"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199765-14">[14]</a> and "perpetual lover and beloved".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199780-10">[10]</a> A characteristic frequently attributed to Nanaya as a goddess of love, present in the majority of royal inscriptions pertaining to her and in many other documents, was described with the Sumerian word ḫili<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199768-17">[17]</a> and its Akkadian equivalent kubzu, which can be translated as charm, luxuriance, voluptuousness or sensuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003184-18">[18]</a> Joan Goodnick Westenholz favors "sensuality" in translations of epithets involving this term,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199767–68-19">[19]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Paul-Alain_Beaulieu" title="Paul-Alain Beaulieu">Paul-Alain Beaulieu</a> - "voluptuousness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003184–185-20">[20]</a> Such titles include belet kubzi, "lady of voluptuousness/sensuality," and nin ḫili šerkandi, "the lady adorned with voluptuousness/sensuality."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003185-21">[21]</a> An inscription of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> describes her as "adorned with voluptuousness and joy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003188-22">[22]</a> However, it was not an attribute exclusively associated with her, and in other sources it is described as a quality of both male and female deities, for example <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aya_(goddess)" title="Aya (goddess)">Aya</a>, Ishtar and <a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003185-21">[21]</a> Nanaya was also associated with kingship, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a>, when a relationship with her, possibly some type of <a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">hieros gamos</a>, was "an aspect of true kingship".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199768–69-23">[23]</a> Joan Goodnick Westenholz rules out any association between Nanaya and nursing in the context of royal ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199767-24">[24]</a> Nanaya was also one of the deities believed to protect from the influence of the demon <a href="/wiki/Lamashtu" title="Lamashtu">lamashtu</a>, in this role often acting alongside Ishtar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200899–100-25">[25]</a> Nanaya eventually developed a distinctly warlike aspect, mostly present in relation to the so-called "Nanaya Eurshaba", worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a> independently from <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013282-26">[26]</a> She was instead associated with the god <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81r-b%C4%ABti" title="Mār-bīti">Mār-bīti</a>, described as warlike and as a "terrifying hero",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013281-27">[27]</a> and, like in Uruk, with <a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3ur-am%C4%81ssu" title="Uṣur-amāssu">Uṣur-amāssu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivaGaletti2018192-28">[28]</a> Like Inanna, she could also be identified with <a href="/wiki/Irnina" title="Irnina">Irnina</a>, the deified <a href="/wiki/Victory" title="Victory">victory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreckWasserman2013184-29">[29]</a> According to Joan Goodnick Westenholz it is possible that a further aspect of Nanaya which presently cannot be determined is alluded to in an incantation from Isin, according to which she was the denizen of a location usually regarded as profane rather than sacred, the šutummu, understood as treasury, storehouse or granary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199765-14">[14]</a> The text contrasts her dwelling place with the dais on which Ishtar sits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199765-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a> archives from Uruk contain extensive lists of cultic paraphernalia dedicated to Nanaya, including a feathered tiara (presumably similar to that depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">kudurru</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a>), a crown, multiple breast ornaments (including breastplates decorated with depictions of snakes and fantastic animals), assorted jewelry and other small valuables like mirrors and cosmetic jars, and a large variety of garments, some of them decorated with golden rosette-shaped sequins).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003191–208-30">[30]</a> In a single late text Nanaya is associated with an unidentified <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a>, ziqqu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199774-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astral_associations">Astral associations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Astral associations">edit</a>]</div> One of the most recurring questions in scholarship about Nanaya through history was her potential association with <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, or lack thereof. Many early Assyriologists assumed that Nanaya was fully interchangeable with Inanna and likewise a Venus goddess, but in the 1990s Joan Goodnick Westenholz challenged this view,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz20086–7-32">[32]</a> and her conclusions were accepted by most subsequent studies. Westenholz argues that the evidence for an association between Nanaya and the planet Venus is scarce, and an argument can be made that she was more often associated with the moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199764-33">[33]</a> Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz, following her research, concluded in her monograph Mesopotamian Goddess Nanajā that Nanaya was not herself a Venus goddess, and at most could acquire some such characteristics due to association or conflation with Inanna/Ishtar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008154–155-34">[34]</a> Michael P. Streck and Nathan Wassermann in an article from 2013 also follow the conclusions of Westenholz and do not suggest an association with Venus in discussion of Nanaya as a luminous deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreckWasserman2013183–184-35">[35]</a> Piotr Steinkeller nonetheless asserted as recently as 2013 that Nanaya was simply a Venus goddess fully analogous to Inanna, and interchangeable both with her and with <a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a>, without discussing the current state of research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2013109-36">[36]</a> Ninsianna is well attested as a Venus deity and was associated with Ishtar and the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a> who had similar character,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199827-37">[37]</a> but Nanaya was regarded as a figure distinct from Ninsianna in Uruk<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013126-38">[38]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corona_Borealis" title="Corona Borealis">Corona Borealis</a> was associated with Nanaya in astronomical texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStol1998147-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanaya_in_art">Nanaya in art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nanaya in art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuette_Goddess_Louvre_AO20127.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Statuette_Goddess_Louvre_AO20127.jpg/220px-Statuette_Goddess_Louvre_AO20127.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="526" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Statuette_Goddess_Louvre_AO20127.jpg/330px-Statuette_Goddess_Louvre_AO20127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Statuette_Goddess_Louvre_AO20127.jpg/440px-Statuette_Goddess_Louvre_AO20127.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>A possible late Hellenized depiction of Nanaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014184-41">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> While references to statues of Nanaya are known from earlier periods, with no less than six mentions already present in documents from the Ur III period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200845-42">[42]</a> the oldest presently known depiction of her is the kudurru of <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> king <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a>, which shows her in a flounced robe and a crown decorated with feathers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199771-43">[43]</a> This work of art is regarded as unusual, as the inscription and the deity depicted on the monument are integrated with each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014168-44">[44]</a> The other figures depicted on it are the king in mention, Meli-Shipak II, and his daughter Ḫunnubat-Nanaya, who he leads to the enthroned goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014168-44">[44]</a> Above them the symbols of Ishtar, Shamash and Sin are placed, most likely in order to make these deities serve as a guarantee of the land grant described in the accompanying text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014169-45">[45]</a> Another possible depiction of Nanaya is present on a kudurru from Borsippa from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014178–180-46">[46]</a> On an Aramean <a href="/wiki/Pithos" title="Pithos">pithos</a> from <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> Nanaya is depicted in robes with a pattern of stars and crescents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014182-47">[47]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenized</a> depictions of Nanaya are known from the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> period, one possible example being the figure of a naked goddess discovered as a tomb deposit,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014182-47">[47]</a> wearing a crescent-shaped diadem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014184-41">[41]</a> Late depictions also often show her with a bow, but it is uncertain if it was a part of her iconography before the Hellenistic period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199779-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations_with_other_deities">Associations with other deities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Associations with other deities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deities_from_the_circle_of_Inanna">Deities from the circle of Inanna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deities from the circle of Inanna">edit</a>]</div> God lists consistently associated Nanaya with Inanna and her circle, starting with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Weidner_god_list" title="Weidner god list">Weidner god list</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ur_III_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur III period">Ur III period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz20089-49">[49]</a> In the standard arrangement she is placed third in her entourage, after <a href="/wiki/Dumuzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzi">Dumuzi</a>, Inanna's husband, and <a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a>, her <a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200823-50">[50]</a> Another text enumerates Ninshubur, Nanaya, <a href="/wiki/Bizilla" title="Bizilla">Bizilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanisurra" title="Kanisurra">Kanisurra</a> as Inanna's attendants, preserving Nanaya's place right after the sukkal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStol1998146-51">[51]</a> In later times Ishtar and Nanaya were considered the main deities of Uruk, with the situation being comparable to <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>'s status in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. While Ishtar was the "Lady of Uruk" (<a href="/wiki/Epithets_of_Inanna#Geographical_epithets" title="Epithets of Inanna">Bēltu-ša-Uruk</a>), Nanaya was the "Queen of Uruk" (Šarrat Uruk).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200842-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013104-53">[53]</a> Many sources present Nanaya as a <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Protégée">protégée</a> of Inanna, but only three known texts (a song, a votive formula and an oath) also describe them as mother and daughter, and they might only be epithets implying a close connection between the functions of the two rather than an account of a theological speculation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200830–31-54">[54]</a> Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz assumes that the evidence only makes it plausible that king <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Ishtar" title="Lipit-Ishtar">Lipit-Ishtar</a> regarded Nanaya as a daughter of Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200865-55">[55]</a> Joan Goodnick Westenholz describes the relationship between the two goddesses as "definite if unspecified".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199768-17">[17]</a> Only in very late sources from the first millennium BCE they could be fully conflated with each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013131-56">[56]</a> Laura Cousin and Yoko Watai argue that their character was not necessarily perceived as identical even in late periods, and attribute the predominance of Nanaya over Ishtar in Neo-Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric names</a> to her nature being perceived as less capricious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousinWatai201621-57">[57]</a> A variety of epithets associate Nanaya both with Inanna and the <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a> temple, for example "ornament of Eanna", "pride of the Eanna", "the deity who occupies the high throne of the land of Uruk".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008106-58">[58]</a> As early as in the Ur III period, Nanaya came to be associated with the goddess Bizilla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199758–59-59">[59]</a> Her name might mean "she who is pleasing" in Sumerian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199759-60">[60]</a> God lists could equate them with each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201379-61">[61]</a> It is assumed that Bizilla occurs among deities from the court of the prison goddess <a href="/wiki/Nungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nungal">Nungal</a> in some sources too,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998a617-62">[62]</a> though Jeremiah Peterson considers it possible that there might have been two deities with similar names, one associated with Nungal and the other with Nanaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009239-63">[63]</a> It is possible that Bizilla was regarded as the sukkal of <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>'s wife <a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a> in Ḫursaĝkalama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013112-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamma_Goddess,_Iraq,_Isin-Larsa_period,_2000-1800_BC,_bronze,_baked_clay_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lamma_Goddess%2C_Iraq%2C_Isin-Larsa_period%2C_2000-1800_BC%2C_bronze%2C_baked_clay_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07287.jpg/220px-Lamma_Goddess%2C_Iraq%2C_Isin-Larsa_period%2C_2000-1800_BC%2C_bronze%2C_baked_clay_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07287.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lamma_Goddess%2C_Iraq%2C_Isin-Larsa_period%2C_2000-1800_BC%2C_bronze%2C_baked_clay_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07287.jpg/330px-Lamma_Goddess%2C_Iraq%2C_Isin-Larsa_period%2C_2000-1800_BC%2C_bronze%2C_baked_clay_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lamma_Goddess%2C_Iraq%2C_Isin-Larsa_period%2C_2000-1800_BC%2C_bronze%2C_baked_clay_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07287.jpg/440px-Lamma_Goddess%2C_Iraq%2C_Isin-Larsa_period%2C_2000-1800_BC%2C_bronze%2C_baked_clay_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07287.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1853" /></a><figcaption>Statuette of a winged lamma from the Isin-Larsa period. Oriental Insistute Museum, Chicago.</figcaption></figure> Much like Ninshubur, Nanaya was frequently associated with the <a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">lamma</a> goddesses, a class of minor deities believed to intercede between humans and major gods, and in some texts she is called the "lady of lamma."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201638-65">[65]</a> One example comes from inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Mabuk" title="Kudur-Mabuk">Kudur-Mabuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rim-S%C3%AEn_I" title="Rim-Sîn I">Rim-Sîn I</a>, who apparently regarded Nanaya as capable of mediating on their behalf with <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a> and Inanna, and of assigning lamma deities to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200856-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3ur-am%C4%81ssu" title="Uṣur-amāssu">Uṣur-amāssu</a> is another deity who is well attested in connection with Nanaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2000296-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103-68">[68]</a> Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz notes that some publications regard Uṣur-amāssu to be a cognomen of Nanaya rather than an independent deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200859-69">[69]</a> However, they were two distinct deities in Neo-Babylonian Uruk,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2014512-70">[70]</a> and Uṣur-amāssu's origin as an originally male deity from the circle of <a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a> is well attested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200168–69-71">[71]</a> The Elamite goddess <a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a>, in Mesopotamia best known for her connection to the <a href="/wiki/Sebitti" title="Sebitti">Sebitti</a>, was possibly associated with Nanaya or Ishtar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011a462-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanisurra_and_Gazbaba">Kanisurra and Gazbaba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kanisurra and Gazbaba">edit</a>]</div> The minor goddess <a href="/wiki/Kanisurra" title="Kanisurra">Kanisurra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gazbaba" title="Gazbaba">Gazbaba</a> were regarded as attendants and hairdressers of Nanaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389-73">[73]</a> The latter was associated with the sexual sphere, and her name might be derived from the term kubzu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141-74">[74]</a> frequently attested in association with Nanaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003184-18">[18]</a> In <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0urpu" title="Šurpu">Šurpu</a> she is described as the "smiling one," which might also point at a connection to eroticism, as smiles are commonly highlighted in Akkadian erotic poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141-74">[74]</a> Paul-Alain Bealieu notes that association with Nanaya is the best attested characteristic of the otherwise enigmatic Kanisurra, and that her name might therefore simply be an Akkadian or otherwise non-standard pronunciation of ganzer, a Sumerian term for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">underworld</a> or its entrance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316-75">[75]</a> It is commonly assumed that both Kanisurra and Gazbaba were daughters of Nanaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199334-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200831-77">[77]</a> However, as remarked by Gioele Zisa there is however no direct evidence in favor of this interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141–142-78">[78]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Weidner_god_list" title="Weidner god list">Weidner god list</a>, the line explaining whose daughter Kanisurra is, is not preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZisa2021142-79">[79]</a> In one text from the <a href="/wiki/Maql%C3%BB" title="Maqlû">Maqlû</a> corpus Ishtar, Dumuzi, Nanaya identified as "lady of love") and Kanisurra (identified as "mistress of the witches", bēlet kaššāpāti) were asked to counter the influence of a malevolent spell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbusch2015105-80">[80]</a> In some love incantations, Ishtar, Nanaya, Kanisurra and Gazbaba are invoked together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZisa2021138-81">[81]</a> Another goddess sometimes associated with combinations of them in such texts was <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZisa2021139-82">[82]</a> In late texts Kanisurra and Gazbaba are collectively labeled as "Daughters of Ezida".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199777-83">[83]</a> Most groups of such "divine daughters" are known from northern Mesopotamia: Ezida in Borsippa, Esagil in Babylon, Emeslam in <a href="/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha">Kutha</a>, Edubba in <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, Ebabbar in <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, Eibbi-Anum in <a href="/wiki/Dilbat" title="Dilbat">Dilbat</a>, and from an unidentified temple of <a href="/wiki/Ningublaga" title="Ningublaga">Ningublaga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2000295-84">[84]</a> though examples are also known from Uruk, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Arbela</a> in Assyria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGinnis2020109-85">[85]</a> Based on the fact that daughters of Esagil and of Ezida are identified as members of courts of Sarpanit and of Nanaya respectively, specifically as their hairdressers, it has been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_R._George" title="Andrew R. George">Andrew R. George</a> that these pairs of goddesses were imagined as maidservants in the household of the major deity or deities of a given temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2000295-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marital_status">Marital status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marital status">edit</a>]</div> In love incantations, Nanaya occurs with an anonymous lover in parallel with Ishtar/Inanna with Dumuzi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199780-10">[10]</a> and Išḫara with almanu, a common noun of uncertain meaning whose proposed translations include "widower," "man without family obligations," or perhaps simply "lover."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZisa2021434-86">[86]</a> In some early sources Nanaya's spouse was the sparsely attested god <a href="/wiki/Muati" title="Muati">Muati</a>, though from the Kassite period onward she started to be associated with Nabu instead. She sometimes appeared as part of a trinity in which Nabu's original spouse <a href="/wiki/Tashmetum" title="Tashmetum">Tashmetum</a> was also included.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003185–186-87">[87]</a> In the role of Nabu's spouse Nanaya could be referred to as kalat Esagil, "daughter in law of Esagil", which reflected a connection to Nabu's father <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003186-88">[88]</a> Both Nanaya and Tashmetum could be called the "queen of Borsippa", though the former eventually overshadowed the latter in that city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013105-89">[89]</a> Tashmetum however retains the role of spouse of Nabu in most <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> sources, and was worshipped in this role in <a href="/wiki/Kalhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhu">Kalhu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2013-90">[90]</a> The evidence of worship of Nanaya in the same areas is inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199776-91">[91]</a> In the first millennium BCE pairing Nabu with Nanaya in some cases, for example in Uruk, represented efforts to subordinate the pantheons of various areas of Mesopotamia to the dominant state ideology of the Babylonian empire, which elevated Marduk and Nabu above other deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013105-89">[89]</a> One late Babylonian litany assigns the epithets of Tashmetum, but also Ninlil and <a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a>, to Nanaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013127-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parentage">Parentage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parentage">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Urash_(god)" title="Urash (god)">Urash</a>, the city god of Dilbat, could be identified as Nanaya's father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014404-93">[93]</a> She was sometimes specifically called his firstborn daughter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200831-77">[77]</a> and she had a connection to his main temple, Eibbi-Anum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014404-93">[93]</a> This parentage is especially commonly mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Emesal" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesal">emesal</a> texts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200831-77">[77]</a> where "firstborn of the god Urash" is the most commonly recurring phrase describing her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008139-94">[94]</a> Another of Urash's children was the underworld deity <a href="/wiki/Lagamal" title="Lagamal">Lagamal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983419-95">[95]</a> while his wife was <a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014405-96">[96]</a> In one neo-Babylonian ritual text, Nanaya and Urash, paired with Ninegal, appear in a single formula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200876–77-97">[97]</a> Texts from the reign of Rim-Sin I and <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-Iluna</a> are the oldest sources to identify her as a daughter of Anu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200830-98">[98]</a> a view later also present in an inscription of Esarhaddon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003188-22">[22]</a> Paul-Alain Beaulieu speculates that Nanaya developed in a milieu in which An and Inanna were viewed as a couple, and that she was initially envisioned as their daughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003317-99">[99]</a> However, as noted by Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz, direct references to Nanaya being regarded as the daughter of Inanna are not common, and it is possible that an epithet indicating closeness between the deities rather than a statement about actual parentage is meant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200830-98">[98]</a> References to Nanaya as a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a>, likely a result of syncretism between her and Ishtar are also known, for example from a hymn from the reign of the neo-Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003187-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_attested_connections">Other attested connections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other attested connections">edit</a>]</div> It is possible that the goddess Ninḫilisu (Sumerian: "graceful lady"), who was worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Ur_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur III">Ur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> where she was served by a gudu4 priest, was related to Nanaya, as elsewhere nin-ḫi-li-sù is attested as her epithet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998378-101">[101]</a> In a bilingual <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Lexical_lists" title="Lexical lists">lexical list</a> dated to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian period">Old Babylonian period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKrebernik2022114-102">[102]</a> Nanaya's Amorite counterpart is <a href="/wiki/Pidray" title="Pidray">Pidray</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKrebernik2022119-103">[103]</a> a goddess otherwise only known from later texts from <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKrebernik2022139-104">[104]</a> in which she is treated as analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian goddess">Hurrian goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAepat" title="Ḫepat">Ḫepat</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeKrebernik2022119-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Worship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_plaque_of_a_seated_goddess,_from_Southern_Mesopotamia,_Iraq._Kassite_period._Ancient_Orient_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Terracotta_plaque_of_a_seated_goddess%2C_from_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._Kassite_period._Ancient_Orient_Museum.jpg/220px-Terracotta_plaque_of_a_seated_goddess%2C_from_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._Kassite_period._Ancient_Orient_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Terracotta_plaque_of_a_seated_goddess%2C_from_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._Kassite_period._Ancient_Orient_Museum.jpg/330px-Terracotta_plaque_of_a_seated_goddess%2C_from_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._Kassite_period._Ancient_Orient_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Terracotta_plaque_of_a_seated_goddess%2C_from_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._Kassite_period._Ancient_Orient_Museum.jpg/440px-Terracotta_plaque_of_a_seated_goddess%2C_from_Southern_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq._Kassite_period._Ancient_Orient_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="3416" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta plaque of a seated goddess, possibly Nanaya, from Girsu. Kassite period. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul</figcaption></figure> First texts mentioning Nanaya come from the period of <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>'s reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz20089-49">[49]</a> She is attested in the administrative texts from <a href="/wiki/Puzrish-Dagan" title="Puzrish-Dagan">Puzrish-Dagan</a>, where she is among the 12 deities who received offerings the most frequently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199760-4">[4]</a> Records also show that queen Shulgi-simti, one of the wives of Shulgi, made offerings to many foreign or minor deities, among them Nanaya, as well as "Allatum" (the Hurrian goddess <a href="/wiki/Allani" title="Allani">Allani</a>), <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belet_Nagar" title="Belet Nagar">Belet Nagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belet-%C5%A0u%E1%B8%ABnir_and_Belet-Terraban" title="Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban">Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2007365-105">[105]</a> Her principal cult center was Uruk,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199760-4">[4]</a> where she is already mentioned in year names of kings <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> from the Old Babylonian period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003183-106">[106]</a> Her main temple in that city was Emeurur, "the temple which gathers the me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003183-106">[106]</a> She was also worshipped in a sanctuary within Eanna, the main temple of Inanna, which was called Ehilianna, "house of luxuriance of heaven."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003184-18">[18]</a> It is possible that it was originally built by the Kassite king <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003213-107">[107]</a> According to an inscription of Esarhaddon, <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> expanded it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003133-108">[108]</a> It still functioned in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003214-109">[109]</a> Another of her temples located in Uruk was Eshahulla, "house of the joyful heart," built by king <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sin-kashid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200854–55-110">[110]</a> In neo-Babylonian Uruk, Nanaya was second in rank only to Ishtar in the local pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003187-100">[100]</a> Paul-Alain Bealieu considers them to be the main pair among the city's quintet of major local goddesses, the other three being <a href="/wiki/B%C4%93ltu-%C5%A1a-R%C4%93%C5%A1" title="Bēltu-ša-Rēš">Bēltu-ša-Rēš</a> (later replaced by <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arr%C4%81%E1%B8%AB%C4%ABtu" title="Šarrāḫītu">Sharrahitu</a>, a goddess identified with <a href="/wiki/Ashratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashratum">Ashratum</a>, the spouse of <a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik201171–72-111">[111]</a>), <a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3ur-am%C4%81ssu" title="Uṣur-amāssu">Uṣur-amāssu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urkay%C4%ABtu" title="Urkayītu">Urkayītu</a> (a theos eponymos of Uruk,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013104-53">[53]</a>) As early as in the Middle Babylonian period, Nanaya was called the "queen of Uruk and Eanna," as attested on a kudurru from Larsa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003185-186-112">[112]</a> In Neo-Babylonian sources from Uruk, she is called the "queen of Uruk," while Ishtar was the "lady of Uruk."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003187-100">[100]</a> Nanaya was among the deities taken away from Uruk when <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> sacked the city, though she was subsequently returned to it by Esarhaddon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003187-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> also claimed that he brought her statue back to Uruk, though he instead states that she spent 1635 years in Elam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003188–189-113">[113]</a> It is presently unknown what event his inscriptions refer to, and it might merely be a rhetorical figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003189-114">[114]</a> If it refers to a historical event, it is possible that it occurred during the reign of Ebi-Eshuh, during which Elamites raided Sippar and perhaps Kish, though due to lack of any sources other than the aforementioned late annals this cannot be conclusively proven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018104–105-115">[115]</a> Offerings made to Nanaya in neo-Babylonian Uruk included dates, barley, emmer, flour, beer, sweets, cakes, fish and meat of oxen, sheep, lambs, ducks, geese and turtle doves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003208–212-116">[116]</a> After the reorganization of the pantheon of Uruk around Anu and <a href="/wiki/Antu_(goddess)" title="Antu (goddess)">Antu</a> in the Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, Nanaya continued to be worshipped and she is attested as one of the deities whose statues were paraded in Uruk in a ritual procession accompanying Ishtar (rather than Antu) during a New Year celebration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013125–126-117">[117]</a> The scale of her popular cult in Uruk grew considerably through <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200883-118">[118]</a> The name Eshahulla, known from Uruk, was applied to a temple in Larsa built by Kudur-Mabuk and his son Rim-Sin I, which seemingly was also a temple of Inanna, unless two temples with the same name existed in the same city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200856-66">[66]</a> In Larsa, Nanaya was one of the foremost deities, next to Utu (the city's tutelary god), Inanna, <a href="/wiki/Ishkur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkur">Ishkur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199769-119">[119]</a> Joint offerings to Inanna and Nanaya of Larsa are known from a number of documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018210-120">[120]</a> She is also attested as one member of a trinity whose other two members were Innanna and Ninsianna, in which Inanna's functions were seemingly split between the three goddesses, with Nanaya being allotted the role of the love goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392-39">[39]</a> In offering lists from the archives of the <a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">First Dynasty of Sealand</a> Nanaya appears alongside various hypostases of Inanna, including Inanna of Larsa, though the latter could also be associated with the rainbow goddess <a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018210-120">[120]</a> In a single case, Nanaya is also accompanied by Kanisurra in an offering list.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018210-120">[120]</a> A temple of Nanaya built by Lipit-Ishtar existed in Isin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200810-121">[121]</a> The oldest recorded hymn dedicated to her also comes from this city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199768-17">[17]</a> However, there is overall less evidence for the worship of Nanaya in Isin than in Larsa, as the kings of Isin apparently favored the goddesses <a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a> and Ninsianna instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199769-119">[119]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> Nanaya is attested for the first time during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumulael</a>, who ordered statues of her and of Inanna to be fashioned in his twenty sixth year on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199770-122">[122]</a> Later she was worshipped in the Eturkalamma, "house, cattle pen of the land," built by <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> for deities of Uruk - Inanna, Nanaya, Anu<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200857-123">[123]</a> and Kanisurra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2000291-124">[124]</a> and later on in the temples Emeurur and Eurshaba, "house, oracle of the heart."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200862–63-125">[125]</a> A temple named Eurshaba existed in Borsippa too, though Nanaya was worshipped in a chapel in Ezida, the temple of Nabu as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200863-126">[126]</a> A late ritual text describes the procession undertaken by Nanaya, her court and various other deities from Borsippa to Kish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2000291-124">[124]</a> A festival celebrating the marriage of Nanaya and Nabu is still attested from Borsippa from Seleucid times. A unique writing of Nanaya's name, dNIN.KA.LI, is known from documents related to it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013124–125-127">[127]</a> In the late Old Babylonian period the cult of Nanaya was also introduced to Kish, where the clergy of Uruk found refuge after abandoning the temporarily destroyed city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199771-43">[43]</a> Temples of Nanaya are also attested from <a href="/wiki/Kazallu" title="Kazallu">Kazallu</a> (Eshahulla, "house of the happy heart"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993143-128">[128]</a> and from Nerebtum, though the name of the latter is not known, and it is simply called e dNa-na-a-a in known texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200857-123">[123]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> Nanaya had no temple of her own, though offerings to her are attested from a temple of <a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a> located there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200865-55">[55]</a> It is possible that Nanaya was worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a>, though the evidence is limited to a list of deities of that city taken away by <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> during his fifth campaign against Babylonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200864-129">[129]</a> Some evidence also exists for offerings made to her in <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Dur-Kurigalzu" title="Dur-Kurigalzu">Dur-Kurigalzu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200864-129">[129]</a> In Assur, there was a gate named in honor of Nanaya and Uṣur-amāssu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200864-129">[129]</a> However, it is uncertain if her cult had much presence in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mesopotamia">northern Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199776-91">[91]</a> There is a lot of evidence for private worship of Nanaya, including seals with the phrase "servant of Nanaya" seemingly owned by many women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013273-130">[130]</a> In incantations related to love (for example asking for feelings to be returned) she is attested as early as in the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013242-131">[131]</a> Numerous theophoric names are attested as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStol1998147-40">[40]</a> However, none of them come from the Ur III period, and in the Old Babylonian period they are limited to only a few cities, including Dilbat, Kish, Sippar, Larsa, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> and most likely Uruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200811–12-132">[132]</a> Over two thirds of the known Old Babylonian names come from the first two of these settlements alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200888-133">[133]</a> Both men and women with such names are listed in records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200886-134">[134]</a> In the neo-Babylonian period, Nanaya was the deity most commonly present in theophoric names of women, with 106 individual women and 52 different names attested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousinWatai201617-135">[135]</a> Examples include: Qis-Nanaya ("Gift of Nanaya), Nanaja-šamhat ("Nanaya is the most beautiful"), Nanaya-ilu ("my deity Nanaya").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200886–93-136">[136]</a> One historically notable individual bearing such a name was Ḫunnubat-Nanaya, daughter of Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Meli%C5%A1ipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Melišipak">Melišipak</a> (ca. 1186-1172 BCE), depicted alongside her father and the goddess on a famous kudurru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013279–280-137">[137]</a> Another was Iddin-Nanaya, a sanga priest of this goddess active during the reign of king Irdanene of Uruk,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200869-138">[138]</a> apparently responsible for various misdeeds, including the removal of a star symbol from the doors of the Nanaya temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014173-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Mesopotamia">Outside Mesopotamia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Outside Mesopotamia">edit</a>]</div> In offering lists from Ur III period <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, a goddess named dNin-Na-na-a, seemingly Nanaya with the <a href="/wiki/Determinative" title="Determinative">determinative</a> "lady" (<a href="/wiki/NIN_(cuneiform)" title="NIN (cuneiform)">nin</a>) added to her name, appears in among gods introduced from Uruk, alongside Ninshubur, Dumuzi and <a href="/wiki/Bizilla" title="Bizilla">(Nin-)Bizila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200825-140">[140]</a> Additionally, a deity of uncertain identity known from Mari and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Khana</a>, Nanni, is more likely to be connected to Nanaya than Nanna, as the name is grammatically feminine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1993361-141">[141]</a> In the west Nanaya is also attested in <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a>, though only in a god list.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200826-142">[142]</a> The only known reference to worship of Nanaya among the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> comes from a single document mentioning her as the goddess of the town Malidaskuriya in the district of Durmitta, located in the proximity of the middle of the river <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River" title="Kızılırmak River">Kızılırmak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECammarosano2015208-143">[143]</a> It has been proposed that her worship in that location was a relic of <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian</a> practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECammarosano2015208-143">[143]</a> Possible theophoric names are known from Hittite sources too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200893-144">[144]</a> Nanaya was also worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> in Elam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008159–160-145">[145]</a> where she is particularly well attested in Seleucid times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014181-146">[146]</a> It is uncertain at which point was she introduced to this city, though it has been proposed her arrival in the local pantheon was connected with the theft of her statue during a raid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014186-147">[147]</a> Greek authors regarded her as the main goddess of Susa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014186-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> A bilingual Sumero-Akkadian<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116-148">[148]</a> hymn to Nanaya from the first millennium BCE, written in the first person as a self-laudation, describes many other goddesses as manifestations of her, in line with the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> tendencies typical for the literature of this time period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199773-149">[149]</a> Each of them is listed alongside a specific location.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116-148">[148]</a> Among the goddesses mentioned are <a href="/wiki/Damkina" class="mw-redirect" title="Damkina">Damkina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> and Kullaba), <a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>), <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bau_(goddess)" title="Bau (goddess)">Bau</a> (both in <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Karkar_(ancient_city)" title="Karkar (ancient city)">Karkar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Annunitum" title="Annunitum">Annunitum</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Agade" class="mw-redirect" title="Agade">Agade</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mamitu" title="Mamitu">Mammitum</a> (in Kutha), <a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a>), a number of goddesses whose names are not preserved, as well as various forms of Ishtar, including Ishtar of Babylon (described as bearded), Ishtar of Daduni and Ishtar of Uruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013116–117-150">[150]</a> Nanaya herself is assigned two cities, <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117-151">[151]</a> No mention is made of <a href="/wiki/Tashmetum" title="Tashmetum">Tashmetum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117-151">[151]</a> The purpose of this composition was most likely elevation of Nanaya above the other goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117-151">[151]</a> In a mythical explanation of the rites of Egashankalamma (the temple of the Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_of_Arbela" title="Ishtar of Arbela">Ishtar of Arbela</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENissinenMattila2021-152">[152]</a>) pertaining to the mourning of <a href="/wiki/Ishtaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtaran">Ishtaran</a>'s death, Nanaya is described as a goddess who provides <a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a> with an iron arrows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199774-31">[31]</a> In the Hurrian tale of <a href="/wiki/Appu_(Hurrian)" title="Appu (Hurrian)">Appu</a> six deities are listed alongside the cities where they were worshipped, among them <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaushka" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaushka">Shaushka</a> and Nanaya, whose cult center in this text is Kiššina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman19985-153">[153]</a> Joan Goodnick Westenholz considers it to be an unidentified location,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199772-154">[154]</a> but Volkert Haas assumes the name might be derived from Kish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaas2015542-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_relevance">Later relevance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later relevance">edit</a>]</div> In a papyrus from <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> the formula "Nanaya of Eanna will bless you" occurs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199778-156">[156]</a> In the following <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic period">Hellenic period</a>, her cult spread to various distant locations, including <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199779-48">[48]</a> though it has been pointed out that the goddess in mention was the result of a process of Hellenistic syncretism and it is difficult to tell which of her features had their origin in the Mesopotamian image of Nanaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014187-157">[157]</a> It has been proposed that <a href="/wiki/Parthian_coinage" title="Parthian coinage">Parthian coinage</a> was in part responsible for her spread, though no known coins explicitly identify any figures depicted on them as her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014185-158">[158]</a> The first attested reference to Nanaya in Bactria is a coin of <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Sapadbizes" title="Sapadbizes">Sapadbizes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014188-159">[159]</a> Later she occurs in an inscription of Kushan emperor <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>, who proclaimed that he received kingship from her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003189-114">[114]</a> She also appears on <a href="/wiki/Kushan_coinage" title="Kushan coinage">Kushan coins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014170-160">[160]</a> Her name is always spelled as "Nanaia" in Greek, but as "<a href="/wiki/Nana_(Kushan_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana (Kushan goddess)">Nana</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014189-161">[161]</a> The iconography associated with her is entirely Hellenic in origin, rather than Mesopotamian,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014190-162">[162]</a> though her position as a giver of kingship might be derived from Mesopotamian tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014191-163">[163]</a> Nanaya is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Maccabees">Second Book of Maccabees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199778-156">[156]</a> She also appears in Acts of Mar Mu'ain, according to which Sasanian king <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> ordered the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Syriac</a> saint to make offerings to various deities, including her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199779-48">[48]</a> Dedications to Nanaya, written in <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a>, appear on some jewelry from the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199779-48">[48]</a> However, there is no evidence that the rulers from this dynasty were involved in her cult, similar evidence is also lacking for the Achaemenid emperors from the earlier period of Persian history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014187–188-164">[164]</a> The last Mesopotamian reference to Nanaya appears in a <a href="/wiki/Mandean_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandean Aramaic">Mandean</a> spell from <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199779-48">[48]</a> dated to the fifth or sixth century in which she appears alongside <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>, though all of these deities, including her, appear to be treated as male in this case, indicating that the precise identity of the figures invoked was already forgotten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008100-165">[165]</a> Some late references to a goddess partially derived from Nanaya are known from Sogdia, where a Greek and Kushan-influenced version of her was worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Panjakent" title="Panjakent">Panjakent</a> as late as in the eighth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014192-166">[166]</a> Her depictions in <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_art" title="Sogdian art">Sogdian art</a> have no clear forerunners in earlier tradition, and appear to be based on four-armed <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist</a> figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2014193-167">[167]</a> Syriac scholar <a href="/wiki/Bar_Bahlul" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Bahlul">Bar Bahlul</a>, active around the year 1000, in his Syriac-Arabic dictionary defined Nanaya as a name which <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> purportedly applied to the planet Venus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008167-168">[168]</a> This is the last known pre-modern reference to Nanaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199779-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199758-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199758_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199758_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199758_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestenholz1997">Westenholz 1997</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003182-2">^ <a 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M. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#10715">"Sexualität A. In Mesopotamien · Sexuality A. In Mesopotamia"</a>, Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-03-13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexualit%C3%A4t+A.+In+Mesopotamien+%C2%B7+Sexuality+A.+In+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wiggermann&rft.aufirst=Frans+A.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%2310715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiggermann2011a" class="citation cs2">Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2011a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#10750">"Siebengötter A. Mesopotamien · Seven gods A. In Mesopotamia"</a>, Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-03-13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siebeng%C3%B6tter+A.+Mesopotamien+%C2%B7+Seven+gods+A.+In+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wiggermann&rft.aufirst=Frans+A.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%2310750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZisa2021" class="citation book cs1">Zisa, Gioele (2021). The Loss of Male Sexual Desire in Ancient Mesopotamia. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110757262">10.1515/9783110757262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-075726-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-075726-2"><bdi>978-3-11-075726-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243923454">243923454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Loss+of+Male+Sexual+Desire+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243923454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110757262&rft.isbn=978-3-11-075726-2&rft.aulast=Zisa&rft.aufirst=Gioele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanaya" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nanaya" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Nanaya">Nanaya</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.5.1.3">A tigi to Nanaya for Išbi-Erra (Išbi-Erra C)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Text_Corpus_of_Sumerian_Literature" title="Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature">Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4078.htm">A balbale to Inana as Nanaya (Inana H)</a> in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/txhet_myth/translatio.php?xst=CTH%20360.1&expl=&lg=DE&ed=%20CTH%20360">A German translation of Appu (CTH 360.1)</a> in Mythen der Hethiter. 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