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What is graphene? | Graphene Flagship
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class="hero__textcontainer" data-aos="fade-right"> <h1 class="hero__heading">What is graphene? </h1> <hr class="hero__divider"> <div class="hero__paragraph"> <p><span class="aCOpRe"><span><em>Graphene</em> – a single layer of carbon atoms – may be the most amazing and versatile substance available to mankind. In simple terms, </span></span>Graphene is a one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice.</p> </div> </div> <div class="slice slice--large slice--bottomright slice--lightblue"> <svg class="slice__color" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 930 536.936"> <g> <polygon points="0 0 0 536.936 930 0 0 0" /> </g> </svg> <img src="/assets/images/eu-funded-logo.svg" class="slice__image" alt="EU Funded"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hero__background lazyload" data-bgset=" /media/8d86532565b7b5c/graphene03.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=2560&height=1440&upscale=false&rnd=132464644123400000 2560w, /media/8d86532565b7b5c/graphene03.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=1920&height=1080&upscale=false&rnd=132464644123400000 1920w, /media/8d86532565b7b5c/graphene03.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=1600&height=900&upscale=false&rnd=132464644123400000 1600w" data-sizes="auto"> </div> </section> <section class="wysiwyg-section wysiwyg-section--white "> <div class="wrapper wrapper--medium" data-aos="fade-right"> <h1>Where it all began</h1> <p>Graphene was first isolated in 2004. Since then, graphene has found hundreds of innovative applications, from sensors and electronics to energy storage and healthcare. Besides, research in graphene spun out the discovery of a new family of two-dimensional and layered materials. Combined with graphene –the same way you mix different ingredients in a sandwich– they open a whole new world of possibilities.</p> <h2>The properties of graphene</h2> <p>Despite being an atomically thin layer of carbon atoms, graphene shows outstanding properties that make it an attractive material for many applications.</p> <p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/media/caub45sv/graphene-is.svg?width=597&height=597&mode=max" alt="Hexagons illustrating graphene's properties" width="597" height="597"></p> <p>Graphene is world's thinnest material – it is only one atom thick, one million times thinner than a human hair. However, it is very strong, stronger than steel and diamond. This allows many applications in composite materials with outstanding stiffness and durability. Graphene is also very flexible, which makes us dream of applications in wearable devices and foldable electronics. It would be a great fit for bendable screens, as it is also transparent. Besides, graphene is a great conductor of electricity and heat. Some producers have uses these two principles to make conductive inks and paints for electronic circuits and gels that dissipate heat. Graphene's conductive properties can even make longer lasting batteries. And, of course, graphene is light – it is just a layer of carbon atoms! The automotive and aviation industries are investigating graphene to make cars and planes less heavy, which will reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions.</p> </div> </section> <section class="wysiwyg-section wysiwyg-section-- "> <div class="wrapper wrapper--medium" data-aos="fade-right"> <div class="mceNonEditable embeditem" data-embed-url="https://youtu.be/lFkWh4XsMiA" data-embed-height="240" data-embed-width="360" data-embed-constrain="true"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lFkWh4XsMiA?feature=oembed" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" width="360" height="203" frameborder="0"></iframe></div> <p> </p> </div> </section> <section class="widgets-section widgets-section--lightgold "> <div class="wrapper wrapper--large"> <figure class="image-block"> <div class="image-block__inner"> <div class="image-block__item" data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-delay="100"> <img src="/media/8d8a329b46d5135/graphene_timeline.png" alt="" sizes="100vw" srcset="/media/8d8a329b46d5135/graphene_timeline.png?upscale=false&width=384 384w, /media/8d8a329b46d5135/graphene_timeline.png?upscale=false&width=768 768w, /media/8d8a329b46d5135/graphene_timeline.png?upscale=false&width=1000 1000w, /media/8d8a329b46d5135/graphene_timeline.png?upscale=false&width=1300 1300w, /media/8d8a329b46d5135/graphene_timeline.png?upscale=false&width=1600 1600w, /media/8d8a329b46d5135/graphene_timeline.png?upscale=false&width=1920 1920w,"/> </div> </div> <figcaption class="widget__figcaption"><p><p>Graphene has come a long way since the first graphite pencil was created in the 1560's</p></p></figcaption> </figure> </div> </section> <section class="wysiwyg-section wysiwyg-section--lightblue "> <div class="wrapper wrapper--medium" data-aos="fade-right"> <h2>How is graphene made?</h2> <p>When Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov first isolated graphene in 2004, they used a piece of sticky tape to 'peel-off' atomically thin layers from graphite. Graphite is the main ingredient of pencil leads – if you have ever scribbled with a pencil, it is likely that you have made your own graphene!</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/media/8d86548adc96d29/graphene_pencil.jpg?width=690&height=330" alt="" width="690" height="330"></p> <p>Of course, this method is hard to scale up – imagine having to manufacture all the graphene we need with chunks of graphite and sticky tape. Luckily, scientists have envisioned new ways of producing graphene that are cheap, efficient and scalable. </p> <p>Graphene for applications in electronics and photonics needs to have extraordinary purity and quality. We use a process called 'chemical vapour deposition' to make graphene by reducing the carbon atoms in methane. Carefully controlling the conditions, atoms arrange in the perfect hexagonal lattice on a support that is normally removed, to transfer graphene to more useful platforms such as silicon, plastic or quartz. Other applications, such as composite materials, paints and inks work perfectly with 'bulk' graphene flakes. We can manufacture graphene flakes thanks to liquid phase exfoliation, a method that uses ultrasound to 'shake' graphite and separate its layers. Moreover, graphene can be manufactured on-demand for applications in sensing and filtration. Chemists can modify its structure and craft atomically precise holes – microscopic sieves – or add functional groups that react selectively with interesting compounds.</p> </div> </section> <section class="widgets-section widgets-section--lightgold "> <div class="wrapper wrapper--large"> <h2 class="h3" data-aos="fade-right">Production Methods</h2> <div class="widgets-container"> <div class="widget widget__box widget__box--profile" data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-delay="100"> <a href="/materials/uses/production/"><img src="/media/8d8714263310225/graphene-inks-ucam.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=729&height=529&rnd=132472645221530000" class="widget__image" alt=""/></a> <div class="widget__boxcontent"> <h3 class="widget__boxheading"><a href="/materials/uses/production/">Liquid Phase Exfoliation</a></h3> <hr class="widget__boxdivider widget__boxdivider--blue"> <div class="widget__boxtext"> <p> <p>Graphene oxide is the product of liquid phase exfoliation by which monolayers or few layer flakes of graphene are exfoliated from graphite in a liquid medium. Graphene oxide is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites and others.</p> </p> <div class="widget__boxlinks"> <h5 class="widget__boxsubheading"></h5> <ul class="widget__boxlinklist"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="slice slice--small slice--blue slice--topright"> <svg class="slice__color" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 930 536.936"><g><polygon points="0 0 0 536.936 930 0 0 0"></polygon></g></svg> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget__box widget__box--profile" data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-delay="200"> <img src="/media/8d871413a4d16e9/aixtron-roll-to-roll-system-neutron.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=729&height=529&rnd=132472640238770000" class="widget__image" alt="" /> <div class="widget__boxcontent"> <h3 class="widget__boxheading">Chemical Vapour Deposition</h3> <hr class="widget__boxdivider widget__boxdivider--lightblue"> <div class="widget__boxtext"> <p> <p>Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) graphene is produced through a process by which carbon atoms are evaporated and then deposited on copper foil. CVD graphene can be used for applications like transparent and flexible electronics as well as anti-corrosion coatings.</p> </p> <div class="widget__boxlinks"> <h5 class="widget__boxsubheading"></h5> <ul class="widget__boxlinklist"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="slice slice--small slice--lightblue slice--topright"> <svg class="slice__color" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 930 536.936"><g><polygon points="0 0 0 536.936 930 0 0 0"></polygon></g></svg> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget__box widget__box--profile" data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-delay="300"> <img src="/media/8d87142fc500031/graphene-3193185_1920.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=729&height=529&rnd=132472647792470000" class="widget__image" alt="" /> <div class="widget__boxcontent"> <h3 class="widget__boxheading">Mechanical Exfoliation</h3> <hr class="widget__boxdivider widget__boxdivider--gold"> <div class="widget__boxtext"> <p> <p>Graphene crystals are grown on a variety of substrates for varying applications. Graphene grown on insulators, such as SiO2, typically produces a film with small crystallites, whereas growth on the close-packed surfaces of metals yields highly crystalline films. These crystals can be grown on wafers for electronic applications.</p> </p> <div class="widget__boxlinks"> <h5 class="widget__boxsubheading"></h5> <ul class="widget__boxlinklist"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="slice slice--small slice--gold slice--topright"> <svg class="slice__color" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 930 536.936"><g><polygon points="0 0 0 536.936 930 0 0 0"></polygon></g></svg> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="feature feature--lightblue "> <picture class="feature__imagecontainer"> <img src="/media/8d8654f110bff63/nobel_adambakerflickr.jpg?width=1280&quality=80" class="feature__image" alt="A golden medallion with an embossed image of Alfred Nobel." data-aos="zoom-out"> </picture> <div class="slice slice--blue slice--bottomright"> <svg class="slice__color" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 930 536.936"><g><polygon points="0 0 0 536.936 930 0 0 0" /></g></svg> </div> <article class="feature__textcontainer"> <div class="feature__text" data-aos="fade-right"> <h2 class="feature__heading">Graphene: a Nobel story</h2> <div class="feature__description"><p>Since 2013, the Graphene Flagship has brought together academic and industrial researchers to push graphene and layered materials to the forefront of European scientific research. But when –and how– did everything begin? <a href="/materials/news/graphene-a-nobel-story/" title="Graphene: a Nobel story"><strong>Discover the history of graphene.</strong></a> (Picture: Adam Baker, Flickr).</p></div> <a href="/materials/news/graphene-a-nobel-story/" class="morelink morelink--large morelink--blacktext" title="Read more Graphene: a Nobel story"> <img src="/assets/images/arrow-right-blue.svg" class="morelink__icon" aria-hidden="true"> <span>Read more</span> </a> </div> </article> </section> <section class="shortcuts"> <div class="wrapper wrapper--standard"> <h2 class="shortcuts__heading" data-aos="fade-right">Shortcuts</h2> <nav class="shortcuts__nav"> <div class="shortcuts__column" data-aos="fade-down"> <h3 class="shortcuts__columnheading">About</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/about/our-story/" class="shortcuts__link" target="">Our Story</a></li> <li><a href="/about/our-story/how-we-work/" class="shortcuts__link">How we work</a></li> <li><a href="/about/partners/" class="shortcuts__link">Our Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/about/partner-with-us/" class="shortcuts__link">Partner with us</a></li> <li><a href="/about/funding/" class="shortcuts__link">EU Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/materials/graphene/" class="shortcuts__link">What is graphene?</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="shortcuts__column" data-aos="fade-down" data-aos-delay="100"> <h3 class="shortcuts__columnheading">Connect</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/subscribe/" class="shortcuts__link">Subscribe</a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/#GrapheneEU" class="shortcuts__link" target="">Follow Us</a></li> <li><a href="/press/" class="shortcuts__link">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/about/vacancies/" class="shortcuts__link">Vacancies</a></li> <li><a href="/about/our-story/about-the-website/" class="shortcuts__link">About the website</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="shortcuts__column" data-aos="fade-down" data-aos-delay="200"> <h3 class="shortcuts__columnheading">Discover</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/materials/news/" class="shortcuts__link">News</a></li> <li><a href="/about/first-10-years/products/" class="shortcuts__link">Products</a></li> <li><a href="/materials/uses/2dm-applications/" class="shortcuts__link">Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/industrialisation/pilot-line/" class="shortcuts__link">Pilot Line</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="shortcuts__column" data-aos="fade-down" data-aos-delay="300"> <h3 class="shortcuts__columnheading">Events </h3> <ul> <li><a href="/events/?tagName=Research" class="shortcuts__link">For Researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/events/?tagName=Industry" class="shortcuts__link">For Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/events/" class="shortcuts__link">For Students</a></li> <li><a href="/about/diversity/" class="shortcuts__link">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/events-1/international-workshops/" class="shortcuts__link">International Workshops</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="slice slice--large slice--lightblue slice--bottomright"> <svg class="slice__color" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 930 536.936"><g><polygon points="0 0 0 536.936 930 0 0 0" /></g></svg> </div> </section> </main> <footer class="mainfooter"> <div class="wrapper wrapper--large wrapper--mainfooter"> <div class="mainfooter__column"> <img src="/assets/images/graphene-logo-white.svg" class="mainfooter__logo" alt="Graphene Flagship Logo"> </div> <div class="mainfooter__column" data-aos-delay="100"> <h2 class="h4 mainfooter__heading">About</h2> The Graphene Flagship initiative will continue to advance Europe’s strategic autonomy in technologies that rely on graphene and other 2D materials. 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